Year of foundation of the International Labor Organization. International Labor Organization (ILO). In its work, the International Labor Organization uses four main methods

Fashion & Style

History of the creation and development of the ILO

Structure and constitution of the ILO, conventions and methods of work of the ILO

Section 1. History of the creation of the ILO.

Section 2. Reasons for the formation of the ILO

Section 3 Structure of the ILO.

Section 4 Constitution of the ILO.

Section 5 Regulations International Conference labor.

Section 6 ILO Conventions

Section 7. Methods of work and main areas of activity

Section 8 Member States of the ILO.

Section 9 General DirectorsILO.

this is

international organization Labor (ILO) is a specialized agency of the UN system, which aims to promote the principles of social justice, internationally recognized human rights and rights at work.

This is a specialized agency of the United Nations, an international organization dealing with the regulation of labor relations.

The International Labour Organization(ILO, English International Labor Organization, ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations, an international organization dealing with the regulation of labor relations. For 2012, 185 states are members of the ILO. Since 1920, the headquarters of the Organization - the International Labor Office, is located in Geneva.

The International Labour Organization - it is one of the oldest and largest international organizations dealing with the regulation of labor relations.

The International Labour Organization - is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1919, which later became specialized agency UN. The ILO is one of the most consistent organizations dealing with workers' rights and labor regulation.

The International Labour Organization - it is one of the agencies of the United Nations system. Its activities are aimed at empowering women and men to obtain decent and productive employment in conditions of freedom, justice, social security and respect for human dignity. The main goals of the Organization are to promote the protection of labor rights, the expansion of decent employment opportunities, the strengthening of social protection and the development of dialogue on issues related to the world of work.

The International Labour Organization - it is the only "tripartite" United Nations agency in which government, employer and worker representatives jointly shape its policies and programs.

The International Labour Organization - this is international body which is responsible for the development and implementation of international labor standards.

The International Labour Organization - is a specialized agency of the United Nations, which, according to the Charter, is called upon to promote the establishment of a general and lasting peace based on social justice by improving working conditions (regulation of working hours, combating unemployment, protecting workers from occupational diseases and industrial accidents, protection of children, adolescents and women, equal pay, salary guarantee, organization of vocational training, etc.).

The International Labour Organization -

History of creation, development and tasks of the ILO

The ILO was created in 1919 as part of the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I to reflect the view that a general and lasting peace could only be achieved if it was based on social justice.

The founders of the ILO strongly advocated the creation of humane working conditions, against injustice, deprivation and poverty. In 1944, during the second period of crisis in world history, the members of the ILO reaffirmed these goals by adopting the Declaration of Philadelphia; it proclaims that labor is not a commodity and defines fundamental human and economic rights based on the principle that "poverty anywhere is a threat to the general welfare".

The constitution was drafted between January and April, 1919 by a labor commission set up by a peace conference that first met in Paris and then at Versailles. The Commission, chaired by Samuel, Chairman of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in the United States, consists of representatives from nine countries:

Belgium, Cuba, Czechoslovakia,

France, Italy, Japan,

Poland, United Kingdom, United States.

This led to a tripartite organization of employers and employees in the executive branch. The constitution contains ideas tested by the International Labor Law Association, founded in Basel in 1901. The advocacy of the international labor organization began in the nineteenth century, led by two industrialists, Robert Owen (1771-1853) in Wales. driving forces for the creation of the ILO were with security, humanitarianism, political and economic considerations. Summarizing them, the Preamble to the ILO Constitution states that the Contracting Parties were "moved by feelings of justice and humanity, and a desire to secure permanent world peace..." There was a keen awareness of the importance of social justice in securing peace, against the backdrop of the exploitation of workers in time. There was also a greater understanding of the world's economic interdependence and the need for cooperation to obtain similar working conditions in countries competing in the markets.

Reflecting these ideas, the preamble states:

While universal and lasting peace can only be established on the basis of social justice;

And while conditions of labor exist with such difficulty of injustice and deprivation for a large number of people, to produce unrest so great that the peace and harmony of the world is endangered, and the improvement of these conditions is urgently needed;

Considering also the failure of any country to provide workers with human working conditions, it is an obstacle for other peoples who want to improve the situation of workers in their countries.

To improve the work in the preamble remain relevant today, for example:

Regulation of working hours, including the establishment of a maximum working day and week;

Regulation of labor resources, prevention of unemployment and provision of an adequate living wage;

Protecting workers from sickness, illness and injury arising from his work;

Protection of children, adolescents and women;

Provision for old age and injuries, protecting the interests of workers working in countries other than their own;

Recognition of the principle of equal pay for work of equal value;

Recognition of the principle of freedom of association;

Organization of vocational education, and other measures.

It was the first intergovernmental organization-commission to develop conventions and recommendations on labor legislation, promoting socio-economic progress, improving the welfare and working conditions of people, and protecting human rights.

Reasons for the formation of the ILO

political reason.

The first reason for the creation of the ILO was the revolution in Russia and a number of other European countries. In order to resolve the contradictions that arise in society in an explosive, violent, revolutionary way, the organizers of the ILO decided to create an international organization designed to promote social progress worldwide, establish and maintain social peace between different strata of society, and help resolve emerging social problems in an evolutionary peaceful way.

social reason.

The working and living conditions of the workers were difficult and unacceptable. They were subjected to cruel exploitation, their social protection was practically absent. Social development lagged far behind economic development, which hindered the development of society.

economic reason.

The desire of individual countries to improve the situation of workers caused an increase in costs, an increase in the cost of production, which made it difficult to compete and required the solution of social problems in most countries. The Preamble notes that "the failure of any country to provide workers with human conditions of work is an obstacle to other peoples who wish to improve the condition of workers in their countries."

Structure of the ILO and its founding documents

A distinctive feature of the ILO is its tripartite structure, within which negotiations take place between governments, workers' and employers' organizations. The delegates of these three groups are represented and confer on an equal footing at all levels of the Organization.

