TASS-DOSIER /Elnara Guliyeva/. The intergovernmental regional organization League of Arab States (LAS) was established on March 22, 1945 in Cairo at the conference of Arab states, which was attended by 7 countries: Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan (now Jordan) and Yemen. In 1950, the Arab League was recognized by the UN as a regional organization and received observer status. Currently, the Arab League includes 22 states: Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Yemen, Qatar, Comoros, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, UAE, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Somalia, Sudan and Tunisia.

Cases of suspension of membership in the Arab League

In 1979-1989 Egypt was expelled from the Arab League due to the signing of a peace treaty with Israel. From February 22, 2011 to August 25, 2011, Libya's membership was suspended. On November 12, 2011, due to the aggravation of the intra-Syrian conflict, Damascus lost its membership in the organization. In March 2013, the seat of the official Syrian delegation was given to the Syrian National Coalition of Opposition and Revolutionary Forces (NCORS). At the summit in 2014, the seat of Syria was vacant, as Algeria, Iraq and Egypt opposed its transfer to the head of the NCORS, Ahmad al-Jarba.

Continuation

The Charter of the Arab League was adopted on May 11, 1945. According to this document, the purpose of the organization is to strengthen ties and comprehensive cooperation between member states, to coordinate their political activity, protection of sovereignty.

LAS structure

The supreme governing body is the LAS Council, in which each member has one vote. The most important decisions on topical issues are taken during meetings of heads of member states. The administrative apparatus of the League is the General Secretariat. The General Secretary is elected by the Council for a term of 5 years. Since May 15, 2011, this post has been occupied by the former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt Nabil al-Arabi. The headquarters of the Arab League is located in Cairo (Egypt). In 1979-1989 the headquarters was located in Tunisia.

The LAS has representative offices or information bureaus in many countries of the world, including Russia (since January 1990). Jalal al-Mashta is the head of the Arab League office in Moscow. Accredited as the plenipotentiary representative of Russia to the League Russian ambassador in Egypt Sergey Kirpichenko.

The structure of the Arab League includes numerous standing committees - political, economic, social, etc. Special agencies operate under the Arab League, in particular, the Inter-Arab Agency for Atomic Energy, the Arab Organization for Space Communications (ARABSAT), the Arab League Organization for Education, Culture and Science (ALECSO ) and etc.

Unlike others regional organizations, the League for a long time lacked any mechanism for monitoring the observance of human rights. Only in 2004 did the Arab League adopt the Arab Charter on Human Rights (it entered into force in 2008). Most human rights activists see significant shortcomings in the text of the document, due to which it cannot be considered an effective tool in the field of human rights protection.

In 2005, the Inter-Arab Parliament was created under the Arab League. This body began to operate actively only in 2012. The parliament includes four representatives from each of the 22 members of the Arab League (currently Syria is not represented in the body). Ahmed al-Jarwan (UAE) has been the speaker of parliament since December 2013. The headquarters of the Parliament is located in Cairo.

Within the framework of the League, an attempt was made to create an analogue of the UN Security Council - in March 2006, at the 18th summit in Khartoum (Sudan), the Inter-Arab Peace and Security Council was established, but this body is currently not functioning.

Summit History

The first Arab League summit took place in January 1964 in Cairo at the initiative of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. It was attended by the leaders of 13 member countries of the Arab League, as well as a delegation of Palestinians (the Palestine Liberation Organization joined the Arab League in 1974). One of the key issues on the agenda of the summit was the Palestinian problem and the liberation of the lands occupied by Israel in 1948. Subsequently, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict became an integral topic of the League's summits. At the first summit meeting, Arab leaders acceded to the 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Under Water. At the same time, it was decided to hold summits annually. Between summits, the Arab League is chaired by the country that hosted the last meeting.

Due to inter-Arab disagreements over the Iraqi-Kuwait crisis in 1990, the holding of annual summits was interrupted. In June 1996, the LAS sessions resumed. In June 2000, it was decided to hold summits once a year in March. Convening emergency sessions is possible at the request of a member state of the Arab League or the Secretary General of the organization if one of the states is in danger.

So far, 25 Arab League summits have taken place, the last of which was held on March 25-26, 2014 in Kuwait City (Kuwait).

Common ground and contradictions among the Arab countries

On a number of issues, members of the Arab League have a common position. Thus, they insist on the recognition of the state of Palestine within the 1967 borders and an end to the occupation of Palestinian lands by Israel. In addition, members of the Arab League are in favor of a region free of nuclear weapons in the Middle East. Arab countries unanimously condemn Iran's "occupation" of three disputed islands in the Persian Gulf (Abu Musa, Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb) claimed by the UAE.

Acute contradictions in the organization arose during the events of the "Arab spring". In March 2011, the Arab League Council adopted a resolution that resulted in the introduction of a no-fly zone over Libya and actually opened the way for airstrikes by NATO countries. Against this decision Algeria, Syria, Yemen, Sudan and Mauritania spoke. There was no unanimity in the decision to deprive Syria of membership in the organization. At present, there are also controversies on some issues. So, Algeria stands for the self-determination of Western Sahara, while Morocco considers it its territory. No unity on relationship Arab countries with Iran - the Persian Gulf states have a complicated relationship with this country, while Iraq and Syria cooperate with Iran on a number of issues.

LEAGUE OF ARAB STATES (LAS), an international organization of 20 countries and one organization. The seven founding countries - Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan (later Jordan) and Yemen signed an agreement on the creation of the League of Arab States at a conference in Cairo on March 22, 1945. As independence was achieved, other Arab and allied Arab states joined the Arab League. non-Arab countries: Libya (1953), Sudan (1956), Morocco and Tunisia (1958), Kuwait (1961), Algeria (1962), South Yemen (1967), later merged with Yemen, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman and the United Arab Emirates (1971), Mauritania (1973), Somalia (1974), Djibouti (1977), Comoros (1993). In 1976, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was admitted to the Arab League.

The creation of the Arab League was the most visible result of the movement for Arab unity that arose after the First World War in the former Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Arab nationalists protested against the division of this territory into five separate countries, the mandates for which were transferred to Britain and France. They were particularly indignant at the decision to create a national Jewish state in Palestine. The goal of the movement was to unite all Arab lands into a single state. The creation of the Arab League reflected these aspirations, providing for the economic, cultural and political cooperation of its members and putting forward the demand for state independence for Palestine.

The supreme body of the LAS is the Council of the League, in which each member has one vote. The Council meets in March and September, and extraordinary sessions may be convened at the request of members. Other structures of the Arab League are the secretariat, the economic council, the joint defense committee and various standing committees. The headquarters of the Arab League is located in Cairo (until March 1979 and since 1991).

In 1950, the League was granted observer status at the UN, thanks to which it played an important role in uniting Asian and African countries into an Arab-Asian (and later Afro-Asian) bloc. The influence of Arab countries in the UN waned after 1960, when the number of UN members from Asia and Africa greatly exceeded the number of members from Arab countries.

There is no unity of opinion in the Arab League. A number of members are pro-Western, others are pro-communist, and still others remain neutral. After the defeat of the Arabs in the Arab-Israeli war of 1967, the members of the League were divided on the question of the advisability of resolving the conflict with Israel at the negotiating table. The signing by Egypt and Jordan of a US-supported ceasefire agreement on the eve of the start of peace negotiations in August 1970 provoked sharp criticism from Algeria, Iraq, and the Palestine Liberation Organization. A new controversy has arisen over Syrian intervention in civil war in Jordan (1970) and in Lebanon (1975). In 1972, Jordan's proposal to create a federation with the Israeli-occupied West Bank was perceived by the rest of the Arab states as collusion with Israel. In 1977 they condemned Egypt's de facto recognition of the State of Israel. In 1979, after the signing of the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty, the majority of the League members voted in favor of imposing sanctions on Egypt, including suspending its membership in the Arab League and moving its headquarters from Cairo to Tunisia. In 1989, Egypt's membership in the Arab League was restored, and in 1991 its headquarters was returned to Cairo. Once again, contradictions broke out during the Persian Gulf War (1990-1991), when the interests of the anti-Iraqi coalition (Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria and Morocco) clashed with the remaining neutral Arab states, such as Jordan, Yemen and Libya.

Goals

Ensuring closer relations between the member states of the league; coordination of their political actions; ensuring their independence and sovereignty.

Cooperation between members of the Arab League is carried out in the following areas:

economic and financial problems

transport and communication

cultural and health issues

humanitarian concerns

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...3

Chapter 1. Theoretical aspect of the study of the international legal activities of the League of Arab States

1.1. The history of the creation of the League of Arab States (LAS)………………………5

1.2. League of Arab States (LAS): structure and composition of participants………..9

Chapter 2. Analysis of international legal issues of the activities of the League of Arab States at the present stage of development

2.1. The main activities of the League of Arab States……….13

2.2.Modern problems of the functioning of the Arab League and the prospects for the development of the organization…………………………………………………………………………. .....17

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….27

References………………………………………………………………30

Introduction

Relevance This problem is due to the fact that at the present stage of development, in the light of recent events, there is an urgent practical need to substantiate the international legal issues of the activities of the League of Arab States, as well as to identify possible ways to improve its activities. This is the reason for the choice of the topic of our study: "International Legal Issues of the League of Arab States". At the present stage, neither in the Arab nor in the Russian legal literature, issues related to the current stage of the functioning of the League and the determination of the nature of possible reforms have received sufficiently wide coverage. If we talk about Russian literature, then a lot and very meaningful was written about the League of Arab States in the 60-70s, less - in the eighties, and very scarcely - in the 90s. The latter, apparently, is explained by the fact that in the last decade there has been a clear crisis in the activities of the LAS. Arab studies, in one way or another, touch upon the problem of the effectiveness of the Arab League. This theme was heard more clearly in the works published in connection with the 50th anniversary of the League. Less attention was paid to specific measures to reform the Organization. In general, it should be recognized that the coverage of the League's activities in the last decade of the 20th century is a serious gap in the legal studies concerning this Organization.

Purpose of the study- to study the features of the formation, development and modern functioning of the LAS and determine promising ways to improve the activities of this organization.

Research objectives:

1. Study the prerequisites for the emergence of the League of Arab States (LAS).

2. Characterize the composition and structure of LAH.

3. Analyze the international legal issues of the activities of the League of Arab States at the present stage of development.

4. Determine the modern problems of the functioning of the LAS and the prospects for the development of the organization.

Methodological basis of the study were the works of Russian and Arab authors, both of a general theoretical nature (especially on the law of international organizations), and on the problems that make up the subject of dissertation research. The works of I. P. Blishchenko, I. I. Lukashuk, N. F. Kosyan, V. D. Kudryavtsev, S. A. Malinin, G. I. Morozov, E. M. Primakov, V. N. Trofimova, G. I. Tunkina, R. A. Tuzmukhamedova, E. A. Shibayeva, Ali Sadiq Abu Haif, Butrus Ghali, Hassan Muzahim, Muhammad Havid Kanam, Mufid Mahmoud Shihab, Muhammad Aziz Shukri, Ahmad Sidqi ad-Dajani, Muhammad Al-Seyd Al-Dakak and others. Among foreign authors: Bowett D.W., Leonard, Larry, Nye, Virally, Shrepler and others.

Research methods: analysis of special literary sources, analysis of documents, method of comparative analysis.

