slide 2

PLAN

Distribution of organisms by habitats. Water environment. Ground-air environment. Soil as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment.

slide 3

In the course of a long historical development living matter and the formation of more and more modern forms of living beings - organisms, mastering new habitats, were distributed on Earth according to its mineral shells and adapted to existence in strictly defined conditions.

slide 4

Water environment.

general characteristics. Hydrosphere - occupies up to 71% of the Earth's area. In terms of volume, water reserves are calculated within 1370 million km3. The main amount of water (98%) is concentrated in the seas and oceans, 1.24% - ice in the polar regions, 0.45% - fresh water.

slide 5

About 150,000 animal species (7% of their total number on Earth) and 10,000 plant species (8%) live in the aquatic environment. The most diverse and rich in plant and animal world seas and oceans of the equatorial and tropical regions.

slide 6

characteristic feature the aquatic environment is its mobility. The movement of water ensures the supply of aquatic organisms with oxygen and nutrients, leads to the equalization of temperatures throughout the reservoir.

Slide 7

Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment.

Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean - from -2C to + 36C. In fresh waters - from -0.9C to + 25C. Exceptions - thermal springs up to + 95С Such thermodynamic features of the aquatic environment as high specific heat capacity, high thermal conductivity and expansion during freezing create especially favorable conditions for life.

Slide 8

Since the temperature regime of water bodies is characterized by great stability, the organisms living in them are characterized by a relatively constant body temperature and have a narrow range of adaptation to fluctuations in environmental temperature.

Slide 9

The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times higher than that of the air. On plants, these features affect the fact that they have a poorly developed mechanical tissue, so they are inherent in buoyancy and the ability to be suspended in water. In animals - a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus.

Slide 10

Light regime and transparency of water. It depends on the season, it is also determined by the regular decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays from different length the waves are absorbed differently, the red ones are the fastest, and the blue-green ones penetrate much deeper.

slide 11

Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. The oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. With decreasing temperature, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases.

slide 12

The concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: pH 3.7-4.7 - considered acidic; 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral; more than 7.8 - alkaline. Sea water more alkaline, pH changes less, decreases with depth.

slide 13

Ecological groups of hydrobionts.

Plankton are free-floating. - phytoplankton - zooplankton. Nekton - actively moving. Neuston - the inhabitants of the upper film. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Benthos are bottom dwellers.

Slide 14

Ecological plasticity of organisms.

Aquatic organisms have less ecological plasticity than terrestrial ones, because water is a more stable medium and its abiotic factors undergo slight fluctuations. The breadth of the ecological plasticity of hydrobionts is evaluated in relation not only to the whole complex of factors, but also to one of them. Ecological plasticity serves as a regulator of the dispersal of organisms; it depends on the age and phase of development of the organism.

slide 15

Ground-air environment.

General characteristics. Organisms are surrounded by air - a gaseous shell characterized by low humidity and density, but high oxygen content. The light is more intense, the temperature fluctuates greatly, the humidity changes depending on geographical location, season and time of day.

slide 16

environmental factors.

Air - characterized by a constant composition (oxygen - about 21% and carbon dioxide - 0.03%). Insignificant density does not provide significant resistance to organisms when they move in a horizontal direction.

Slide 17

Air has a direct and indirect meaning.

Direct - has little ecological value. Indirect - carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, cause a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.)

Slide 18

Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, their distribution throughout the year, the form in which they fall affect water regime environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides plants with available moisture, gives drinking water animals. What matters is the timing of rainfall, their frequency, duration and nature of the rains.

Slide 19

Ecoclimate and microclimate.

Ecoclimate - the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Microclimate - the climate of individual small areas.

Slide 20

geographic zoning.

The ground-air environment is characterized by a clearly defined zonality. In this case, the combination of vegetation cover and animal population corresponds to the morphological divisions of the geographic envelope of the Earth. Along with horizontal zonality, vertical zonality is clearly expressed.

slide 21

Soil environment.

General characteristics. It is a loose surface layer of land in contact with the air. Soil is a complex three-phase system in which solid particles are surrounded by air and water.