The Governing Body of the ILO, also organized on a tripartite basis, is executive body ILO.

The International Labor Office serves as the secretariat of the ILO. The ILO adopts Conventions and Recommendations on labor issues. In addition to conventions and recommendations, three declarations have been adopted: the 1944 ILO Philadelphia Declaration on the Aims and Purposes of the ILO (now incorporated into the ILO Constitution), the 1977 ILO Declaration on Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, and the 1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Rights and Principles in the sphere of labor. Conventions are subject to ratification by member countries and are international treaties binding upon ratification.

Recommendations are not legally binding acts. Even if a state has not ratified a particular convention, it is bound by the fact of membership of the ILO and acceding to its constitution on the four fundamental principles in the world of work, enshrined in the ILO Declaration of 1998.

These are the principles of freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining; prohibition of discrimination in labor relations; the eradication of forced labor; and prohibition child labor. These four principles are also devoted to eight ILO Conventions (respectively - Conventions No. 87 and 98; 100 and 111; 29 and 105; 138 and 182), called fundamental. These Conventions have been ratified by the vast majority of the world's states, and the ILO monitors their implementation with particular attention.

The ILO cannot enforce even ratified Conventions. However, there are mechanisms for monitoring the implementation of the Conventions and Recommendations by the ILO, the main essence of which is to investigate the circumstances of violations of labor rights and give them international publicity in the event of a prolonged disregard for the ILO's comments by the state party. This control is exercised by the ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, the Governing Body Committee on Freedom of Association and the Conference Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations.

In exceptional cases, in accordance with Article 33 of the ILO Constitution, the International Labor Conference may call on its members to exercise pressure on a state that is especially viciously violating international labor standards. In practice, this has only been done once, in 2001 against Myanmar, which has been criticized for decades for using forced labor and refusing to cooperate with the ILO on this issue. As a result, a number of states applied economic sanctions against Myanmar, and it was forced to take a number of steps towards the ILO.

ILO constitution

ILO Declaration of Philadelphia.

In 1944, at a session in Philadelphia (USA), the International Labor Conference adopted the Declaration of Philadelphia, which specifies the goals and objectives of the Organization.

The Declaration embodies the following principles:

labor is not a commodity;

freedom of speech and freedom of association are necessary condition constant progress;

poverty anywhere is a threat to general well-being;

all human beings, regardless of race, creed or sex, have the right to enjoy their material and spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, economic stability and equal opportunity.

Rules of the International Labor Conference

International Labor Conference ILC.

The conference is a worldwide forum for discussing common labor and social issues and international labor standards; it determines the general policy of the Organization. Every two years, the Conference adopts a two-year program of work and budget for the ILO, which is based on contributions from member countries.

Administrative Council.

The Governing Body is the executive body of the ILO. He directs the work of the Organization between sessions General Conference and determines the order of implementation of its decisions. Three sessions of the Administrative Council are held annually - in March, June and November.

The Governing Body consists of 56 members (28 government representatives, 14 employers and 14 workers) and 66 deputies (28 governments, 19 employers and 19 workers). Ten seats of the members of the Administrative Council representing governments are reserved on a permanent basis for representatives of the governments of the leading countries of the world:

Brazil, UK, Germany,

India, Italy, China,

Russian Federation, USA, France and Japan.

The remaining members of the Council, representing the governments of other states, are re-elected by the Conference on a rotational basis every three years.

ILO International Labor Office

The International Labor Office in Geneva is the ILO's permanent secretariat, operational headquarters, research and publishing centre. The Bureau prepares documents and reports that are used during conferences and meetings of the Organization (for example, the General Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Standards, reports of the Governing Body and its committees, etc.). The Bureau also administers the technical cooperation programs that support the ILO's standard-setting activities.

The Bureau has a department responsible for all matters relating to international labor standards, as well as departments responsible for the activities of employers and workers. Administration and management issues are decentralized and transferred to the regional and sub-regional level and to representations in individual countries.

The Bureau, led by a Director General, who is elected for a five-year term with the right to re-election, employs about 2,500 staff and experts based at headquarters in Geneva and in more than 40 offices around the world. Regional meetings of ILO member states are regularly held to discuss issues of particular interest to the region.

The Governing Body and the International Bureau are assisted in their activities by tripartite committees covering the main branches of industry, as well as committees of experts on issues, vocational training, management development, labor protection, labor relations, vocational training, as well as special problems of certain categories of workers (youth, disabled people) .

International Labor Conference:

Reminds:

That by freely joining the International Labor Organization, all Member States have recognized the principles and rights enshrined in the Constitution and in the Declaration of Philadelphia, and have pledged themselves to achieve all the purposes of the Organization, using all the means at their disposal and with full regard for their inherent characteristics;

that these principles and rights have been expressed and developed in the form of specific rights and obligations in the Conventions, recognized as fundamental both within the Organization itself and outside it.

Declares that all Member States, even if they have not ratified the said Conventions, have an obligation, arising from the very fact of their membership in the Organization, to observe, promote and put into practice in good faith, in accordance with the Charter, the principles relating to the fundamental rights which are the subject of these Conventions, namely:

freedom of association and effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining;

the abolition of all forms of forced or compulsory labor;

the effective prohibition of child labor;

and non-discrimination in employment and occupation.

Decides that, in order to ensure the full implementation of this Declaration, a mechanism facilitating its implementation, reliable and effective, will be applied in accordance with the measures listed in the following annex, which is an integral part of this Declaration.