Practical significance work is expressed in the fact that it eliminated a number of gaps in the coverage of the League of Arab States, especially at the present stage of its functioning. A thesis was put forward and substantiated that the latter is strengthening the coordination of the activities of Arab organizations operating outside the League system.

Chapter 1. Theoretical aspect of the study of the international legal activities of the League of Arab States

1.1. The history of the creation of the League of Arab States (LAS)

The League of Arab States (LAS) is one of the oldest regional organizations of general competence with a focus on ensuring collective security countries included in it. The League of Arab States was created in 1945. The need to create the Arab League was due to a number of reasons. The first of them is that the people of the Arab states have much in common: language, geographical region, traditions, religion, psychological make-up, cultural and spiritual values. Secondly, the desire of the peoples of the Arab countries for unity. At the moment, Arab society does not exist as a single state. Each Arab country has its own characteristics. They relate to historical originality, specifics of origin, ethnic originality, differences in economic development, differences in the forms of government and features of the state and social structure, the degree of influence of European civilization.

Many Arab researchers talk about the existence of a single Arab people, and one can agree with this. But then the question arises, how did independent states appear within the framework of a single people? This happened for a number of reasons: the geographical location of countries, the level of development of some of them, economic and social characteristics, the nature of the society in which a separate state developed and formed, the claims of individual Arab states to a leading position in the Arab world.

After the Second World War, at the time of the formation of the League of Arab States, the Arab countries were divided. Related to this is the need to create a single economic and legal space,
collective security systems, etc. Countries were weakened militarily, politically and economic terms and alone could not resist aggression. The League arose as a body coordinating the joint activities of states in the field of defense and economic integration. The process of integration of the Arab countries will inevitably deepen. We must not forget that there was a single Arab state, starting from the era of the Righteous Caliphs until the end of the Abbasid era. After the Abbasid caliphate was destroyed by the Mongols, the Arab nation was fragmented. During the period of domination of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East, which lasted about four centuries, the Arab territories were united together, and were considered by the conqueror as a single state, which was in colonial dependence. Throughout this period, the Arab people managed to maintain their identity. The situation changed dramatically with the penetration of British, French and Italian colonialism into the Arab East, which tried by all means to destroy the culture of the Arab nation. In 1830, France occupied the territory of Algeria, in 1881 - the territory of Tunisia. Libya was occupied by Italy in 1912. After the First World War, France and Great Britain divided the Asian Arab states among themselves. Syria and Lebanon ended up within the scope of the French mandate issued by the League of Nations, and on the territory of Iraq. Palestine, Transjordan, the effect of the British mandate was extended. As regards the Arab territories in the south of the Arabian Peninsula, and the territories located along the coast of the Persian Gulf, Britain established her protectorate over them in accordance with the agreements reached between her and the sheikhs and sultans who have ruled in those territories since the beginning of the nineteenth century. During the First World War, the Arabs took the side of the Allies in exchange for promises received from them regarding the independence of the Arab peoples immediately after the end of the war. The falsity of these promises was revealed when, after the October Revolution of 1917, secret documents of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs dating back to the reign of the tsarist regime were made public in Russia. Among them was the Sykes-Picot agreement, which embodied the conspiracy of Great Britain and France regarding their shares of the spoils due to them, inherited from the Ottoman Empire after it was defeated in the war2.
The period between the two world wars witnessed the growth of the consciousness of the Arabs and their achievement of political maturity, which led to the accomplishment of a series of revolutions that proclaimed the independence of various Arab states and turned their anger against colonialism and attempts to dismember the Arab nation, which was especially clearly manifested in the decisions recorded in Lozanekoy conventions of 1923 regarding the division of the Arab Ottoman dominions into spheres of French and British influence. With the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, a movement arose in the Arab world to create a unifying alliance between the Arab states. This idea received a real practical implementation after the collapse. It should be noted that the idea of ​​creating an alliance between the Arab states found support in the statement of the British Foreign Minister Anthony Eden, made by him on May 2, 1941, to the League of Nation, the proclamation of independent states in the former mandated and other territories dependent on foreign influence.

From September 25 to October 17, 1944, the Pan-Arab Congress was held in Alexandria, in which seven Arab states took part (Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Yemen) “The Congress,” writes Dr. Ali Sadiq Abu Haif, “ actually took over the tasks of the preparatory committee for the organization of the League of Arab States and laid the foundations on which the building of the League is based.

Among the foundations that were enshrined in the Alexandria Protocol, Ali Sadiq Abu Haif named the following:

1) Creation of the League on the basis of voluntary cooperation between states;

2) Strengthening cooperation between states in the field of economic, social, cultural and other relations;

3) non-use of force by Arab states to resolve conflict situations that may arise between them;

4) Formation of the Council of the League, whose tasks include the representation in it of the states - participants of the League on an equal basis;

5) Granting to the Council of the League general powers to resolve conflicts between member states of the League;

6) Conformity of special agreements that the member states conclude with each other or with other states, the provisions of the founding act of the League or its spirit;

7) Inadmissibility of holding the League by the state-participant
foreign policy that would be contrary to the policy of the League, or one of the participating states. On March 22, 1945, seven states met in Cairo and signed the final text of the League Pact. Thus the Arab League was established.

1.2. League of Arab States (LAS): structure and composition of participants

League of Arab States, an international organization of 20 countries and one organization. The seven founding countries - Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan (later Jordan) and Yemen signed an agreement on the creation of the League of Arab States at a conference in Cairo on March 22, 1945. As independence was achieved, other Arab and allied Arab states joined the Arab League. non-Arab countries: Libya (1953), Sudan (1956), Morocco and Tunisia (1958), Kuwait (1961), Algeria (1962), South Yemen (1967), later merged with Yemen, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman and the United Arab Emirates (1971), Mauritania (1973), Somalia (1974), Djibouti (1977), Comoros (1993). In 1976, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was admitted to the Arab League. The creation of the Arab League was the most visible result of the movement for Arab unity that arose after the First World War in the former Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Arab nationalists protested against the division of this territory into five separate countries, the mandates for which were transferred to Britain and France. They were particularly indignant at the decision to create a national Jewish state in Palestine. The goal of the movement was to unite all Arab lands into a single state. The creation of the Arab League reflected these aspirations, providing for the economic, cultural and political cooperation of its members and putting forward the demand for state independence for Palestine.

The supreme body of the LAS is the Council of the League, in which each member has one vote. The Council meets in March and September, and extraordinary sessions may be convened at the request of members. Other structures of the Arab League are the secretariat, the economic council, the joint defense committee and various standing committees. The headquarters of the Arab League is located in Cairo (until March 1979 and since 1991). In 1950, the League was granted observer status at the UN, thanks to which it played an important role in uniting Asian and African countries into an Arab-Asian (and later Afro-Asian) bloc. The influence of Arab countries in the UN waned after 1960, when the number of UN members from Asia and Africa greatly exceeded the number of members from Arab countries. There is no unity of opinion in the Arab League. A number of members are pro-Western, others are pro-communist, and still others remain neutral. After the defeat of the Arabs in the Arab-Israeli war of 1967, the members of the League were divided on the question of the advisability of resolving the conflict with Israel at the negotiating table. The signing by Egypt and Jordan of a US-supported ceasefire agreement on the eve of the start of peace negotiations in August 1970 provoked sharp criticism from Algeria, Iraq, and the Palestine Liberation Organization. New disagreements arose in connection with the intervention of Syria in the civil war in Jordan (1970) and Lebanon (1975). In 1972, Jordan's proposal to create a federation with the Israeli-occupied West Bank was perceived by the rest of the Arab states as collusion with Israel. In 1977 they condemned Egypt's de facto recognition of the State of Israel. In 1979, after the signing of the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty, the majority of the League members voted in favor of imposing sanctions on Egypt, including suspending its membership in the Arab League and moving its headquarters from Cairo to Tunisia. In 1989, Egypt's membership in the Arab League was restored, and in 1981 its headquarters was returned to Cairo. Once again, contradictions broke out during the Persian Gulf War (1990-1991), when the interests of the anti-Iraqi coalition (Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria and Morocco) clashed with the remaining neutral Arab states, such as Jordan, Yemen and Libya. The idea of ​​the Arab League originated in 1942, when the Prime Minister of Iraq, Nuri Pasha Said (British orientation) put forward a plan for the Arab League, which would consist of: Greater Syria, uniting on a federal basis, or by complete merger, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Transjordan, which Greater Syria concludes an alliance (i.e. e. Arab League) with Iraq. Reacting to the plan put forward, British Minister Eden announced that Great Britain would support the project of Arab unity, provided that the initiative came from the Arabs. But the plan caused a number of protests from those who were supposed to participate in it: the Jews protested, who saw the loss of their independence and identity in the plan, the Syrians protested for the same reason and Egypt, who hoped to lead the Arab world. As a result of great diplomatic activity in 1944, on the initiative of the Egyptian Prime Minister Mustafa Nahaz Pasha, the Arab League was created in Alexandria, but in a different aspect. The League included Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Arabia and Egypt. In subsequent years, Yemen, Libya, Sudan, Tunisia and Morocco joined the League. In March 1950, Egypt carried out a plan for a treaty (66) of general protection and economic cooperation. The agreement was signed in June 1950 by the chairmen of the councils of ministers of Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen and Seudian Arabia. Iraq joined the treaty in 1951 and Jordan in 1952. Having considered how and under the influence of what forces and events the modern Middle East was formed, we will proceed to describe each country separately and trace the penetration of Soviet influence into them not only political or economic, but also through the Orthodox Church. After the collapse of the mandate system in the Middle East and the creation of independent Arab states, centrifugal tendencies in inter-Arab relations intensified. This was facilitated by the consolidation of the Arab countries in connection with the aggravation of the Palestinian problem. First, the unification was initiated by representatives of the Hashemites, the ruling dynasty in Jordan and Iraq. However, their plans (Syria was pursuing the Greater Syria project...) were thrown back by other Arab countries. And then Egypt takes the initiative of unification. In the fall of 1944 in Alexandria, at the founding conference of the Arab countries, the so-called Protocol of Alexandria was signed, which provided for the creation of the League of Arab States. The Charter of the League was signed in Cairo on March 22, 1945 by Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and Lebanon. In May 1945 Yemen also signed the charter of the League. The charter fixed the goals and tasks of the organization: the development of relations between the Arab countries based on respect for independence and sovereignty, cooperation in the economic, social and cultural fields. Coordination of the foreign policy courses of the Arab countries was also envisaged. The principles of the League's activities were proclaimed: voluntary relations between states, mutual respect for sovereignty and independence, equality of states, prohibition of the use of force to resolve conflict situations. From the very beginning of the existence of the League of Arab States, the Palestinian problem has become a central problem in its activities.

Chapter 2. Analysis of international legal issues of the activities of the League of Arab States at the present stage of development

2.1. The main activities of the League of Arab States

The main activities of the LAS are reflected in the LAS Pact. The Arab League pact includes a preamble, twenty articles and three annexes (one of them concerns Palestine, the second deals with cooperation with Arab states that do not participate in the activities of the League, and ipeibe - the appointment of the Secretary General of the League). The preamble to the Pact states: "The League of Arab States is being created in order to expand cooperation and interrelations between the Arab states, as well as to protect the interests of these states in the face of other states and their groups."

