Topic: Adaptability of organisms to the environment and its relative nature.

Purpose: to form the concept of the adaptability of organisms to the environment, knowledge about the mechanisms of the emergence of fitness as a result of evolution.

During the classes.

1. Organizational moment.

2. Repetition of the studied material.

In the form of a frontal conversation, it is proposed to answer the questions:

What is the supplier of material for selection in a population?

Name the single driving force behind evolution.

In nature, there is a discrepancy between the ability of organisms to reproduce indefinitely and limited resources. Is this the reason...? struggle for existence, as a result of which the individuals most adapted to environmental conditions survive.

3. Study of new material.

one). Fitness.

- Evolution has three related consequences:

1. Gradual complication and increase in the organization of living beings.

2. Variety of species.

3. Relative Fitness organisms to conditions external environment.

? What do you think is the importance of fitness for an organism?

Answer: Adaptation to environmental conditions increases the chances of organisms to survive and leave a large number of offspring.

As you know, the most significant contribution to the development of evolutionary ideas in the 18-19 centuries. contributed by C. Linnaeus, J. B. Lamarck, C. Darwin.

-? The question arises, how are adaptations formed?

Let's try to explain the formation of an elephant's trunk from the point of view of C. Linnaeus, J.B. Lamarck, Ch. Darwin.

C. Linnaeus: the adaptability of organisms is a manifestation of the original expediency. driving force is God. Example: Elephants, like all animals, were created by God. Therefore, all elephants from the moment of their appearance have a long trunk.

J.B. Lamarck : the idea of ​​the innate ability of organisms to change under the influence of the external environment. The driving force behind evolution is the striving of organisms for perfection. Example: elephants, when obtaining food, were forced to constantly stretch their upper lip to get food (exercise). This trait is inherited. So arose long trunk elephants.

Ch.Darwin : among the many elephants were animals with trunks different lengths. Those with slightly longer trunks were more successful at foraging and surviving. This trait was inherited. So, gradually, a long trunk of elephants arose.

Task: -Try to classify the proposed statements into three categories:

# Corresponds to the views of Linnaeus;

# Corresponds to the views of Lamarck;

# Corresponds to the views of Darwin.

1. Adaptations arise as a result of new mutations.

2. The adaptability of organisms is a manifestation of the original expediency.

3. Organisms have an innate ability to change under the influence of the external environment.

4. Adaptations are fixed as a result of natural selection.

5. One of the driving forces of evolution is the striving of organisms for perfection.

6. One of the driving forces of evolution is the struggle for existence.

7. One of the driving forces of evolution is the exercise or non-exercise of organs under certain environmental conditions.

8. The driving force behind the emergence of fitness is God.

9. Acquired during the interaction of an individual with the environment, the signs are inherited.

Answer: Linnaeus -2.8; Lamarck - 3.5.7.9; Darwin - 1,4,6.

For the first time, Ch. Darwin gave a materialistic explanation of the origin of fitness. Continuous natural selection plays a decisive role in the emergence of adaptations. Each adaptation is developed on the basis of hereditary variability in the process of the struggle for existence and natural selection in a number of generations.

ADAPTABILITY of organisms or adaptation - a set of those features of the structure, physiology and behavior that provide for a given species the possibility of a specific lifestyle in certain environmental conditions.

Adaptation mechanism:

Changing living conditions → individual hereditary variability → natural selection → fitness.

Types of adaptations:

1. Morphological adaptations (change in body structure): streamlined body shape in fish and birds; webbing between fingers in waterfowl; thick coat in northern mammals; flat body in demersal fish. Creeping and cushion-shaped form in plants in northern latitudes and high mountain regions.

2. Protective coloration. Protective coloration is developed in species that live openly and can be accessible to enemies. This coloration makes organisms less visible against the background of the surrounding area. Examples:

In the Far North, many animals are painted in White color (polar bear, white partridge).

