Interethnic cooperation contributes to overcoming national conflicts. What is international relations. Why international relations are intensively developing

Lecture:

Interethnic relations are called relations between different states, as well as between different nations one state.

Let's consider two tendencies of interethnic relations of the modern world. First - integration– close mutually beneficial interethnic contacts, cooperation in politics, economy, culture. In modern global world rapidly growing productive forces are crowded within the framework of one nation or one state. There is a process of broad cooperation between countries. A striking example of the economic integration of nations and states is the European Union, which unites about 30 states of Europe. An example of political integration is a number of international organizations led by the UN. And an example of cultural integration is the celebration of Christmas, Halloween, etc. The integration of states contributes to the erasure of national borders and the unity of mankind. An important principle of building interethnic relations is tolerance, mutual respect of nations.

The second trend of interethnic relations is differentiation, this is the reverse integration process, when nations strive for independence, separation and confrontation. characteristic feature differentiation is, for example, the strengthening of protectionist measures in international trade, nationalistic and extremist views. The desire of nations to differentiate has led to the emergence of such socially dangerous phenomena as:

nationalism and its extreme form of chauvinism, expressed in hatred of other nations;

segregation- forced separation of one nation from another on any basis, for example, racial discrimination;

genocide- the physical destruction of the nation - especially serious crime against humanity;

separatism, which consists in the desire of the nation to separate from the state and create its own independent state entity;

ethnic cleansing - the policy of forcible expulsion of persons of a different ethnic group from the territory of the country.

The third trend of interethnic relations is globalization(more).

Thus, there are two main forms of interethnic relations: peaceful cooperation (stable relations) and ethnic conflict (unstable relations). We are talking about peaceful cooperation when nations interact and benefit each other. The main forms of peaceful cooperation are ethnic mixing through interethnic marriages and ethnic absorption - natural or forced assimilation, in which one nation completely loses its language, culture and national identity. An ethnic conflict arises as a result of a clash of interests of different nations and often develops into an armed struggle.

Causes of ethnic conflicts and ways to resolve them

Causes of ethnic conflicts can be:

territorial claims;

struggle for political power or political independence;

disparity in possession material resources and blessings;

infringement of the rights, values, interests of the ethnic group;

ethnocentrism - the excellent views of the ethnic group towards their own culture and the rejection of another culture;

deterioration of the ecological situation on the territory of one ethnic group due to the actions of another and others.

Ethnic conflicts lead to severe consequences people are dying, cultural values ​​are being destroyed. The settlement of ethnic conflicts, on the one hand, depends on the activities of international organizations (primarily the UN) and commissions, which must take into account the interests of each of the conflicting parties. On the other hand, it depends on the internal attitudes of the person himself. It is very important that every person does not allow violence, adheres to humanistic views in resolving ethnic issues and supports tolerant interethnic relations.

Maintaining stable interethnic relations is the main goal of the national policy of any state. Its main areas are:

ensuring the equality of all nations living in the state, for example, the laws of the Russian Federation guarantee the right of every citizen to determine their nationality;

creating conditions for the preservation of ethnic culture, for example, teaching the native language in schools;

organization of events that bring nations together and expand cultural ties, for example, holding international song and dance festivals;

preventive measures aimed at promoting an intolerant attitude towards nationalism and chauvinism.

Spontaneous cooperation has been known to mankind for many centuries, consisting of a huge number of communities, representing in the aggregate an ethnically mixed environment, where productive cooperation often operates in the production of material goods, in Everyday life; the creation and preservation of national cultural values ​​is combined with the knowledge of other cultures.
In the XX century. there is an increase in integration trends of two directions:
economic, political integration leading to
the formation of unions of states;
integration of national entities within multinational country. This may be in the interests of the peoples living in a single state, and contribute to the strengthening of this unity.
The domestic experience of interethnic cooperation is significant. In all branches of the economy and culture of the USSR, multinational collectives worked fruitfully. The cohesion of peoples was clearly manifested in battles, work, everyday life during the years of the Great Patriotic War, in the post-war revival of the country.
Cooperation in the cultural sphere ensured the eradication of illiteracy, the creation of a written language of 50 ethnic groups, the flourishing of bright, original art small peoples. Scientists note that in the Soviet Union in the XX century. not a single minor culture has disappeared and, in fact, the entire ethnic mosaic of a huge state has been preserved, while hundreds of minor cultures have disappeared in other regions of the world. At the same time, the mistakes and crimes of the totalitarian authorities led to grave tragedies for many people and entire nations. Centuries-old national ties were disrupted due to ill-conceived administrative-territorial division, the ecological situation in the regions inhabited by indigenous small ethnic groups worsened. The forcible resettlement of peoples, undeservedly accused of complicity with the German occupiers, inflicted great damage on the dignity of hundreds of thousands of people and had a heavy impact on their destinies. It took long time to restore the violated rights of the peoples of our country.
In Europe, other parts of the world in the last third of the XX century. integration in the economic sphere, and then in politics, was widely developed. This is due to the process of globalization, the formation of a post-industrial, information society, as well as the need for unity in the fight against international terrorism.
One example of integration is the activity European Union(EU), uniting (2005) 25 states with a population of 450 million people, speaking 40 languages. The EU introduced a single citizenship, a single currency - the euro. Supranational authorities have been created: the European Parliament, the EU Council, the European Court. The EU Constitution has been developed. However, it can enter into force only after it is approved by all EU countries (by a decision of the parliament or by a popular referendum). Russia does not remain aloof from the integration processes of the 21st century. This manifests itself in particular:
in caring for the formation of a common economic, humanitarian legal space with several countries that are members of the Commonwealth created after the collapse of the USSR Independent States;
in negotiations with the European Union on cooperation in the fields of economy, justice, security, science, education, and culture. great place in the partnership documents, it is given to joint actions to observe the principle of non-discrimination, including countering any forms of intolerance and racism, respect for human rights.
Along with the trend towards international integration, there is also a trend towards differentiation. It manifests itself in different forms. Mostly in a peaceful form, the formation of independent post-Soviet states, the division of Czechoslovakia into two states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Armed actions accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia.

