AT recent times in many countries there is a growing interest in waste as a valuable raw material, and this applies not only to places where raw materials are limited. Reusing materials in the industrial production process typically requires less energy, hence the tangible economic benefits of recycling, so an increasing share of the world's garbage is sent for recycling. Will we also join the advanced countries in terms of waste management?

Somewhere in Sweden, for example, it was possible to bring this share to a record 95%. Of course, one should not think that all waste there is recycled, after all, many materials can be used in commercial production only once, and this figure includes all possible types of waste processing, including incineration and pyrolysis decomposition. But some materials that are very common in everyday life can circulate in production almost forever. Take, for example, newspapers. News becomes obsolete faster than the font of the column is typed, there is no need to hem them, tea, not Pravda, but the use of old newspapers for packaging, kindling and ersatz- toilet paper not developed abroad. So the scheme: “bought-read-handed over” works flawlessly there. The development of electronic media is steadily reducing the circulation of their paper versions, which makes it possible to print new newspapers on recycled materials alone. The circulation of newsprint, like packaging board, is important not only because of the preservation of living trees, but also because the production of paper from wood is a labor-intensive and relatively environmentally dirty process.

Another "eternal" material is plastics belonging to the group of thermoplastics. Their fundamental property is that they can be repeatedly melted to give the desired shape, while they do not lose their properties. Such, for example, is polyethylene terephthalate, known to everyone from PET bottles. Producing a new polymer from raw materials is much more expensive than blowing new ones out of old bottles. Moreover, this material is the most inert among household plastics, not exposed to UV rays, like polyethylene, and blowing equipment is widely distributed and, as they say, is on site.

Another widely used material for the production of bottles and other utensils is glass. This is really an eternal product without any quotes, although it sinks in water, it does not burn in fire. To obtain it, in addition to energy, selective river sand is required, a resource in a certain sense is limited, since road and housing construction is constantly growing and the use of cullet as a recyclable material is becoming more profitable. Of course, the glassware circulation system that existed in Soviet times was not recycling, but it allowed the enterprises of a large country pouring food liquids to reduce costs by using universal containers.

And finally, metals. The tinplate and aluminum used to make cans can be remelted countless times, and their reuse brings tangible benefits to the economy due to the fact that it takes an enormous amount of energy to first extract iron and aluminum from ore. But the use of recyclable materials not only reduces production costs, it also reduces the volume of garbage removed from households to landfills and, accordingly, reduces the size of the areas allocated for these landfills.

These four types of materials, according to various estimates, account for up to 40% of the contents of an average bag of solid waste. Note, however, that most of them are nothing more than packaging of food or industrial goods purchased in supermarkets, easy to sort, not requiring pre-treatment, such as washing, disassembling, etc. And, to For example, it will not be so easy to return a valuable steel pan with plastic handles to industrial circulation. But statistics are created by volumes, so they are the main focus.

Any recycling begins with collection, and it will be better and more complete, the more a trash can looks like a shopping cart. That's right, before we all got used to packing solid waste in special bags, it's time to return to forgotten buckets. Go out with such a bucket into the yard, and newspapers out of it in one container, plastic bottles in another, glass in the third, cans in the fourth. Only non-recyclable waste is all in one bag and, accordingly, in the fifth container, and then return the bucket home. Nothing to say, an occupation worthy of pensioners and schoolchildren, hastily throwing a bag on the way to work will no longer work, and whatever one may say, additional space in the apartment for “recyclable” waste will be required.

The conscience of the townspeople alone may not be enough for this, and there is nothing to motivate them financially. With an average price of waste paper 2 rubles. for 1 kg, the collection points that were available in the recent past "have died for a long time", and 50 kopecks. for 1 kg of cullet or 25 kopecks. for an aluminum can, all the more, they will not inspire anyone. But reducing the cost of MSW removal through municipal support for residents participating in the separate collection program can be a good incentive. It is also important to simplify the collection of sorted waste as much as possible, for example, to collect all recyclable waste in one container, then there will be no need for a “palisade” of multi-colored tanks in the yards, but only two types; hurried working people will be able to recycle everything in one package, as before. Abroad, when serving the private sector, they do just that: they put two 120-liter containers at each house: one for recyclables, the other for non-recyclable solid waste. In houses with garbage chutes, they can be taken away for secondary resources, and “smelling” bags can be taken outside by hand, it will be even more hygienic.

Well, the important point is the responsibility for your garbage. There will be no order, even if all the vandals suddenly turn into respectable citizens, where residents of various HOAs and management companies bring garbage to a common municipal solid waste collection site, and even nearby shops throw their waste. General - it is actually a draw, we have already gone through this. The collected secondary raw materials "mixed" can then be sorted on special lines with partial use of manual labor. Such work will not be fundamentally different from any industrial conveyor. It is quite another to pull out metals from MSW mixed with organic waste. You won't even need a special garbage truck to take out garbage from the yards, one truck will pick up recyclables in the first half of the day, and the rest of the non-recyclable garbage in the second. Today, many contractors already make two trips a day to keep the sites clean.

Another option is the use of garbage trucks with a separate body and two press chambers, which will allow picking up both types of waste in one trip. The disadvantage of these garbage trucks is that the body is not divided in half and the smaller compartment works only with small containers, and if euro containers with a volume of 1.1 m 3 are used for collection, such machines will not be suitable for them. In this case, the so-called "overloaded" garbage trucks will help out the public utilities workers. They are built on medium-tonnage chassis and offer bodies from 5 to 8 m 3 . Their receiving chamber is designed in such a way that they can lift Euro-containers of all standard sizes and can be unloaded into a rear-loading garbage truck on a heavy road chassis. A large garbage truck does not participate in the collection of solid waste, it remains at the base and does not burn fuel in vain, maneuvering in cramped yards or standing idle in traffic jams. Instead, all the “dirty” work is done by “little” medium-duty trucks, and after filling up its body, it is sent to the landfill or to the sorting and processing line, depending on the cargo.

ISKUB LLC is the official representative in the Russian Federation and the CIS of one of the world industry leaders - the Italian DULEVO International and supplies special Dulevo 5000 Compatto urban garbage trucks on a self-propelled chassis of its own design. They are also categorized as "overloadable". The body with a volume of 10 m 3 is equipped with pressing equipment with a compaction ratio of 5:1. These machines differ from analogues on automobile chassis primarily due to their compact size and high maneuverability due to the continuously variable hydrostatic transmission and fully steerable wheels with a turning radius of less than 9 m. A significant plus is the low-floor cab - this reduces operator fatigue and makes it easier to maneuver in an urban environment, for example, in yards and on the streets where there are a lot of parked cars. Hydraulic adjustment of the height of the suspension allows you to reload the garbage in any large-capacity garbage truck without the use of auxiliary devices.

As for public places, streets, squares, recreation areas, it is possible to sort waste to the fullest, they are directly formed there, you don’t need to pre-store them like at home, it’s only important to choose the right bin separately for glass bottles and separately for cans from aluminum. Particularly conscientious citizens can even be taught to sort printed publications separately by type of paper, and a glass bottle by color. Litter bins and small "Euro-buckets" with sorted waste are unloaded manually into special garbage trucks "Kerbsiders". Their body is divided into several sections without pressing equipment, compartments are loaded using buckets placed on the side of the machine for models on large road chassis. For medium-tonnage vehicles, the compartments are filled through the side doors. The most outlandish models of "kerbsiders" look like cabinets with wheels, removable compartments-drawers on both sides of the machine are filled manually and unloaded using a forklift or simply removed and sent to another mode of transport for recycling.