ILO conventions

No. 1 Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, 1919

No. 2 Unemployment Convention, 1919

No. 3 Maternity Protection Convention, 1919

No. 4 Night Work Convention, 1919

No. 5 Minimum Age Convention, 1919 for Admission to Industry

No. 6 Night Work of Young Persons (Industry) Convention, 1919

No. 7 Minimum Age Convention, 1920 for Work at Sea

No. 8 Shipwrecked Unemployment Benefits Convention, 1920

No. 9 Seafarers' Employment Convention, 1920

No. 10 Minimum Age Convention, 1921 agriculture

No. 11 Convention on the Right of Association in Agriculture, 1921

No. 12 Agricultural Injury Compensation Convention, 1921

No. 13 White Lead (Painting) Convention, 1921

No. 14 Weekly Rest (Industry) Convention, 1921

No. 15 Minimum Age Convention, 1921 for Coalmen and Stokers in the Navy

No. 16 Medical Examination of Young Persons on Board (Ships) Convention, 1921

No. 17 Compensation for Workers' Compensation for Accidents at Work Convention, 1925

No. 18 Occupational Diseases Convention, 1925

No. 19 Equality of Treatment (Indemnity) Convention, 1925

No. 20 Night Work in Bakeries Convention, 1925

No. 21 Inspection of Emigrants Convention, 1926

No. 22 Convention, 1926 on employment contracts sailors

No. 23 Repatriation of Seafarers Convention, 1926

No. 24 Sickness Insurance (Industry) Convention, 1927

No. 25 Agricultural Workers' Sickness Insurance Convention, 1927

No. 26 Convention of 1928 on the procedure for fixing the minimum wages

No. 27 Convention, 1929, concerning the indication of the weight of goods carried in ships

No. 28 Convention for the Protection of Dockers against Accidents, 1929

No. 29 Forced Labor Convention, 1930

No. 30 Hours of Work (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1930

No. 31 Hours of Work (Coal Mines) Convention, 1931

No. 32 The Protection of Dockers against Accidental Accidents Convention (Revised), 1932

No. 33 Minimum Age Convention, 1932 in Non-Industrial Occupations

No. 34 Convention of 1933 on paid employment offices.

Working methods and main areas of work of the ILO

The main goals of the ILO are to promote social and economic progress, improve the welfare and working conditions of people, and protect human rights.

Based on these goals, the main tasks of the ILO are

development of a coordinated policy and programs aimed at solving social and labor problems;

development and adoption of international labor standards in the form of conventions and recommendations;

assistance to participating countries in solving the problems of employment, reducing unemployment and regulating migration;

protection of human rights (rights to work, to association, collective bargaining, protection from forced labor, discrimination, etc.);

the fight against poverty, for the improvement of the living standards of the working people, the development of social security;

assistance in vocational training and retraining of employed and unemployed;

development and implementation of programs in the field of improving working conditions and the working environment, occupational safety and health, safety and recovery environment;

assistance to organizations of workers and entrepreneurs in their work together with governments on the regulation of social and labor relations;

development and implementation of measures to protect the most vulnerable groups of workers (women, youth, the elderly, migrant workers).

The ILO uses a variety of methods in its work. Of these, four main ones can be distinguished:

development of social partnership between governments, organizations of workers and entrepreneurs;

development and adoption of international labor standards: conventions and recommendations;

assistance to countries in solving social and labor problems.

In the International Labor Organization this is called technical cooperation.

Tripartism is the main method of work of the ILO, its distinguishing feature from all international organizations. The solution of all social and labor problems can be successful only as a result of coordinated actions of governments, workers and entrepreneurs.

Hungary, Venezuela, Vietnam

Gabon, Haiti, Guyana, Gambia, Ghana,

Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Germany, Honduras, Grenada, Greece, Georgia

Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic

Egypt, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Israel, India, Indonesia, Jordan,

Iraq, Islamic Republic of Iran, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Yemen

Cape Verde, Kazakhstan, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada,

Qatar, Kenya, Cyprus, Kiribati, China, Columbia,

Comoros, Congo, Korea, Republic, Costa Rica,

Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan.

Lao People's Democratic Republic, Latvia,

Lesotho, Liberia, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Lithuania, Luxembourg

Mauritius, Mauritania, Madagascar, Malawi,

Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Morocco, Mexico, Mozambique, Moldova, Republic, Mongolia, Myanmar

Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Netherlands, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Norway

United United Arab Emirates, Oman

Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal

Russian Federation, Rwanda, Romania

Salvador, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia,

Swaziland, Seychelles, Senegal, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,

Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Singapore, Syrian Arab Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, United Kingdom,

United States of America, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Sierra Leone.

Tajikistan, Thailand, Tanzania,

United Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Turkey

Uganda, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Uruguay

Fiji, Philippines, Finland, France

Croatia, Central African Republic, Chad, Czech Republic, Chile

Switzerland, Sweden, Sri Lanka

Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia

Yugoslavia, Republic of South Africa

Developments

1818. At the Congress of the Holy Alliance in Germany, the English industrialist Robert Owen insists on the introduction of provisions for the protection of workers and the creation of a commission on social issues.

1831-1834. Two uprisings of weavers in the silk mills in Lyon were brutally suppressed.

1864. 1st International founded in London" International partnership workers"

1866. Congress of the 1st International demands the adoption of international labor legislation.

1867. Publication of the first volume of Karl Marx's Capital.

1833-1891. Adoption in Germany of the first social legislation in Europe.

1889 The 2nd Workers' International is founded in Paris.

1890. Representatives of 14 countries at a meeting in Berlin put forward proposals that will affect the national labor legislation of a number of countries.

1900. At a conference in Paris, the first association for the protection of workers was created.

1906. At a conference in Bern, two international conventions- on limiting the use of toxic white phosphorus in the production of matches and the prohibition of women's night work.

1919. Birth of the ILO. The First International Labor Conference adopts six conventions, the first establishes an 8-hour working day and a 48-hour working week.

