Branches of specialization of the non-material sphere of Western Siberia. Branches of specialization of industry and agriculture of the Ural era. Specializations of the economy of Western Siberia

What is the importance of the region's fuel industry?

As already noted, Western Siberia- the main fuel base of the country.

The stable operation of oil and gas producers in the Ob region directly affects not only the heating of Russian homes in winter, the operation of power plants in European Russia, the supply of fuel for automobile, aviation, and sea transport, but also the filling of the country's budget (that is, the payment of salaries to doctors and teachers, the maintenance of the army, etc.). d.).

Imports to Russia also depend on their work: the possibility of importing food, medicines, radio electronics, equipment for industry, etc., because all this is bought for the currency that is mainly provided by the fuel industry in Western Siberia.

Oil production here, reaching by the end of the 1980s. 400 million tons per year (as in the largest oil-producing country in the world - Saudi Arabia), towards the end of the 1990s. halved due to the depletion of the richest fields (for example, the giant Samotlor field near Nizhnevartovsk produced up to 150 million tons per year, and now only 15 million tons; in total, more than 2 billion tons of oil have been produced from it!). New deposits tend to be much smaller, further away, and have poorer production conditions; as a result, their development is becoming increasingly expensive. Despite the difficulties in developing these deposits (harsh climatic conditions, large waterlogging, lack of roads, etc.), the cost of production of West Siberian oil and gas is still the lowest in the country.

On the basis of oil production in Western Siberia, oil refining (in Omsk) and petrochemistry (in Omsk, Tomsk and Tobolsk) began to develop.

Rice. 142. Economy of Western Siberia

Associated gas is also processed, although most of it is still flared. (On satellite images taken at night, the most illuminated territories of Russia are not so much Largest cities how much exactly is the Middle Ob region, where hundreds of torches burn around the clock.)

Gas production, having reached 500 billion m 3 per year, is kept at this level; new fields are being developed on the Yamal Peninsula, the gas of which has already begun to be pumped through the Yamal-Western Europe gas pipeline. Western Siberia is literally covered with a network of main pipelines, through which oil and gas are pumped by pumping stations to other regions of Russia and abroad.

Coal mining in Kuzbass in last years decreased; old mines were closed; but the reserves of good coal (including for mining open way) are very large here, and in the future Kuzbass will remain the main coal basin in Russia.

How has the economic geographical position Siberian metallurgy?

The region's ferrous metallurgy, established back in the 1930s, found itself in a difficult position. As you remember, the Ural-Kuznetsk Combine was created in the depths of the country to become a reserve coal and metallurgical base of the USSR, inaccessible to an external enemy (and this calculation turned out to be correct, it helped our country win the Great Patriotic War). But with the transition to a market economy, such a location of enterprises became a disadvantage in terms of foreign economic relations: in order to export rolled metal, it needs to be transported 4-5 thousand km to the nearest port, and transportation costs make it uncompetitive. And with a sharp reduction in metal consumption within the country (at the enterprises of the military-industrial complex and civil engineering), it is export that remains the only way to maintain both the volume of production and the workforce. But the factories of the European part of Russia (Lipetsk and Cherepovets), located much closer to the ports, feel much better on the world market, and therefore the Siberian factories have significantly reduced production.

Unlike ferrous metal products, non-ferrous metals, which are much more expensive in themselves, are less dependent on transport position manufacturing plants. For example, aluminum from Novokuznetsk and tin from Novosibirsk are exported without experiencing any difficulties.

What is the place of Western Siberia in the military-industrial complex of Russia?

The military industry, as already mentioned, appeared in Western Siberia in the 1930s. During the Great Patriotic War almost 250 large plants and factories were evacuated here from the frontline zone, which launched the production of defense products. So, the plant, evacuated from Leningrad to Omsk, began production of the legendary T-34 tanks, and the production of diesel engines for them was organized in Barnaul. Factories evacuated to Omsk also made fighter planes and aircraft engines. The aviation plant, built in Novosibirsk in the 1930s, sent more than 16,000 Yak fighters to the front.