Alas, in order to increase the degree of recycling, the means of collection must be like the means of delivery of goods, and the handling of recyclables must be appropriate. The mechanization of selective collection of MSW in public places is made possible by large containers modernized to collect one type of waste, and bins “with a secret” or a double bottom, in which, like icebergs, a small part rises above the surface of the sidewalk, and the main bin is hidden underground. Garbage trucks equipped with a special crane-manipulator, and ground and underground containers adapted to work with them can completely free workers from manual labor during selective collection. Unlike in-depth polypropylene "stockings", there are no slinging works here. On the upper part of the container or underground bin there are two loops: one for lifting the bunker, the second for opening the bottom flaps for unloading. On the boom of the manipulator there is a corresponding hitch with two clamps for loops. He brought the arrow to the container, hooked it, lifted it, put it over the receiving chamber, unloaded it, put it in place. All operations are carried out, as the “cinema” chief said, without noise and dust, however, glass bottles, of course, with noise.

However, there are underground urns, inside of which are hidden ordinary Euro-containers with a volume of 1.1 m 3. When unloading, the "false sidewalk" with the urn is raised, and the container is rolled out manually and unloaded into a conventional garbage truck. Not only garbage trucks can be used for separate collection of waste, but also trucks equipped with a “multi-lift” system due to special interchangeable bodies. First of all, it is a press compactor. With a little modification, it will be possible to unload any European-type garbage containers from 0.12 to 1.1 m 3 into the chamber. Where is it in demand? Many places: exhibitions, markets, shopping malls, territories of various organizations. Waste there can be selectively collected in Euro-containers, then their workers, as they are filled, will unload them into a press compactor standing aside. Tin cans in the fresh air, as you know, do not deteriorate, when the hopper presses recyclable materials to failure, you can order the export. Thus, organizations will not only minimize their waste management costs, but will also be able to receive additional income from the sale of recyclables.

An important difference between the conditional package of a European city dweller and our home-grown one is the absence of organic waste in it. And it's not about the development of fast food there. It’s just that abroad, all “organic matter” safely goes into the sewer network through a chopper installed in the drain of the sink. With us, this is still exotic, and more items are sent to the sewer for which it is not intended at all. Meanwhile, the release of garbage containers from organic residues is not only a reduction in the volume of exported solid waste, but also a way to deal with a specific garbage "flavor". In addition, organic waste, then collected in the sludge, can be composted to produce methane, for example, which is also, in fact, waste processing. And it is easier and cheaper to organize it than to collect organics selectively through the system of solid waste removal.

ZAO Kominvest-AKMT this year, setting a trend for the market, it presented one of the most discussed novelties of its own production - a heavy-duty rear-loading garbage truck T1S-10 on an Iveco chassis with FARID attachments, which has no analogues on the Russian market. The garbage truck is designed for mechanized and manual collection of solid household waste.

The advantages of the model are a frame body made of square pipes, inside the tubular frame a spherical body is built-in, made of solid sheets of high-quality steel resistant to deformation, and a loading hopper floor made of wear-resistant Hardox steel 8 mm thick. A body with a rounded shape with a capacity of 10 m 3 allows you to evenly distribute the pressing force around the entire perimeter, excluding deformation processes. The floor material of the body is made of steel with a hardness of 140 HB and a thickness of 4 mm.

The design of the receiving hopper with a capacity of 1.3 m 3 with a floor made of 450 Hardox steel 8 mm thick is supplemented with a folding side to facilitate manual loading of solid waste. Packing plate cylinders are located outside the feed hopper and are protected by hinged panels to keep small debris out of the rods and increase structural integrity. Debris compaction ratio 6:1. Two drain cocks exclude spillage of the filtrate on the container platforms. Unloading of waste is carried out by a pushing plate. In the process of unloading, the plate in its extreme extended position in the lower part extends 100–150 mm beyond the body for easy cleaning of the body.

The garbage truck is equipped with a universal tilter that allows you to work with all types of euro containers with a volume of 120 to 1100 liters. Thanks to electronic and manual control of compaction cycles, the operation of the garbage truck is as comfortable and efficient as possible. At the request of the customer, the model can be equipped with GPS navigation, a rear-view camera and a weighing system for loaded waste, for example, a mobile device with the function of printing checks based on the weight of loaded waste. A high performance hydraulic system with a working pressure of 210 bar ensures fast operation of the units and fast unloading / unloading. The T1S-10 rear-loading garbage truck on an Iveco chassis with FARID attachments has embodied all the innovative ideas that combine modern and functional design, reliability and excellent performance.

Great value for environment have hazardous waste, which is abundant in our everyday life. Household chemicals, varnishes, paints, gasolines, oils, acids and alkalis, batteries, mercury-containing lamps and thermometers - today, when all this without a twinge of conscience is sent straight to the trash cans by the vast majority of our citizens, selective collection hazardous waste becomes a real way to preserve the health of nature, and hence of man.

However, even with the exception of hazardous organic and recyclable waste, the weighted average package with MSW will decrease by half at best. How to deal with the remaining, let's call it "unclaimed" garbage? There are three main methods for its disposal. Storage (deposit) at the landfill, incineration and pyrolysis decomposition. The latter option is becoming more and more popular in the West. Its essence is that the waste is destroyed under the action of high temperature in an oxygen-free environment. The method makes it possible to obtain energy, collect volatile hydrocarbons, and remove metals from the resulting “porridge” from the waste. Most of the hazardous substances remain in the "melt", the volume of waste to be disposed of is reduced. It would be time for us to be more actively interested in pyrolysis, especially in major cities, where a lot of solid waste is formed, and the ecological situation is tense. The efficiency of pyrolysis is clearly demonstrated by the transformation of car tires into mineral oil and carbon black (soot). You can’t make new tires out of this, but you can find application in production.

Incineration is the oldest way of getting rid of waste, which arose immediately after the development of fire by man. This method allows you to minimize the volume of solid waste, depending on the material, up to 10 times. A large amount of heat is released, from which electricity can be obtained; in terms of heat production, MSW is comparable to peat or brown coal. It is convenient to extract valuable raw materials from ash, and especially enterprising citizens strive to attach the ash itself with profit, so to speak, to establish waste-free production. It should be noted that it is difficult to frighten our people with anything, they themselves are ready to live in houses built of bricks with ash from incinerators. At the very least, bonfires were banned in the cities, but look at any gardening cooperative, what kind of training grounds are arranged right at the main gate. Not only do they burn trimmings and tops - they do not hesitate to throw batteries, and the remains of pesticides, and even mercury thermometers into the fire. What can you do, the clothes on these people are different, but their mentality is still Soviet. Abroad, not a single cut branch is lost: either it goes to the production of fuel pellets, or to generate electricity at thermal power plants.

In terms of environmental impact, wood is a clean fuel, only cleaner natural gas. In our country, cut-down city poplars are thrown into ravines as whole trees, to say nothing about branches! In the process of constant housing repairs, so many wooden structures are released: window frames, doors, partitions, and all this is dumped to rot at the landfill. Under socialism, we lived as if we had discovered the secret of absolute energy, because the state provided energy resources at a gratuitous price, and now we are reaping the benefits in the form of a complete lack of motivation among people, both to protect nature and save energy. And it would be nice to attach modules for burning all kinds of wood waste in every city at the CHP.

