Presentation on the topic of the prospects for rational nature management. Ecological and economic bases of rational nature management. The degree of involvement of natural resources in production affects the rate of economic growth
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Essence and main types of nature management Aspects of preference for rational nature management Principles of rational nature management Basic principles of the concept of sustainable joint development of man and the biosphere rational nature management irrational nature management
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Since ancient times, mankind has used nature for economic purposes (hunting, fishing, gathering). Throughout history, there has been an expansion of connections in the system nature - man. All new species were included in the sphere of human activity natural resources. The population grew, the scale of production increased, there was a change in the natural natural environment as a result of human activity. At present, the active role of man in the use of nature is reflected in nature management as a special area of economic activity.
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Essence and main types of nature management What is the meaning of the concept of nature management?
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Nature management is the process of exploitation of natural resources in order to meet the material and cultural needs of society. Depending on the nature of the management of the process of nature management, its types and consequences caused by it, one can speak of planned and spontaneous, rational and irrational, passive and active nature management.
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Rational nature management is understood as the study of natural resources, their careful exploitation, protection and reproduction, taking into account not only the present, but also the future interests of the development of the national economy and the preservation of people's health. Rational nature management is a system of interaction between society and nature, built on the basis of scientific laws and to the greatest extent meeting the tasks of both the development of production and the conservation of the biosphere.
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Rational nature management is typical for an intensive economy, in which: the extracted natural resources are used quite fully and, accordingly, the amount of consumed resources decreases; restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured; production waste is fully and repeatedly used. The environmental management system can significantly reduce pollution environment.
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Examples of rational nature management: creation of cultural landscapes; the use of technologies that allow more complete processing of raw materials; reuse of production waste, protection of animal and plant species, creation of nature reserves, etc.
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Irrational environmental management is a type of relationship with nature, in which the requirements of environmental protection and its improvement (consumer attitude to nature) are not taken into account. Unfortunately, state of the art nature management in most cases can be characterized as irrational, leading to the depletion (up to the disappearance) of natural resources, even renewable ones; environmental pollution. With irrational nature management, the ecological degradation of the territory and the irreversible depletion of the natural resource potential occur.
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Irrational nature management is typical for an extensive economy, in which: the most easily accessible natural resources are used in large quantities and usually not fully, which leads to their rapid depletion; a large amount of waste is produced; the environment is heavily polluted.
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Examples of irrational nature management: excessive grazing, slash-and-burn agriculture, extermination certain types plants and animals, radioactive, thermal pollution of the environment.
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Reasons for irrational nature management: insufficient knowledge of the laws of ecology, weak material interest of producers, low ecological culture of the population
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Aspects of preference for rational nature management Health aspect: environmental quality and human health The higher the level of use of extracted natural resources, the lower the level of environmental pollution. Sulfur, lead, mercury, radioactive elements do no harm while they are in their deposits, but if they are not completely removed and used from there, then the rest, called production and consumption waste, turns into substances polluting and even poisoning the environment.
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Scientific and technical aspect The sharp deterioration of the environmental situation in the world largely coincides with the rapid scientific and technological development, which has increased the ability of man to exploit natural resources and influence the environment. On this basis, some people conclude that it is necessary to delay scientific and technological development and even return to a pre-industrial state. However, firstly, this is unrealistic, secondly, there is no need for this, since it is not progress in itself, but its inhumane orientation that underlies the current situation, and thirdly, this will only reduce our chances for survival.
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Only with the interconnected development of the natural and human sciences, technology and ecological culture is it possible to build a noosphere. Only integrated science can suggest an acceptable path of transition from a civilization of conquering nature, where progress is identified with economic growth, to a nature-protecting civilization, where only such development will be considered progressive, which ensures the operation of the principle of co-evolution of society and nature.