1927 The first session of the Committee of Experts on the Application of the Conventions takes place.

1930. Convention for the gradual abolition of forced and compulsory labor is adopted.

1944. Declaration of Philadelphia reaffirms the basic objectives of the ILO.

1946 The ILO becomes the first specialized agency associated with the UN.

1969 The ILO was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

2002. The World Day against Child Labor is established.

Sources

Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, WikiPedia

ilo.org - Official website of the ILO

calend.ru - Calendar of events

academic.ru - Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

un.org - Declarations

The abstract was submitted to the KSGU, Yalta

Rating - 5 out of 5

INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO)

An international organization whose goal is to contribute to the improvement of working and living conditions for workers. The ILO was established in 1919. In 1946, an agreement was concluded between the UN and the ILO on cooperation and recognition of the ILO as a specialized agency of the UN, after which the ILO Charter was amended accordingly. The objectives of the ILO, in accordance with the Constitution, are to improve working conditions by regulating working hours, including the establishment of maximum limits on the working day and week; regulation of the labor market; preventing unemployment; ensuring the level of wages corresponding to the conditions of life; protection of workers from occupational diseases and accidents at work; labor protection for children, adolescents and women; provision for older workers and the disabled; protection of migrant workers; recognition of the principle of equal wages for equal work; recognition of freedom of association, organization and vocational and technical training and other measures. The ILO develops and adopts international labor standards, prepares international programs to improve the working and living conditions of workers; provides consulting services; conducts research and analysis of socio-economic problems in the sphere of labor; organize meetings and technical cooperation; disseminates information. The executive bodies of the ILO are located in Geneva. The International Labor Conference is also held here.

Main goals and objectives of the ILO

In its activities, the International Labor Organization is guided by four strategic goals:

Promoting and enforcing fundamental principles and rights at work;

Creation of greater opportunities for women and men in obtaining quality employment and income;

Expanding the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all;

Strengthening tripartism and social dialogue.

If we briefly describe the activities of the organization, we can distinguish the following main areas:

● developing international policies and programs to promote fundamental human rights, improve working and living conditions, and expand employment opportunities;

Creation of international labor standards, supported by a unique system of control over their observance; these standards serve as a guide for national authorities in the implementation of such policies;

Implementation of an extensive program of international technical cooperation, developed and implemented in active partnership with the members of the Organization, incl. assisting countries in its effective implementation;

Training and education issues, research and publishing to support these efforts.

ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work

In 1998, the International Labor Conference adopted a solemn Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, reaffirming the determination of the international community to "respect, promote and give effect in good faith" to the right of workers and employers to freedom of association and collective bargaining, to work towards the elimination all forms of forced or compulsory labor, the total elimination of child labor and discrimination in employment and employment. The Declaration emphasizes that all participating States have an obligation to respect these principles, whether or not they have ratified the relevant Conventions.

Problems of real protection of human rights

The problems of real protection of human rights are reduced to one of the main problems - the lack of operational, and often the complete absence of information about the offense. Sometimes this problem takes on a slightly different character, when the perpetrators are civil servants, who, in principle, have no one to complain about. Another of the main problems is the reluctance of the government to do anything about the protection of these rights, in some cases this is expressed in the adoption of a law, without any interest in its further existence.

The most painful right is the right to work. The organization of labor in a state, and even more so in a commonwealth or in another association of states, cannot be at a high level until there is a general model for the distribution of labor in the state. The problem, for example in Ukraine, is that the majority of citizens are engaged in the resale of products or services, and a very small part in production. Thus, if the cost of products or services imported into the country exceeds the value of exports, the deficit of domestic finance will grow, which slowly leads to a decrease in production potential and to a reduction in jobs. With the transition of enterprises to a private form of ownership, the state expressed its unwillingness to deal with the problems of organizing labor in the state. And instead of putting the problems of organizing labor in the first place until the balance of import-export appears, the government took up the problems of pensioners, the disabled, Chernobyl victims, and everything else that increases the budget, and looking at the lack of finances, the parliament began to revise the laws of taxation, and introducing additional taxes, while forgetting that the level of profits of domestic enterprises can only increase if the difference in the potentials of imports and exports grows.

International labor standards

One of the oldest and most important functions of the ILO is the adoption by the tripartite International Labor Conference (with the participation of representatives of governments, employers and workers) of conventions and recommendations that establish international labor standards. By ratifying the conventions, member states undertake to consistently implement their provisions. The recommendations serve as guidance in policy, legislation and practice.

The conventions and recommendations adopted since 1919 cover virtually the entire range of labor issues, including some basic human rights (first of all, freedom of association, the right to organize and collective bargaining, the abolition of forced and child labor, the elimination of discrimination in employment), regulation labor issues, labor relations, employment policy, safety and health, working conditions, social security, employment of women and special categories such as migrant workers and seafarers.

Member States must submit all conventions and recommendations adopted by the Conference to the competent national authorities, who decide what action to take on them. The number of convention ratifications continues to increase. In order to ensure their application in law and practice, the ILO has established a control procedure that is the most advanced in comparison with other similar international procedures. It is based on an objective assessment by independent experts of how commitments are being met and on individual case reviews by tripartite bodies of the ILO. There is a special procedure for dealing with complaints of violations of freedom of association.

Core conventions of the ILO

No. 29 Forced or Compulsory Labor Convention, 1930. Demands the prohibition of forced or compulsory labor in all forms. Certain exceptions are allowed, such as military service, properly supervised correctional labor, emergency labor such as war, fire, earthquake...

No. 87 Convention on Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize, 1948. Establishes the right of all workers and entrepreneurs to form and join an organization of their choice without obtaining prior permission, and establishes a number of guarantees for the freedom of their activities without interference by public authorities.

No. 98 Convention on the Right to Organize and Collectively Bargain, 1949. Provides protection against anti-union discrimination, protection of workers' and employers' organizations from mutual interference, as well as measures to promote collective bargaining.

No. 100 Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951. Calls to install equal pay for men and women for work of equal value.

No. 105 Abolition of Forced Labor Convention, 1957. Prohibits the use of any form of forced or compulsory labor as a means of political repression, education, punishment for the expression of political and ideological views, labor mobilization, labor discipline, strike action, or discrimination.

No. 111 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958. Calls for a national policy to eliminate discrimination in employment, training, working conditions based on race, color, sex, creed, political views, national or social origin, to promote equality of opportunity and treatment.