AT post-war years in Omsk mastered the issue powerful tanks new generation. The Omsk Association "Polyot" is one of the largest enterprises in the rocket and space industry (produces launch vehicles, spacecraft).

Serial production of the Su-34 superplane is being prepared in Novosibirsk. The production of civilian products is also being established - the An-38 aircraft for local airlines.

The plant in Yurga (Kemerovo region) in the last years of the existence of the USSR produced launchers for unique "rocket trains" with intercontinental ballistic missiles.

In the 1950s in the largest closed city of the "nuclear archipelago" Tomsk-7 (now called Seversk), uranium enrichment and the production of weapons-grade plutonium for nuclear warheads began. Now West Siberian nuclear scientists are enriching uranium for power plants (including foreign nuclear power plants).

What other industries are developed in Western Siberia?

In addition to the industries already mentioned, the timber industry is developed in Western Siberia, but with a predominance of logging. There is also woodworking in the region, but most of the raw wood is exported to other regions.

Western Siberia is also known for its fishing industry, which provides 1/3 of all fish caught in the inland waters of Russia, among them valuable species: sturgeon, sterlet, nelma, muksun.

The region's agriculture specializes in the production of grain, mainly spring wheat. Cattle provide milk (on the fodder of water meadows in river valleys and numerous lakes) and meat (on the more southern pastures of the dry steppes). Sheep breeding is developed in the south of the plain. Gorny Altai is famous for its mountain honey and deer breeding - red deer breeding, from which antlers (young, not yet ossified antlers) are obtained, which are used to produce valuable medicines.

conclusions

The economic complex of Western Siberia is formed primarily on the basis of the use of a huge natural resource potential, and primarily oil and gas. The region's main area of ​​specialization is the fuel industry: the extraction of oil, gas, coal and their supply to the European part of Russia. The raw material orientation prevails with insufficient development of the processing links of the main industries.

Questions and tasks

1. The Ob region is often figuratively called "Russian Kuwait". What is the basis for such a comparison? Do you agree with this statement?
2. Oil - exhaustible natural resource. What do you think are the structural changes in the development of the economy of Western Siberia and why should they take place now?
3. The development of the oil and gas industry leads to serious environmental problems. What? Suggest ways to solve them.
4. What role can the branches of the military-industrial complex, given their high technical level, play in solving the problems of the long-term development of the main branches of Western Siberia?
5. Western Siberia occupies a vast territory. Identify territorial differences in the development of its economy. What areas can you highlight?

Western Siberia is one of the largest territorial units of Russia. Its area is estimated at 2451.1 thousand km 2, which is 15% of the entire territory of the country.

The industrial development of the region is at a high level, and annually increases the scale.

The population of the region

The population of the region is about 15 million, and this figure, thanks to active industrial development, is actively increasing. The average population density of Western Siberia is low and amounts to only 2 people per km 2. Such indicators are due to the peculiarities of the natural landscape and climate of the region. The population distribution itself in the region is not uniform, and the density index of each region ranges from 0.5 people/km2 (in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) to 33 people/km2 (Kemerovo region). Most of the population lives in the riverine regions, as well as in the areas of the Altai foothills.

About 73% of the total population is made up of urban residents living in 80 cities in the region. Also in western Siberia there are 204 settlements having the status of an urban-type settlement. Most of all, Russians live in this territory, and only 10% of the total population are small nations, such as Komi, Evenks, Khanty and others.

Industry of Western Siberia

Many have heard about the fuel and energy capacity of Russia, and in many ways, such popularity was achieved precisely thanks to the industry of Western Siberia. On the territory of the region, such industrial sectors as coal, gas, oil, metallurgical, electrical engineering and others are at a high level and continue to develop. Each of these areas gives high productivity results and increases production volumes, which affects the population growth of the region. In terms of the share of industry, each of the regions of the region shows its own indicators, but the leading places in this list belong to the Tyumen and Kemerovo regions.