–In zebra and tiger, dark and light stripes on the body coincide with the alternation of shadow and light of the surrounding area (hardly noticeable at a distance of 50-70 meters).

In openly nesting birds (grouse, black grouse, hazel grouse), the female sitting on the nest is almost indistinguishable from the surrounding background.

3. Disguise. Camouflage is a device in which the shape of the body and color of animals merge with surrounding objects. For example: the caterpillars of some butterflies resemble knots in body shape and color; insects living on the bark of a tree (beetles, barbels) can be mistaken for lichens; stick insect body shape; the merging of the flounder with the background of the seabed.

4 . Mimicry. Mimicry is the imitation of a less protected organism of one species by a more protected organism of another species. For example: some types of non-poisonous snakes and insects are similar to poisonous ones (the hoverfly fly is a wasp, tropical snakes are Poisonous snakes). Snapdragon flowers are similar to bumblebees - insects are trying to establish a marriage relationship, which contributes to pollination. Mimicry is the result of selection for similar mutations in various kinds. It helps unprotected animals to survive, contributes to the preservation of the organism in the struggle for existence.

5. Warning (threatening) coloring. Bright warning coloration of well-protected poisonous, stinging forms: soldier bug, ladybug, wasp, Colorado potato beetle, bumblebee coloration, black and orange caterpillar spots, etc.

6. Physiological adaptations: adaptability of life processes to living conditions; accumulation of fat by desert animals before the onset of the dry season (camel); glands that get rid of excess salts in reptiles and birds that live near the sea; water conservation in cacti; rapid metamorphosis in desert amphibians; thermal location, echolocation; a state of partial or complete anabiosis.

7. Behavioral adaptations: changes in behavior in certain conditions; care for offspring; the formation of separate pairs during the mating season, and in winter they unite in flocks, which facilitates food and protection (wolves, many birds); scare behavior (bombardier beetle, skunk); freezing, imitation of injury or death; hibernation, food storage.

8. Biochemical adaptations associated with the formation in the body of certain substances that facilitate defense against enemies or attacks on other animals; poisons of snakes, scorpions, antibiotics of fungi, bacteria; crystals of potassium oxalate in the leaves or spines of plants (cactus, nettle)

9. Adaptations to abiotic factors (for example, cold):

Animals : thick coat, thick subcutaneous fat, flight to the south, hibernation, storage of food for the winter.

In plants : leaf fall, cold resistance, preservation of vegetative organs in the soil, the presence of modifications (bulbs, rhizomes, etc. with a supply of nutrients).

10. Ways to get food.

Animals : - eating the leaves tall trees(Long neck); capture with the help of trapping nets (weaving webs and creating various other traps) and lying in wait for food objects;

The special structure of the digestive organs for catching insects from narrow holes; catching flying insects; repeated chewing of coarse food (sticky long tongue, multichambered stomach, etc.)

Grasping and holding prey by predatory mammals and birds (predatory teeth, claws, hooked beak).

In plants : intensive development of roots and root hairs → absorption of water and mineral salts; wide thin leaves, leaf mosaic→solar absorption; capture and digestion of small animals → carnivorous plants.

11. Protection from enemies.

In animals: fast run; needles, shell; frightening smell; patronizing. warning and other types of coloring; stinging cells.

In plants: spines; rosette form, inaccessible for mowing; toxic substances.

12. Ensuring the efficiency of reproduction.

Animals : attraction of a sexual partner: bright plumage, "crown of horns"; songs; marriage dances.

In plants : pollinator attraction: nectar; pollen; bright color of flowers or inflorescences, smell.

13. Settlement in new territories.

Animals : migration-movement of herds, colonies, flocks in search of food and suitable conditions for reproduction (bird flights, migrations of antelopes, zebras, fish swims).

In plants: dispersal of seeds and spores: tenacious hooks, spines; tufts, lionfish, wind-borne flyers; juicy fruits and etc.