Broadly speaking, they boil down to the following:

1) Preservation of the independence of the member states of the League;

2) Resolution of inter-Arab conflicts by peaceful means;

3) Strengthening political ties between the member states of the League;

4) Strengthening multilateral ties in the field of economic, social and cultural relations;

5) General view of the situation in the countries of the Arab
The Pact of the League, in its content, as will be shown below, is somewhat different from the text of the Alexandrian Protocol. East, and here are the interests they pursue. The creation of the League of Arab States found a wide response among the Arab states, whose leaders began to think about turning the League into an organization that could unite all the countries of the Arab world (and not just some of them).

In this regard, the Pact enshrined a provision on the obligation of the League to provide comprehensive assistance to the peoples of these countries, including in the implementation of the aspirations and aspirations of those of them who have not yet gained independence. In the second paragraph of Art. 4 of the Covenant specifically emphasized the admissibility of the participation of representatives of Arab states that did not join the League in the committees of the Organization.

Definition of cases allowing such participation and principles
1 Strengthening ties between the states participating in the activities of the Arab League, establishing close cooperation between them, protecting the interests of the Arab states Ali Sadiq Abu Haif called the "first goal" of the Organization. It is important to indicate for what purpose such unity is necessary. There can be only one answer to this question (especially if we take into account the specific situation in the region): first of all, to establish lasting peace and security in the territorial sphere of activity of the Arab League.

On the other hand, it was natural that the wish, expressed in the Pact, addressed to such countries and peoples, about the implementation of their cooperation with the League on a long-term basis, representation in the committees, was assigned to the Council of the League.

In addition, the Pact approved a specific Annex regarding cooperation between the League of Arab States and countries not participating in the activities of this organization, in the interests of the benefit of these countries and ensuring their future.

The correctness of the inclusion of these provisions in the Covenant of the League was confirmed by practice. The number of members of the Organization grew from year to year and by 1998 reached 22 states. Now they are. Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Yemen, Qatar, Comoros, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, UAE, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia.1
The League of Arab States carries out its tasks in accordance with the principles that are typical for the activities of interstate organizations in general.

With regard to the LAS, they are indicated in the Preamble and Art. 3, 5, 6, 8 of the League Pact and are as follows:

A) Parity participation of the Member States in the leadership of the Organization, which, in particular, is expressed in giving them equal rights to participate in the work in the divisions of the League, the possession of one vote by each member, etc. (Article 3).

B) Prevention of the use of force in relations between members of the Arab League and their obligation to resolve all disputes peacefully (Article 5).

B) Joint defense in the event of aggression against any of the participating States and the adoption of appropriate political, military and economic measures against the aggressor (art. 6).

Thus, it becomes clear that the principles referred to in the Covenant of the League express the desire of the member states to maintain their own independence in its entirety and do not endow the League of Arab States with supreme power over the Arab community.

At the same time, the founding act of the League did not contain the requirement of the "Alexandria Protocol" of the All-Arab Congress of 1944 on the inadmissibility for any Arab state to pursue a policy that conflicts with the policy of the League of Arab States or with the policy followed by any other Arab state.

"In the activities of the League of Arab States, - says Ali Sadiq Abu Haif, - it is most clearly revealed that it is of a political nature." During its existence, the Arab League has had its periods of ups and downs, periods of success and failure. Ali Sadiq Abu Haif, analyzing Art. 8 of the Covenant, among other things, draws attention to the provision contained in this document on an equal approach to all Member States, regardless of the regimes of government existing there, as well as on the inadmissibility of carrying out any hostile actions against them. (Ali Sadiq Haif, op. cit., p. 684).

Note that the last requirement (not to conflict with the policy of any other Arab state) can hardly be fulfilled at all, since “politics” is a broad concept, and if we consider the policy of each individual state taken, then it, even if in general terms coincides with the policy of other states, may, of course, have differences in particulars. In addition, it must be admitted that the formula of the “Alexandrian Protocol” is expressed too abstractly. And at present, far from all the problems associated with the activities of the Arab League have been resolved. And this, first of all, concerns the issues of ensuring peace and security in the region. The Middle East and by the end of the 90s of the XX century remains one of the most explosive regions of the world. Until now, many problems associated with the consequences of the Israeli-Arab wars have not been resolved. Negotiations between the Palestinian Authority and Israel with the coming to power of a new government in Israel in 1996 do not produce tangible results. Israel refuses to comply with earlier agreements to stop the construction of Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem and the West Bank of the Jordan. Ensuring lasting peace in the region, among other measures, requires more effective action by the League of Arab States in this direction. And this can hardly be achieved without some reform of the Organization itself. The realities of the life of the Arab community at the end of the 20th century brought to the attention of the Arab League other problems requiring immediate solutions. Therefore, reforms will inevitably affect various spheres of LAS functioning (political, economic, social, etc.).

2.2.Modern problems of the functioning of the Arab League and the prospects for the development of the organization

During the last three decades, many books and articles have appeared that speak of the failure of the national Arab movement and the failure of its concept. Also, many began to declare that the Arabs are talkers by nature: they talk a lot, but do little. Some went even further and began to deny the existence of the Arab nation and the common interests and views of the member countries of the League of Arab States and their peoples.

Did the events of 2006 confirm the correctness of all this, or did they provide evidence that the Arab world is not a stranger to integration processes, is able to rally its peoples to give a worthy response to internal and external challenges, and find people who can revive the hidden potential? Looking at the review of events in the Arab world in 2006, especially in Palestine, Lebanon and Iraq, and the regional and international factors that influenced them, we find answers to the questions posed.

In Palestine, occupied from the Jordan River to the sea coast, many events have taken place that are significant in themselves and in the light of the response to them. First, the elections, where the Hamas Movement won and won the majority of seats in the Legislative Council, which observers regarded as support for the course of resistance and the failure of Fatah's undivided rule in autonomy. And this frightened the countries mediating the Middle East settlement under the leadership of the United States. Then the blockade, which starved the people of the West Bank and Gaza, punished for their democratic choice, and which was supposed to force Hamas to recognize "Israel" and the Oslo Accords. But the blockade and starvation to which the Zionists and the United States condemned the Palestinians did not achieve their goal. At the same time, the operation to “dispel myths” and the capture of an “Israeli” militant in a military camp in order to exchange him for Palestinian prisoners is considered a qualitative change in the activities of the Resistance, which increased the psychological consequences of the defeat of the “Israeli” army in its aggression against Lebanon.

And the Jewish attack on the women in Beit Hanoun, who surrounded the Resistance fighters for protection, confirmed that the military mechanism used by the Zionists had lost its strength, capable of holding back a staunch fighting people. The political dispute over the formation of a government of national unity ran into a contradiction in the vision of the goals and foundations of the future government on the part of M. Abbas and supporters of the Oslo agreements, on the one hand, and Hamas and his followers, on the other. There are still rumors about repeated (“early”) elections to the Legislative Council and the revitalization of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In Palestine, occupied in 1948, Arab citizens responded to calls for the Judaization of Jalil and Nakab by demanding the return of approximately 300,000 Palestinians to their native villages - and this is an indicator of the qualitative development of the capabilities and forces of the fighters for their rights under the yoke of the chauvinist Zionist occupation.

In Lebanon, however, the strategic and historic victory of the Resistance debunked the illusions of Zionist superiority, especially the myth of the invincible Jewish army, with which it had so far terrified the Arab regimes. The "free national movement" formed with Hezbollah a front of opposition forces from various religious communities, adhering to a course of resistance, striving to defend Lebanon's sovereignty and independence, and maintain positive relations with Syria. Opposition leaders have adopted democratic methods of fighting against the parliamentary majority, which is supported by the international community, led and directed by the United States.

The modern struggle in Lebanon is a political struggle, where the voice of the nation is heard, and not of different religious communities, the voice of the youth, who formed their group from all communities. They advocate the adoption of a modern electoral law, for the holding of new parliamentary and presidential elections to build a state with democratic laws, aimed at development, achieving social justice, counteracting the Zionist-American plans to divide the country. Much points to the success of the Iraqi Resistance, to its ability to fight the occupying forces of the United States and those who came with them on the armor of tanks. Regarding Iraq, American strategic analyst Z. Brzezinski said that just as the 1956 Suez Canal War ended the French and British empires, so this failure, already on the horizon, will end the period of American dominance in the Middle East.

In other words, the Iraqi resistance is called upon to achieve for its people and for its nation a historic achievement, equal in its consequences to the shock of 1956, which hastened the end of the old colonial system in the countries of the third world. And if the execution of Saddam Hussein was intended to spread division among religious movements in occupied Iraq, then the challenge facing the Resistance is to strengthen national unity, which will allow patriotic forces to assert their self-identification as Iraqis on the one hand, and Arabs on the other. The achievements of the Resistance in all three countries were influenced by the "Arab street", the common people. Thus, from the resonance that the events caused in countries from the Gulf to the ocean, it is noticeable that the attempt to cause a religious split between Sunnis and Shiites, which is now being incited by forces at the international and regional levels, did not find a response from the people. The angry reaction to the political execution of President Saddam Hussein on the morning of the Feast of the Sacrifice, which was a clear provocation against the Muslim community, also shows categorical opposition to the Zionist-American alliance. It should also be noted that a national movement has developed, which requires reforms, transformations and the right to participate in decision-making at various levels. In the light of the foregoing, it can be stated that the civilizational component of the Arab nation is still active, and that the will of the Arab peoples to resist and oppose the American invasion and Zionist revelry cannot be broken, but, on the contrary, it can achieve strategic and historical achievements.

The results achieved in 2006 strengthen the capabilities of the forces of resistance and confrontation, consolidate them to fulfill a historical role: to move along the path of nation building and improvement in order to overcome the existing fragmentation, backwardness and dependence and fail the project of Zionist-American hegemony. The Arab nation is able to cope with the crisis situation. It has again made its historical contribution to human civilization, which justifies optimism and confidence in today and tomorrow, even if the challenges increase.

The head of the Independent Palestine faction, Mustafa Barghouti, who participated in the development of the political program of the future government, said: “The Prime Minister really handed us the final draft of the political program of the cabinet,” adding that the faction will familiarize itself with the draft and submit its comments, and then the program will be approved. Barghouti said that the program contains several key points, namely: the direction of the government's work, the point concerning the internal situation in Palestine, in particular the security of citizens and territories, an economic plan and a reform project. Barghouti, who was nominated to be Minister of Information in the future government, said: "All events indicate that a government of national unity will soon be established." The Palestinian Information Center received a copy of the program of the national unity government, the formation of which should be announced on March 15, and on March 17 the Legislative Assembly should approve its composition. The text of the government's program follows. For almost 60 years, the Palestinian people lived under the yoke of persecution and bans, and experienced various sufferings and torments because of the occupation. All this time, our people fought, resisted, endured and persevered, losing thousands of people killed, wounded and captured along the way, and showed an example of sacrifice, dedication and loyalty to their rights and principles. Having gone through different historical stages, our people came to the government of national unity (the eleventh government).

The government of national unity came into being as a result of the tremendous efforts of the stubborn and dedicated children of the fatherland, who worked day and night to come to an agreed vision and common denominator and unite all Palestinians. This government was the result of a positive attitude and mutual trust, which led to the solution of many problems in various fields. This was one of the most important results of the agreements signed in Venerable Mecca under the patronage of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, King Abdullah Ben Abdelaziz. The creation of a government of national unity crowned the chain of inter-Palestinian negotiations, an important role in organizing which was played by the Arab Republic of Egypt and Syria, with the help of a number of fraternal Arab countries and Arab and Muslim organizations.