Fuel industry

Western Siberia is rightly called the base of the country's fuel industry. After all, many enterprises for the extraction, transportation of coal and oil not only provide the country's need for resources, but are also exported to many countries, thus replenishing the state treasury.

To date, the largest oil refinery complex, which processes about 80% of the extracted raw materials, is a refinery in the city of Omsk. Part of the volume is processed by the refinery in Tobolsk. BUT, since transportation from fields to processing sites is quite expensive, today the possibility of building economical mini-refineries is being considered. Such industrial facilities are planned to be built in mining areas, thus reducing the cost of fuel.

Ferrous metallurgy

Ferrous metallurgy is one of the main branches of industry in Western Siberia. Its main power falls on the Kemerovo region. It is in this region that such enterprises as the West Siberian plant of a full cycle, as well as the Novokuznetsk metallurgical plant, successfully operate.

As for the production of finished rolled metal, a large enterprise in Novosibirsk is also working on this area.

mechanical engineering

The mechanical engineering industry occupies a special place in the developed industry of Western Siberia. Its largest centers are Omsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, as well as the Altai Territory. It is on the territory of these regions that the largest machine-building enterprises are located, which produce a wide variety of products, from looms to large units of agricultural machinery and cars.

Agriculture of Western Siberia

Unlike other neighboring economic regions, the climate and landscape possibilities of Western Siberia made it possible to widely develop various areas of agriculture. The area of ​​agricultural land located on this territory is quite large and amounts to 1/6 of all land allocated for agriculture by the state.

The main areas in which this direction is most developed are Novosibirsk, Omsk and southern part Tyumen region. Grain crops and vegetables are actively grown in these territories, and livestock breeding is well developed.

In the northern regions of this region, reindeer husbandry, fur trade and fishing flourish. But on the territory Altai Territory, villagers live in beekeeping, deer antler breeding, as well as industrial harvesting of medicinal plants.

In addition, work is currently underway to expand the agricultural lands of Western Siberia: the Baraba forest-steppe is being drained, as well as the Kulinda steppe is being irrigated.

Detailed solution section of Western Siberia in geography simulator for grade 9 students, authors V.V. Nikolina 2016

• Gdz in Geography for grade 9 can be found

1. Recall from the 8th grade course the features of the settlement of people across the country. What are the features of the settlement of inhabitants on the territory of Western Siberia?

The population on the territory of Western Siberia is distributed extremely unevenly. At the same time, it is here that the largest industrial centers of the region are concentrated, in which most of the population is concentrated.

2. Explain how natural conditions and resources of Western Siberia influenced the development of its economy.

In Western Siberia, extractive industries are developed due to mineral reserves - deposits of oil, gas, coal, non-ferrous metal ores. Permafrost, waterlogging of the territory led to the formation of peat reserves.

3. Western Siberia is considered the most swampy area in the world. The swamp area occupies over 800 thousand km2. Explain the reason for such a high waterlogging of Western Siberia.

Causes of swamping: the relief of the West Siberian Plain, which prevents runoff, excessive moisture, permafrost, low evaporation, the ability of peat to retain moisture.

5. Read the text.

Novosibirsk is the only city in our vast country that owes its existence entirely to the railroad. The same legendary Trans-Siberian Railway, which pierced the country with a steel thread from the center to the coast Pacific Ocean. Until 1893, only Christmas trees, sticks, dense forest, mosquitoes, bears and the village of Krivoshchekovo were here, on the rocky coast of one of the longest Russian rivers With short title Ob. Now the number of inhabitants of Novosibirsk is approaching one and a half million, and it entered the Guinness Book of Records as the fastest growing metropolis in the world in a hundred years. "SibChicago" - that's what they called it in the 30s. of the last century, when industrialization completely transformed these once God-forgotten places. Novosibirsk is the third most populated city in Russia after Moscow and St. Petersburg. For Novosibirsk - the first, only and beloved.