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At first, the greening of scientific and technological progress should be manifested in the study of the safe limits of the anthropogenic pressure of society on the environment, in the widespread use of clean and inexhaustible energy sources, in a more complete extraction of minerals from the bowels and beneficial substance from the extracted rock, in the introduction of resource-saving and waste-free technology that allows the use of secondary resources.
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Economics and ecology Lack of material interest of producers in a careful attitude to nature and, accordingly, the lack of funds allocated for environmental protection is one of the main reasons for bringing the latter to a crisis state. And only when this state began to have a tangible negative impact on the conditions for the production of products and profit, environmental problems began to enter the field of view of the economy. People began to understand that the damage caused to the national economy by irrational nature management significantly exceeds the costs of its rationalization. .
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Legal and international aspects Activities for the rational use and protection of the environment are controlled, regulated and directed by the state through the system of environmental legislation. Only when environmental laws and requirements, realized by science, find the appropriate legal form in the form of laws, decrees, decrees, ordinances that are binding, do they get real chances for implementation. . Therefore, the continuous improvement of environmental legislation in accordance with the development of science and technology is of paramount importance.
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In the 20th century, especially in its last third, it became clear that it was basically impossible to solve the problems of preserving the environment only at the level of individual countries. The reason is that the natural complex of each country, especially a small one in terms of area occupied by the territory, which are most countries of the world, is inextricably linked with the natural complex of neighboring countries, or even is their main part, not to mention the fact that the entire biosphere is one . Therefore, it is not enough to improve one's own legislation, it is necessary to promote in every possible way the development of international legislation that regulates the joint efforts of all countries in the field of nature protection.
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Protected aspect It is very important to preserve the species diversity of living organisms on Earth, in other words, the gene pool. Without this, evolution in a progressive direction is impossible, there is not enough material for ecological duplication. With the loss of species, the original properties that could be used in the genetic engineering of the future are forever lost. In less than 400 years, more than 60 species of mammals and more than 90 species of birds have completely disappeared.
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Quagga (extinct 1883) Turan tiger (extinct 1968) Great auk (extinct 1844) Dodo (extinct 1681) Tasmanian wolf (extinct 1936) Tur (extinct 1627) ANIMALS WE LOST
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Great danger represents the economic development of previously protected areas. The protected area cannot be arbitrarily reduced without causing harm to the entire reserve as a whole due to the operation of certain environmental laws, which in essence say that a decrease in the territory compared to the thymal size leads to a decrease in the number of species and the size of individual individuals, and in the end - to the complete degradation of protected ecosystems.
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Aesthetic aspect Sometimes a person's natural desire for nature, if it is not based on the upbringing of a caring attitude towards it, can bring harm that is difficult to repair. It's about tourism. Where it is well organized, routes are laid, parking lots are equipped, educational and information activities are actively carried out, tourism contributes environmental education and improvement of the population, and also brings income to its organizers, without causing too much harm to the environment. Unfortunately, “wild” tourism is more developed in the Russian Federation, self-active, poorly regulated, which leads to huge environmental and economic losses, and sometimes to human casualties.
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Without paying sufficient attention to the environmental education of the population from childhood, it is impossible to hope for the implementation of even the most scientifically based programs for the conservation of the biosphere. In many cases, only the internal culture of a person can stop him from damaging nature. Only when the majority of the population understands that an environmental crime is a crime, and not an excusable offense, will it be possible to hope for a safe way out of the environmental crisis.
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Principles of rational nature management The principle of a systematic approach Provides for a comprehensive comprehensive assessment of the impact of production on the environment and its responses. From the standpoint of a systems approach, no resource can be used or protected independently of the other.
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The principle of nature management optimization It consists in applying the most appropriate decisions on the use of natural resources and natural systems based on a simultaneous ecological and economic approach, forecasting the development of various industries and regions.
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The principle of advancing the rate of procurement of raw materials by the rate of output of the final product Based on a decrease in the amount of waste generated in the production process, that is, on a more complete use and a decrease in the amount of raw materials spent per unit of production.