No. 138 Minimum Age Convention, 1973. Aims to eliminate child labour; establishes that the minimum age for employment should not be lower than the age of completion of compulsory education.

History of creation, development and tasks of the ILO

The International Labor Organization was founded in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles as structural unit League of Nations. It was founded on the initiative and with the active participation of Western social democracy. The ILO's constitution was drafted by the Peace Conference's Labor Commission and became part of the XIII Treaty of Versailles.

The first CEO and one of the main initiators of the creation is French political figure Albert Thomas. The current CEO is Guy Ryder. In 1934, the USA and the USSR became members of the ILO. In 1940, due to the Second World War, the headquarters of the ILO is temporarily moved to Montreal, Canada. As a result, the continuity of the Organization's activities was maintained. In 1940, the USSR suspended its membership in the ILO, and resumed it in 1954. Since that time, Belarus and Ukraine have become members of the ILO.

The goals and objectives of the ILO are proclaimed in its Constitution. The activity of the ILO is built on the basis of a tripartite representation of workers, employers and governments - tripartism.

The ILO is one of the oldest and most representative international organizations. Established under the League of Nations, it survived the latter and since 1946 has become the first specialized agency of the UN. If at the time of its creation 42 states participated in it, then in 2000 there were 174 of them.

Reasons for the formation of the ILO

political reason

The first reason for the creation of the ILO was the revolution in Russia and a number of other European countries. In order to counteract the spontaneous resolution of contradictions that arise in society in an explosive, violent, revolutionary way, the organizers of the ILO decided to create an international organization designed to promote social progress worldwide, establish and maintain social peace between different sectors of society, and contribute to the resolution of emerging social problems in an evolutionary peaceful way.

social reason

The working and living conditions of workers at the beginning of the 20th century were difficult and unacceptable. They were subjected to cruel exploitation, their social protection was practically absent. Social development lagged far behind economic development, which hindered the development of society.

Economic reason

The desire of individual countries to improve the situation of workers caused an increase in costs, an increase in the cost of production, which required the resolution of contradictions in labor relations between the state, employers and workers in most countries. The Preamble notes that "the failure of any country to provide workers with human conditions of work is an obstacle to other peoples who wish to improve the condition of workers in their countries."

Structure of the ILO and its founding documents

The supreme body of the ILO is the International Labor Conference, which adopts all acts of the ILO. The delegates of the International Conference are two representatives from the government and one each, respectively, from the most representative organizations of workers and employers of each participating State. The Governing Body of the ILO, also organized on a tripartite basis, is the executive body of the ILO. The International Labor Office serves as the secretariat of the ILO.

The ILO adopts Conventions and Recommendations on labor issues. In addition to conventions and recommendations, three declarations have been adopted: the 1944 ILO Philadelphia Declaration on the Aims and Purposes of the ILO (now incorporated into the ILO Constitution), the 1977 ILO Declaration on Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, and the 1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Rights and Principles in the sphere of labor.

Conventions are subject to ratification by member countries and are international treaties that are binding upon ratification. Recommendations are not legally binding acts. Even if the state has not ratified a particular convention, it is bound by the fact of membership in the ILO and accession to its constitution according to the four fundamental principles in the world of work, enshrined in the ILO Declaration of 1998. These are the principles of freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining; prohibition of discrimination in labor relations; the eradication of forced labor; and the prohibition of child labor. These four principles are also devoted to eight ILO Conventions (respectively - Conventions No. 87 and 98; 100 and 111; 29 and 105; 138 and 182), called fundamental. These Conventions have been ratified by the vast majority of the world's states, and the ILO monitors their implementation with particular attention.

The texts of the ILO Conventions and Recommendations in Russian, English, French, Spanish, Chinese, German, Portuguese, Arabic are collected in the ILO database of international labor standards.

The ILO cannot enforce even ratified Conventions. However, there are mechanisms for monitoring the implementation of the Conventions and Recommendations by the ILO, the main essence of which is to investigate the circumstances of alleged violations of labor rights and give them international publicity in case of prolonged disregard of the ILO comments by the state party. This control is exercised by the ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, the Governing Body Committee on Freedom of Association and the Conference Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations.

In exceptional cases, in accordance with Article 33 of the ILO Constitution, the International Labor Conference may call on its members to exercise pressure on a state that is especially viciously violating international labor standards. In practice, this has only been done once, in 2001 in relation to Myanmar, which has been criticized for decades for using forced labor and refusing to cooperate with the ILO on this issue. As a result, a number of states applied economic sanctions against Myanmar and it was forced to take a number of steps towards the ILO.

ILO constitution

The original text of the Charter, drawn up in 1919, was amended by an amendment in 1922, which came into force on June 4, 1934; the Amendment Act of 1945, effective September 26, 1946; the Amendment Act of 1946, which came into force on April 20, 1948; The Amendment Act 1953, effective May 20, 1954; the Amendment Act 1962, effective May 22, 1963; and the Amendment Act, 1972, effective November 1, 1974.