The modern functioning of the LAS is based in the following areas:

First. Political Issues: The government reaffirms that security and stability in the region depend on ending the Zionist occupation of the Palestinian territories, recognizing the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination. The Government will work with the international community to end the occupation and restore the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people until we create a strong and lasting foundation for peace, security and prosperity for the entire region.
The Arab League undertakes to protect and develop the supreme national interests of the Palestinian people, their rights and achievements, and to work towards the realization of their aspirations, as approved in the decisions of the national parliament, the articles of the basic law, the Charter of National Unity and the resolutions of the all-Arab summits. The government respects international law and agreements signed by the PLO.

The Arab League does not recognize the so-called temporal state, because this idea is based on the disregard for the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people. The commitment to the right of Palestinian refugees to return to their homeland and return their property is reaffirmed. Every effort will be made to free the Palestinian prisoners from the Zionist dungeons. The actions of the occupiers aimed at killing, arresting Palestinians and invading territories will be met with resistance. The government will pay special attention to Jerusalem in order to counter the Zionist policy of land usurpation, expulsion of the people and trampling of holy places. Relations with the Arab and Islamic states will be strengthened, relations and cooperation with the countries of the region and the whole world will be developed on the basis of mutual respect.

Second. Relations with the Occupation: The Arab League reaffirms that peace and stability in the region depend on ending the Zionist occupation of Palestinian territories in any form, demolishing the racist fence, eliminating settlements, ending the Judaization of Jerusalem and the takeover policy, and restoring all rights to the Palestinians. The Arab League confirms that resistance is a legitimate right of the Palestinians, which is guaranteed by all international norms and conventions. Our people have the right to defend themselves against any manifestation of Zionist aggression. The Arab League believes that the end of resistance depends on the end of the occupation, the realization of freedom, return and independence.
3- At the same time, the government, relying on the national agreement, will work to consolidate and expand the truce in order to make it complete, mutual and simultaneous. In return, the Zionist entity must stop killings, arrests, incursions, demolition of houses, damage to plantations, stop excavations in Jerusalem, open checkpoints, allow free movement and release prisoners. The Arab League approves the provision of the Charter of National Unity that negotiations are within the competence of the Palestine Liberation Organization and the head of the Palestinian National Authority. Negotiations must be based on a commitment to the national aspirations of the Palestinian people, and any fateful decision must be approved by a new Palestinian parliament or a legally held general referendum involving Palestinians both inside and outside Palestine. The Arab League will support efforts to resolve the problem of the captured Zionist soldier and encourage all parties who can help resolve this issue through a prisoner exchange deal.

Third. Ensuring Security: The Arab League is aware of the complexity of the internal security situation and considers resolving this situation one of the priorities in the next phase. To achieve this goal, the government adopts the following provisions to establish a supreme council for national security, which will be the decision-making center for all security services, organizing their work and determining their policies. A request to the Legislative Council to pass a law regulating the establishment of this council. Structure the security services, build them on a professional basis, provide for their needs, reduce their party affiliation, distance them from the political struggle and strengthen their loyalty to the motherland. The security services must comply with the decisions of their political leadership, whatever they may be, and their employees must be true to their duties. Work to revitalize laws on security services passed by Legislative Assembly. Develop a universal program to end anarchy and abuse of power and protect life, property, public and private property, disarmament and ensure the safety of citizens. Make efforts to strengthen the rule of law to rid the citizens of injustice and oblige the police to perform their duties in the best possible way.

The Arab League undertakes to provide Palestinian citizens with a decent life and everything necessary for it, including social protection, improve infrastructure, expand health insurance facilities, improve the condition of hospitals and clinics, fight poverty and unemployment by creating new jobs, preparing development projects, social insurance and social security programs. The LAS will pay special attention to primary and higher education, will encourage scientific research and provide for their needs. The LAS will take special care of workers, rural producers and fishermen, as well as youth and women, to help them take a place in society worthy of the enormous sacrifices they have made and to involve them in decision-making and building institutions in various fields

The Arab League maintains close ties with Islamic countries, but it will make efforts to establish strong relations with other countries of the world, as well as international organizations, including the UN and the Security Council, regional international organizations, which will contribute to the reign of peace and stability throughout the planet. European Union provided significant assistance to the Palestinian people, supported their right to freedom and independence, and seriously criticized the policy of the Zionist occupation. In this regard, we are interested in a strong relationship with the EU, as we expect it to exert greater pressure on the occupying authorities in order to force them to respect the human rights prescribed in international conventions, to withdraw their troops from the occupied Palestinian territories and to stop the constant aggression against the Palestinians. The government will also develop relations with the permanent members of the UN Security Council, namely the Russian Federation and the Chinese People's Republic, as well as other countries: Japan, the countries of Africa and Asia, so that they reconsider their unjust position on the Palestinian problem and recognize the choice of the Palestinian people, which found its expression in the creation of a government of national unity. Thus, at present the most important tasks of the League are: the solution of the Palestinian problem; the liberation of the Arab territories occupied by Israel, active participation in the development of measures to ensure the security of all states in the region, regardless of their membership in the Arab League; peaceful settlement of disagreements between members of the League and elimination of the consequences of the armed conflict between Iraq and Kuwait by closing old pages and opening new ones; assistance in eliminating the aggravation of the crisis in the Persian Gulf. There is a need for a clear designation in the relevant documents of the League of the relationship between the LAS Organization itself and the specialized organizations included in its system, with the adjustment of these ties towards strengthening the control of the LAS over the activities of these organizations, which will mean a change in the relationship between the principles of coordination and subordination in favor of the latter.

Conclusion

Based on the analysis of special literature, we consider it appropriate to draw a number of conclusions:

The League of Arab States (LAS) is one of the oldest regional organizations of general competence with an emphasis on ensuring the collective security of its member countries. The League of Arab States was created in 1945. The need to create the Arab League was due to a number of reasons. The first of them is that the people of the Arab states have much in common: language, geographical region, traditions, religion, psychological make-up, cultural and spiritual values. Secondly, the desire of the peoples of the Arab countries for unity.

At the moment, Arab society does not exist as a single state. Each Arab country has its own characteristics. They relate to historical originality, the specifics of origin, ethnic identity, differences in economic development, differences in the forms of government and features of the state and social structure, the degree of influence of European civilization.

The League of Arab States, being a regional interstate organization of general competence, has absorbed all the main features of such entities:

a) the contractual basis of creation (comprehensive constituent act or set of documents),

b) the presence of permanent structures,

c) own will of organizations).

One of them is that membership in the League is limited to the participation of exclusively Arab states, and the main idea that permeates all the activities of the League is to ensure Arab unity (due to this, the Arab League’s desire to cover all Arab states with membership and fixing in the Pact the norm on possible participation in the activities of the Organization and those Arab countries that have not yet achieved independence).

The content of real events in the Arab world is characterized by a constant struggle between supporters and opponents of such unity.
- The League of Arab States needs reforms, including the introduction of appropriate amendments to the founding act, and, possibly, its revision (the development of a new project, regardless of which option is adopted, should, according to the author, begin immediately).

The mechanism of the Arab League for maintaining peace and security in the region especially needs to be improved.

At present, the most important tasks of the League are: the solution of the Palestinian problem; liberation of the Arab territories occupied by Israel, active participation in the development of measures to ensure
the security of all states in the region, regardless of their membership in the Arab League; peaceful settlement of disagreements between members of the League and elimination of the consequences of the armed conflict between Iraq and Kuwait by closing old pages and opening new ones; assistance in eliminating the aggravation of the crisis in the Persian Gulf.

There is a need for a clear designation in the relevant documents of the League of the relationship between the LAS Organization itself and the specialized organizations included in its system, with the adjustment of these ties towards strengthening the control of the LAS over the activities of these organizations, which will mean a change in the relationship between the principles of coordination and subordination in favor of the latter.

A legal mechanism must be developed to ensure greater influence of the League on the activities of Arab organizations that are not members of the Arab League, which can be achieved through coordination of the activities of these organizations by the League of Arab States.

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Ibid., p. 69

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Ibid., p. 297

Ali Sadiq Abu Haif. International public law. Alexandria. 2003, p. 238.

Ibid., p. 331

Moscow magazine international law. 2006. No. 1, p. 15

Moscow Journal of International Law. 2007. No. 1, p. 5

Moscow Journal of International Law. 2007. No. 1, p. 9

Moscow Journal of International Law. 2007. No. 1, p. 14

Over the past half century, such powerful financial and economic centers as North America, Western Europe and Japan have been formed. Significant consolidating processes are now taking place in several other places on the planet - the countries of the Asia-Pacific Region (APR), where the role of new industrial countries (NICs), China and Australia is growing. Next - South America, the so-called "ABC" system (Argentina, Brazil, Chile). On the Asian continent, it is necessary to highlight two points in particular - India and the Persian Gulf zone. An important condition for the successful implementation of the existing potential of Ukraine is a multilateral orientation both to the countries of Western Europe, North America and the Asia-Pacific region, and to the countries of the Middle East region.

A striking example of an intergovernmental organization representing this region is the League of Arab States.

2.1.1. The history of the creation of the LAS

At the end of the 20th century, the Arab League celebrated its 55th anniversary, which marked the importance of the regional Arab system and showed its unique character.

In fact, the League went through several stages of its development and "survived" several attempts at reorganization, which proved the desire to modernize the Arab regional system itself.

Despite the fact that the call for Arab unity was made long ago, the idea of ​​creating an Arab organization that would unite all Arab countries has not yet crystallized as it did after

Second World War. The Arab world itself "laid the first stone" of its historical development:

Firstly, the atmosphere of the war was favorable for the activation of opposition movements in the mandated Arab countries. Then there was a need to establish a certain balance between the various political forces of the Arab countries, among which Egypt played an active role;

- "The need for unification was due to the danger of the Zionist movement, the mass emigration of the Jewish population to Palestinian lands, and plans to create the State of Israel";

There was a significant amount of trade and labor exchange between the Arab countries that could provide the material, spiritual and cultural basis for future unification.

It can be considered that the Arab League takes its beginnings from the signing of the treaty "On friendship and alliance" between Saudi Arabia and Iraq on April 2, 1936. The preamble to the treaty states: "Both high contracting parties will work towards the unification of the Islamic and Arab cultures, as well as the military organizations of their countries through the exchange of scientific and military missions." This treaty was open for signature to other Arab countries. On April 29, 1937, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen joined it.

The next step towards the rapprochement of the Arab countries was the signing on May 7, 1936 of the "Treaty of Friendship" between Egypt and Saudi Arabia, which established diplomatic relations between the two countries for the first time.

The beginning of the second phase of the formation of the Arab Union is associated with the speech of the British Foreign Secretary in the House of Commons on May 29, 1941. In his speech, he expressed support for the Arab countries in creating an organization that would unite their interests. A year later, the Egyptian Prime Minister Mustafa Nahaspasha took the initiative to create an Arab association. "His Majesty has invited the Syrian Prime Minister Jamil Miridin and the President of the Lebanese National Pact to visit Cairo for trilateral talks entitled "Establishment of an Arab League to enhance cooperation between Arab countries."

This was the first discussion of the idea of ​​an Arab League. Since then, a series of bilateral talks have taken place between Egypt on one side and representatives from Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Yemen on the other. The negotiations resulted in two main projects for Arab education:

The future association could be called "Sub-regional association" under the tutelage of "Greater Syria";

The second project was of the general nature of the unification, which covered all the independent Arab countries.