2. The relative nature of fitness.

Even Ch. Darwin emphasized that all adaptations, no matter how perfect they are, are relative. Fitness is relative and any adaptation helps to survive only in the conditions in which it was formed. When conditions change, a previously useful trait can turn into a harmful one and lead to the death of the organism.

The following facts can serve as evidence for the relativity of adaptations:

The white partridge pretends to be a shadow on the snow. The white hare is visible against the background of dark trunks. The night butterfly flies to the fire (they collect nectar from light flowers at night). The wings of the swift provide it with a very fast and maneuverable flight, but do not allow it to take off if the bird accidentally ends up on the ground (swifts nest only on high cliffs). With a delay in snowfall, a hare that has molted for the winter in time is clearly visible against the background of dark earth. Small birds continue to spend their energy on feeding the cuckoo, which threw their offspring from the nest. The bright coloring of the male peacock ensures his success with females, but at the same time attracts predators.

In forest lands, hedgehogs collect more ticks, including encephalitis, than any other animals. With a needle-like “shell”, the hedgehog, like with a brush, combs the hungry ticks that have climbed onto the forest grasses. The hedgehog cannot get rid of ticks stuck between the needles. During the spring season, each hedgehog feeds tens of thousands of ticks. Thus, the spiny cover reliably protects the hedgehog from predators, but just as reliably protects ticks from the hedgehog itself.

Thus, fitness is not absolute, but relative.

The relative nature of fitness contradicts the assertion of absolute expediency in living nature (J.-B. Lamarck's evolutionary theory).

3. Fixing the material. Card work.

4. Homework p.58, questions.

Organisms that are best adapted to their environment survive through selection, but adaptations are always relative. Sufficient changes in environment, as something that was useful in the previous conditions, loses its adaptive value.

Examples of Relative Fittings

The Ussuri tiger has a protective coloration that hides it well in the thickets in summer, but in winter, after the snow falls, the coloring unmasks the predator. With the onset of autumn, the hare molts, but if the snowfall is delayed, then the whitened hare becomes clearly visible against the dark background of bare fields.

The characteristics of an organism, even under the conditions in which they have been preserved by selection, never achieve absolute perfection. So, the roundworm egg is well protected from the effects of poisons, but quickly dies from a lack of moisture and from high temperature.

Poisonous glands are a reliable defense of many animals, but the poison of the karakurt, which is deadly for camels and cattle, is safe for sheep and pigs. The viper does not pose a danger to the hedgehog.

Euphorbia stalks are not eaten by herbivorous mammals, but remain defenseless against caterpillars of Euphorbia hawk, etc. Selection always has a wide field of activity for the further improvement of adaptations.

If conditions change, then arrangements that were previously expedient cease to be so. Then new adaptations appear, and forms that were previously "expedient" die out.

The adaptability of organisms is the result of natural selection. Prepared by Chiritso Elizaveta, a student of the 11th "M" class.

it is a combination of those features of the structure, physiology and behavior that provide for a given species the possibility of a specific lifestyle in certain environmental conditions. Adaptation -

How are adaptations formed? C. Linnaeus: Species are created by God and are already adapted to their environment. J. B. Lamarck: the formation of fitness by the desire of organisms for self-improvement. Charles Darwin: explained the origin of fitness in the organic world with the help of natural selection.

Adaptations to the environment are manifested in the external and internal structure, life processes, behavior. The shape of the body of various animals is an example of the adaptability of organisms to the environment. The protective coloration and body shape of some animals make them invisible against the background of the environment, masking them. Some animals have bright colors that make them stand out from their surroundings. This coloring is called warning. Some defenseless and edible animals imitate species that are well protected from predation. This phenomenon is called mimicry. Protection against eating is characteristic of many animals and plants. They protect themselves. Behavioral adaptations are changes in the behavior of animals in certain conditions: care for offspring, the formation of separate pairs during the mating season, and in winter they unite in flocks, which facilitates food and protection, frightening behavior, freezing, imitation of injury or death, hibernation, food storage . The adaptability of life processes to living conditions are called physiological adaptations: the accumulation of fat by desert animals, glands that get rid of excess salts, thermal location, echolocation. Biochemical adaptations are associated with the formation in the body of certain substances that facilitate defense against enemies or attacks on other animals.