ILO Declaration of Philadelphia

ILO conventions

ILO conventions ratified by Russia

List of ILO Conventions ratified by Russia

Convention N 10 "On the minimum age for admission of children to work in agriculture" (1921);
Convention N 11 "On the right to organize and unite workers in agriculture" (1921);
Convention N 13 "On the use of white lead in painting" (1921);
Convention N 14 "On weekly rest at industrial enterprises" (1921);
Convention N 15 "On the minimum age for admission of adolescents to work as coal loaders or stokers in the fleet" (1921);
Convention N 16 "On compulsory medical examination of children and adolescents employed on board ships" (1921);
Convention No. 23 "On the Repatriation of Seafarers" (1926);
Convention N 27 "On the indication of the weight of heavy goods carried on ships" (1929);
Convention No. 29 "On Forced or Compulsory Labor" (1930);
Convention N 32 "On the Protection against Accidents of Workers Engaged in Loading or Unloading Ships" (1932);
Convention N 45 "On the use of women's labor in underground work in mines" (1935);
Convention N 47 "On the reduction of working hours to forty hours a week" (1935);
Convention N 52 "On annual holidays with pay" (1936);
Convention N 58 "On the minimum age for admission of children to work at sea" (1936);
Convention N 59 "On the minimum age for the admission of children to work in industry" (1937);
Convention N 60 "On the age of admission of children to non-industrial work" (1937);
Convention No. 69 “On the Issuance of Qualification Certificates to Ship's Cooks” (1946);
Convention N 73 "On Medical Examination of Seafarers" (1946);
Convention N 77 "On the medical examination of children and adolescents in order to determine their suitability for work in industry" (1946);
Convention N 78 "On the medical examination of children and adolescents in order to determine their suitability for work in non-industrial jobs" (1946);
Convention N 79 "On the limitation of night work of children and adolescents in non-industrial work" (1946);
Convention N 81 "On Labor Inspection in Industry and Commerce" (1947);
Convention N 87 "On freedom of association and protection of the right to organize" (1948);
Convention N 90 "On the night work of adolescents in industry" (revised in 1948);
Convention N 92 "On accommodation for crew on board ships" (revised in 1949);
Convention No. 95 "Regarding the Protection of Wages" (1949);
Convention N 98 "On the application of the principles of the right to organize and conduct collective bargaining" (1949);
Convention N 100 "On Equal Remuneration for Men and Women for Work of Equal Value" (1951);
Convention N 103 "On the protection of motherhood" (1952);
Convention N 105 "On the abolition of forced labor" (1957);
Convention N 106 "On weekly rest in trade and institutions" (1957);
Convention No. 108 "On National Identity Cards for Seafarers" (1958);
Convention N 111 "On Discrimination in the Field of Employment and Occupation" (1958);
Convention N 112 "On the minimum age for the employment of fishermen" (1959);
Convention N 113 "On Medical Examination of Fishermen" (1959);
Convention N 115 "On the Protection of Workers from Ionizing Radiation" (1960);
Convention N 116 "On partial revision of conventions" (1961);
Convention N 119 "On the supply of machines with protective devices" (1963);
Convention N 120 "On Occupational Health in Trade and Institutions" (1964);
Convention N 122 "On Employment Policy" (1964);
Convention N 123 "On the minimum age of admission to underground work in mines and mines" (1965);
Convention N 124 "On medical examination of young people in order to determine their suitability for work in underground work in mines and mines" (1965);
Convention N 126 "On accommodation for crew on board fishing vessels" (1966);
Holidays with Pay (Revised) Convention No. 132 (1970)
Convention N 133 “On accommodation for crew on board ships. Additional provisions "(1970);
Convention N 134 "On the prevention of industrial accidents among seafarers" (1970);
Convention N 137 "On the social consequences of new methods of cargo handling in ports" (1973);
Convention N 138 "On the minimum age for admission to work" (1973);
Convention N 139 "On the fight against the danger caused by carcinogenic substances and agents in working conditions, and preventive measures" (1974);
Convention N 142 "On vocational guidance and training in the field of human resources development" (1975);
Convention N 147 "On minimum standards on merchant ships" (1976);
Convention N 148 "On the Protection of Workers from Occupational Hazards Caused by Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration at Work" (1977);
Convention N 149 "On the employment and conditions of work and life of nursing personnel" (1977);
Convention N 150 "On the regulation of labor issues: the role, functions and organization" (1978);
Convention N 152 "On safety and health in port work" (1979);
Convention N 155 "On Safety and Health at Work and the Working Environment" (1981);
Convention No. 156 on Equal Treatment and Equal Opportunities for Men and Women Workers: Workers with Family Responsibilities (1981);
Convention N 159 "On vocational rehabilitation and employment of persons with disabilities" (1983);
Convention N 160 "On labor statistics" (1985);
Convention N 162 "On labor protection when using asbestos" (1986);
Convention No. 173 for the Protection of the Claims of Workers in the Event of the Insolvency of the Employer (1992)
Convention No. 179 "On the Recruitment and Placement of Seafarers" (1996);
Convention N 182 "On the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor" (1999);
Convention No. 185 on Seafarers' Identity Documents;
ILO Convention No. 187 on Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health (2006)
MLC Maritime Labor Convention (2006).
Convention N 174 of the International Labor Organization "On the Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents" (Concluded in Geneva on 22.06.1993)
Convention No. 175 Part-time Work Convention, 1994 (ratified in 2016)

Methods of work and main areas of activity

The main goals of the ILO are to promote social and economic progress, improve the welfare and working conditions of people, and protect human rights. The ILO has four main strategic objectives:

promote and enforce fundamental principles and rights at work; empower women and men for decent employment; increase the coverage and effectiveness of social security for all; strengthen tripartism and social dialogue. These tasks are solved in various ways:

through the development of international policies and programs aimed at supporting fundamental human rights, improving working and living conditions, expanding employment opportunities; the adoption of international labor standards in the form of conventions and recommendations, supported by a unique system of control over their observance; through large scale international technical cooperation programs; through training and education, research and publishing to support these efforts.