You will not find ancient temples, palaces and mansions here. The strength of the city is in the energy of its inhabitants, immigrants from different places in Russia and the world. It was they who made it the flagship of Siberian science and technology, built the famous Academgorodok, erected a powerful hydroelectric power station, created the man-made Ob Sea, which is now surfed by boats, boats and yachts of citizens. (E. Popov)

1) Title the text. Siberian metropolis

2) Prove or disprove the statement from the text that the emergence of Novosibirsk is connected with the railway. Novosibirsk was founded in 1893 - as a settlement of builders of a railway bridge across the Ob River on the Trans-Siberian Railway, which is proof that the cause of the emergence is the railway.

6. Analyze the media materials (press, radio, television) for the week and find out what information about Western Siberia they carry. Maybe you will find in periodicals, you will see on TV or hear on the radio stories about the nature, population, culture, economy of Western Siberia. Present the materials you have studied in the form of an analytical report.

Analytical reference

“The Museum of Nature and Man in Khanty-Mansiysk continues to amaze the exhibition “Through the Looking Glass”, “We have been saving the land we love for a hundred years”, “Scientists: a waste processing plant in the Novosibirsk region will cause environmental damage”, “Praying mantises appeared in the Tyumen region due to climate change", "Rating of media activity of banks in Western Siberia: the fourth quarter of 2016", "Anomalous temperature drop recorded in the Northern Urals and Western Siberia", "Novosibirsk State Agrarian University invited schoolchildren and parents to an open day", "100 stories about Omsk: No. 9 “The first after Buchholz”, “In the Novosibirsk region, the birth rate exceeds the death rate”.

Of particular interest to me was the material on the development of Western Siberia, it turns out that this region has great prospects for the development of the economy and population, in particular, this region shows positive trends in the formation of not only the raw materials economy (oil and gas sector), but also mechanical engineering, including precision .

After carefully analyzing the materials, I came to the following conclusions:

Siberia is one of the most promising regions of Russia, which has huge reserves of raw materials, territories, relatively favorable terrain, but at the same time, development is hindered by a harsh climate, wetlands, and low population density.

7. On contour map(p. 77 of the Appendix):

1) conventional signs mark the boundaries of the West Siberian region;

2) sign subjects Russian Federation, which are part of the West Siberian region.

9. There are two millionaire cities in Western Siberia - Novosibirsk and Omsk. Give a description of one of the cities (optional) according to the plan: a) geographical location; b) the year of occurrence; c) population; d) industrial specialization; e) problems and development prospects.

Novosibirsk (before 1926, Novonikolaevsk) is located in the southeastern part of the West Siberian Plain on the Priobsky plateau, adjacent to the Ob River valley, next to the reservoir formed by the dam of the Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station, at the intersection of forest and forest-steppe natural areas. The left-bank part of the city has a flat relief, the right-bank part is characterized by many gullies, crests and ravines, since the transition to the mountainous relief of the Salair Ridge begins here.

The city was founded in 1893 during the construction of a railway bridge across the Ob River on the Trans-Siberian Railway.

The population is about 1.5 million people, Novosibirsk ranks third after Moscow and St. Petersburg.

The industrial specialization of Novosibirsk is mechanical engineering, electric power industry, metallurgy and food industry. Akademgorodok is located in Novosibirsk - science Center Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Perfection high technologies, development and expansion of the metropolis, taking into account the preservation of the environment natural environment.

10. From the text of § 4, 43 write out keywords which, in your opinion, personify Western Siberia.

West Siberian Plain, permafrost, dark coniferous taiga, peat bogs, oil, gas, coal.

11. The West Siberian region, which is actively developing industrially, has been characterized in recent years by an increase in environmental tension. On the territory of the oil and gas complex, almost all components of landscapes are subject to destruction: soils, flora and fauna. In particular, due to oil spills during its extraction and transportation, soils and water bodies are polluted. Every year, oil fields burn 6-7 billion m3 of associated gas, or about 75% of its total volume, and gas flares blaze at gas fields, resulting in atmospheric pollution associated with gas combustion products.