But division by division, and at least a third of our population lives in settlements where there is no demand even for an aluminum can. Yes and in big cities garbage will always accumulate, to find a use for which will be unrealistic. The same technological progress contributes to this. How, for example, to recycle old TVs or monitors? Meanwhile, many household waste materials are inert, practically do not interact with the environment, and when they are deposited at landfills, they are only mechanical pollutants. But they, in fact, are both roads and residential buildings - all this is the land taken away from green plants. But in the case of a properly organized landfill, after its reclamation, grass and trees return to their place.

But the way to modernize the deposition of garbage at the landfill, allowing to reduce its volume and the need for land allocation, will be the preliminary crushing of solid waste. The garbage passed through crushing plants will be easier to compact into the ground, and crushed hard grade polymers can even be used in the household for backfilling pits, preparing the roadway, etc.

The main thing is that more and more people share the idea of ​​separate collection and processing of solid waste.

To improve the environmental situation, modern technologies for waste disposal at waste storage sites suggest using shredders and compactors for solid waste. The use of a specialized SDW shredder will allow you to get rid of bulky waste (furniture, trees, tires, construction waste, plastic, etc.). Shredded waste can be used for filling the landfill, preparing access roads.

Compaction will reduce the amount of debris flying in the air and achieve a high density of waste, reduce voids, reduce the risk of fires; save the soil used to cover the landfill due to the leveled surface; reduce the risk of damage to the chassis of vehicles that bring garbage; increase the life of the landfill by 25–40 years: a larger amount of waste is placed on a smaller area due to an increase in their density.

ISP Group (CJSC Infrastructural Project) offers TANA compactors for compacting waste at landfills (landfills) of MSW. The model range includes models: Е260-26 t, Е320-32 t, Е380-38 t, Е450-45 t, Е520-52 t. Machines provide compaction of waste 950–1200 kg/m 3 , compaction capacity – 80 t/h or 400 m 3 /h The crushing force of the rollers is from 127 kN to 255 kN, the pressure on the ground in motion during the first pass is from 49–68 kg/cm, during the third pass – from 108–152 kg/cm. For comparison: crawler tractors can generate pressure from 470 to 590 kg/m 3 and the TANA four-wheel packer from 700 to 900 kg/m 3 . A roller with solid drums compacts with a force of 950 to 1200 kg/m 3 .

This technique is already successfully used in Russia. It is able to solve the problems of old landfills (example: Arkhangelsk - a landfill of the 1970s. After the purchase of a compactor in 2008, the operation was extended, the landfill is practically within the city, fires have stopped, the issue of urgent construction of a new landfill has been removed). This equipment is purchased to equip new landfills under construction in many large cities of Russia and to extend the life of old landfills and solid waste landfills.

Industrial waste is different from household waste. Often, during the production process, substances belonging to the first hazard classes are formed. This means that if such compounds enter the natural environment, they will lead to the destruction of all living things and irreversible disturbance of the balance of the ecosystem. Therefore, it is important to properly dispose of these wastes.

Industrial wastes are substances, materials and products generated by different stages production process and unsuitable for subsequent use to obtain products at the enterprise.

Wastes obtained in production after various types of impacts on the feedstock may differ in their state of aggregation and be solid, gaseous or liquid.

It has been established that in modern conditions of functioning of industrial enterprises, the share of waste generated is 0.1 part of the amount of all raw materials used in production processes.

Classification of production waste

The classification of industrial waste implies its division into the following types:

1. Waste is returnable. Such substances and materials may remain in production for further use in work processes other than those from which they were formed. They are not required to be of high quality. Often these wastes are used as consumables. For example, machine oil waste is used to lubricate components technical devices least important purpose.
2. Recyclables. AT this group includes scrap that cannot be involved in the current production process, but is a valuable raw material for other industries.
3. Irrevocable losses. These are wastes, the processing and use of which is impossible and inexpedient, therefore they are recognized as irretrievably lost. They are taken out of the enterprise, stored, in special cases they are subjected to neutralization and subsequent burial in specially designated areas.

Besides, industrial waste, as well as consumer waste, is divided into hazard classes from - the most harmful to - practically safe.

In the course of the activity of enterprises, as waste materials and losses, the following are formed:

• metal materials;
• plastic components;
• ash and slag accumulations;
• leather, rubber, glass products;
• remnants of wood and fur;
• waste paper (maybe you will be interested to read about);
• construction and textile materials;
• remains of biological origin;
• fertilizer components;
• oil-containing mixtures, as well as radioactive elements, mercury, lead, arsenic, antimony compounds, etc.

All of the above is only a small part of the waste from industrial enterprises, some of which can lead to an environmental disaster.

Characteristics of industrial waste

The fate of waste produced by enterprises depends on its characteristics:

• source of education, i.e. industries;
• the stage of the production process at which it was obtained;
• impact on the human body and the state of the environment;
• quantitative indicators (mass, volume, etc.);
• recyclability;
• possible suitable methods of disposal.

Disposal of industrial waste

Under the recycling of waste in the context of this article, we mean their destruction.

The implementation of the removal and disposal of each type of industrial waste occurs in accordance with the established hygienic classification, accepted standards and legislative acts.

Consider the main methods and some of the nuances of the elimination of industrial waste unsuitable for processing, depending on their type:

1. Inert trash. Its warehousing is carried out jointly with MSW. Also, such industrial waste can be used for backfilling ravines and pits, building garage areas, etc.
2. Garbage that quickly decomposes in the process of vital activity of microorganisms. Stored in landfills and landfills with solid waste.
3. Low-toxic waste, poorly soluble in water. For this group, a list of materials has been compiled, according to which they can be disposed of at landfills together with MSW. This list includes: textiles, technical rubber, polymers, electrical insulation, asbestos-cement, graphite, abrasive materials, etc.
4. Oil-like mixtures. Incinerated with MSW.
5. Compounds with increased toxicity and little polluting the atmosphere. They are transported to specially equipped landfills.
6. Highly toxic industrial waste. They are neutralized in a certain way, after which they are buried in compliance with special safety requirements.

Thus, there are two main methods for the disposal of industrial waste:

• burial;
• burning.

The most common today is the disposal of industrial waste by the burial method. This method is implemented on special land plots called polygons. Usually next to them there are enterprises that provide disposal of unsafe waste. In the process, methods of thermal and physico-chemical waste treatment are used, the result of which may be completely or partially neutralized garbage. The burial is carried out in special pits, the entire territory allotted for them is fenced with barbed wire.

There are a number of requirements for the location of landfills: sites cannot be located in the territory of mining, in mountainous environs, in swamps, close to underground sources of drinking water, in green urban areas, etc.

Incineration means reducing the initial volume of industrial waste by 85% or more. The process is carried out at an incineration plant, where high-temperature furnaces of various design solutions are installed. The modern thermal method of waste disposal is pyrolysis, the essence of which is the burning of materials under anaerobic conditions. In order to destroy harmful components, oxidative and dry pyrolysis are used.

Utilization of liquid industrial waste, which is not extremely toxic to the environment, is carried out by passing wastewater through the treatment facilities of the enterprise. The process involves mechanical, biological, physical and chemical stages, as well as disinfection of treated effluents.

The listed methods of elimination and disposal can reduce the negative impact on nature and the human body of production waste, but do not solve the problem completely.