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The principle of harmonization of relations between nature and production It consists in the creation and operation of natural and technical systems that provide, on the one hand, high production indicators, and on the other hand, maintain niya favorable environmental situation.
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Harmonization of relations between nature and man is studied by the theory of co-evolution (interconnected joint evolution of man and nature). Society can live and develop only within the biosphere and at the expense of its resources, therefore it is vitally interested in its preservation. However, due to the fact that the evolution of nature is very slow, and the social evolution of man is fast, many species do not have time to adapt and die out. Society must consciously limit its impact on nature in order to ensure the possibility of further co-evolution.
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Purpose: To prove the urgency of the problem. Tasks: Find out the main sources of environmental pollution, Ways to solve the problem of environmental pollution.
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Introduction: The natural environment serves as a condition and means of human life, the territory on which he lives, the spatial limit of the exercised state power, a place for placing industrial facilities, Agriculture and other cultural and community facilities. A person influences the natural environment of his habitat not only by consuming its resources, but also by changing the natural environment, adapting it to solve his practical, economic problems. Because of this, human activity has a significant impact on the environment, subjecting it to changes, which then affect the person himself.
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Forms of human interaction with the environment: Economic - is the consumption of nature by man, the use of nature to satisfy man of his material and spiritual needs. Ecological is the protection of the natural environment in order to preserve man as a biological and social organism and its natural environment a habitat. Rational use of natural resources. The concept of "rational" includes not only economic, but also environmental content. In other words, rational is the economical, careful use of sources of natural raw materials, natural resources, taking into account the requirements of environmental protection.
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Negative human activity in relation to the natural environment is manifested objectively in three interrelated forms: Pollution of the natural environment. Depletion of natural resources. Destruction of the natural environment.
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Pollution. Environmental pollution is divided into several types: Dust. Gas. Chemical (including soil pollution with chemicals). Aromatic. thermal (temperature change). And many others. The source of environmental pollution is human economic activity (industry, agriculture, transport).
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Of all types of pollution, the main ones can be distinguished: MAIN TYPES OF POLLUTION Physical (thermal, noise, electromagnetic, light, radioactive) Chemical (heavy metals, pesticides, plastics and other chemicals) Biological (biogenic, microbiological, genetic) Information (information noise, false information, anxiety factors
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Environmental pollution. The main sources of pollution. Major harmful substances Atmosphere Industry Transport Thermal power plants Oxides of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen Organic compounds Industrial dust. Hydrosphere Wastewater Oil spills Road transport Heavy metals Oil Petroleum products Lithosphere Industrial and agricultural waste Excessive use of fertilizers Plastics Rubber Heavy metals
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The atmosphere (air environment), hydrosphere ( water environment) and the lithosphere (solid surface) of the Earth.
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Depletion of natural resources: Development of minerals to the point of unprofitability of further development. Exceeding the rate and volume of production over the ability of natural renewal of renewable resources. These are deforestation, overfishing, overgrazing and destruction of pastures, non-compliance with agrotechnical measures in soil cultivation and depletion of their fertility, pollution of watercourses and reservoirs with industrial waste so that they cannot be practically used, air pollution in major cities etc. I. p. happens naturally. For example, the rapid reproduction of the muskrat in some areas led to the extermination of its food and the death of the animal; reproduction of mink - to the disappearance of some species of fish - its food, etc. With the development and progress of society, the use of natural resources is increasing, so the problem of preventing this process arises.
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Nature protection This form is a reaction to destructive human activities in the environment. Unlike consumption, this is a conscious form of social and state activity aimed at the conservation and reproduction of natural resources. As a secondary form of interaction between society and nature, nature conservation arises and improves as consumption and use of the natural environment grows. Protection appears and is improved where there is a threat of destruction of the natural environment, where the consumption of nature arises and develops.