Forms of adaptations Examples Description of adaptations Body shape Protective coloration (camouflage) Warning coloration Mimicry Behavioral adaptations Classification of adaptations

Body shape The streamlined shape of the body allows the dolphin to reach a speed of 40 km / h in the water. The peregrine falcon, in pursuit of prey, develops a speed of 290 km / h. The speed of the penguin in the water column is 35 km / h.

Protective coloration (camouflage) In openly nesting birds, the female sitting on the nest is almost indistinguishable from the surrounding background. Corresponds to the background and pigmented egg shells. Interestingly, in birds nesting in hollows, on trees, females often have a bright color, and the shell is light. Quail and its eggs Redstart, cuckoo egg in redstart nest

Protective coloration (camouflage) A surprising resemblance to twigs is observed in stick insects. The caterpillars of some butterflies resemble knots, and the body of some butterflies is like a leaf. The effect of protective coloration is enhanced when it is combined with the appropriate behavior: at the moment of danger, many animals freeze, taking a resting pose.

Warning coloration Very bright coloration (usually white, yellow, red, black) is characteristic of well-protected poisonous, stinging forms. Having tried several times to taste the “soldier” bug, ladybug, wasp, the birds eventually refuse to attack the victim with a bright color. Sand efa Bed bug - soldier Ladybug

Mimicry The viceroy butterfly repeats the shape and color of the wings of the poisonous monarch butterfly. A fly copies the appearance and behavior of a bee. This is the similarity of a defenseless or edible type with well-protected and warning coloration

Mimicry The milk snake successfully imitates the coloration of the coral snake. As a rule, the number of copied individuals is many times higher than the copying ones.

Behavioral adaptations Feature Possum behavior - the ability to pretend to be dead in danger, in this "game" the possum is simply inimitable. changes in behavior in certain conditions Frog paws. The desert amphibian, which lives most of its life in burrows, goes hunting at night when the heat subsides.

Behavioral Adaptations River beaver stores up to 20 cubic meters. fodder Male stickleback builds a nest with 2 exits - care for the safety of offspring

The relative nature of fitness Poisonous snakes, dangerous to many animals, are eaten by mongooses. The hedgehog defends itself from the fox with needles and curls up into a ball, but if there is a stream nearby, the fox rolls it into the water, where the muscles of the hedgehog open up and it becomes easy prey.

Sections: Biology

Lesson Objectives:

• repetition and consolidation of knowledge about the driving forces of evolution;
• to form the concept of the adaptability of organisms to the environment, knowledge about the mechanisms of the emergence of fitness as a result of evolution;
• to continue the development of skills to use the knowledge of theoretical laws to explain the phenomena observed in wildlife;
• to form specific knowledge about adaptive structural features, body coloration and animal behavior.

Equipment:

Table "Fitness and its relative nature", photographs, drawings, collections of plant and animal organisms, cards for performing tests, presentation.

1. Repetition of the studied material:

In the form of a frontal conversation, it is proposed to answer questions.

a) Name the single directing driving force of evolution.
b) What is the supplier of material for selection in the population?
c) It is known that the hereditary variability that supplies material for selection is random and not directed. How does natural selection become directional?
d) Give an evolutionary explanation for the following expression: “It is not individual genes that are selected, but integral phenotypes. The phenotype acts not only as an object of selection, but also acts as a transmitter of hereditary information in generations.