Microfauna - small soil animals (protozoa, rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes) Mesofauna - larger air-breathing animals (mites, primary wingless insects, etc.) Macrofauna - large soil animals (millipedes, earthworms etc.) Megafauna - large animals, shrews.

slide 26

Living organisms as a habitat.

There is practically no single species of multicellular organisms that does not have internal inhabitants. The higher the organization of the hosts, the greater the degree of differentiation of their tissues and organs, the more diverse the conditions they can provide to their cohabitants.

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In the process of a long historical development of living matter and the formation of more and more modern forms of living beings, organisms, mastering new habitats, were distributed on the Earth according to its mineral shells and adapted to existence in strictly defined conditions. In the process of a long historical development of living matter and the formation of more and more modern forms of living beings, organisms, mastering new habitats, were distributed on the Earth according to its mineral shells and adapted to existence in strictly defined conditions.

Water environment. General characteristics. Hydrosphere - occupies up to 71% of the Earth's area. In terms of volume, water reserves are calculated within 1370 million km3. The main amount of water (98%) is concentrated in the seas and oceans, 1.24% - ice in the polar regions, 0.45% - fresh water.

About 150,000 animal species (7% of their total number on Earth) and 10,000 plant species (8%) live in the aquatic environment. About 150,000 animal species (7% of their total number on Earth) and 10,000 plant species (8%) live in the aquatic environment. The most diverse and rich flora and fauna of the seas and oceans of the equatorial and tropical regions.

A characteristic feature of the aquatic environment is its mobility. The movement of water ensures the supply of aquatic organisms with oxygen and nutrients, leads to the equalization of temperatures throughout the reservoir. A characteristic feature of the aquatic environment is its mobility. The movement of water ensures the supply of aquatic organisms with oxygen and nutrients, leads to the equalization of temperatures throughout the reservoir.

Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment. Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean - from -2C to + 36C. In fresh waters - from -0.9C to + 25C. Exceptions - thermal springs up to + 95С Such thermodynamic features of the aquatic environment as high specific heat capacity, high thermal conductivity and expansion during freezing create especially favorable conditions for life.

Since the temperature regime of water bodies is characterized by great stability, the organisms living in them are characterized by a relatively constant body temperature and have a narrow range of adaptation to fluctuations in environmental temperature. Since the temperature regime of water bodies is characterized by great stability, the organisms living in them are characterized by a relatively constant body temperature and have a narrow range of adaptation to fluctuations in environmental temperature.

The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times higher than that of the air. On plants, these features affect the fact that they have a poorly developed mechanical tissue, so they are inherent in buoyancy and the ability to be suspended in water. In animals - a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus. The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times higher than that of the air. On plants, these features affect the fact that they have a poorly developed mechanical tissue, so they are inherent in buoyancy and the ability to be suspended in water. In animals - a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus.

Light regime and transparency of water. Depends on the season, it is also caused by a regular decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays with different wavelengths are absorbed differently, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper. Light regime and transparency of water. Depends on the season, it is also caused by a regular decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays with different wavelengths are absorbed differently, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper.

Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. The oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. With decreasing temperature, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases.

The concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: Concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: pH 3.7-4.7 - considered acidic; 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral; more than 7.8 - alkaline. Sea water is more alkaline, pH changes less, decreases with depth.

Ecological plasticity of organisms. Aquatic organisms have less ecological plasticity than terrestrial ones, because water is a more stable medium and its abiotic factors undergo slight fluctuations. The breadth of the ecological plasticity of hydrobionts is evaluated in relation not only to the whole complex of factors, but also to one of them. Ecological plasticity serves as a regulator of the dispersal of organisms; it depends on the age and phase of development of the organism.

Ground-air environment. General characteristics. Organisms are surrounded by air - a gaseous shell characterized by low humidity and density, but high oxygen content. The light is more intense, the temperature fluctuates greatly, the humidity changes depending on the geographic location, season and time of day.

environmental factors. Air - characterized by a constant composition (oxygen - about 21% and carbon dioxide - 0.03%). Insignificant density does not provide significant resistance to organisms when they move in a horizontal direction.