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Rational use of natural resources The concept of "rational" includes not only economic, but also environmental content. In other words, rational is the economical, careful use of sources of natural raw materials, natural resources, taking into account the requirements of environmental protection. Therefore, such a careful, economical, efficient use of natural resources, which leaves a deep negative mark on the state of the environment, cannot be considered rational. In the middle of the XX century. (50-60s) the problem of rational use of natural resources as a form of nature protection develops into protection, improvement of the human environment. Unlike previous forms, where natural objects and their resources were the direct object of protection, here the protection of the natural environment puts forward a person, his life, his health, his genetic future as a direct object of protection.
summary of other presentations"Pollution of the environment" - Low-waste technologies. Factors of radioactive contamination of the biosphere. Electromagnetic pollution is associated with high voltage lines. Types of pollution. Environmental pollution. Results. Chemical pollution. Release of radiation. natural waters can be contaminated with pesticides and dioxins. Waste-free production. Thermal pollution is the heating of water, air or soil. The main objects of environmental pollution.
"Own game" on ecology - The first Red Book was published in 1966. AIDS. Day of struggle for the protection of the ozone layer. What is the intensity or intensity of noise measured in? Moles and mice make large reserves - for a harsh and snowy winter. Name the day and month when it is celebrated - Children's Day. food or food webs. Who are synanthropic organisms. In animals inhabiting colder areas of the range, protruding parts of the body (limbs, tail, auricles, etc.) are smaller than in representatives of the same species from warmer places.
"Specialists in environmental protection" - And I'm walking, walking on the Earth. Tourist. Doctor. Ecologist. Biologist. Biochemist. Formation of students' ideas about the anthropogenic factor. Specialist in the study of the relationship between man and the environment. Representative of the Committee for the Protection of Nature. Beginning of work.
"Rational nature management" - Global ecological crisis. 1 hectare of spruce forest provides 10 kg of oxygen. Development of nature and society. Libyan desert. The study of the basic laws of nature management. Group work. Chemical elements. Wood. Barry Commoner's first law. Human. Automobile transport. Nature management in the history of mankind. biological resources. Questionnaire analysis. Nitrates in vegetables. Questionnaire. You have to pay for everything.
"Water quality and health" - Chemical analysis of water. What is water quality. Poll results. Water purification at home and filters. Water in nature. Product quality. Recommendations. Work calendar. A. Saint-Exupery. Water and health. Human life processes. Great lab. Water reserves on Earth. Influence. Water quality indicators. Biological indicators of water. Sociological survey. Practical methods.
"Law and Ecology" - Laws on the protection of nature and the environment. Beauty will save the world. You can't live here. fruits of our life. Consequences of thoughtless behavior of mankind. Participants in environmental legal relations. Our favorite animals. Environmental offense. The concept of environmental law. National natural parks. Objects of environmental protection. international treaties. The beauty. Ecology and law. Objects subject to special protection.
Contents 1. Natural resources and their classifications 2. Specially protected natural areas 3. Rational nature management, its socio-economic essence. Rational nature management, its socio-economic essence 4. Main aspects of rational nature management. The main aspects of rational nature management
1. Natural resources and their classification Natural resources Natural resources are elements of nature formed in the natural environment as a result of natural processes. They consist of PU and actually PR (elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere), which are used to meet the various needs of society and social production.
Natural resources are the main object of nature management, during which they are exploited and subsequently processed. PR, devoid of natural ties as a result of the impact of labor, pass into the category of natural raw materials that can be used for certain technical, economic and social purposes. Natural resources are the main object of nature management, during which they are exploited and subsequently processed. PR, devoid of natural ties as a result of the impact of labor, pass into the category of natural raw materials that can be used for certain technical, economic and social purposes.