As the question is posed, its text is displayed on the screen (a presentation is used)

2. The teacher leads the conversation to the formulation of the topic of the lesson.

In nature, there is a discrepancy between the ability of organisms to reproduce indefinitely and limited resources. Is this the reason...? struggle for existence, as a result of which the individuals most adapted to environmental conditions survive. (Output of the scheme on the screen, students write in a notebook)

So, one of the results of natural selection can be called the development of adaptations in all living organisms - adaptations to the environment, i.e. fitness is the result of the action of natural selection in given conditions of existence.

(Lesson topic message, notebook entry)

Think and try to formulate what is the essence of adaptability to environmental conditions? (Together with the students, the teacher gives a definition of fitness, which is written in a notebook, displaying a slide on the screen)

Fitness of organisms or adaptations- a set of those features of their structure, physiological processes and behavior that provide for a given species the possibility of a specific lifestyle in certain environmental conditions.

What do you think fitness is for organisms?

Meaning: adaptation to environmental conditions increases the chances of organisms to survive and leave a large number of offspring. (Writing in a notebook, displaying a slide)

The question arises, how are adaptations formed? Let's try to explain the formation of an elephant's trunk from the point of view of C. Linnaeus, J. B. Lamarck, C. Darwin.

(On the screen is a photograph of an elephant and the wording of the question posed)

Suggested student responses:

According to Linnaeus: the fitness of organisms is a manifestation of the original expediency. God is the driving force. Example: Elephants, like all animals, were created by God. Therefore, all elephants from the moment of their appearance have a long trunk.

According to Lamarck: the idea of ​​the innate ability of organisms to change under the influence of the external environment. The driving force behind evolution is the striving of organisms for perfection. Example: Elephants, when getting food, had to constantly stretch their upper lip to get food (exercise). This trait is inherited. So there was a long trunk of elephants.

According to Darwin: among the many elephants were animals with trunks of different lengths. Those with slightly longer trunks were more successful at foraging and surviving. This trait was inherited. So, gradually, a long trunk of elephants arose.

Which explanation is more realistic? Let's try to describe the mechanism of occurrence of adaptations. (Scheme on screen)

3. Variety of adaptations.

On the tables of students there are drawings, collections illustrating the various adaptations of organisms to the environment. Work in pairs or groups. Students describe adaptations, name them themselves or with the help of a teacher. On the screen, these devices appear in the course of the conversation.

1. Morphological adaptations (changes in body structure).

• streamlined body shape in fish and birds
• webbing between fingers in waterfowl
• thick coat in northern mammals
• flat body in demersal fish
• creeping and cushion-like form in plants in northern latitudes and high mountainous regions

2. Camouflage: body shape and coloring merge with surrounding objects (slide).

(Sea horse, stick insects, caterpillars of some butterflies).

3. Protective coloring:

developed in species that live openly and may be accessible to enemies (eggs from openly nesting birds, grasshopper, flounder). If the background of the environment is not constant depending on the season of the year, the animals change their color (hare, white hare).

4. Warning coloring:

Very bright, characteristic of poisonous and stinging forms (wasps, bumblebees, ladybugs, rattlesnakes). Often combined with demonstrative scaring behavior.

5. Mimicry:

similarity in color, body shape of unprotected organisms with protected ones (a hoverfly and a bee, tropical snakes and poisonous snakes; snapdragon flowers look like bumblebees - insects try to establish a marriage relationship, which contributes to pollination; eggs laid by the cuckoo). Imitators never outnumber the original species. Otherwise, the warning coloring will lose its meaning.

6. Physiological adaptations:

adaptability of life processes to living conditions.