Member States of the ILO

List of ILO Member States

Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Afghanistan
Bahamas
Bangladesh
Barbados
Bahrain
Belarus
Belize
Belgium
Benin
Bulgaria
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Burkina Faso
Burundi
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Hungary
Venezuela
Vietnam
Gabon
Haiti
Guyana
Gambia
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Germany
Honduras
Grenada
Greece
Georgia
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Egypt
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Israel
India
Indonesia
Jordan
Islamic Republic of Iran
Ireland
Iceland
Spain
Italy
Yemen
Cape Verde
Kazakhstan
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Qatar
Kenya
Kiribati
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Korea, Republic
Costa Rica
Ivory Coast
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Liberia
Lebanon
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Mauritius
Mauritania
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Malta
Morocco
Mexico
Mozambique
Moldova, Republic
Mongolia
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Niger
Nigeria
Netherlands
Nicaragua
New Zealand
Norway
United Arab Emirates
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Poland
Portugal
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Romania
Salvador
San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Swaziland
Seychelles
Senegal
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Christopher and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Singapore
Syrian Arab Republic
Slovakia
Slovenia
United Kingdom
USA
Solomon islands
Somalia
Sudan
Suriname
Sierra Leone
Tajikistan
Thailand
Tanzania, United Republic
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
Turkey
Uganda
Uzbekistan
Ukraine
Uruguay
Fiji
Philippines
Finland
France
Croatia
Central African Republic
Czech Republic
Switzerland
Sweden
Sri Lanka
Ecuador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Yugoslavia
Republic of South Africa
Jamaica
Japan

The International Labour Organization (ILO) - an international organization dealing with the regulation of labor relations, is currently a specialized agency of the United Nations.

The International Labor Organization was established in 1919 simultaneously with the League of Nations in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles. The Constitution of the ILO came into force on January 1, 1919 ( last change Charter produced in 1972).

In 1944, the International Labor Conference adopted the Declaration of Philadelphia, which formulated the goals and objectives of the ILO, as well as the following fundamental principles in the world of work:

- labor is not a commodity;
– freedom of speech and freedom of association are a necessary condition for constant progress;
– poverty anywhere is a threat to general well-being;
- All people, regardless of race, creed or gender, have the right to secure their material condition and spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, economic stability and equal opportunities.

It should be noted here that, despite the obviousness, simplicity and apparent ease of translating these principles into practice, and at present, most of them continue to be only a declarative goal of the activities of many states, rather than a reality.

The USA and the USSR became members of the ILO in 1934. In 1940, the USSR suspended its membership in the ILO, and resumed it only in 1954.

In 1946, shortly after the formation of the PLO (instead of the League of Nations), the ILO became its first specialized agency.

In 1998, the ILO Declaration "On Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work" was adopted, which is built on eight fundamental ILO Conventions providing for freedom of association, the abolition of forced labor, the right to collective bargaining, the effective prohibition of child labor, the elimination of discrimination in the field of labor and employment.

At present, the structure of the ILO is represented by the following bodies:

– International Labor Conference (ILC) – supreme body ILO, which has the right to adopt international labor standards. At the ILC, each participating State has the right to send four delegates: two from the government, one from workers' representatives and one from employers' representatives. Delegates have the right to speak and vote independently, independently of each other. Every two years, the ILC adopts a two-year program of work and budget for the ILO, which is formed from contributions from member states. At the same time, the ILC is a global forum for discussing labor and social issues and international labor standards;
– The Governing Body is the executive body of the ILO, which directs the work of the ILO between sessions of the ILC, and also determines the procedure for implementing its decisions. The Council holds three sessions annually: in March, June and November. The Governing Body consists of 56 members (28 government representatives, 14 employers and 14 workers) and 66 deputies (28 governments, 19 employers and 19 workers). The ten seats on the Governing Body representing governments are permanently occupied by representatives of the governments of Brazil, the United Kingdom, Germany, India, Italy, China, Russia, the United States, France and Japan. The remaining members of the Council, representing governments of other states, are re-elected by the Conference on a rotational basis every three years;
- The International Labor Office (ILO) is the permanent secretariat of the ILO, a kind of operational headquarters. The bureau prepares documents and reports that are used during conferences and meetings of the ILO. The Bureau has departments responsible for all matters relating to international labor standards, for the activities of employers and workers. Heads the MBT CEO, who is elected for a five-year term with the right to re-election, he also forms the personal composition of the Bureau. In addition, the Office is a research and publishing centre;
- management issues are decentralized and transferred to the regional and sub-regional level and to representative offices in individual countries. In particular, Russia refers to the activities of the Decent Work Technical Assistance Group and the ILO Country Office of Eastern Europe and Central Asia (until April 2010, the Group was known as the ILO Subregional Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia). The Bureau coordinates the activities of the ILO in 10 states - Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The headquarters is located in Moscow. In turn, the ILO Decent Work Technical Support Unit and the ILO Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia falls under the responsibility of the Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, headquartered in Geneva.

There are currently 185 member states of the ILO. The International Labor Organization adopted 396 documents, including 189 conventions, 202 recommendations, 5 protocols.

A distinctive feature of the ILO is trinatrism, which means the organization of its activities on the basis of tripartite representation of workers, employers and governments.

The International Labor Organization was created to ensure social justice and the implementation of internationally recognized human and labor rights. It helps to create conditions for decent work, economic and organizational conditions of work that give workers and entrepreneurs a foothold to maintain lasting peace, prosperity and progress. Its tripartite structure provides a unique platform for decent work for all women and men. The main objectives of the ILO are the development of rights at work, the expansion of decent employment opportunities, the expansion of social protection and the strengthening of dialogue on labor issues.

The following four goals are stated as strategic objectives of the ILO.

1. Promotion and implementation of norms and fundamental principles and rights in the world of work.
2. Creating better opportunities for women and men for decent employment and decent incomes.
3. Expanding the scope and effectiveness of social protection for all.
4. Strengthening tripartism and social dialogue.

These goals are achieved by the ILO by solving the following tasks.

1. Development of international policies and programs to promote the realization of fundamental human rights, improve working and living conditions, and expand employment opportunities.
2. Creation of international labor standards, based on a unique system of control over their application.
3. Implementation of international technical cooperation programs that are developed and implemented in active partnership with all three parties.
4. Training, education and research activities carried out to advance these efforts.

The adoption of conventions and recommendations establishing international labor standards is a special and one of the most important functions of the ILO. Both Conventions and Recommendations are developed and adopted by the ILC using the same procedure. Initially, each document is discussed at two sessions of the ILO, the Office prepares preliminary reports on it, which summarize the legislation and practice in various countries. In addition, each convention and recommendation is discussed by a commission formed by the conference. If the document is approved by a majority of 2/3 of the delegates present at the relevant session of the ILO, the convention is considered adopted and is opened for ratification by the member states of the ILO. If the convention is ratified, its provisions are subject to implementation in the legislation and practice of application in the respective country.