Consumables - plant and animal resources, drinking water, air oxygen energy sources - wind energy, hydropower, reserves of combustible minerals means and objects of labor - with their help social production is carried out and all products (minerals, wood) are produced recreational resources - means of providing recreation and restoration of human health and ability to work
The classification of natural resources is understood as the division of objects, objects and natural phenomena into groups according to functionally significant features. Taking into account the natural origin of resources, as well as their great economic importance, the following classifications of PRs have been developed:
Classification of natural resources of natural resources by sources of origin biological resources mineral resources According to the use of resources in production in production land fund forest fund water resources ecological classification inexhaustible inexhaustible non-renewable exhaustible renewable economic classification classification interchangeable irreplaceable
According to the criterion of exhaustibility (ecological classification) According to the criterion of exhaustibility (ecological classification) Natural resources exhaustible inexhaustible (energy of the sun, wind, seas and oceans) inexhaustible (energy of the sun, wind, seas and oceans) Renewable (water, soil, forest, wildlife) non-renewable (minerals)
Inexhaustible PR Inexhaustible PR - natural and physical phenomena and bodies, the quantity and quality of which practically does not change or changes only imperceptibly in the process of long-term use of nature. Exhaustible PR Exhaustible PR are natural and physical bodies and phenomena, the quantity and quality of which change significantly in the process of long-term nature management. The third sign of classification The third sign of classification is the renewability of exhaustible resources. On this basis, exhaustible resources are divided into: - renewable; - non-renewable; are relatively renewable.
Non-renewable Non-renewable - formed in the bowels of the earth over millions of years (ore and non-metallic minerals, the long-term use of which leads to the depletion of their reserves, the replenishment of which is almost impossible.) Relatively renewable Relatively renewable - capable of reproduction at a rate lagging behind the rate of consumption (chernozem , mature wood)
Classification of resources according to their use in production Land fund - all lands within the country and the world, included in their purpose in the categories: agricultural, settlements, non-agricultural purposes (industry, transport, mine workings, etc.); Forest fund - a part of the land fund of the Earth on which a forest allocated for agriculture and organization of specially protected natural areas grows or can grow; Water resources - the amount of ground and surface water that can be used for various purposes in the economy; Hydropower resources - resources that a river can provide, tidal activity of the ocean, etc.; Fauna resources - the number of inhabitants of waters, forests, shallows that a person can use without violating the ecological balance; Minerals - a natural accumulation of minerals earth's crust which can be used on the farm.
Resources of industrial production Resources of industrial production production energy fuels minerals hydropower resources bioenergy sources (wood) nuclear energy sources (uranium) non-energy minerals (ore and non-metallic) water used for industrial production land occupied by industrial facilities and infrastructure biological resources of industrial importance
The resources of agricultural production combine those types of resources that are involved in the creation of agricultural - x. products: agro-climatic - resources of heat and moisture necessary for the production of cultivated plants and grazing; soil and land - the earth and its upper layer - the soil with unique property produce biomass; plant biological resources - feed resources; water resources - water used for irrigation, etc.
Classification according to the nature of trade in natural resources resources of strategic importance, trade in which should be limited, because. leads to the undermining of the defense power of the state (uranium ore and other radioactive substances) resources that have a wide export value and provide an influx of foreign exchange earnings (oil, diamonds, gold, etc.) resources of the domestic market that are ubiquitous (mineral, construction raw materials, etc.)
Particular classifications of PR have also been developed: Geological and economic classification fuel and energy raw materials (oil, gas, coal) ferrous and refractory metals (ores of iron, manganese, chromium, nickel, etc.) precious metals (gold, silver, platinoids) chemical and agronomic raw materials (potassium salts, phosphorites, apatites, etc.) technical raw materials (diamonds, graphite, etc.)
The use of various classifications of PR allows: to identify patterns in the formation of resource groups and their genetic characteristics, to determine the possibilities economic use; draw conclusions about the degree of their study, as well as directions for rational use and protection.