Air has a direct and indirect meaning. Direct - has little ecological value. Indirect - carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, cause a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.)

Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, their distribution during the year, the form in which they fall affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides plants with available moisture, and provides drinking water for animals. Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, their distribution during the year, the form in which they fall affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides plants with available moisture, and provides drinking water for animals. What matters is the timing of rainfall, their frequency, duration and nature of the rains.

geographic zoning. The ground-air environment is characterized by a clearly defined zonality. In this case, the combination of vegetation cover and animal population corresponds to the morphological divisions of the geographic envelope of the Earth. Along with horizontal zonality, vertical zonality is clearly expressed.

The work can be used for lessons and reports on the subject "World around"

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In the process of long historical development, living organisms have mastered four habitats. 1 - water. Life originated and developed in water for many millions of years. 2 - land-air - on land and in the atmosphere, plants and animals arose and rapidly adapted to new conditions. Gradually transforming the upper layer of land - the lithosphere, they created the third habitat - the soil. And the organisms themselves became the 4th habitat. And the organisms themselves became the 4th habitat.

Water environment. Hydrosphere - occupies up to 71% of the Earth's area. In terms of volume, water reserves are calculated within 1370 million km. cube Hydrosphere - occupies up to 71% of the Earth's area. In terms of volume, water reserves are calculated within 1370 million km. cube The main amount of water (98%) is concentrated in the seas and oceans, 1.24% - ice in the polar regions, 0.45% - fresh water.

About 7% of animal species (7% of the total number on Earth) and plant species (8%) live in the aquatic environment. The most diverse and rich flora and fauna of the seas and oceans of the equatorial and tropical regions.

A characteristic feature of the aquatic environment is its mobility. The movement of water ensures the supply of aquatic organisms with oxygen and nutrients, leads to the equalization of temperatures throughout the reservoir. The movement of water ensures the supply of aquatic organisms with oxygen and nutrients, leads to the equalization of temperatures throughout the reservoir.

Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment. Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean - from -2C to + 36C. In fresh waters - from -0.9C to + 25C. Exceptions are thermal springs up to +95C. Such thermodynamic features of the aquatic environment as high specific heat capacity, high thermal conductivity and expansion during freezing create especially favorable conditions for life.

The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times higher than that of the air. On plants, these features affect the fact that they have a poorly developed mechanical tissue, so they are inherent in buoyancy and the ability to be suspended in water. In animals - a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus. In animals - a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus.

Light regime and transparency of water. Light regime and transparency of water. Depends on the season, it is also caused by a regular decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays with different wavelengths are absorbed differently, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper. Depends on the season, it is also caused by a regular decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays with different wavelengths are absorbed differently, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper.

Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. The oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. With decreasing temperature, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases. The oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. With decreasing temperature, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases.

The concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: Concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: pH 3.7-4.7 - considered acidic; pH 3.7-4.7 - are considered acidic; 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral; 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral; more than 7.8 - alkaline. more than 7.8 - alkaline. Sea water is more alkaline, pH changes less, decreases with depth.

Plankton are free-floating. - phytoplankton - phytoplankton - zooplankton. - zooplankton. Nekton - actively moving. Nekton - actively moving. Neuston - the inhabitants of the upper film. Neuston - the inhabitants of the upper film. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Benthos are bottom dwellers. Benthos are bottom dwellers. Environmental groups hydrobionts.

Bental - bottom - littoral - the edge of the coast, flooded during high tides. - littoral - the edge of the coast, flooded during high tides. - supralittoral - part of the coast above the upper tidal line, where splashes of surf reach. - supralittoral - part of the coast above the upper tidal line, where splashes of surf reach. - sublittoral - a gradual decrease in land up to 200 m. - sublittoral - a gradual decrease in land up to 200 m. - bathyal - a steep decrease in land (continental slope). - bathyal - a steep decrease in land (continental slope). - abyssal - smooth lowering of the bottom of the ocean bed; the depth of both zones together reaches 3-6 km. - abyssal - smooth lowering of the bottom of the ocean bed; the depth of both zones together reaches 3-6 km. - ultra-abyssal - deep-water depressions from 6 to 10 km. - ultra-abyssal - deep-water depressions from 6 to 10 km.