• accumulation of fat by desert animals before the onset of the dry season (camel)
• glands that get rid of excess salts in reptiles and birds that live near the sea
• water conservation in cacti
• rapid metamorphosis in desert amphibians
• thermal imaging, echolocation
• a state of partial or complete anabiosis

7. Behavioral adaptations:

changes in behavior in certain conditions

• caring for offspring improves the survival of young animals, increases the stability of their populations
• the formation of separate pairs during the mating season, and in winter they unite in flocks. What facilitates food and protection (wolves, many birds)
• scare behavior (bombardier beetle, skunk)
• freezing, imitation of injury or death (opossums, amphibians, birds)
• prudent behavior: hibernation, food storage

8. Biochemical adaptations:

associated with the formation in the body of certain substances that facilitate the defense of enemies or attacks on other animals

• poisons of snakes, scorpions
• fungal and bacterial antibiotics
• crystals of potassium oxalate in the leaves or spines of plants (cactus, nettle)
• special structure of proteins and lipids in thermophilic (resistant to high temperatures)

and psychrophilic (cold-loving), allowing organisms to exist in hot springs, volcanic soils, permafrost conditions.

The relative nature of fixtures.

It is proposed to pay attention to the table: hare. Invisible to predators in the snow, well visible against the background of tree trunks. Together with students, other examples are given: moths collect nectar from light flowers, but also fly into the fire, although they die in the process; poisonous snakes are eaten by mongooses, hedgehogs; if the cactus is watered abundantly, it will die.

What conclusion can be drawn?

Conclusion: any adaptation is expedient only in the conditions in which it was formed. When these conditions change, adaptations lose their value or even harm the body. Therefore, fitness is relative.

When studying the topic, we relied on the teachings of Charles Darwin on natural selection. It explained the mechanism of the emergence of the adaptability of organisms to living conditions and proved that adaptability is always relative.

4. Consolidation of knowledge.

on the students' tables sheets with tests and cards for answers.

1 option.

1. A phenomenon that serves as an example of camouflage coloring:

a) coloration of sika deer and tiger;
b) spots on the wings of some butterflies, similar to the eyes of vertebrates;
c) the similarity of the color of the wings of the pierid butterfly with the color of the wings of the inedible heliconid butterfly;
d) the color of ladybugs and the Colorado potato beetle.

2. How modern science explains the formation of organic expediency:

a) is the result of an active desire of organisms to adapt to specific environmental conditions;
b) is the result of natural selection of individuals who have turned out to be more adapted than others to environmental conditions due to the presence of random hereditary changes in them;
c) is the result of the direct influence of external conditions on the development of corresponding traits in organisms;
d) it was originally predetermined at the time of creation by the creator of the main types of living beings.

3. Phenomenon. An example of which is the similarity of the lion fly and wasps in the color of the abdomen and the shape of the antennae:

a) warning color
b) mimicry;
c) adaptive coloring;
d) disguise.

4. An example of protective coloration:

5. An example of a warning color:

a) the bright red color of the flower of a rose;


d) similarity in color and body shape.

Option 2.

1. The main effect of natural selection:

a) increasing the frequency of genes in the population that ensure reproduction in generations;
b) an increase in the frequency of genes in a population that provide a wide variability of organisms;
c) the appearance in the population of genes that ensure the preservation of the characteristics of the species in organisms;
d) the appearance in the population of genes that determine the adaptation of organisms to living conditions;

2. An example of protective coloration:

a) the green color of the song grasshopper;
b) green color of leaves in most plants;
c) a bright red color in a ladybug;
d) the similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly fly and the wasp.

3. An example of masking:

a) the green color of the song grasshopper;
b) the similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly and the wasp;
c) a bright red color in a ladybug;

4. An example of a warning color:

a) bright red color of a rose flower;
b) bright red color in a ladybug;
c) the similarity in coloration between the hoverfly and the wasp;
d) the similarity in color and shape of the body of the moth caterpillar with a knot.

5. An example of mimicry:

a) the green color of the song grasshopper;
b) bright red color in a ladybug;
c) the similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly and the wasp;
d) the similarity in color and shape of the body of the moth caterpillar with a knot.

Answer card:

	1	2	3	4	5
a
b
in
G

Homework:

1. paragraph 47;
2. fill in the table according to paragraph 47:

1. Adaptability of organisms to the environment, its causes. The relative nature of the fitness of organisms. The adaptability of plants to the use of light in biogeocenosis.