The legal status of recommendations differs from legal status conventions. Unlike the last recommendation, they are not international treaties and do not require ratification. The recommendation contains "a wish addressed to the states, a proposal (advice) to introduce the relevant norms into national legislation" . As the ILO itself points out, "recommendations provide guidance in policy, legislation and practice".

The ILO classifies conventions on a number of grounds.

First, the ILO identifies eight fundamental (Fundamental) conventions (Table 22.1).

Table 22.1

Name, year and number of the Convention	Number of States that have ratified the Convention
Forced Labor Convention, 1930 (No. 29)
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention, 1948 (No. 87)
The Right to Organize and Collectively Bargain Convention, 1949 (No. 98)
Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100)
Abolition of Forced Labor Convention, 1957 (No. 105)
Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111)
Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)
The Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention, 1999 (No. 182)

Secondly, there are four governing (priority) (Governance (Priority)) conventions (Table 22.2)

Table 22.2

Thirdly, the remaining conventions are called technical (Technical). To date, Russia has ratified all eight fundamental conventions and two of the four priority conventions. Russia has not ratified the 1969 Labor Inspection (Agricultural) Convention (No. 129) and the 1976 Tripartite Consultation (International Labor Standards) Convention (No. 144). In addition to the fundamental and priority conventions, the Russian Federation has ratified 59 technical conventions. Moreover, 50 conventions were ratified by the USSR, and in relation to them Russian Federation succession extends; nine have already been ratified by the Russian Federation itself.

1) freedom of association, collective bargaining and labor relations;
2) forced labor;
3) elimination of child labor and protection of children and adolescents;
4) equality of opportunity;
5) tripartite consultations;
6) labor administration and labor inspection;
7) employment and employment;
8) professional orientation and training;
9) ensuring job security;
10) salary;
11) working hours;
12) work at night;
13) labor protection;
14) social security;
15) maternity protection;
16) social policy;
17) migrant workers;
18) HIV and AIDS;
19) work of seafarers;
20) work of dock workers;
21) indigenous peoples;
22) special categories of workers.

As is obvious from this classification, which is official by the ILO, the international regulations adopted by this organization cover the widest range of issues. legal regulation labor. Moreover, many of them go beyond the scope of labor law issues, contain provisions related to social security law, welfare services for employees, labor statistics, vocational education and vocational guidance, organization and methods of activity. government agencies for labor management. It is also worth noting that many ILO acts apply not only to dependent (employed) workers, but also to independent workers and entrepreneurs.

Labor law of Russia: textbook / otv. ed. Yu. II. Orlovsky, A.F. Nurtdinova. S. 601.

Law Encyclopedia

International Labor Organization (ILO)

The INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO) is an intergovernmental organization established in 1919 by decision of the Paris Peace Conference as an autonomous organization of the League of Nations (the ILO charter was approved as Part XIII of the Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919). In 1946, the ILO became the first specialized agency of the UN.

Objectives of the ILO:

Ensure full employment and rising living standards;

Encourage economic and social programs;

Respect fundamental human rights; protect the life and health of workers;

Encourage cooperation between employers and workers;

Ensure peace through social justice.

The ILO acts in accordance with the following principles:

Labor is not a commodity;

Freedom of expression and freedom of association are preconditions for progress;

The right of all people, regardless of race, religion or gender, to material well-being and spiritual development in conditions of freedom, dignity and economic security.

The ILO develops international policies and programs aimed at improving working and living conditions. The organization sets international labor standards to serve as guidelines for use by national authorities. The ILO provides training, education and research. One of its most important functions is the adoption of conventions and recommendations that set international labor standards in areas such as freedom of association, wages, working hours and working conditions, workers' remuneration, social insurance, paid leave, labor protection, employment services and labor inspection.

The ILO conventions (of which more than 300 have already been adopted) impose obligations on the parties that have ratified them. The ILO recommendations provide guidance for national policy, legislation and practice. The ILO monitors the application of ratified conventions and uses a special procedure to investigate complaints of infringement of trade union rights. Two bodies are responsible for monitoring: an independent expert committee on the implementation of conventions and recommendations (consisting of 20 lawyers) and a tripartite committee of the International Conference on the Implementation of Conventions and Recommendations, which discusses issues based on the reports of the expert committee. ILO education and training programs are implemented by the International Labor Institute in Geneva and international center for technical and vocational training in Turin. In 1969, in connection with the 50th anniversary of the founding of the ILO, she was awarded Nobel Prize peace.

Governing bodies: International Labor Conference, Governing Body, International Labor Office. The international conference meets, as a rule, every year in July, consists of delegations of member states. Each member of the ILO is represented by 2 delegates from the government and 1 each from employers and workers. All delegates have equal rights. Once every 2 years, the International Labor Conference approves the program and budget of the ILO, determines the main directions of its future policy and principles of activity. The Administrative Council is elected for a period of 3 years and is the executive body of the ILO. It meets 3 times a year and prepares the agenda of the International Labor Conference. The council consists of 56 members, of which 28 are representatives of the government and 14 each are entrepreneurs and workers. The International Labor Office serves as the permanent secretariat of the ILO and is headed by a Director General.

More than 170 states, including the Russian Federation, are members of the ILO. The headquarters of the Organization is located in Geneva.

Bekyashchev K.A.

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International Organization of Hostels Over 6,000 hostels are part of the Hostelling International organization. They are identified by a single icon - a blue triangle depicting a tree and a house - and must, by definition, comply with common standards.

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31. INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR AND INTERNATIONAL SPECIALIZATION The world economy is an economic system that encompasses the national economies of all states and international economic relations. The most important elements of the world economy are the economy