Ecological plasticity of organisms. Aquatic organisms have less ecological plasticity than terrestrial ones, because water is a more stable medium. Ecological plasticity serves as a regulator of the dispersal of organisms; it depends on the age and phase of development of the organism.

Ground-air environment Organisms are surrounded by air - a gaseous shell characterized by low humidity and density, but high oxygen content. The light is more intense, the temperature fluctuates greatly, the humidity changes depending on the geographic location, season and time of day. Organisms are surrounded by air - a gaseous shell characterized by low humidity and density, but high oxygen content. The light is more intense, the temperature fluctuates greatly, the humidity changes depending on the geographic location, season and time of day.

Air has a direct and indirect meaning. Direct - has little ecological value. Direct - has little ecological value. Indirect - carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, causes a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.) Indirect - is carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, causes a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.) d.)

Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, their distribution during the year, the form in which they fall affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides plants with available moisture, and provides drinking water for animals. Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, their distribution during the year, the form in which they fall affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides plants with available moisture, and provides drinking water for animals. What matters is the timing of rainfall, their frequency, duration and nature of the rains.

Ecoclimate and microclimate Ecoclimate is the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Ecoclimate - the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Microclimate - the climate of individual small areas. Microclimate - the climate of individual small areas.

Relatively tight build. Relatively tight build. Permeated with cavities filled with a mixture of gases and aqueous solutions. Permeated with cavities filled with a mixture of gases and aqueous solutions. Temperature fluctuations are smoothed out. Temperature fluctuations are smoothed out. The composition of soil air varies with depth. The composition of soil air varies with depth. Saturated with living organisms. Saturated with living organisms.

Edaphon groups Geophiles are animals in which part of the development cycle takes place in a different environment, and part in the soil. These are the majority of flying insects (locusts, beetles, centipede mosquitoes, bears, many butterflies). Some go through the larval phase in the soil, while others go through the pupal phase. Geophiles are animals in which part of the development cycle takes place in a different environment, and part in the soil. These are the majority of flying insects (locusts, beetles, centipede mosquitoes, bears, many butterflies). Some go through the larval phase in the soil, while others go through the pupal phase. Edaphon Groups Geoxenes are animals that occasionally visit the soil as cover or shelter. These include all mammals living in burrows, many insects (cockroaches (Blattodea), hemipterans (Hemiptera), some species of beetles). Geoxenes are animals that occasionally visit the soil as shelter or shelter. These include all mammals living in burrows, many insects (cockroaches (Blattodea), hemipterans (Hemiptera), some species of beetles).
Soil dwellers. Microfauna - small soil animals (protozoa, rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes) Microfauna - small soil animals (protozoa, rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes) Mesofauna - larger air-breathing animals (mites, primary wingless insects, etc.) Mesofauna - more large air-breathing animals (mites, primary wingless insects, etc.) Macrofauna - large soil animals (millipedes, earthworms, etc.) Macrofauna - large soil animals (millipedes, earthworms, etc.) Megafauna - large animals, shrews. Megafauna - large animals, shrews.

Living organisms as a habitat. There is practically no single species of multicellular organisms that does not have internal inhabitants. The higher the organization of the hosts, the greater the degree of differentiation of their tissues and organs, the more diverse the conditions they can provide to their cohabitants.

Ecological advantages of parasites: abundant food supply, protection from external adverse factors, no threat of desiccation and temperature fluctuations. Ecological advantages of parasites: abundant food supply, protection from external adverse factors, no threat of desiccation and temperature fluctuations. Environmental difficulties: limited living space, difficulties in supplying oxygen, defensive reactions host organism. Environmental difficulties: limited living space, difficulties in oxygen supply, protective reactions of the host organism.