At all times, people have worked to create mechanisms for cooperation and unleashing conflicts. These methods are used in many areas of human life and society to achieve the goals of a particular person or group of people. Often, it is the joint activities of organizations, states, enterprises that bring an effective result in a particular area.

What is cooperation?

Cooperation is an activity of several parties, thanks to which all participants receive some benefit. Known today various forms economic, political, military, environmental interaction. Nowadays, issues of cooperation related to financial support, use of natural resources, military-political associations, security environment, space exploration, business development, communication networks.

About the essence of cooperation

In fact, cooperation is a process in which the interacting parties, without the use of violence, seek ways to satisfy common interests. The circumstances in which one of the parties can achieve its goals only if the other party to the agreement can achieve the same can be called mutually beneficial cooperation. In other words, the goals of the partners must be linked.

The essence of cooperation is to achieve the common goals of partners, expecting specific benefits from the implementation of agreements, mutual benefit. These three points are fundamental to any joint venture agreement.

About international cooperation

There is an inaccurate understanding of the expression " the international cooperation". Sometimes this term means the absence of conflict or getting rid of its extreme forms.

Cooperation is an indicator of the interdependence of states and organizations. The development of international relations has built political, economic, environmental, cultural and religious systems of interaction. For example, in recent times unresolved issues related to the global problems of mankind are exacerbated. In this area, it is extremely objective to expand international activities contributing to the solution of world problems.

To the elements of development business relations include diplomatic means, coordination of efforts to ensure security, plans to resolve military conflicts.

Why international relations are intensively developing?

There are a number of reasons for improving the formation of mutually beneficial relationships. Here is some of them:

• Uneven economic development in some countries. Each state forms its own structure Agriculture, development of certain types of industry, infrastructure, education. If a certain state is known for producing a particular product with high quality, then this specialization will stimulate the development of foreign trade.
• Inequality in financial, raw materials and human resources. About 25 million people migrate to another country every year to find work. Some countries in Asia and Africa have huge labor resources, while in America and Europe there are not enough workers. The extraction of minerals and the availability of other types of raw materials contribute to the development of mutually beneficial ties between countries that enter into a cooperation agreement. For example, some states lend and invest in various organizations in other countries.
• Inequality in the field of scientific and technological progress. If countries exchange scientists, conduct joint research, develop new technologies and enter into contracts in this area, this will also benefit both parties.
• The specifics of political relations. This factor greatly affects the volume of trade turnover. A friendly foreign policy increases foreign trade turnover, while a belligerent one contributes to breaking economic ties.

The cooperation agreement implies the active actions of the partner states for mutual coordination in the field of economics and politics, which do not bring harm or negative consequences to one or another participant in the agreement.

conclusions

The search and development of international relations contribute to the opening of access for one or another partner state to the world economy, increase the economic potential, and provide the resource needs of the nation. So, what is meant by cooperation today?

Cooperation is a complex of relations developing on the basis of mutual exchange. In the conditions of modern reality international relationships look like a process of establishing a dialogue, comparing interests, reaching consensus, mechanisms of adaptation in cases of mismatch of values ​​and in conflict situations between regions, countries and organizations.