From August 25 to October 7, 1944, the preparatory commission held a meeting between representatives of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt and Yemen. And it was then that the commission decided to call the future association the "League of Arab States."

2.1.1.1. Protocol of Alexandria

As a result of negotiations between the Arab countries at the preparatory conference, held from August 25 to October 7, 1944 in the Antonyades castle in Alexandria (Egypt) under the chairmanship of Nahaspashi, the Egyptian, Syrian, Jordanian, Iraqi and Lebanese delegations signed the Protocol of Alexandria. His points are:

Creation of the Arab League, which would include all independent Arab states. Time should be created Council of the League, which would be represented by all member states on equal terms (art. I).

The Council of the Arab League should monitor the observance of previously concluded agreements between member countries, lead periodic meetings, help strengthen ties between member countries, coordinate their political actions, protect their independence and sovereignty against any aggression and any political methods (Art. I).

Resolutions adopted by the Council of the League are binding on the member countries that have adopted. If two member countries apply to the Council for help in resolving a conflict between them, then the resolution approved by the Council will be binding only on these two member countries (Article I).

It is not permitted to use force as a means of resolving a conflict (art. I).

Recognition of the sovereignty and independence of all member countries of the Arab League, respect for their territorial integrity (Article I).

For close cooperation with economic, cultural, national social, as well as communication and health issues, standing committees should be established. Two resolutions have been added to the protocol:

Countries pledge to respect the borders, sovereignty and independence of Lebanon.

The member countries affirmed the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, expressed the desire that the UK stick to its obligations and contribute to an end to Jewish immigration and the sale of land to Jews. They proposed the creation of a "National Arab Fund" for the purchase of land in Palestine.

The final part of the protocol emphasizes the need to create a transitional committee to prepare an action plan for the Council of the League and discuss all political issues that would contribute to the speedy signing of an agreement between the Arab countries on the creation of the Arab League.

The Protocol of Alexandria was signed on October 7, 1944 by the heads of delegations participating in the work of the preparatory commission, with the exception of Saudi Arabia and Yemen, who subsequently acceded to it, according to January 3, 1944 and February 5, 1945.

2.1.1.2. Arab League treaty

The Protocol of Alexandria was a fundamental document, since the Charter of the Arab League was created on its basis, which was prepared by: The Political Committee, the creation of which was supposed in the Alexandria Protocol, the Representatives of the countries, signed the Alexandria Protocol.

The representative of Palestine, who was present as an observer.

After 16 meetings held from February 17 to March 3, 1945, representatives of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Yemen, Iraq, Jordan and Saudi Arabia, headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Egypt in Cairo in Al-Zaafaram Palace, signed the Charter of the Arab League. A representative of Palestine was also present at its ratification. The representatives of Yemen did not immediately sign the charter of the Arab League, they did so only on May 10, 1945.

As independence gained, other states joined the Arab League: Libya (1953), Sudan (1956), Morocco and Tunisia (1958), Kuwait (1961), Algeria (1962), South Yemen (1967), later united with Yemen, Bahrain , Qatar, Oman and United Arab Emirates (1971), Mauritania (1973), Somalia (1974), Djiboutti (1977), Comoros (1993). In 1976, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) joined the Arab League.

As a result, out of the seven founding countries, the number of Arab League member states has grown to twenty-two. The official date for celebrating the anniversary of the signing of the Charter of the Arab League is the day the League was founded, namely March 22.

The Charter of the League consists of a preamble, 20 articles and 3 appendices. The purpose of the creation of the Arab League is "to ensure closer ties between the Arab states based on respect for the sovereignty and independence of these countries, directing efforts to achieve common purpose, realizing the common will and justifying the expectations of the peoples of the Arab countries for a prosperous future."

The preamble, in addition to the goal, indicates that Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Yemen, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Jordan adopted and approved the Charter of the Arab League, which should consolidate and develop inter-Arab ties in an atmosphere of respect for the independence and sovereignty of member countries.

The charter contains a mechanism for the admission of states to the League and their withdrawal from the membership of the organization, the process of voting and decision-making, the structure of the LAS bodies and their functions.

Thus, article I states that "any independent state that is ready to fulfill all the obligations that are written in the charter can become a member of the League."

Articles II and IV speak of the need to establish close cooperation between the member states of the League in various fields. To this end, it is necessary to create appropriate committees. It is also indicated that third Arab League states may have their representatives in these committees.

Articles II and IV emphasize the need to coordinate the policies of Member States in order to protect their independence and sovereignty.

Articles III, V, VI and VII refer to representation in the Council of the League (the highest body of the Arab League), the decision-making process and voting in it, its functions and tasks, competence and mechanism for resolving conflicts.

The headquarters of the organization and the location are regulated by Article X. It states that "the headquarters of the Arab League is located in Cairo and, if necessary, this place can be changed".

Article XI records the time and number of ordinary and extraordinary sessions of the Council of the League: "Sessions are held twice a year - in March and September. If necessary and at the request of member states, extraordinary sessions may be held".

Articles XII and XIII are devoted to the General Secretariat of the Arab League, namely its structure, tasks and functions (in particular, Articles XVII and XX deal with its depository function).

The mechanism for terminating membership and withdrawing from the League is referred to in Article XVIII. It states that "a member state that wishes to leave the League must notify the Council of the League of its intention one year before its withdrawal." Articles XIX and XX regulate the process of ratification of the Constituent Treaty, and also indicate the obligation to comply with it.

In addition to the preamble and twenty articles, the charter has three more appendices. The first of these concerns the Palestinian question. The Council of the Arab League has the right to choose a representative of Palestine, who must act on behalf of Palestine within the framework of the activities of the League until Palestine gains independence.

The second annex refers to the cooperation of the Arab League with third states. In the third - on the appointment of Abdul Rahman Azzam (Egypt) as the first General Secretary of the League for a period of two years.

The charter of the Arab League itself has several features that can be distinguished as follows:

The Charter of the League was a kind of instrument for harmonizing regional and national interests, which influenced the League itself, as it gave it the image of a structure based on cooperation between the member states of an organization based on equality and mutual respect. This was reflected in its status as an intergovernmental organization.

The charter materialized the political consent of the member states. The Arab League was created not as a result of the growth of the dominance of a certain regional force, imposing its will on other countries, but as a result of a balance of various political forces.

The principles of sovereignty and equality have become basic in voting and the peaceful resolution of conflicts.

2.1.2. Purpose of activities and organizational structure of the LAS

2.1.2.1. The purpose of the creation and function of the LAS

For the first time, the purpose of the League was officially enshrined in the preamble of the Protocol of Alexandria and formulated as follows: "strengthening and consolidating close ties between all Arab countries, directing them towards the unification of the Arab world, improving conditions for the future and realizing the hopes and wishes of the peoples of the Arab countries."

The purpose of the League was "to promote close relations and the development of broad ties between the Arab countries; directing all efforts towards ensuring the welfare and prosperity of all Arab countries; expressing their joint freedom; realizing their goals and desires, representing the interests of the Arab countries in the international arena; coordinating actions member states to protect national security, ensure their independence and sovereignty." So it is written in the preamble of the Charter of the Arab League.

The Protocol of Alexandria and the Charter of the League also define its tasks and functions:

Control over the observance of agreements concluded by the Arab League member states.

Holding periodic meetings that would strengthen relations between member countries.

Coordinating their political plans to ensure their cooperation.

Protecting the interests of member countries.

Coordination of relations between member states on regional and international issues.

Mediation in disputes and conflicts between member countries.

Solutions contentious issues in peaceful way.

Promoting close political, cultural, economic and other ties between Member States.

Representing the interests of Arab countries in other international organizations.

2.1.2.2. Organizational structure of the LAS

To ensure the effective implementation and implementation of certain tasks and functions in the LAS, three main bodies were created, which are the Council of the League, the Standing Committees and the General Secretariat. All of them ensure the implementation of the Collective Security Agreement, which was ratified in 1950. In addition to the main organs, the League created specialized agencies with the aim of unifying economic and social policies, so as to separate itself from the political influence of the member states. Within the League system, there are government councils for health, tourism, etc.

2.1.2.2.1. League Council

According to the charter, the Council is supreme body within the league structure. The constituent agreement determines its composition, competence, decision-making process and voting process. Representatives of other LAS bodies may be present at the work of the Council of the League.

Article III of the Charter of the Arab League states that "The League will be a Council, which will consist of representatives of all member countries." Representatives may be Ministers of Foreign Affairs or their representatives. Each member country can independently determine the level of its representation, which in no way can change the very nature of the organization.

The Council meets twice a year - in March and October. its headquarters is in Cairo (Egypt), but meetings of the Council may be held in other places determined the day before (Article II). Extraordinary sessions of the Council are convened as needed or at the request of two member countries (Article XI). At each ordinary session, the delegates must elect, by rotation, the President of the Council (Art. XV). In the event of aggression by one country against another member country, the country that is in danger. If aggression immediate holding an extraordinary meeting of the Council. If the aggression is committed by a member of the Arab League, its vote will not be taken into account in the voting (Article VI).

Each member country has only one vote regardless of the number of representatives. Decisions of the Council, taken unanimously, are binding on all member countries of the League, and those adopted by a majority are binding only on those member countries that voted for them. Mediation or arbitration decisions must be taken by majority.

If any of the member countries wants to withdraw from the League, it must notify the Rada of its decision one year in advance (Art. XVIII).

If the Council considers that any member country is not fulfilling the obligations specified in the founding agreement, the Council may terminate its membership in the League by unanimous vote, not counting that country.

According to paragraph III of the Charter of the Arab League, the Council of the League must implement its goals and objectives, monitor the implementation of the agreements and agreements concluded. It should determine the ways of cooperation with other international organizations in the field of ensuring peace and security, as well as in the economic and social fields.

So, the main functions of the Council of the League can be called:

Monitoring the implementation of agreements signed by member countries in various industries.

Peaceful settlement of conflicts through mediation and arbitration.

Necessary measures to prevent aggression by a member state.

Admission of a country to the organization and termination of its membership.

Identification of ways of cooperation with other international organizations for ensuring peace and security.

Definition of the internal organization of the Council, committees and the General Secretariat.

Confirmation for the position of General Secretary of the League. Determining and approving the contributions of each member country to the budget of the Arab League (art. XIII).

Approval of the Arab League budget (Art. XVI).

Announcement of the end of sessions.

The Council of the League must intervene in a conflict that may lead to war between member countries or between a member country and a third state in order to prevent or stop it (Article V).

2.1. 2.2.2. standing committees

The 1950 Collective Security Treaty provides for the establishment of standing committees (there are ten of them) that meet at least once a year. Article IV of the Arab League statute refers to the creation of committees, the number of which depends on the number of forms of cooperation between the member countries of the League, and the activities of the committees should "keep pace" with the development of inter-Arab relations. An example is the political committee that emerged as a result of long practice.

According to Article II "for closer cooperation between the member countries of the League" LAD creates special committees on:

Economic and financial, which includes the sphere of trade, consumption, finance, agriculture;

Food in the sphere of communication: railways, roads, air travel, navigation, post, telegraph;

The issue of nationality, issuance of passports and visas, ways of extradition;

social issues;

environmental issues;

All participating countries must be represented in each committee, because such committees create the basis for cooperation between states through the conclusion of agreements. "Other Arab countries may also become members of the committees. The Council of the League shall determine the circumstances under which their accession may be possible" (art. IV). Representatives of the committees may be present at the work of the Council, but provided only one representative.