The following video tells about the modern landfill for industrial non-radioactive waste, the technologies used on it.

Features of disposal of hazardous production waste

Existing recycling technologies are currently not applied to hazardous industrial waste (classes 1-3). Their disposal is carried out in special ways using special technical means. The main methods used for the disposal and disposal of hazardous waste include: cementing, encapsulation in glass (and other types of fixation), exposure to microwave radiation, incineration and sterilization under conditions high pressure, as well as burial at a carefully equipped landfill.

Landfill is a popular way to dispose of hazardous liquids. Working off in liquid form is pumped into special wells, consisting of pipes: external, protective and for direct injection.

In addition, special combustion methods are used to eliminate harmful liquids, for example, in atomized form and over a bed.

The activities for the disposal of hazardous substances require high professionalism, good knowledge of the process technologies and the equipment used from the employees.

Important! Incorrect and unauthorized liquidation of production developments can lead not only to large-scale environmental problem but also to the criminal responsibility of persons managing the enterprise.

Recycling of production waste

Methods for processing industrial waste:

• mechanical - grinding and separation;
• biochemical - neutralization of workings through the use of special types of microorganisms and further use as recyclable materials;
• diffusion - includes drying, crystallization, distillation;
• chemical - changes the properties of the original substance;
• thermal - processing of garbage (for example, tires and tires) into fuel by burning raw materials in pyrolysis plants;
• hydrodynamic - includes a number of methods: sedimentation, filtration, separation of the mixture in centrifuges, etc.

These methods involve obtaining new products useful for various branches of life from waste materials. As an example, we give the process of processing metallurgical slags, because it is one of the main components of the total mass of industrial waste generated.

Conventional slag conversion technology consists of:

• preliminary disassembly and sorting;
• grinding in crushing plants;
• metal release;
• control sorting;
• transportation of the product to the consumer.

The process uses such types of equipment as screeners, crushers, magnetic separators, conveyor belts for manual sorting of raw materials.

Recycled slag from metallurgical industries is used for road construction, agriculture, obtaining building materials, etc.

The main goals of industrial waste processing are to reduce the level of their negative impact on the environment, in reducing the area allocated for the storage of mining, and, of course, in making a profit from the production and sale of new products.

The recycling of industrial waste is aimed at protecting the environment and human health, as well as conserving often non-renewable natural resources. But some business leaders are unwilling to spend money either on waste disposal or recycling, which leads to disastrous consequences. To improve the situation, you need to change the minds of people.

Disposal and recycling of household waste is an urgent problem of the modern world. There are more and more landfills on earth, extensive littering threatens an ecological catastrophe. The solution to the problem is the processing of solid waste at specialized waste processing plants. Following the conditions of objective reality, humanity needs to improve the methods of waste disposal in order to achieve the most efficient processing of solid waste at minimal cost.

3 Reasons Why Good Solid Waste Recycling Is Necessary

Waste can be divided into the following kinds:

• Household waste. This group includes human waste. The garbage that is thrown out of residential buildings and office buildings. Plastic products, food leftovers, paper, glass and other items. Many wastes are assigned to IV and V hazard classes.

The issue of plastic waste should be resolved as follows: the garbage is subject to mechanical grinding, followed by chemical treatment with solutions, as a result of such manipulations, a mass is formed from which polymer products can be made again. Paper and food leftovers can turn into compost, rot and benefit the agricultural sector of the economy.

• biological waste. This type of waste is produced by biological species (humans and animals). A large number of such materials are produced by veterinary clinics, hospitals, sanitary and hygienic organizations, catering enterprises and other similar institutions. Biological waste is destroyed by incineration. All materials of organic origin can be disposed of in this way.
• Industrial waste. Such wastes are the result of manufacturing processes. Construction, operation of industrial equipment, installation and finishing works - all this leaves behind a huge amount of wood, paints and varnishes, heat-insulating materials, some of which can also be burned. For example, wood releases energy during combustion, which can also be used for social purposes.
• radioactive waste. It is not uncommon for biomaterials and other wastes to contain radioactive substances that pose a hazard. This group also includes gases and solutions - that is, those wastes that cannot be used in the future. Some of this garbage can be destroyed by burning, but the rest can only be buried.
• Medical waste. It's garbage medical institutions, 80% of which is non-hazardous household waste, and the remaining 20% ​​poses a risk to the human body. Like the processing of radioactive waste, the destruction of this type of waste has many restrictions and prohibitions in Russian legislation. The methods of its burning and burial are described in detail. For medical waste, as well as for radioactive waste, special burial grounds are created. Some destroy medical waste like this: they put it in bags and burn it. But many drugs belong to hazard classes I and II, so this disposal method is clearly not for them.

All wastes are classified according to the degree of their danger to the environment. There are four hazard classes in total. The first class is garbage, which poses the most serious threat to the planet and all organisms living on it. If you do not process first class MSW in the manner prescribed by law, harm ecological system may be irreparable. Waste of the first hazard class: mercury, lead salts, plutonium, polonium, etc.

Waste of the second hazard class can also greatly harm the environment. The consequences of such damage will continue to impact for a long time. The planet will recover within 30 years of being polluted by such waste. These include arsenic, selenium, chlorine, phosphates, etc.

After waste of the third class of danger, the ecosystem is able to recover in a decade. Of course, recovery is possible only after the processing of MSW, otherwise the waste will not stop harming the environment. The third class includes zinc, ethyl alcohol, chromium, etc.

The fourth hazard class is low-hazard waste (simazine, sulfates, chlorides). After they are removed from the infected object, the ecosystem needs to recover for three years.

But waste of the fifth class is completely safe.

Consider, why is it necessary correct processing of solid waste:

1. Waste pollutes the environment, which is already oversaturated with emissions from factories and vehicle emissions.
2. Resources that are extracted from nature or created industrially are seriously limited, so it is advisable to recycle and reuse them.
3. It turns out to be cheaper to use recycled raw materials, so the processing of MSW is economically beneficial.

The most common methods of processing MSW

Method 1Waste disposal.

Landfills are created specifically in order to carry out the processing of solid waste on their territory. The flow of garbage enters these areas (up to 95%), and then the organic part decomposes spontaneously. In the area of ​​the landfill, special conditions are formed for an intensive biochemical process of dissociation. The resulting anaerobic environment promotes recycling enhanced by methanogenic microorganisms that form biogas (otherwise called "landfill gas"). What is the disadvantage of such polygons? Landfill gas toxins enter the atmospheric air and spread in the direction of the wind over long distances. And if they are mixed with industrial emissions, then the environment is even more dangerous.

Given the accumulation of microorganisms that increase the flow chemical reactions, fires may occur locally due to excessive overheating. At the same time, polyaromatic hydrocarbons are released into the environment, causing oncological diseases. Such emissions are thousands of times higher than the permissible concentrations of such substances in the air. Aqueous solutions formed in the air fall out in the form of precipitation, during the evaporation of which, as in the combustion of polymeric substances, dioxins are released. So, through precipitation, harmful chemical elements enter the ground and surface waters.

Since it is impossible to arrange such landfills within the city, plots outside large settlements are allocated for them. If we calculate the cost of allocating territories, their arrangement in accordance with all the rules, transportation costs for transporting garbage to such a landfill for processing solid waste, we get a rather impressive figure. Add to this the air pollution associated with the release of combustion products of motor fuel, the deterioration of suburban roads. The picture is not rosy.