Share of area of protected areas in different countries CountriesArea of protected areas, % of total area New Zealand16.0 Austria15.08 Costa Rica11.1 Norway9.2 Panama8.64 Venezuela8.40 Iceland8.05 Ecuador7.35 United Kingdom6.11 Bolivia3.96 Colombia3.47 Peru3.34 USA3.33 Paraguay3.04 Finland2.85 Hungary2. 82 Sweden2.61 Netherlands2.35 Russia2.22 Canada1.45 Brazil1.25 Italy1.12 France0.70 Nicaragua0.12
Reserve A reserve is a specially protected area where any economic activity (including tourism) is completely prohibited in order to preserve natural complexes, protect animals and plants, as well as monitor the processes occurring in nature
With the help of reserves, three main tasks are solved: 1 - Protection of flora, fauna and natural landscapes with a strictly limited or completely prohibited stay on its territory 2 - Research and control of the state of ecosystems and their animal and plant populations (reserves are scientific institutions where biologists of various profiles)
State natural sanctuaries State natural sanctuaries are temporarily protected natural complexes designed for the conservation, reproduction and restoration of some PRs in combination with the limited and rational use of others. State natural sanctuaries State natural sanctuaries are temporarily protected natural complexes designed for the conservation, reproduction and restoration of some PRs in combination with the limited and rational use of others.
National natural parks National natural parks are used for environmental, recreational, scientific and cultural purposes, as a rule they include unique natural objects, unique landscapes, historical monuments and other attractions.
Rational nature management -Rational nature management is a complex, scientifically based, environmentally safe and sustainable use natural resources, with the maximum possible preservation of the natural resource potential and the ability of ecosystems to self-regulate. 3. Rational nature management, its socio-economic essence
Irrational nature managementIrrational nature management does not ensure the conservation of natural resource potential, leads to a deterioration in the quality of the natural environment, is accompanied by a violation of the ecological balance and destruction of ecosystems. Consequently, rational environmental management is the conscious regulation of environmental ties on an economic basis. It is based on a comprehensive accounting and evaluation of PR.
The concept of rational nature management includes the main elements: economic efficiency of use means obtaining maximum number high-quality product with minimal production costs and economical use of the resource itself; the protection of natural resources and wasps involves the implementation of preventive and preventive measures before and during the production process, the implementation of protection measures included in the technological process and measures to restore the properties and quality of natural resources disturbed as a result of economic activity; the reproduction of natural resources means the renewal of the size of exploited resources and their reserves, the restoration of lost properties and qualities.
Basic principles of rational nature managementPrinciples Study of resources, obtaining reliable information Accounting and evaluation Development forecast Development of management and use systems Protection of resources, maintenance of productivity Development of resources (introduction of advanced technologies) Reproduction of natural resources Resource transformation Reforestation; Soil reclamation; reclamation Change in characteristics when optimizing parameters (quantitative and qualitative enrichment)
Main measures for rational water use INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY REDUCTION OF FRESH WATER CONSUMPTION REDUCTION OF SPECIFIC WATER CONSUMPTION CYCLE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IMPROVEMENT OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES WATER-FREE AND LOW-WATER PROCESSES AUTOMATION OF PRODUCTION PLANTS
Protection of water resources Direction of activity Construction of facilities for water intake from reservoirs Construction and operation of water recycling systems Utilization of valuable substances from wastewater Construction of main canals and water pipelines Wastewater collection Sunken wood collection Construction of coastal ballast water treatment plants and oil tankers Collection of oil, garbage and other solid and liquid wastes from the territory of ports and water areas Desalination of sea and highly mineralized waters Construction of reservoirs Arrangement water protection zones
Rational use of forest resources Selective harvesting, elimination of overcutting during timber harvesting Reforestation Increasing biological productivity and improving quality composition forest protection (pest control, fire fighting) use of secondary wood waste during its processing reduction of losses during transportation
Soil reclamation Soil reclamation is a type of rational nature management, including a set of measures to increase land fertility or general improvement of the area: hydrotechnical (irrigation, drainage) chemical (liming, gypsum) physical (sanding, claying). Soil reclamation Soil reclamation is a type of rational nature management, including a set of measures to increase land fertility or general improvement of the area: hydrotechnical (irrigation, drainage) chemical (liming, gypsum) physical (sanding, claying).