1 slide

2 slide

PLAN The distribution of organisms in the environments of life. Water environment. Ground-air environment. Soil as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment.

3 slide

In the process of a long historical development of living matter and the formation of more and more modern forms of living beings, organisms, mastering new habitats, were distributed on the Earth according to its mineral shells and adapted to existence in strictly defined conditions.

4 slide

Water environment. General characteristics. Hydrosphere - occupies up to 71% of the Earth's area. In terms of volume, water reserves are calculated within 1370 million km3. The main amount of water (98%) is concentrated in the seas and oceans, 1.24% - ice in the polar regions, 0.45% - fresh water.

5 slide

About 150,000 animal species (7% of their total number on Earth) and 10,000 plant species (8%) live in the aquatic environment. The most diverse and rich flora and fauna of the seas and oceans of the equatorial and tropical regions.

6 slide

A characteristic feature of the aquatic environment is its mobility. The movement of water ensures the supply of aquatic organisms with oxygen and nutrients, leads to the equalization of temperatures throughout the reservoir.

7 slide

Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment. Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean - from -2C to + 36C. In fresh waters - from -0.9C to + 25C. Exceptions - thermal springs up to + 95С Such thermodynamic features of the aquatic environment as high specific heat capacity, high thermal conductivity and expansion during freezing create especially favorable conditions for life.

8 slide

Since the temperature regime of water bodies is characterized by great stability, the organisms living in them are characterized by a relatively constant body temperature and have a narrow range of adaptation to fluctuations in environmental temperature.

9 slide

The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times higher than that of the air. On plants, these features affect the fact that they have a poorly developed mechanical tissue, so they are inherent in buoyancy and the ability to be suspended in water. In animals - a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus.

10 slide

Light regime and transparency of water. Depends on the season, it is also caused by a regular decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays with different wavelengths are absorbed differently, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper.

11 slide

Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. The oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. With decreasing temperature, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases.

12 slide

The concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: pH 3.7-4.7 - considered acidic; 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral; more than 7.8 - alkaline. Sea water is more alkaline, pH changes less, decreases with depth.

13 slide

Plankton are free-floating. - phytoplankton - zooplankton. Nekton - actively moving. Neuston - the inhabitants of the upper film. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Benthos are bottom dwellers. Ecological groups of hydrobionts.

14 slide

Ecological plasticity of organisms. Aquatic organisms have less ecological plasticity than terrestrial ones, because water is a more stable medium and its abiotic factors undergo slight fluctuations. The breadth of the ecological plasticity of hydrobionts is evaluated in relation not only to the whole complex of factors, but also to one of them. Ecological plasticity serves as a regulator of the dispersal of organisms; it depends on the age and phase of development of the organism.

15 slide

Ground-air environment. General characteristics. Organisms are surrounded by air - a gaseous shell characterized by low humidity and density, but high oxygen content. The light is more intense, the temperature fluctuates greatly, the humidity changes depending on the geographic location, season and time of day.

16 slide

environmental factors. Air - characterized by a constant composition (oxygen - about 21% and carbon dioxide - 0.03%). Insignificant density does not provide significant resistance to organisms when they move in a horizontal direction.

17 slide

Air has a direct and indirect meaning. Direct - has little ecological value. Indirect - carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, cause a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.)

18 slide

Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, their distribution during the year, the form in which they fall affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides plants with available moisture, and provides drinking water for animals. What matters is the timing of rainfall, their frequency, duration and nature of the rains.

19 slide

Ecoclimate and microclimate. Ecoclimate - the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Microclimate - the climate of individual small areas.

20 slide

geographic zoning. The ground-air environment is characterized by a clearly defined zonality. In this case, the combination of vegetation cover and animal population corresponds to the morphological divisions of the geographic envelope of the Earth. Along with horizontal zonality, vertical zonality is clearly expressed.