Due to the fact that the qualified arrangement of landfills for the processing of solid waste is associated with high costs, some people prefer to organize unauthorized dumps. In such places of unauthorized storage, there is no sealing, liquid waste directly enters the environment without passing through the neutralization stage, creating a high danger to the population. And these dumps only multiply and grow.

Thus, it is very dangerous to store unrecycled waste at landfills, and therefore this method of disposal should be prohibited at the legislative level. And there are many reasons for this:

• lack of bacteriological and epidemiological safety;
• the rapid spread of substances hazardous to the human body over large areas (penetration into air, water, soil);
• release of dioxins during fire;
• the high cost of land and landfill facilities, as well as the need for subsequent reclamation of the site;
• a contradiction to the "Basics of the state policy in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030".

Method 2Garbage composting.

This method of processing MSW is based on the fact that some of the garbage can be disposed of independently - through biodegradation. So, organic waste is able to be composted. Today there are special composting technologies food waste and undivided garbage.

Mass composting is not widespread in our country, but is used by that part of the population that has private houses or summer cottages. However, in general, it is possible to organize the process of garbage composting centrally, by allocating special sites for this. The resulting compost can later be successfully used in the agricultural industry.

Method 3Thermal processing of waste (MSW).

Organics can also be easily destroyed thermally. Thermal processing of MSW is a consistent procedure for the effect of heat on waste in order to reduce their mass and volume, as well as neutralization. Such processing of MSW can be accompanied by the production of inert materials and energy carriers.

Advantages of thermal processing:

• Effectiveness in terms of neutralization (destroys pathogenic microflora).
• Significantly reduces the volume of garbage (up to ten times).
• Use of the energy potential of waste of organic origin.

The most common method of thermal processing of MSW is incineration. This simple method has many advantages:

• It has been tested many times.
• Combustion equipment is available and commercially available, has long term operation.
• Automated process, does not require the involvement of labor resources.

If earlier garbage was simply burned, then modern technologies make it possible to use this process more efficiently, simultaneously extracting the fuel fraction from it. As a result of such techniques, the incineration procedure turns not only into the elimination of garbage, but also into the production of additional energy - electrical or thermal. The most promising at the moment is the plasma combustion technology, which provides a higher combustion temperature. As a result, useful energy is released, and the result is a completely harmless vitrified product.

Method 4Plasma recycling of waste (MSW).

Processing of MSW by the plasma method is a process of turning garbage into gas. This gas is subsequently used to generate steam and electricity. Non-pyrolyzable residues solid waste are one of the elements of plasma processing.

The advantage of high-temperature pyrolysis is that this process destroys the most miscellaneous waste without harming the environment. From an economic point of view, this is a very profitable technology, since no additional costs are required for drying, sorting and other procedures for preparing waste for disposal.

The output is slag, which does not harm the environment and can even be reused.

What equipment is used for the processing of solid waste

The industrial world does not stand still, more and more equipment and waste disposal plants are becoming. The most common types of equipment for such enterprises include:

1. Presses.

Without pressing waste, it is impossible to imagine any plant for the disposal and processing of solid waste. After pressing, the waste is more convenient to store and transport. The presses can have different dimensions: from the most gigantic to relatively small ones that can fit in the territory of an ordinary store. In Russia, two types of presses are used:

• Packing presses.
• Briquetting presses.

According to the method of loading the press are:

• Vertical (front loading).
• Horizontal (capable of compressing debris more tightly).

While vertical presses are compact enough, horizontal presses are usually installed only in large factories, since they are difficult to fit in a normal room.

According to the purpose of the press, there are universal (for all types of waste) and specialized (for only one type).

2. Compactors.

Compactors are considered very close to presses. From the name it is clear that they also make the garbage more compressed. Basically, this type of equipment compacts PET bottles, polyethylene films, aluminum cans, as well as paper and cardboard. For shopping malls this type of equipment is indispensable, because there is always a need to compress a large amount of garbage.

Waste transportation companies unanimously claim that transportation and storage costs are significantly reduced by compacting waste with compactors. At the same time, it does not matter at all whether this compactor is mobile or stationary.

Fixed and mobile equipment have their pros and cons. If mobile compactors are monoblocks, then stationary compactors contain a press and a replaceable container, which allows you to load much more waste than in a single monoblock. The continuous cycle of work also significantly distinguishes the stationary compactor from other waste equipment. Just have time to change containers.

But the mobile compactor can be used in different places, while it does not need to be mounted and dismantled again every time. This is a hermetically sealed design, which allows it to work even with wet waste.

3. Shredders.

Shredders have a completely different type of work than presses and compactors. They help in the disposal of garbage by crushing it or crushing it. That is why Russian-speaking users call shredders crushers. Not a single solid waste processing plant can do without them. Shredders are designed for grinding:

• glass;
• tree;
• plastics;
• paper;
• rubber;
• metal;
• organic and mixed waste;
• dangerous substances.

Some shredders only handle one type of waste, such as glass. But there are many models that are designed to grind a wide variety of garbage.

4. Containers.

We deal with this type of equipment every day. These are our usual waste containers, which we regularly use. The material from which the containers are made is usually plastic, although sometimes metal is also found. Containers can be used for separate storage of garbage or for mixed waste. Not so long ago, containers were stationary, now more and more often we see containers on wheels. From containers equipped with wheels, it is more convenient to transfer garbage to garbage trucks.

5. Sorting lines.

It is much easier and more efficient to process MSW in sorted form. As we have already said, for different kind garbage has its own ways of disposal, and therefore it is so important to first separate one type of waste from others. To this end, waste sorting lines are now mandatory installed at waste processing plants. Sorting lines are designed to separate municipal solid waste into fractions for the purpose of their subsequent pressing, compaction and transformation into secondary raw materials, which can then be sold. Sorting lines have become an integral part of the waste recycling process.

How a solid waste processing plant is completed

A set of equipment for any plant is selected taking into account its specialization. There are enterprises of a wide profile that carry out the processing of various types of solid waste. But small plants usually deal only with a specific type of waste. It can be construction waste, tires and other rubber products, household waste, and so on.

It is safest to invest in functional and powerful equipment that can serve large area working without interruptions and breakdowns.

An example of such a complex is the waste incineration mini-plant MPZ-5000 (manufactured by Sifania (Russia)). It is designed to process a huge amount of municipal solid waste, for example, it will perfectly cope with five thousand tons of garbage per year. A mini-factory implies a set of equipment for burning garbage. The example we are considering is suitable for serving a small area with a population of about 25 thousand people. The set of equipment includes not only a waste incinerator, but also units for:

• waste sorting;
• grinding plastic bottles;
• waste paper seals;
• pyrolization of non-decomposable materials.

The cost of the equipment is quite high. Its simplest standard equipment will cost the company ten million rubles.

But this example is suitable for a small scale organization. For larger production, you can purchase marshalling yard capable of passing through itself up to ten tons per hour. The productivity of such equipment is much higher than that of a mini-factory. This station is capable of separating 16 types of MSW from a mixed stream. Station maintenance requires at least 40 people. A good option for such equipment is the JSSORT complex. It has impressive dimensions. To install the entire station, you will need an area 40 meters wide and 80 meters long. Such equipment is capable of serving about 15 garbage trucks in one eight-hour working day.

Such a set of equipment will cost three times more than a mini-factory. Its cost is about 30 million rubles. This includes the cost of building a suitable space for the station.