Reclamation Reclamation - artificial restoration of soil fertility and vegetation, disturbed due to mining, construction of roads and canals, etc.: - Restoration of reliefs - Restoration of soil and vegetation - Reforestation - Creation of new landscapes Recultivation Reclamation - Artificial restoration of soil fertility and vegetation , disturbed due to mining, construction of roads and canals, etc.: - restoration of reliefs - restoration of soils and vegetation - reforestation - creation of new landscapes
Rational nature management is distinguished by the following features Rational nature management is distinguished by the following features: - the use of PR should be accompanied by their restoration - the integrated use of PR - secondary use of PR - environmental protection measures - implementation the latest technologies in order to reduce the anthropogenic load on the environment.
Integrated use of PR - direction of rational nature management; should be carried out, first of all, for exhaustible PR at the extraction stage Recycling of PR is not yet used for all types of waste, since processing technologies are very complex and expensive processing, emission treatment, environmental monitoring) Implementation of environmental protection measures: measures: should be carried out by industrial enterprises, and government bodies those responsible for EPs should control their implementation socio-economic essence of rational nature management
4. The main aspects of rational nature management 4. The main aspects of rational nature management The problem of nature protection is closely connected with politics, ideology and the social sphere, which makes it necessary to consider this problem in various aspects.
The main aspects of environmental management Quality of environmental protection and human health The most important for human health is the quality of air, drinking water, food, as well as the level of noise, electromagnetic waves, background radiation, etc. Scientific and technical Organization of production on the principle of full use of resources: development of new technological processes that can be used to organize a gradual transition to low-waste, waste-free closed cycles, etc. Ecological-economic Economics, in its quest to find ways of profitable management, did not take into account the damage caused to nature in the costs. Until now, funds allocated for environmental needs have lagged far behind the needs for them, which leads to a significant excess of the amount of damage caused by national economy irrational nature, over the costs of its rationalization. Social and hygienic aspect Health protection and preservation of favorable hygienic conditions for the life of the population: measures to improve the environment, which include social and hygienic studies, on the basis of which it is possible to determine the socio-hygienic forecast of the future state of the environment.
Socio-political aspect of the problem of nature protection on the scale of all mankind in the presence of different social systems: the indivisibility of the biosphere, regardless of the territory of the borders of the state; the impossibility of solving the problem by the forces of one country. Protected aspect: conservation species diversity organisms on Earth, because Without this, the evolution of the biosphere is not possible. The economic development of formerly protected areas poses a great danger. Legal and international aspects: the activity on RP and EP is controlled and regulated by the state through the system of natural legislation. Only when environmental laws are legally formalized in the form of binding laws will they have a real chance of being implemented. However, it is not enough to improve only one's own legislation; the biosphere is one. Aesthetic aspect: a person's natural desire for nature should be based on the upbringing of a caring attitude towards it. Great harm is caused by fires, "wild" tourism, which leads to huge environmental and economic losses. Without sufficient attention to the environmental education of the population, one cannot hope for the implementation of scientifically based programs for the conservation of the biosphere.
- Nature management is a set of measures taken by society to study, develop, transform and protect the environment.
- Nature management is the activity of human society aimed at meeting its needs through the use of natural resources.
- Rational nature management - a system of nature management, in which: - the extracted natural resources are used quite fully and, accordingly, the amount of consumed resources is reduced; - restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured; - production waste is fully and repeatedly used. The system of rational nature management can significantly reduce environmental pollution. Rational nature management is typical for intensive farming.
- Rational nature management is a type of relationship between human society and the environment, in which society manages its relationship with nature, prevents undesirable consequences of its activities. An example is the creation of cultural landscapes; the use of technologies that allow more complete processing of raw materials; reuse of production waste, protection of animal and plant species, creation of nature reserves, etc.