2. Changes in the biosphere under the influence of human activities. Maintaining balance in the biosphere as the basis of its integrity.

3. Solve the problem of the intermediate nature of inheritance.

1. Adaptability - correspondence of the structure of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems to the functions performed, signs of the organism to the environment. Examples: the presence of cristae in mitochondria - an adaptation to the location on them of a large number of enzymes involved in the oxidation of organic substances; the elongated shape of the vessels, their strong walls - adaptability to the movement of water along them with minerals dissolved in it in the plant. The green color of grasshoppers, praying mantises, many caterpillars of butterflies, aphids, herbivorous bugs is an adaptation to protection from being eaten by birds.

2. Causes of fitness - the driving forces of evolution: hereditary variability, the struggle for existence, natural selection.

3. The emergence of adaptations and its scientific explanation. An example of the formation of fitness in organisms: insects did not previously have a green color, but were forced to switch to feeding on plant leaves. Populations are heterogeneous in color. Birds ate highly visible individuals, individuals with mutations (the appearance of green tints in them) were less visible on a green leaf. During reproduction, new mutations arose in them, but individuals with green tones were predominantly preserved by natural selection. After many generations, all individuals of this population of insects acquired a green color.

4. The relative nature of fitness. Signs of organisms correspond only to certain environmental conditions. When conditions change, they become useless and sometimes harmful. Examples: fish breathe with gills, through which oxygen enters the blood from the water. On land, fish cannot breathe because oxygen from the air does not enter the gills. The green color of insects saves them from birds only when they are on the green parts of the plant, on a different background they become visible and not protected.

5. The tiered arrangement of plants in a biogeocenosis is an example of their adaptability to the use of light energy. Placement in the first tier of the most light-loving plants, and in the lowest - shade-tolerant (fern, hoof, oxalis). The dense closing of crowns in forest communities is the reason for the small number of tiers in them.

2. 1. Biosphere - integral, relatively stable, gigantic ecological system, the dependence of the balance that has historically developed in it on the connections between its inhabitants, their adaptability to the environment, on the role of living matter in the biosphere, and on the influence of human activity.

2. Causes of global changes in the biosphere: population growth, development of industry, road, rail, air transport, the emergence of complex road networks, intensive mining, construction of power plants, development Agriculture and etc.

3. Negative consequences of the development of industry, transport, agriculture - pollution of all living environments (land-air, water, soil), loss of soil fertility, reduction of arable land, destruction large areas forests, the disappearance of many species of plants and animals, the emergence of new pathogens dangerous to human life (AIDS viruses, infectious hepatitis, etc.), the reduction of stocks clean water, depletion of fossil resources, etc.

4. Pollution of the biosphere as a result of agricultural activities. The use of high doses of pesticides is the cause of soil pollution, water in reservoirs, a decrease in the number of animal species living in them, slowing down the vital activity of decomposers (they destroy organic residues and turn them into suitable for food).

plant minerals). Violation of the norms for the application of mineral fertilizers is the cause of soil pollution with nitrates, their accumulation in food products, and poisoning of people with them.

5. Types of industrial pollution of the biosphere: 1) chemical - the release into the biosphere of hundreds of substances that were not previously in nature (acid rain, etc.); 2) radiation, noise, biological pollution, their negative impact on human health, living matter biosphere.

6. Rational nature management- the main way to protect the biosphere from pollution, save resources from depletion, plant and animal species from extinction, maintain balance and integrity of the biosphere.

3. In solving the problem, one should proceed from the fact that in the first generation of hybrids, dominance will be incomplete, although the offspring will be uniform. It will appear not a dominant and not a recessive trait, but an intermediate one. For example, a night beauty plant will grow not with red and white flowers, but with pink ones. In the second generation, splitting will occur and three groups of individuals will appear according to the phenotype: one part with a dominant trait (red flowers), one part with a recessive trait (white flowers), two parts of heterozygotes with an intermediate trait (pink).