A very profitable option for making money on waste disposal is a plant for processing rubber products (car tires) into small crumbs. After the operation of specialized equipment, only rubber powder remains, crushed into granules, which is perfectly suitable for recycling.

It is in demand in the production of:

• asphalt;
• road speed limiters;
• materials for soundproofing;
• mastic with anti-corrosion properties and other products of the construction industry.

A set of equipment for rubber processing is capable of processing up to three tons of waste per hour. An imported mini-factory of this type costs about 25 million rubles.

It should be noted that all processing enterprises have approximately the same set of components. The differences are mainly in the degree of their power and the level of process automation. The MSW processing plant includes the following equipment:

• receiving conveyor;
• inclined belt conveyor;
• sorting line;
• press machine for packing;
• pyrolysis plant;
• shredder for plastic;
• glass container.

Sometimes this set is complemented by a receiving shop with magnetic equipment for separating scrap metal.

Consider the scheme of operation of a mini-plant for the processing of solid waste:

• first of all, the waste stream goes through a magnetic receiver to sort the metal;
• the vertical conveyor transports raw materials to the sorting line;
• sorting complexes can be automated and separate waste using optical devices or semi-automated and use manual labor;
• all waste paper is sorted and sent to packaging;
• plastic products enter the grinding device;
• glass waste is sent to a collection container;
• all other waste goes to the receiving hopper, from where it subsequently enters the press for compaction. The further fate of such garbage is burial.

If recyclables are packaged, they can be sold or recycled, depending on which direction is provided by the plant itself. For example, one of the divisions of the enterprise may be a workshop for the production of toilet paper.

The main problems of MSW processing

Problem 1.Lack of funds.

Currently, waste is removed mainly at the expense of the population. But the tariffs for the neutralization of household waste established by regulatory enactments are prohibitively low. So much so that they are not able to compensate even for the transportation of garbage, not to mention its processing and disposal.

Of course, the funds collected from the population are not enough, so the rest of the resources are allocated by the state. But for unknown reasons, the housing and communal services never have the opportunity to develop and modernize the waste disposal system. We still do not have separate collection, as is customary throughout Europe. Yes, and at the material level there is no incentive to sort. If you throw out all the garbage in one container or separate the waste by type, you still pay the same tariff for the processing of solid waste.

Problem 2Secondary importance.

MSW recycling is currently carried out by organizations whose main activity is the provision of various utilities.

Only if specialized enterprises take over the collection and processing of waste, they will be able to carry out planning for more efficient waste collection, improve the equipment used, optimize income and costs for the processing of solid waste.

Problem 3.The absence of responsible persons.

All activities related to the disposal of household waste are dispersed among various departments. A single structure of hierarchy and responsibility in this matter has not been built. In European countries, things are different. There, the issue of household waste management is controlled by the Environmental Protection Agency. In our country, there is a similar authority - the Ministry of Natural Resources, however, the issue of MSW processing has not been transferred to the jurisdiction of this body.

As a result, the existing ministries and departments deal with this area to varying degrees, but shift responsibility to each other, and the process of issuing draft laws in this area is delayed due to the lengthy approval procedure.

Problem 4.Concentration in the hands of state bodies.

Government agencies zealously hold on to the recycling of solid waste, although, as we have seen, they do not have enough funds, desire and understanding to organize the process at the proper level. European states show the effectiveness of involving private companies in this issue. In Europe, organizations have long collaborated with municipalities on waste collection and disposal. Perhaps, sometime in the future, our authorities will reach a similar level of cooperation, but for now, landfills are accumulating and continue to poison the environment.

Foreign experience shows that private companies are very enthusiastic about solving this problem, as it is directly related to commercial gain. So, they are looking for the most efficient and cost-effective ways to process MSW. By building large factories and attracting foreign investment, commercial organizations work with great returns, and the result of their activities is evident.

Problem 5.No community outreach.

The fact that the population practically does not understand the benefits of separate waste collection is a sad flaw in the domestic management of this issue. After all, if citizens are informed about the problems of MSW processing, they may increase their awareness and desire to correct the situation, including on their own. After all, this planet is our home, where we live and plan to inhabit it for a long time to come.

Problem 6.Lack of fixtures.

The abundance of open access data allows many conscious citizens, despite the lack of centralized information, to come to an understanding of the problem of waste disposal. But even if people have a desire to throw garbage into separate containers, they are not given such an opportunity. The only equipment for collecting waste is an ordinary garbage chute. There is only one way out of the situation: weld all existing garbage chutes and establish a waste sorting system.

It is more expedient to design new houses without garbage chutes, since in general this will not only provide the possibility of separate waste collection, but also increase cleanliness in the entrances.

Problem 7.Recycling has not been arranged.

In Russia, there are organizations that are engaged in the processing of solid waste. There are not as many of them as we would like, but even these units often experience problems with the disposal of secondary raw materials. And this is sad, because in fact, the use of scrap allows you to get significant economic benefits.

To motivate the use of recyclable materials in production is again a state task. Moreover, we are talking not only about establishing obligations for enterprises, but also about developing a system of incentives, benefits, incentives that could encourage business representatives to establish markets for the sale of waste and its use.

Thus, in the course of public procurement in European countries benefits are often provided for organizations that manufacture products from recycled materials.

Problem 8.Lack of planning.

In order to prevent the recycling of MSW and the use of recyclable materials from becoming local and episodic phenomena, it is necessary to draw up detailed plans aimed at achieving the desired results. Thus, this plan for the use of waste should cover a long period during which the necessary measures are provided, as well as the timing of their implementation, sources of funding, goals and persons responsible for the implementation of such actions.

All of the above problems actually arise due to the same factor: the task of competent processing of solid waste is not among the priorities at the state level. In addition, we still have not come to realize the most rational use of available resources. Therefore, environmental protection issues have not yet been resolved, and an effective waste disposal system has not been built.

What are the prospects for the processing of solid waste in Russia

In Russia, the idea of ​​rational use of waste has not yet been developed. Recently, this area has received a little more attention. But only the smallest. A number of waste processing enterprises have been created in our country, but their functioning has not yet been put on a grand scale. The process is not adjusted, there is no competent interaction of such organizations with the state. In general, while such companies operate mainly in the central regions of the country - Moscow, St. Petersburg. But ideally, such activities should be carried out everywhere.

The fact is that in large cities there are much more earning opportunities for waste processing enterprises. The waste disposal business is very profitable where there is an abundance of it, and there are sorely lacking areas for storage and slow destruction of waste. Not so on the periphery. Most often, garbage is taken out to lands that are located on the outskirts of cities and towns. This method harms the environment and is also economically unprofitable. While the processing of ordinary household waste is a profitable business, and at this time in the domestic economy, this niche is free.

It should be noted that until the municipalities begin to perceive this problem as an urgent one, it is unlikely that anything will change dramatically. Foreign experience shows that a significant part of waste disposal issues can be solved by a simple action - the installation of containers for separate waste collection. This step will greatly simplify the processing of MSW.

The criticism of this assumption is the judgment about the inertia and laziness of Russians who do not want to sort their waste at home. But polls public opinion this idea is not supported. For example, half of Moscow residents are already ready for separate waste collection. And this is without any propaganda and work with the population on the part of those in power. It is not difficult to guess that, subject to the actions of the state in this direction, a quick and effective transition to modern technologies recycling and use of secondary raw materials.