A number of cities and industrial regions of Western Siberia can be classified as ecological disaster zones. The main reason for this is the discrepancy between the scale of man-made impact on the natural environment and measures for its conservation, restoration and protection.

1) Is it possible to improve ecological situation in Western Siberia, reducing the anthropogenic impact on nature?

Perhaps, if we use more modern and safe technologies for the extraction of natural resources.

2) If you combine reducing the burden on nature with active measures to restore and protect it, is it possible to achieve tangible results in the near future?

Most likely not, due to the natural and climatic features of the region, moreover, active measures can lead to new violations.

3) What do you think, is nature capable of self-healing, taking into account its extremely low resistance to technogenic impacts associated with natural features territories (harsh climate, waterlogging, permafrost)?

Self-restoration of the nature of the region is possible in the conditions of a complete cessation of economic activity, but the process will take a long time. Those resources that are currently being withdrawn were formed over hundreds of thousands of years.

4) Is it possible to solve the problem of preserving the natural environment in Western Siberia without damaging the country's economy?

If we develop and actively use alternative energy sources, then the option is possible, but the costs of these technologies are now quite high.

12. At present, in certain areas of Western Siberia, a significant number of ripe and overripe conifers and deciduous-coniferous forests. Mature and overripe forests make up 70% of the total forested area of ​​the region. The aging of forests, in turn, is the cause of the increase in the number of fires. The accumulated organic matter in the forest floor, drying out, becomes an active conductor of fire, which spreads very quickly, without encountering any obstacles in its path.

The largest areas of forests damaged by fires are characteristic of the zone of transition from southern taiga forests to forest-steppes, where the population density and the degree of economic development are highest in the region. Here, fires account for 25 to 65% of the total area of ​​destroyed forests. The second area of ​​increased fire risk (25%) is located in the northern taiga zone and is associated mainly with oil production areas.

1) Will it be possible to reduce the fire hazard of the area by conducting sanitary felling of overmature forests?_ Yes, if felling is carried out in areas that do not belong to the category of specially protected natural areas.

2) How to dispose of the felled forest? Maybe export it to other regions or organize its processing on the spot? What problems arise in this case? – Timber processing is associated with the organization of timber industry enterprises, which need a large number of technology, which in turn increases the burden on nature, on the other hand, the accumulation of fallen trees leads to the mass reproduction of various forest pests and fires.

3) Do you have any suggestions of your own?

It is necessary to process the forest, but in parallel with the removal of wood, it is necessary to carry out reforestation activities, since the taiga ecosystems perform a large number of biospheric functions.

13. Determine the rivers that do not flow through the territory of Western Siberia:

a) Ob; c) Irtysh; e) Lena;

b) Yenisei; d) Tobol; e) Cupid.

Answer: B, D, E.

14. Name the features characteristic of Western Siberia.

a) Uniform distribution of the population throughout the territory;

b) a decrease in the proportion of indigenous peoples in the ethnic structure of the population;

c) the absence of millionaire cities;

d) swampiness of the territory.

Answer: B, G.

15. What are the numbers on the city map?

1 - Novosibirsk, 2 - Omsk, 3 - Salekhard, 4 - Barnaul, 5 - Tyumen, 6 - Khanty-Mansiysk.

16. Find an error in the list of branches of specialization in Western Siberia:

a) fuel industry;

b) ferrous metallurgy;

c) light industry;

d) chemical industry.

17. Establish a correspondence between the mineral and the area of ​​its development.

1. Oil, gas. A. Kemerovo.

2. Coal. B. Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra.

3. Iron ore. V. Altai Territory.

4. Polymetallic ores. G. Mountain Shoria.

Answer: 1 - B, 2 - 1, 3 - D, 4 - C.

18. Choose the correct answer. The largest coal basin in Western Siberia is:

a) Kansk-Achinsk; c) Gorlovsky;

b) Kuznetsky; d) Severo-Sosvinsky.

19. Is it true that about 80% of industrial oil and gas reserves, more than 60% of Russia's peat reserves are concentrated in Western Siberia?

a) Yes; b) no.