The Council of the League shall appoint the chairman of each committee for a renewable term of two years.

At committee meetings, decisions are taken by majority vote. A committee meeting is not legitimate unless it is attended by a minority of representatives.

Standing committees may form sub-committees dealing with more specialized matters.

2.1.2.2.3. General Secretariat

Article XII of the founding treaty of the Arab League refers to the creation of such a permanent body as the General Secretariat of the League, which is both administrative and executive.

The General Secretariat consists of the Secretary General, Assistant Secretaries and certain employees. The General Secretary must be appointed by the Council of the League and must be voted for by 2/3 of the member countries of the League. The head of the Secretariat is elected for a five-year term. Assistants to the Secretary General and chief officers are appointed by the Secretary General with the approval of the Council of the League, which also determines the organizations for the structure of the General Secretariat.

The Secretary General has the rank of Ambassador.

The appointment of the first General Secretary of the League is stated in the appendix to the Charter of the Arab League, which states that the countries that signed this agreement agreed to appoint Abdul Rahman Azzam as the first Secretary General of the League for a two-year term.

The Charter of the Arab League defines the following functions and tasks of the General Secretariat:

Administrative and technical responsibility:

Compliance with and implementation of resolutions adopted by the Council and committees of the League;

Convening sessions of the Council;

Appointment of their dates;

Organization of the work of the Secretariat;

Preparation of the Arab League budget,

Submission of the budget for approval to the Council of the League before the start of the new financial year (Art. XIII)

Keeping the Charter of the Arab League,

Storage of copies of treaties and agreements signed between member countries of the League or member countries and third states.

Political rights and obligations:

The right to attend Board meetings;

The right to participate in the discussion of issues of the Council of the League;

The right, orally or in writing, to submit reports or data relating to the subject matter of the Council;

The right to draw the attention of the Council or individual member countries of the Arab League to problems that the Secretary General considers important for decision;

The right to represent the LAS in other international organizations:

The right to speak on behalf of the LAS,

Informing the public about the activities of the League.

The General Secretariat has, among others, the Israel Boycott Bureau (center in Damascus, Syria), the Arab Narcotics Bureau and the Arab Criminal Police Bureau.

The Arab League has created the following institutions and organizations:

Arab Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ALECSO), established in 1964; headquarters in Tunisia;

Arab Labor Organization (ALO), established in 1965;

Arab Agricultural Development Organization

(AOAD), established in 1970; headquarters in Sudan;

Arab Organization for Administrative Development (AOAD), established in 1961; headquarters in Egypt;

Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAREC), established in 1968; headquarters in Kuwait;

Arab Economic Unity Council (AEUC), established in 1964; headquarters in Egypt;

Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD), established in 1968; headquarters in Kuwait;

Arab bank economic development Africa (BADEA), established in 1973; headquarters in Sudan;

Arab Atomic Energy Agency (AAEA), established in 1982; headquarters in Tunisia;

Arab Organization for Industrial Development and Mining, established in 1990; headquarters in Morocco;

Arab Monetary Fund, founded in 1975; headquarters in the United Arab Emirates.

The Arab Organization for Standardization of Meteorology, the Arab Academy of Maritime Transport, the Arab Union of Telecommunications, the Arab Institute of Petroleum, and the Arab Management Organization were also established.

The Arab League provides financial assistance to these controlled institutions and organizations. The League has a Council for Economic Affairs, which includes the ministers of economy or their representatives. They discuss and coordinate the economic and social policies of the participating countries.

2.1.3. Activities of the League of Arab States

2.1.3.1. The activities of the League in the economic, administrative and other fields

2.1.3.1.1. Strategic and economic aspects of the activities of the LAS

The agreement on collective security and economic cooperation signed on April 13, 1950, linked the economic and strategic aspects of the activities of the Arab League. In fact, it showed the understanding by the signatories of the agreement of the importance of a joint defensive and economic policy.

Article VI of this agreement provides for the formation of a joint defense council that decides by a 2/3 majority vote, the decision of which must be binding on all member states of the Arab League. This agreement obliges all countries to join the League "in the event of an attack on one or more of them, automatically take, individually or collectively, the necessary measures, including the use of armed force against the aggressor, in order to restore peace and security."

The Arab countries were prompted to sign such an agreement by France's aggression against Syria and Lebanon in 1945 and the lack of a mechanism to obtain such aggression.

After the establishment of the Jewish state in 1948, the need arose for Arab unification to counteract the "Israeli danger." "Subsequently, in the same 1948, Syria came up with a proposal to conclude an agreement on a military and political alliance between the member states of the League. This agreement was ratified by the member countries of the Arab League in 1950."

Subsequently, the Joint Defense Treaty was also ratified, which resulted in the creation of four bodies to ensure "collective security". They are:

Council for Joint Defense, which consists of the ministers of foreign affairs and defense of the countries participating in the treaty or their representatives.

Military Committee, the purpose of which is to coordinate joint defensive actions, which includes representatives of the general staffs of the armies of the participating countries.

The Military Advisory Council consists of the heads of the general staffs of the participating countries' armies. The Council is headed by the country that has the largest armed forces. This state leads this body until such time as the Council of the League chooses another country. The purpose of this body is to oversee the work of the Joint Military Committee.

The Joint Defense Treaty also has an economic side, which refers to the strengthening and development of economic cooperation between the Arab states.

"In 1953, a resolution was adopted that indicated, as necessary, the simplification and development of Arab commercial exchange. The next step was the adoption in 1964 of a resolution establishing a Joint Arab Market."

In 1980, at the summit in Oman, the principle of national planning was approved with the aim of developing the Common Arab Policy. A resolution on the strategy of the Joint Arab Economic Policy was also adopted. An agreement was adopted on a joint development plan, on the national economic policies of the member states, and an agreement on the pooling of investments.

In 1966, a meeting was held in Cairo, at which a resolution was adopted to force the Economic and Social Council to accelerate the creation of a free economic zone in the territory of the Arab states, according to the annual program, should operate from January 1, 1998.

The November 2001 summit in Oman, called the "Economic Summit", was the first periodic summit held under a resolution adopted at the 2000 Cairo summit. This resolution adopted the Egyptian initiative to hold the First Arab Economic Conference in November 2001 under the theme "Support for Arab Economic Activities and Cooperation".

The next, 73rd meeting of the Economic and Social Council at the ministerial level worked from 18 to 19 February 2004 in Morocco. It was attended by the ministers of finance and economy of the Arab League member countries, the organization of joint Arab actions and other relevant bodies. This meeting was preceded by the active work of various committees, in particular the committee for the preparation of the implementation of the decision to create a free trade zone. Back in September, the trade negotiating committee held a meeting at which the report of the Secretary General on the establishment of a free trade area between thirteen member countries of the Arab League, now there are eighteen of them, was considered. They signed an agreement on the intensification of the exchange of goods, which meant a gradual reduction in customs duties on goods of Arab origin to 80%, and in 2005 such charges should be eliminated altogether.

2.1.3.1.2. Legal aspects of the activities of the Arab League

The "Arab Court of Justice" project is truly an expression of the Arab League's efforts to carry out its activities on a legal basis. The creation of such an institution in the League's system is of vital importance. The Court should be responsible for resolving conflicts between member countries and issues that could lead to conflicts.

In this context, the Alexandria summit in 1964 adopted a resolution that called for the creation of such a court. And 16 years later, in 1980, the Council of the League decided to create a committee that would form the main judicial principles of the League. This committee completed its work in 1982, after which, in accordance with the resolution of the 1982 Summit, another committee was established. At the same time, a draft was prepared, which was submitted for consideration to the Council of its but established legal committee. "The committee developed a plan for the following main points:

The Court shall be composed of seven judges elected for a three-year term. Every three years, three of the seven judges must be re-elected by lot.

The court is responsible for settling conflicts if asked to do so by "interested" parties.

The activities of the Court must be within the limits of the Charter of the Arab League and the norms of international law.

For this plan to be implemented, its points must be approved by the member countries of the League.

It is worth mentioning another project proposed by the government of Tunisia at the 104th session of the Council of the League, which lasted from 20 to 21 September 1995. This plan was already approved by the countries of Nagrebu (northeast Africa). And on September 21, 1995, the Council of the League also adopted this project, which authorized the creation of a special committee. The provisions of this plan are as follows:

Establish a Central Authority responsible for conflict prevention.

It will include the Secretary General and five representatives of the participating countries.

The Chairman is the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the country presiding over the ordinary session of the Council of the League.

Cooperation of the Inspectorate with the Information Bank, the Early Observation System and the Arab League Peace Foundation.

These institutions undertake to quickly intervene in relations between member countries if they may lead to conflict. The next step is the search for peaceful ways to resolve the conflict. In the event that it is impossible to resolve the conflict on its own, this body can cooperate with the UN.

In carrying out its functions, the Central Organ is obliged to comply with the Charter of the Arab League of the Collective Security Agreement, the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law.

2.1.3.1.3. Administrative aspects of the activities of the Arab League

The administrative activity of the League is based on the development of the institution of the General Secretariat. It should be said that its structural and institutional activities are connected with the introduction of amendments to the Statute of the Arab League. The creation of an administrative apparatus was one of the important items to be considered on the agenda of the Arab summits. For example, the 1974 Rabat summit set up a quadripartite committee to study the ways of the League's development. The results of its activities should be presented at the "Eighth Arab Summit".

At the summit in Tunis in 1979, a proposal was considered to restructure the League in order to effectively fulfill its tasks and functions. And "the final communiqué of the 1989 Dar al-Badi summit stressed the vital need to develop the structural and administrative organization of LAD." The 2001 Oman Summit committed Secretary General Amre Moussa "to take all necessary measures for the effective operation of the Secretariat". It was also proposed to create the appropriate structures necessary for reforming the financial and administrative state of the General Secretariat of the League. But there was not even an elephant about the development of the Secretariat itself as an organ of the Arab League, in which exactly the Secretary General should be an instrument for revitalizing its activities.

It is important that the main steps towards the development of the Arab League should be made with the participation of its General Secretariat.

2.1.3.2. Participation of the Arab League in the resolution of international conflicts and its results

After the signing of the charter on March 22, 1945 and the official creation of the LAS, it immediately began its activities.

The greatest problem was the British military presence in Syria and Lebanon. "This issue was decided in favor of the last two countries and became an indisputable success of the Arab League, since the British troops left the region from June, and the French - on August 31."

The LAS cared about the fate of Tripolitania. In January 1946, the League's General Secretary, Egyptian Abdul Rahman Azzam, stated that "the Arab states should oppose any division of Libya into separate zones and the establishment of guardianship over them, as well as oppose any attempts to give Libya to the Italians."

But the policy of the Arab League was not always successful. One of the important reasons for the failure of its diplomacy was a misunderstanding between the member states themselves. For example, after the war in Palestine and the creation of the State of Israel, the Arab League was on the verge of collapse. Until October 1949, not a single meeting took place. In an interview given in 1950, King Abdullah of Jordan stated: "If the League wishes to expel us, I will gladly accept this decision. The League should not be an instrument in the hands of other states, they try to use it at their own will. I will leave the League forever and I will return face abroad, strong for her ... ".