Expert opinion

Solving the problems of MSW processing with the help of integrated management

L.Ya. Shubov,

Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor, member of the community of Russian experts on environmental management

HE. Borisova,

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of RSUTS

I.G. Doronkin,

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of RSUTS

MSW recycling management consists of the following elements:

• garbage collection;
• export;
• processing (preliminary preparation);
• actual processing;
• disposal;
• burial.

All these components are connected into a single system and are interconnected.

To ensure the solution of the tasks of MSW processing, it is necessary to be guided by modern requirements for resource conservation and environmental management:

• recycling of waste as sources of raw materials and energy;
• reducing the cost of cleaning settlements;
• transition from the method of MSW disposal to industrial utilization;
• ensuring environmental safety.

Changes are not so easy to achieve, because they are associated not only with the establishment of an effective system of garbage collection and processing, but also with the improvement of the sanitary and hygienic state of the city, and this is already a matter of reforming the housing and communal services. At the moment, there are a number of tasks, among which the creation of a service market and the development of competition in the field of solid waste processing are not the last. Implementing all these innovations is not easy.

At the moment, there is a serious shortage of specialists in the processing of solid waste. Universities annually issue diplomas to broad-profile environmentalists who do not yet own the technologies for the efficient processing of technogenic raw materials, it is difficult for them to find a solution to the problem with solid waste overnight.

Some foreign organizations are rushing to the Russian market, offering a way out difficult situation with MSW using advanced technologies. But often it is only about burning garbage. A well-thought-out waste disposal system still does not arise. At best, industrial facilities appear chaotically, dealing with only one technology in the complex of measures necessary for the systematic destruction of waste. This is the road to nowhere.

It is impossible to solve the problem of MSW recycling by building waste incineration plants. While one is being built, the other is completing its life cycle. Therefore, unsystematic construction has already proved its inefficiency. In this direction, one cannot rely on one single method of processing - incineration.

Practice shows that such a policy does not lead to a solution to the problem, but only contributes to increased environmental pollution.

It is necessary to take an example from the European states. Here is what they have achieved so far in terms of MSW management:

• Developed a recycling industry based on separate waste collection with the selection of usable elements.
• We organized and continue to develop a system of specialized sorting facilities, enterprises for thermal and biothermal waste processing.
• Developed a recycling system.

Burning all garbage is simply unacceptable. The waste fraction that has already been freed from both hazardous and resource-valuable components is used for thermal processing. Such production can be called environmentally friendly.

In our country, all MSW processing points are built haphazardly, out of touch with each other. The entire waste stream is sent there without prior sorting. Such actions create the threat of an emergency situation.

If the issue of solid waste is resolved, then the problem of environmental security of the country as a whole will be partially resolved.

There is an urgent need to build a system for processing solid waste for the Moscow region and the cities of the resort area. Until public policy in this matter will not be normalized, crime and corruption will continue to flourish. That is why the development of a science-based strategy for the processing of MSW is task No. 1.

The strategy for optimizing the integrated management of solid waste is needed, first of all, to create an advanced efficient waste management system and the use of secondary raw materials. The objective of such a program is to develop ways to introduce waste into industrial processing, plan a sequence of actions to massively reduce the flow of garbage that is currently being disposed of, reduce environmental risks and the cost of waste disposal. The strategy should look like a single document with understandable and clear terminology, containing a real model for optimizing the use of waste.

Today, the problem of disposal of household and industrial waste is particularly acute. Not many start-up businessmen want to start their own waste recycling business. And absolutely in vain, you can make good money on it! The main thing is to choose the right cell for business.

Types of waste and method of their disposal.

There are two main types of waste:

1. Organic (bone, leather, wood, food);

2. Inorganic (rubber, glass, plastic, paper, metal).

The following methods of disposal of food and industrial waste are used:

1. Processing for secondary raw materials;

2. Waste incineration (chamber, stratified, fluidized bed);

3. Burial in specially designated areas;

4. Briquetting (consists in packing homogeneous waste into special briquettes);

5. Composting (secondary use of organic waste as a fertilizer, after processing their microorganism).

Waste recycling.

Natural and organic waste is processed into compost to obtain a special fertilizer for plants. After the processing of toxic materials, using the method of burial or incineration, building or industrial materials are obtained. Non-ferrous metals and industrial glass are obtained from electronic waste (old TVs, tape recorders and other equipment) after technical transformation. Refrigeration equipment, having previously sucked out the refrigerant and oil, separates the floor into parts and carries out technical processing.

About 80% of the parts of refrigeration equipment can be reused for the manufacture of refrigerators. Cars are taken apart and serviceable parts are sold at a reduced cost. Waste paper, after processing, is used to make toilet paper or paper of lower grades.

Room rental.

For the disposal of household waste, it is necessary to rent a room of at least 500 m2. About half of the area will be occupied by industrial premises. It must be an industrial area. At the same time, 100 m2 will be used as storage facilities, 50 m2 - an administrative area. The sanitary zone of the site is at least 500 m. The site must have a convenient entrance for trucks and a separate entrance for personnel. The room must have a water supply line, local and central heating, sewerage. The premises must have fire protection and a security system. The cost of renting such premises is $1.6 thousand per month.

Equipment.

To organize the disposal of industrial and domestic waste, you need to buy the following equipment:

1. Line for sorting - 21 thousand $;

2. Crusher - $15 thousand;

3. Bunker for the accumulation of garbage - $ 8 thousand;

4. Press - 20 thousand $;

5. Magnet - $3,000.

The cost of such equipment is about $70,000.

At the same time, according to experts, it is not worth investing in expensive imported equipment. Analogs from the domestic manufacturer do not differ in reliability and performance.

Staff.

A feature of this type of production is manual labor. All operations on the production line are carried out only manually: sorting, grinding and rejection. That is why, even a small business may need a staff of about 40 people. This company works in shifts. During one shift will perform work from 12 to 15 people. These are sorters, specialists and an electrician on duty. The salary of the workers is about $5,000 per month.

Materials.

For waste disposal, it is necessary to collect household and industrial waste. This raw material is available and free. The main thing is to pre-register all the necessary documentation and obtain the appropriate permission for waste disposal.

Documentation.

Before starting a business for the disposal of household and industrial waste, it is necessary to obtain mandatory documentation. First of all, it is necessary to pass an environmental impact assessment. The document is given for life. The next step is to apply to the municipal utility and water management, fire and sanitary service to obtain the appropriate permits. And only after that, with all the documents received, you can apply to the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources to obtain a license for waste disposal. The procedure takes about 2-4 months. Its cost is about $90.

Like any other activity, waste disposal requires advertising. Be sure to have your own website, which can be accessed by potential customers. You can also place an advertisement in magazines and newspapers. Additionally, it is important to take part in seminars on this topic. Additionally, you can make outdoor advertising in industrial areas of the city. All these actions will have a positive impact on the search for potential customers. The cost of advertising is about $150.

Basic costs.

To open your own business for the disposal of household and industrial waste, you must consider the following basic costs:

1. Rent of premises - 1.6 thousand $;

2. Equipment - $70 thousand;

3. Personnel - 5 thousand $;

In total, to open a waste disposal business, an amount of $ 77 thousand is required.

Profit and payback period.