20. Choose the correct answers. An obstacle to the development of the northern part of Western Siberia is (are):

a) severe climatic conditions; c) severe swampiness of the territory;

b) shortage water resources; d) mountainous terrain.

Question:

Specialization of the economy of the West Siberian economic region

Specialization of the economy of the West Siberian economic region

ZSER in the territorial division of labor in Russia specializes in the fuel industry due to large reserves of raw materials. Of the fuel and energy sectors in the ZSED, both coal and oil and gas industries are equally developed. The extractive industries are represented in the Kemerovo, Tomsk, Tyumen regions, while manufacturing enterprises are located mainly in the Novosibirsk and Omsk regions, as well as in the Altai Territory.

Main industries:

The ZSER oil and gas complex is the largest in Russia. Oil-producing enterprises are located in Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Nefteyugansk, gas-producing enterprises - in Nadym, Novy Urengoy, Yamburg.

The coal industry is represented primarily by the Kuznetsk Basin, where high-quality coking coal is mined.

The largest metallurgical plants - Novokuznetsk and Zapadno-Sibirsky, located in Novokuznetsk, carry out a full processing cycle.

The machine-building complex is represented by energy (Barnaul, Biysk), oil and gas and coal-mining machine-building (Anzhero-Sudzhinsk, Belov); production of radio-electronic equipment (Novosibirsk, Omsk). Transport engineering is well developed, first of all, shipbuilding and ship repair, in addition, the production of railway cars is located in Novoaltaisk.

The military-industrial complex is represented by uranium enrichment and weapons-grade plutonium processing enterprises. Aviation industry enterprises are located in Novosibirsk and Tomsk.

The timber industry is based on vast forest reserves, woodworking is predominant, and the pulp and paper industry is underdeveloped.

Agro-industrial complex - partially satisfies the region's own needs with vegetables, grains, but fruits and fruits of other southern plants imported from other regions, cattle breeding is developing.

The transport system in the south of the district is mainly represented by railway and road transport, the ZSER is crossed by major railways and highway. Developed river and sea (in the north of the region) transport. Pipeline transport is highly developed. Pipelines play a key role in the transportation of raw materials mined in the NSER. The largest oil pipelines are Surgut-Samara; Nizhnevartovsk-Krasnoyarsk; gas pipelines - Igrim-Yekaterinburg; Urengoy-Chelyabinsk; Bear-Kazan-Nizhny Novgorod-Moscow; Urengoy-Minsk.

Supereka Yu.A.
Economic Geography and Regional Studies
2008

1. The Ob region is often figuratively called the “Russian Kuwait”. What is the basis for such a comparison? Do you agree with this statement?

The basis for comparison are oil fields. However, such a comparison is not entirely accurate. Little Kuwait has almost twice the oil reserves of Russia - 13.3 billion tons and 6.7 billion tons, respectively. True, sometimes in the Russian press there are also significantly higher estimates of Russian oil reserves - 20 or even 27 billion tons. Kuwait literally floats on an oil cushion, and this oil can gush and its cost is several times lower Russian.

2. Oil is an exhaustible natural resource. What do you think, what are the structural changes in the development of the economy of Western Siberia and why should they take place now?

According to various calculations, oil reserves at current production rates will last for 10-20 years. Already, some birthplaces are largely worked out. The first step to be taken is a deeper refining of oil, the export of oil products, not crude oil. Further development of the chemical industry should follow. Even Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev said that drowning with oil is the same as throwing banknotes into the stove. Oil should be considered not so much as a fuel, but as a chemical raw material. In addition, in Western Siberia it is necessary to develop other industries.

As you know, coal reserves are much more significant than oil. It will last no less than 100 years, so in the coming years much more attention will be paid to the coal industry. Thus, in the Kemerovo region, where about 150 million tons of coal are already mined per year, more than 10 coal industry facilities (mines, cuts, coal processing plants) are being built. It is planned to increase production to 170-200 million tons of coal per year. Moreover, the stake is not on an extensive increase in production, but on the deepening of coal processing, increasing the efficiency of its use. In the near future, two complexes for the processing of energy raw materials will be put into operation in Mezhdurechensk. Machine-building plants of Kuzbass are increasing the production of equipment for the mining industry. The export of high-quality enriched coal is growing. For this, conditions are being created in large seaports: Ust-Lyra, Vyborg, Murmansk and Vysotsk. A coal terminal is also being built in one of the bays on the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory.