In order to consolidate the policies of the participating countries and the effective activities of the Arab League in October 1949, it decided to conclude a defensive pact between the Arab states, and on April 11, 1950, adopted its text. Article II was a real treaty of aid. The contracting parties "undertake to immediately come to the aid of that state or states that become victims of aggression, and immediately, individually or collectively, take all measures and you will use all means, even with the use of military force, or repulse the aggression." Article III provided for the convening of meetings in the event of a threat to any of the parties to the pact. Article V spoke of the formation of a Standing Military Committee and a Defense Council, which was to include the ministers of foreign affairs and national defense of all member countries. Cooperation in the field of economy and rearmament was envisaged. This pact was signed by six Arab countries. Jordan refused, Yemen and Iraq remained silent.

In this case there was no unity. The unanimity turned out to be only that "their opposition to the policy of France in North Africa, especially in Tunisia and Morocco. The Arab League supported the parties that fought for national liberation in these two countries and in Algeria". In Cairo, the "Committee for the Struggle for the Liberation of North Africa" ​​was founded, which was headed by Abd-al-Kerim

At one of the meetings of the League, in April 1950, a resolution was adopted calling on the Arab countries to support the demands of the peoples of Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco to Spain and France. In August 1950, the Arab countries decided to refer the Moroccan problem to the UN, which was rejected on December 13, 1951. The Tunisian problem was also not included in the agenda.

Having suffered a defeat in resolving this issue, the Arab League tried to rehabilitate itself in resolving other issues in the region. So, in January 1964 in Cairo, a high-level Arab conference adopted a resolution on the creation of the "Palestine Liberation Army". On May 28, 1964, the "National Palestinian Congress" met in Jerusalem. During the next high-level meeting of the Arabs in Alexandria, the PLO was accepted as a member of the Arab League.

In 1973, the Arab world entered into greater unity, there was a noticeable rapprochement between the monarchist states and republics, between moderate and revolutionary (Libya, Algeria, South Yemen). Egyptian President Anwar Sadat held moderate views, causing student resistance.

In early September, it was as if there was a "great reconciliation of the Arabs around Egypt. Sadat received the monarchs of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, President Assad from Syria and Gaddafi from Libya and King Hussein, who granted amnesty to 745 Palestinians and was able to restore broken diplomatic relations."

The next big crisis in Arab League politics arose as a result of the 1975 Lebanese civil war. The more this conflict unfolded, the greater the split between the comrades-in-arms of the various Arab countries became. “We are now at an impasse,” wrote the Egyptian newspaper Vecherne Novosti on March 16, 1976 public figure M. Heikal. - The Arab Union is no more. He fell apart. Instead, we are an Egyptian-Syrian confrontation. The two allies in the war disagreed greatly on the terms of the peace ... ".

On October 16-18, a meeting of the leaders of Saudi Arabia, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Kuwait and the PLO was held in Riyadh, where methods of stabilizing the situation in Lebanon were discussed. Lebanon's adherence to the Cairo Accord of 1969 and the resolution of the heads of Arab states were confirmed, where the URP was recognized as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.

Nevertheless, the civil war in Lebanon was extinguished, which was facilitated by the efforts of the Arab states. They sent their military forces as part of the "inter-Arab forces" to maintain peace in this country. But the League's successes were intertwined with failures, and the next blow to its reputation was the crisis of 1978 caused by the signing of the Camp David peace treaty between Egypt and Israel with the participation of the United States. This agreement was resolutely not accepted by virtually all Arab countries. "Back in December 1977, at a meeting in Tripoli, Syria, Lebanon, Algeria, the PDRY and the PLO announced the creation of a Front of Resilience and Opposition to fight against the behind-the-scenes agreements of imperialism with Zionism against Arab reaction." At a meeting of leaders of a number of Arab countries in June 1978 in Damascus, the illegality of the Camp David Treaty was declared. "US Secretary General S. Vance's trip to Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Syria to garner support for the Egyptian-Israeli agreement failed. The Camp David arrangements were disapproved of even by those Arab countries that usually sided with Washington." In November 1978, the Conference of Arab Heads of State was held in Baghdad, where the Arab countries decided to sever all ties with Egypt and suspend its membership in the Arab League, provided that Egypt signs a separate peace treaty with Israel, and happened on March 26, 1979 in Washington.

The signing of the Camp David Peace Treaty changed a lot. The largest country in the Arab world remained isolated. The Arab countries unanimously accepted Sadat's line as treacherous. By decision of the conference of foreign ministers, the headquarters of the Arab League was closed in Cairo. Protesting against this, "the Egyptian authorities tried to prevent the removal of her archives. She drank the property and funds of LAD." Thus, the treaty further inflamed the Middle East conflict, weakening the forces of the Arabs. The withdrawal of Egypt from the front of the struggle against Israeli aggression led to a split in the Arab world.

The isolation of Egypt in the Arab world caused political, economic and moral damage, which negatively affected inter-Arab relations.

The strengthening of centrifugal tendencies in the Arab sub-regional system should also be attributed to the negative consequences. Several states of approximately equal military and economic value were created: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Libya, Algeria, and Morocco. A struggle for leadership developed between them, while each of the parties actively used the Palestinian problem, trying to initiate its settlement. Thus, the Camp David process to a certain extent intensified the search for peace in the Middle East.

XIII meeting of heads of state and government of the Arab countries in Casablanca in August 1985 adopted the idea of ​​convening an international conference on the Middle East with the participation of all interested parties. In 1987, the idea of ​​holding such a conference was supported by Egypt.

In 1989, Egypt's membership in the League was restored, and two years later its headquarters was again returned to Cairo. Another contradiction arose during the Persian Gulf War (1990-1991), when the interests of the anti-Iraqi coalition (Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria and Morocco) and neutral Arab countries (Jordan, Libya) clashed.

In May 1990, a meeting of the heads of state and government of the Arab countries was held in Baghdad on the initiative of the WFP. Syria and Lebanon refused to take part in it, and Morocco, Oman and Algeria were not represented by the first persons.

Thus, in the 80s of the XX century. new trends in the development of the Arab countries were highlighted. The bloc of moderate Arab states was finally formed, integration processes intensified, new sub-regional organizations emerged (the creation in 1981 of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Persian Gulf, in February 1989 - the Council for Arab Cooperation and the Union of the Arab Maghreb).

At the present stage of development international relations The Palestinian problem does not lose its relevance. In September 2001, the Arab League began its regular session in Cairo. Speaking at the opening of the League, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak called on the Arabs to support the Palestinians, and the spiritual leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei, called for the destruction of the State of Israel.

On March 27, 2001, another Arab League summit opened in Amani, where even the leader of the Libyan revolution, Gaddafi, arrived. He arrived that the members of the League decided to demand the final lifting of sanctions on Libya. But, having come to an agreement on the Libyan issue, the Arabs sharply disagreed on the Iraqi issue. 11 countries, led by Saudi Arabia, proposed the wording "lifting sanctions against the Iraqi people," emphasizing the rejection of Saddam's regime. And Iraq and its allies tried to formulate "the lifting of sanctions on Iraq." All this influenced the solution of the main problem - the Palestinian one. The sensation of this summit was the rapprochement between the young Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and Yasser Arafat. At the end of the summit, the Arab League promised the Palestinians a six-month loan of $40 million. monthly (1 billion dollars promised the previous year did not reach their addressee).

From 27 to 28 March 2002, the Arab League summit was held in Beirut. Its result was the "Arab Peace Initiative". Even before the summit, Arab League chairman Amre Musa said that the League considers the "peace for land" plan proposed by Prince Abdullah of Saudi Arabia to be the only possible solution to the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians. The main points of the "Arab Peace Initiative" are:

Withdrawal of Israeli troops from territory occupied by Israel since 1967, including the liberation of the Golan Heights

A just solution to the issue of Palestinian refugees;

Recognition of the right of the Palestinian people to establish a sovereign and independent state of Palestine and the recognition of East Jerusalem as its capital;

The request of the summit chairman to create an ad hoc committee composed of representatives of the member countries and the Secretary General to support and implement the document.

In October 2002, the Arab League received an official memorandum from Libya, in which it announced the termination of its membership in the organization. The Libyan representative asked the LAS Secretary General Amre Moussa to start the official procedure in accordance with the organization's charter. Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi has repeatedly expressed his dissatisfaction with the activities of the LAP as well as the desire to establish close ties with the Arab countries located on the African continent behind the League.

Since March 2003, the League of Arab States, having completed its summit, in the final communiqué called on Iraq to cooperate and opposed foreign interference in the affairs of the Arab "nation". However, the matter did not fall apart. Television broadcasts of the summit resembled a competition among Arab leaders for the title of the most nationalist. Leadership was held for a long time by the Libyan Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, who accused the Arab countries of cooperating with the United States. He accused Saudi Arabia of making "an agreement with the devil" when it invited US troops in 1990 to defend its borders.

Crown Prince Abdullah and the de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia noted that his kingdom is the defender of Islam, and accused the Libyan leader of gaining power with the help of the Americans. To avoid war, the United Arab Emirates decided to propose that Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein step down from the country's leadership and go abroad. Although the Iraqi Foreign Minister accused the representative United Arab Emirates in the execution of the enemy's will, this idea was also rejected. The problem is that the Arab leaders, who do not have broad support at home, were wary of openly supporting the idea of ​​expelling Saddam. Moreover, US Secretary of State Colin Powell turned to the Arab countries on the eve of the summit with a request to accept this proposal.

The summit of leaders of the Arab countries showed that the authoritarian rulers of the region are concerned about the consequences of possible external interference, primarily for the political system of their countries. One of the Jordanian officials present at the summit said: "Any Arab leader now talks about state building,

but what really worries them is how to stay on their own feet during the Iraqi crisis."

On March 24, 2003, a regular meeting of the foreign ministers of the Arab League member countries took place in Cairo. Never before have these countries been so far from a single thought that needed to be formulated on the war in Iraq. Most Arab countries have close economic ties with the United States and, of course, support the policy of this country, the rest take a neutral position, and only Syria negatively perceived the actions of the United States in the region and demanded specific actions from the Arab League.

Since the fall of the regime of Saddam Hussein in the spring of 2003, the Arab Legislature has been limited to statements on the situation in Iraq and has not been able to really influence political events in the country and the process of its reconstruction. To change the situation, on February 21, 2004, a decision was made to open a representative office of the Arab League in Baghdad. Amre Musa, the Secretary General of the organization, has officially agreed to send a personal envoy to Iraq. But the Arab League learned about this intention of the leadership earlier. In a secret report, part of which was obtained by the editors of the Saudi newspaper Al-Yaum, it was noted that back in December 2003, a delegation of the Arab League headed by Assistant Secretary General of the League, Ahmed Ben Khali, visited Irka. As a result of the visit, a decision was made to open a permanent representation of the Arab League in Iraq.

On March 3-4, 2004, the 121st session of the Arab League Council was held, at the opening of which Secretary General Amre Mousa noted that it was a preparation for the sixteenth League summit scheduled in Tunis at the end of March. The summit should consider the most important issues of an international and regional character, and a report should be presented with proposals for reforming the structure of the Arab League.

At the session, the countries expressed their support for Iraq, which was and remains a member of the organization. Another issue to consider was how to achieve stability in the Middle East. Such stability, according to Musa, is impossible without solving the Palestinian and Iraqi issues, issues of security and disarmament. The main thing is the problem of liberating the region from weapons of mass destruction, because on January 26 the Atomic Energy Agency to check their nuclear facilities. In a published communiqué, the Israeli Nuclear Supervisory Committee, which operates within the framework of the Arab League, asked the public to influence Israel on the issue of joining the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (After all, Israel has not officially confirmed or denied information about the presence of nuclear weapons in the country, although The United States treats it as nuclear).