About 8 tons of waste paper, 1 ton of polymers, 200 kg of aluminum cans and plastic bottles can be sorted out of waste every month. In total, monthly from 1 ton of waste paper you can make a profit of $ 170, polymers for $ 125 and aluminum cans for $ 200 and more. In total, the monthly profit of the enterprise can be about $9,000. This business has a high profitability - up to 50%. The payback period for the initial investment is 2 years.

Sales market and direction development.

You can sell the received materials in the following areas:

1. Industrial enterprises;

2. Plants for the production of cardboard;

3. Paper mills;

4. Manufacturing enterprises using recycled materials.

You can develop a business through the manufacture of goods from recycled materials. If there is a desire to achieve maximum profitability of the business, in this case, you can do the deepest processing of waste.

The environment has always been a source of resources for mankind, but for a long time its vital activity did not have a noticeable impact on nature. Only since the end of the last century, under the influence of economic activity, noticeable changes in the Earth's biosphere began to occur. They have now reached alarming proportions.

Scale of the problem

The rapid growth of population and the level of consumption of natural resources, the current pace of material production lead to a thoughtless treatment of nature. With such an attitude, a huge part of the resources taken from nature is returned to it in the form of waste, harmful and unsuitable for further use.

Scientists have calculated that 5 tons of garbage are generated daily in the world, while its amount increases annually by 3% in volume. The accumulation of domestic waste on the surface harms the environment, polluting water, soil and atmosphere and threatens the possibility of the existence of all life on the planet in general. Therefore, one of important issues worldwide is the disposal of household waste.

Classification of household waste

Household waste can be classified according to several criteria.

So, according to the composition, household waste is conditionally divided into biological residues and non-biological waste (garbage).

• rats;
• cockroaches.

Cockroaches can be a carrier of various types of diseases.

Non-biological waste includes:

• paper;
• plastic;
• metal;
• textile;
• glass;
• rubber.

The process of decomposition of these wastes can last about 2–3 years and in most cases is accompanied by the release of toxic substances that harm the environment and humans.

According to the state of aggregation, waste is divided into:

• hard;
• liquid;
• gaseous;
• pastes;
• gels;
• suspensions;
• emulsions.

By origin, waste is divided into:

• Industrial - a type of household waste obtained as a result of production.
• Construction - are formed during construction and installation work, the production of work on the repair of roads, buildings, as well as during their demolition.
• radioactive waste.
• Municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated in the residential sector, trade enterprises, educational, health and social facilities.

These are goods that have lost their consumer properties over time and turned into garbage, and also include road and yard garbage as MSW.

The most significant part of household waste is MSW. For each type of waste, there are special ways to dispose of waste.

Waste recycling

The process of disposal of solid waste occurs in several stages:

• collection;
• transportation;
• accommodation;
• neutralization;
• burial;
• storage;
• processing;
• disposal.

First of all, the process of getting rid of garbage involves its careful sorting. The task of pre-sorting waste and their disposal is greatly facilitated by the separate collection of waste, promoted in most European countries.

Methods for the destruction of municipal solid waste

There are various options for its destruction. So, the main way to dispose of solid waste is burial at special sites (landfills).

At landfills, irretrievable waste is destroyed - the processing of household waste, as a result of which they almost completely cease to exist as waste. The disposal method is not suitable for all types of MSW, but only for non-combustible waste or for substances that emit toxic substances during combustion.

The advantage of this method is that it does not require significant financial costs and the availability of large plots of land. But there are also disadvantages in the application of this method - this is the accumulation of gas during underground decay of waste.

Briquetting is a new, yet not very widely used in practice, way of getting rid of solid waste. It includes preliminary sorting and packaging of homogeneous waste into separate briquettes, and then their storage at specially designated areas (landfills).

Briquetting of waste makes it possible to significantly save space

The garbage packed in this way is pressed, which greatly facilitates its transportation due to a significant reduction in volume.

Briquetted waste is intended for further processing and possible use for industrial purposes. Along with such a method as the processing of municipal solid waste, when briquetting, they can be transported for disposal or disposal by heat treatment.

In fact, this method is similar to the burial method, but in practice it has a number of advantages over it. The disadvantages of the method are that the heterogeneity of the emitted waste and the preliminary heavy pollution in garbage containers and changing some components of the waste makes briquetting more difficult.

And the high abrasiveness of components such as stone, sand and glass interfere with the pressing process.

Since these methods of recycling have a number of disadvantages, despite their cheapness, the best option would be to completely get rid of garbage during its recycling and fuel, and also its possible reuse.

A new way to dispose of waste

Garbage disposal

When recycling garbage (the Latin root utilis is useful), the waste can later be used for various purposes.

Waste to be disposed of includes:

• all types of metals;
• glass;
• polymers;
• yarn and fabric products;
• paper;
• rubber;
• organic household and agricultural waste.

The most efficient method of disposal today is recycling.

In other words, recycling is a special case of the concept of "utilization of municipal solid waste".

During recycling, waste is returned to the process of technogenesis. There are two options for recycling waste:

• Reuse of waste according to their intended purpose after appropriate safe handling and labelling. For example, reuse of glass and plastic containers.
• Return of waste after processing to the production cycle. For example, tin containers - in the production of steel, waste paper - in the production of paper and cardboard.

Some types of waste that can no longer be used for their intended purpose are recycled, after which it is more expedient to return them to the production cycle as secondary raw materials. So, part of the waste can be used to produce heat and electricity.

In addition to those already listed, the disposal of solid waste can be carried out by several more methods. Each of them is applicable to a certain type of waste, and has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Thermal processing of waste

Thermal processing refers to several methods:

• burning;
• low temperature pyrolysis;
• plasma treatment (high temperature pyrolysis).

The simple incineration method is the most common and one of the cheapest methods of waste management. It is during incineration that large volumes of garbage are utilized, and the resulting ash takes up less space, does not undergo decay processes, and does not emit harmful gases into the atmosphere. It is non-toxic and does not require specially equipped places for burial.

The main thing in this method is that when burning garbage, a large amount of thermal energy is released, which has recently been learned to be used for the autonomous operation of waste incineration enterprises. And its surplus is redirected to city stations, which makes it possible to provide entire areas with electricity and heat.

The disadvantage of this method is that during combustion, in addition to safe components, smoke saturated with toxic substances is formed, which creates a dense curtain over the earth's surface and leads to a significant violation of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, contributing to its thinning and the formation of ozone holes.

High temperature and low temperature pyrolysis

- this is technological process waste gasification occurring at a melting temperature higher than in a conventional processing plant (over 900°C).

As a result, a vitrified product is formed at the outlet, which is absolutely harmless and does not require further disposal costs. The scheme of this process allows to obtain gas from the organic components of the scrap, which is then used to generate electricity and steam.

The main advantage of this method is that it allows you to successfully solve the problem of environmentally friendly waste disposal without unnecessary costs for preliminary preparation, sorting, drying.

The advantages of low-temperature pyrolysis (temperature from 450 to 900°C) are:

• use for processing almost all types of household waste, previously carefully selected;
• obtaining pyrolysis oils used in the production of plastics;
• release of pyrolysis gas suitable for further use.

In addition, there is such a waste disposal method as composting. Since most of the waste is made up of various organic residues, they are subject to rapid decay in the natural environment.

The composting method is based on this property of organic substances. In the process of composting, not only does a huge part of the garbage that pollute the environment get rid of, but also substances useful for agriculture - fertilizers - are obtained in the process.

The presented methods of waste disposal allow waste processing with the least negative impact on the environment.

Video: A modern approach to waste disposal