In March 2004, the Kotinskaya mine, which is part of the Kiselevskugol Coal Company (Kiselevsk, Kemerovo Region), was put into operation. The construction of a new mine on a coal seam with reserves of 37 million tons within the most promising in Siberia Yerunakovskoye deposit in the Prokopevsky district (55 km northeast of Kiselevsk) lasted 10 years. The projected payback period for construction is 4-5 years. Power coal "Kotinsky" will be consumed within our country and exported to Western Europe. Kotinskaya became the first mine in Russia with a fully mechanized coal mining process. Special underground equipment with remote control and modern conveyors performs the most dangerous and hard work in the face. About 800 miners will work here, which is significantly less than in the old mines. Special attention given to safety. Emergency warning systems for methane leaks and other emergencies have been installed in the faces, and cellular communications are working.

Another promising industry in Western Siberia is ferrous metallurgy. So far, the Novokuznetsk metallurgical plants - Zapsib and NKMK - are only 40% loaded with ores mined within the Kemerovo region - the Tashtagol ore base. By 2014, the Evrazruda company plans to increase the self-sufficiency of the Kemerovo ferrous metallurgy in ore raw materials to 60-65% by investing in the mines of Gornaya Shoria. At present, the depreciation of fixed production assets at the iron ore enterprises of the region reaches 90%. If urgent action is not taken, then soon there will simply be nothing to work in the mines and they will be closed. It is not difficult to guess about the social consequences of the closure of the mines, because there is nowhere for the population in Gornaya Shoria to work in the mines.

3. The development of the oil and gas industry leads to serious environmental problems. What? Suggest ways to solve them.

The main environmental problems of the oil and gas industry are oil spills during production and transportation, which can be avoided with more reliable pipeline laying, as well as associated gas flaring. Associated petroleum gases (ethane, propane, butane, etc.) are a valuable raw material for the petrochemical and chemical industries. However, most of them are still burned. The main oil production centers in Western Siberia are Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Nefteyugansk, Uray. Territorial shifts have been outlined in the oil industry. Along with the main region of the Middle Ob region, the formation of new, northern oil-producing regions began, up to arctic zone. When developing these areas, it is necessary to take into account the accumulated experience, to increase the reliability of structures. In addition to survey work, work should be carried out on the environmental justification of construction, the development and implementation of new modes of transport that have less impact on the vulnerable nature of the North. Another important task is the development of cost-effective ways to use associated gas. material from the site

serious environmental problems the coal industry also creates. The Kemerovo Region is a pioneer in environmental legislation. The local authorities set the task for the miners to restore 70,000 hectares of previously disturbed lands, put hundreds of rivers and reservoirs in order on the territory of the region. Coal companies will be required to pay for each hectare of land, for each spring, to accept the conditions local authorities concerning protection environment and social policy.

4. What role can the branches of the military-industrial complex, taking into account their high technical level, play in solving the problems of the long-term development of the main branches of Western Siberia?

The branches of the military-industrial complex can become the basis for the technical re-equipment of other branches of engineering, which, in turn, produces equipment for such priority sectors of the region as the mining industry and ferrous metallurgy.

5. Western Siberia occupies a vast territory. Identify territorial differences in the development of the economy. What areas could you single out?

In Western Siberia, the gas-producing north (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, which provides 90% of Russian gas), the oil-producing Central Siberia (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug), the forest-steppe and steppe south, where, along with agriculture, coal mining and ferrous metallurgy, mountainous south-east with mining of ore minerals and limited logging. Such specialization of the economy of certain territories of Western Siberia is explained by the peculiarities of the resource base.

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