On March 30, 2004, the aforementioned Arab League summit in Tunisia was supposed to take place, but was unexpectedly canceled and postponed indefinitely. As the Secretary General stated, the positions of the member countries of the League are significantly different, and the ways of solving some issues of the region are even opposite. Thus, the summit has ended before it even started and will be held when the positions of the member states on at least the majority of issues coincide.

April 17, 2004 The Arab League sharply condemned the United States for its position on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The League's statement, released after the emergency meeting, said that the United States thus supports Israel's aggressive actions against the Palestinians. Recall that US President George W. Bush said the day before that part of the West Bank of the Jordan could remain under Israel's control and that Palestinian refugees should not hope for the return of the property that is now in Israel.

History has shown that in difficult situations and when solving really important issues in the region, the League is faced with a misunderstanding of its members. Significant differences in the positions and views of the politicians of the Arab League member countries negatively affect the activities and authority of the organization, raising doubts about the expediency of its existence.

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1. History of creation

Arab League (LAS)- one of the oldest regional organizations of general competence with an emphasis on ensuring the collective security of its member countries

The need to create the LAS was due to a number of reasons.

The first of them is that the people of the Arab states have much in common: language, geographical region, traditions, religion, psychological make-up, cultural and spiritual values.

Secondly, the desire of the peoples of the Arab countries for unity. At the moment, Arab society does not exist as a single state. Each Arab country has its own characteristics. They relate to historical originality, the specifics of origin, ethnic identity, differences in economic development, differences in the forms of government and features of the state and social structure, the degree of influence of European civilization.

After the Second World War, at the time of the formation of the League of Arab States, the Arab countries were divided. Related to this is the need to create a single economic and legal space, a system of collective security, and so on. The countries were weakened militarily, politically and economically and alone could not resist aggression. The League arose as a body coordinating the joint activities of states in the field of defense and economic integration. league arab membership armed

Among the foundations laid down in "Alexandria Protocolthe following:

1) Creation of the League on the basis of voluntary cooperation between states;

2) Strengthening cooperation between states in the field of economic, social, cultural and other relations;

3) non-use of force by Arab states to resolve conflict situations that may arise between them;

4) Formation of the Council of the League, whose tasks include the representation in it of the states - participants of the League on an equal basis;

5) Granting to the Council of the League general powers to resolve conflicts between member states of the League;

6) Conformity of special agreements that the member states conclude with each other or with other states, the provisions of the founding act of the League or its spirit;

7) The inadmissibility of a state - a member of the League of foreign policy that would be contrary to the policy of the League, or one of the member states.

May 7, 1936 - the signing of the "Treaty of Friendship" between Egypt and Saudi Arabia, which established diplomatic relations between the two countries for the first time.

From August 25 to October 7, 1944 - the commission decided to name the union the "League of Arab States".

from August 25 to October 7, 1944 - the Protocol of Alexandria was signed in Alexandria (Egypt).

March 22, 1945 - in Cairo signed an agreement on the creation of the LAS 7 countries: Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan (now Jordan) and Yemen.

1953 - Libya joined

1956 - Sudan (except south and center of the country)

1958 - Morocco and Tunisia

1961 - Kuwait

1962 - Algiers (1962)

1967 - South Yemen

1971 - Bahrain, Qatar, Oman and the United Arab Emirates

1973 - Mauritania

1974 - Somalia

1977 - Djibouti

1976 - Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was adopted

2. Membership

Membership in the League of Arab States can be roughly divided into initial and "co-opted".

A. Original members those states that were the founders of the organization, signed and ratified the Covenant are considered. Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Yemen have this membership.

B. "Co-opted" membership assigned to the states that became part of the League of Arab States after its establishment. The first article of the Covenant of the League reads: “Any independent Arab state has the right to join the League. In the event that it expresses such a desire, it submits a request for this, which is submitted to the permanent General Secretariat and submitted to the Council of the League at the first meeting, which is convened after the filing of the petition.

Gstatehood, expressinge desire to join the Leaguemust meet the following requirements:

1) It must be a state;

2) It must be an Arab state

3) It must be an independent state;

4) It must submit a request to the General Secretariat;

5) The Council of the League must agree to the accession of this state to the League.

However, the majority of Arab researchers hold a different opinion, believing that "consensus is necessary when the decision is related to issues of sovereignty of the member states of the League, issues of self-defense," however, a majority of votes in the Council of the Arab League is sufficient to admit new members to the League. 3

There are currently 22 member states of the League: Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Libya (entered, Sudan, Tunisia, Morocco, Kuwait, Algeria, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, UAE (1971), Mauritania, Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros, Palestine .

League goal is to secure closer relations between the member states of the League; coordinate their political actions in order to achieve close cooperation between them; ensure their independence and sovereignty and consider in general all questions affecting the Arab countries and their interests.

Tasks of LAG:

· Monitoring the observance of agreements concluded by the Arab League member states.

· Holding periodic meetings that would strengthen relations between member countries.

· Coordinating their political plans to ensure their cooperation.

· Protecting the interests of member countries.

· Coordination of relations between member states on regional and international issues.

· Mediation in disputes and conflicts between member countries.

· Settling disputes peacefully.

· Promoting close political, cultural, economic and other ties between Member States.

· Representing the interests of Arab countries in other international organizations.

The legal nature of the League in the sphere of relations with the states recognizing it and international organizations is expressed in the following powers:

-Conclusion of international agreements. This is confirmed by the text of Article 3, which gives the Council of the League the authority to determine the ways of cooperation with the newly formed international organizations in order to ensure peace and tranquility. This, in turn, indicates that the League has the right to conclude international agreements, independent of the will of its individual members.

- Diplomatic representation. The League has the right of diplomatic representation in the sphere of its competence, including temporary representations, permanent observers of the League in international organizations and permanent representations of the League in foreign states.

- International rights and obligations. The League of Arab States, in accordance with the legal norms of the activities of international organizations, like any other international organization, has the right to claim compensation for damage caused to it or its employees, and is also responsible for its actions that cause damage to other states and international organizations.

-Privileges and immunities. The League of Arab States, as an international legal entity, enjoys the privileges and immunities enjoyed by international organizations.

Organizational structure of the Arab League:

The current functioning system of the League of Arab States in accordance with the Pact of the Arab League and its supplementary documents includes the following units:

· Council of the League;

· Permanent committees;

· Joint Defense Council;

· Economic Council;

· General Secretariat;

· Specialized organizations (agencies) and institutions.

The Council is the supreme body of the League, consists of representatives of all participating states, and each state has one vote, regardless of what territory it occupies, what is its population and what is the number of its representatives.

The Council usually meets twice a year - in March and in October. It may meet in extraordinary meetings, if necessary, in accordance with the request received from the two states - members of the League.

It is established that the Council is convened for the first time at the invitation of the Chairman of the Egyptian Government, and subsequently it is convened by the Secretary General.

The presiding officers of the Council shall rotate according to the arrangement of the Member States in Arabic alphabetical order.

Council, in accordance with Art. 3 of the Covenant of the League, has full and complete competence enabling it to take all measures, decisions and recommendations necessary for the implementation of the tasks facing the League of Arab States as a whole.

League Council establish non-permanent committees at each ordinary session:

1. on political issues;

2. on economic issues;

3. on social and cultural issues;

4. on administrative and financial matters;

5. on legal issues.

The Council meets twice a year - in March and October. its headquarters is in Cairo (Egypt), but meetings of the Council may be held in other places determined the day before (Article II). Extraordinary sessions of the Council are convened as needed or at the request of two member countries

General Secretariat of the League Arab States is an administrative apparatus, includes the General Secretary, assistant secretaries and a sufficient number of staff. The General Secretary is appointed by the Council of the League by a two-thirds majority.

At present (by the beginning of 1998) the following committees operate within the League:

Political Committee (competence of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs); Committee for Culture; Committee for Transport and Communications; economic committee; social committee; legal committee; medical committee; military committee; Arab Funds Committee mass media; Committee of Arab Oil Exporters; Arab Committee for Human Rights; committee on administrative and financial matters; agriculture committee; committee on meteorology; committee on women's and maternal policy; communications committee; cooperation committee.

Modern activities:

LAG SUMMITS

24.Qatar Dohamart 2013.

25.Kuwait Kuwaitmart 2014.

March 30 in Egyptian Sharm el-Sheikh ended 26 Arab League Summit states (LAS). As a result of the negotiations, the member countries of the Arab League approved a resolution designed to outline the further foreign policy vector of development of the Arab countries.

During the summit, three key issues were considered: the situation in Yemen, the "Storm of Determination" military operation launched there and the formation of an all-Arab armed forces. Also on the agenda of the summit were topics related to the conflicts in Libya and Syria, the Palestinian issue, the problems of refugees from the war-torn regions and the prospects for economic development of the countries of the region.

3. Yemen is a hotspot

The main topic of discussion at the Arab League summit predictably became Yemen. On the night of March 26, on the eve of the summit, the Arab coalition led by Saudi Arabia launched a military air operation in Yemen. The targets of the airstrikes were the positions of the Houthis, who have controlled the northern and central parts of the country since late August, and on the eve of the start of the air operation captured the southern port of Aden, where Yemeni President Abd Rabbu Mansour Hadi was hiding.

As a result of negotiations during the summit, the Arab League member countries approved the continuation of the military operation "Storm of Determination" in Yemen. "It will continue until the Houthis retreat from all the cities they have occupied and surrender their weapons," the final statement said.

4. Establishment of a unified Arab military

In connection with the Yemeni threat, the leaders of the Arab countries decided to create a joint military rapid reaction force in order to jointly counter security threats.

As stated in the resolution of the Arab League summit, the Arab Defense Forces should be deployed at the request of any of the countries of the Arab League, faced with a threat to national security. These forces can also be used to fight terrorist groups (according to AP).

The "Arab NATO" will have its own fleet and aviation and will presumably include about 40,000 troops. As stated in the final community communiqué, participation in the joint forces is optional and will depend on the desire of each individual state.

5. Palestinian question

In the final text of the summit resolution, the Arab countries unanimously confirmed their intention to support the budget of Palestine and put pressure on Israel to force it to respect signed treaties and international resolutions.

It is worth noting that according to the decision of the Arab League of 2010, the Arab community guarantees Palestine $ 100 million a month to ensure financial security. This amount is to be paid by the LAS to Palestine in case of financial pressure from Israel (if it decides to freeze tax funds).

The next summit will take place in 2016 in Morocco. The head of the government of Morocco, Abdelilah Benkiran, confirmed the readiness of the country to accept this important event.

During the summit, the Arab countries agreed to form a unified regional armed forces to jointly counter security threats. Also, according to the text of the joint statement, the Arabs will demand from the Shiite rebels of the Houthis to leave the capital of Yemen, Sanaa, which they have captured, and lay down their arms.

Currently, the most important tasks of the League are:

a solution to the Palestinian problem;

the liberation of the Arab territories occupied by Israel,

· active participation in the development of measures to ensure the security of all states of the region, regardless of their membership in the Arab League;

· peaceful settlement of disagreements between members of the League and liquidation of the consequences of the armed conflict between Iraq and Kuwait by closing old pages and opening new ones;

· Assistance in eliminating the aggravation of the crisis in the Persian Gulf.

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