- Examples: the creation of cultural landscapes, nature reserves and national parks (most of these areas are in the USA, Australia, Russia), the use of technologies for the integrated use of raw materials, recycling and waste management (most developed in Europe and Japan), as well as the construction of treatment facilities, application of technologies of closed water supply of industrial enterprises, development of new, economically clean types of fuel.
- Irrational nature management is a system of nature management in which: - the most easily accessible natural resources are used in large quantities and usually not fully, which leads to their rapid depletion; - a large amount of waste is produced; - the environment is heavily polluted. Irrational nature management is typical for an extensive economy.
- Irrational environmental management is a type of relationship with nature, which does not take into account the requirements of environmental protection, its improvement (consumer attitude towards nature). Examples of such an attitude are immoderate grazing, slash-and-burn agriculture, the extermination of certain plant and animal species, and radioactive and thermal pollution of the environment. Also, damage to the environment is caused by rafting of timber along rivers with individual logs (mole rafting), drainage of swamps in the upper reaches of rivers, open-pit mining, etc. Natural gas as a raw material for thermal power plants is a more environmentally friendly fuel than hard or brown coal.
- Examples: the use of slash-and-burn agriculture and overgrazing (in the most backward countries of Africa), cutting down equatorial forests, the so-called "lungs of the planet" (in Latin America), uncontrolled release of waste into rivers and lakes (in countries of Foreign Europe, Russia) , as well as thermal pollution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, the extermination of certain species of animals and plants, and much more.
- Currently, most countries are pursuing a policy of rational environmental management, special environmental protection bodies have been created, and environmental programs and laws are being developed.
- . Environmental pollution is an undesirable change in its properties that leads or may lead to harmful effects on humans or natural complexes. The most well-known type of pollution is chemical (the entry of harmful substances and compounds into the environment), but such types of pollution as radioactive, thermal (uncontrolled release of heat into the environment can lead to global changes in the climate of nature), noise. Basically, environmental pollution is associated with human economic activity (anthropogenic pollution of the environment), however, pollution is possible as a result of natural phenomena, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, meteorite falls, etc. All shells of the Earth are exposed to pollution.
- The lithosphere (as well as the soil cover) is polluted as a result of the entry of heavy metal compounds, fertilizers, and pesticides into it. Up to 12 billion tons of garbage is annually removed from large cities. Mining leads to the destruction of natural soil cover over vast areas.
- The atmosphere is polluted mainly as a result of the annual burning of huge amounts of mineral fuels, emissions from the metallurgical and chemical industries. The main pollutants are carbon dioxide, oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, radioactive compounds
- The hydrosphere is polluted by effluents from industrial enterprises (especially chemical and metallurgical ones), effluents from fields and livestock complexes, and domestic effluents from cities. Oil pollution is especially dangerous - up to 15 million tons of oil and oil products annually enter the waters of the World Ocean.
- As a result of growing environmental pollution, many environmental problems arise both at the local and regional levels (in large industrial areas and urban agglomerations) and globally ( global warming climate, depletion of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, depletion of natural resources).
- The main ways to solve environmental problems can be not only the construction of various treatment facilities and devices, but also the introduction of new low-waste technologies, the conversion of industries, their transfer to a new location in order to reduce the “concentration” of pressure on nature.
- Specially Protected Natural Territories (SPNTs) are objects of national heritage and are plots of land, water surface and airspace above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have a special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.
- According to the leading international organizations, there are about 10 thousand large protected natural areas of all kinds in the world. Total number national parks at the same time was approaching 2000, and biosphere reserves- to 350.
- Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and the status of nature protection institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are usually distinguished: state nature reserves, including biosphere reserves; National parks; natural parks; state nature reserves; monuments of nature; dendrological parks and botanical gardens; health-improving areas and resorts.