21 slide

Soil environment. General characteristics. It is a loose surface layer of land in contact with the air. Soil is a complex three-phase system in which solid particles are surrounded by air and water.

slide 1

environmental factors. Basic living environments.

slide 2

Distribution of organisms by habitats. Water environment. Ground-air environment. Soil as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment.

slide 3

In the process of a long historical development of living matter and the formation of more and more modern forms of living beings, organisms, mastering new habitats, were distributed on the Earth according to its mineral shells and adapted to existence in strictly defined conditions.

slide 4

Water environment.

General characteristics. Hydrosphere - occupies up to 71% of the Earth's area. In terms of volume, water reserves are calculated within 1370 million km3. The main amount of water (98%) is concentrated in the seas and oceans, 1.24% - ice in the polar regions, 0.45% - fresh water.

slide 5

About 150,000 animal species (7% of their total number on Earth) and 10,000 plant species (8%) live in the aquatic environment. The most diverse and rich flora and fauna of the seas and oceans of the equatorial and tropical regions.

slide 6

A characteristic feature of the aquatic environment is its mobility. The movement of water ensures the supply of aquatic organisms with oxygen and nutrients, leads to the equalization of temperatures throughout the reservoir.

Slide 7

Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment.

Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean - from -2C to + 36C. In fresh waters - from -0.9C to + 25C. Exceptions - thermal springs up to + 95С Such thermodynamic features of the aquatic environment as high specific heat capacity, high thermal conductivity and expansion during freezing create especially favorable conditions for life.

Slide 8

Since the temperature regime of water bodies is characterized by great stability, the organisms living in them are characterized by a relatively constant body temperature and have a narrow range of adaptation to fluctuations in environmental temperature.

Slide 9

The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times higher than that of the air. On plants, these features affect the fact that they have a poorly developed mechanical tissue, so they are inherent in buoyancy and the ability to be suspended in water. In animals - a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus.

Slide 10

Light regime and transparency of water. Depends on the season, it is also caused by a regular decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays with different wavelengths are absorbed differently, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper.

slide 11

Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. The oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. With decreasing temperature, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases.

slide 12

The concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: pH 3.7-4.7 - considered acidic; 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral; more than 7.8 - alkaline. Sea water is more alkaline, pH changes less, decreases with depth.

slide 13

Plankton are free-floating. - phytoplankton - zooplankton. Nekton - actively moving. Neuston - the inhabitants of the upper film. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Benthos are bottom dwellers.

Ecological groups of hydrobionts.

Slide 14

Ecological plasticity of organisms.

Aquatic organisms have less ecological plasticity than terrestrial ones, because water is a more stable medium and its abiotic factors undergo slight fluctuations. The breadth of the ecological plasticity of hydrobionts is evaluated in relation not only to the whole complex of factors, but also to one of them. Ecological plasticity serves as a regulator of the dispersal of organisms; it depends on the age and phase of development of the organism.

slide 15

Ground-air environment.

General characteristics. Organisms are surrounded by air - a gaseous shell characterized by low humidity and density, but high oxygen content. The light is more intense, the temperature fluctuates greatly, the humidity changes depending on the geographic location, season and time of day.

slide 16

environmental factors.

Air - characterized by a constant composition (oxygen - about 21% and carbon dioxide - 0.03%). Insignificant density does not provide significant resistance to organisms when they move in a horizontal direction.

Slide 17

Air has a direct and indirect meaning.

Direct - has little ecological value. Indirect - carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, cause a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.)

Slide 18

Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, their distribution during the year, the form in which they fall affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides plants with available moisture, and provides drinking water for animals. What matters is the timing of rainfall, their frequency, duration and nature of the rains.

Slide 19

Ecoclimate and microclimate.

Ecoclimate - the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Microclimate - the climate of individual small areas.

Slide 20

geographic zoning.

The ground-air environment is characterized by a clearly defined zonality. In this case, the combination of vegetation cover and animal population corresponds to the morphological divisions of the geographic envelope of the Earth. Along with horizontal zonality, vertical zonality is clearly expressed.

slide 21

Soil environment.

General characteristics. It is a loose surface layer of land in contact with the air. Soil is a complex three-phase system in which solid particles are surrounded by air and water.