Interethnic cooperation and conflicts
Goals:
repeat and summarize the studied material; develop the ability to search and
systematization of information on the topic; be able to compare, analyze, draw conclusions,
solve cognitive and problem tasks;
be able to explain the studied provisions on self-selected concrete
examples; Ability to build relationships and work collaboratively
groups;
promote a sense of tolerance,
nationalism, racism, anti-Semitism.
manifestation aversion
Equipment: textbooks, dictionary
During the classes:
1. Organizational part of the lesson
2. Introduction to the topic
Epigraph of the lesson: “When the power of the state and the nation is declared greater
value than a person, then in principle the war has already been declared, everything for it is already
prepared spiritually and materially, and it can arise at any moment” (N.A.
Berdyaev)
B. What
C.
states can lead to conflicts, both within the state and between them).
the meaning of Berdyaev's statement? (Wrong, erroneous policy
Today in the lesson we will try to understand the problems using specific examples.
interethnic relations, find out the causes of interethnic conflicts and ways of their
settlement.
Q. Why is it important for us to study this topic? (3000 nations make up
modern humanity, they live in about 200 states, therefore,
there are many multinational states, including our country, in
which is home to more than 100 ethnic groups, 30 nations. What is the relationship between
nations determine both the development of the country and the situation in the world).
Q. What is interethnic relations? (relations between ethnic groups, covering all
spheres public life)
C. Name 2 levels of relationships and reveal their essence. (1 level interaction
peoples in different areas public life: politics, culture, production, science,
art; Level 2 interpersonal relations of people of different nationalities in
different forms of communication - in labor, family, educational, informal
types of relationships)
Q. What trends in the development of interethnic relations do you know? (integration and
differentiation)

Conclusion: interethnic relations can be friendly, mutually respectful,
or, conversely, conflict, hostility.
3. Repetition and generalization of the studied material
The theme of our lesson is "Interethnic cooperation and conflicts." We will be with you
work in groups. Each group gets a task. After independent work With
textbook, additional materials, groups present completed tasks.
Task 1: make up a cluster "Trends in the development of interethnic relations"
Conclusion: interethnic relations find their expression in human actions,
which can either unite peoples or lead to conflicts.
Q. How do you understand the essence of the term "cooperation"?
Q. How does it manifest itself?
Q. What integration trends emerged during the 20th century?
Q. Is the creation and activity of the EU a positive or a negative phenomenon?
Q. How does Russia's participation in the integration process manifest itself? How do you feel about
creation of the CIS?
Interethnic cooperation implies not only integration, but also
differentiation, which takes not only peaceful forms, but is also expressed in the form
conflicts.
Group 2 drawing up a "Fishbone" scheme on the topic "Interethnic conflicts"
B. Than social conflict different from interethnic?
B. What are the main causes of interethnic conflicts.
Q. How do you feel about the problem of separatism?
Q. What is xenophobia?
Conclusion: Ignoring problems in national relations can lead to serious
consequences.
The question arises: is it possible to exclude the emergence of conflicts with ethnic
component?
3 group drawing up a table
Problem Solving Sheet
1. What is the main problem in preventing interethnic conflicts?
2. What are the ways to resolve ethnic conflicts?
3. Which of the chosen paths is the best? Why?

Conclusion: It is impossible to single out any one way of resolving conflicts in
national soil. All of them are interconnected. The main thing is that when solving national
problems, a humanistic approach was used:
recognition and respect for the diversity of cultures, rejection of violence between peoples;
development and continued functioning of democracy, ensuring the realization of rights and
individual freedoms, ethnic communities;
the state's focus on the formation of an interethnic culture among citizens
communication.
Q. Is it possible to imagine the modern world without ethnic conflicts?
Q. Imagine that you are in government and are in charge of national relations.
What priority steps would you suggest taking?
In dealing with other peoples, each person should follow the following
settings:
nature has created people different, but equal in dignity and rights;
there are no nations good and bad, there are bad or good people, or rather good or bad
deeds;
national origin is neither an advantage nor a disadvantage, it is simply
game of chance, fate.
4. Physical education minute
5. Checking the learned material.
It is carried out on the basis of solutions to tasks of parts B6, C5 and C8.
B. Define the concept of "interethnic relations" and make two
sentences containing information about interethnic relations.
B. Compose complicated plan on the topic "Nations and interethnic relations"
C. Insert the words suggested in the list in place of the gaps.
The emergence of such a social community as _________ (A) is associated with the development
capitalist relations. Modern scientists believe that the key feature
this community is the community of spiritual culture, an important element of which
is the national _______(B). The main direction in the development of international
relationships are _______(B) and differentiation. Interethnic cooperation
can be carried out in various areas: economic, political, ______ (G),
spiritual.
The reasons for interethnic ________ (D) may be: household
prejudices, territorial disputes, ________(E) on racial and religious grounds.
One of the principles of regulation of interethnic conflicts is respect
cultural ________ (F) and interests of all national groups, condemnation of violence in
solving national problems.
1.integration 6.humanization

Interethnic relations are a multifaceted phenomenon. They are divided into two main areas - these are relations between nationalities within the same state and relations between different nation-states. In Russian, the terms and are similar in meaning, so interethnic relations are often also called interethnic relations.

According to the forms of interaction between ethnic groups, peaceful cooperation and ethnic conflict are distinguished.

The main forms of peace include ethnic mixing and ethnic absorption. With ethical mixing, various ethnic groups spontaneously mix with each other over many years, the result is the formation of a single ethnic group. Often this happens through interethnic marriages (for example, this is how many Latin American peoples were formed).

As a result of ethnic absorption (assimilation), one people dissolves into another. Assimilation can be peaceful or violent.

The most civilized way to unite peoples is a multinational state in which the rights and freedoms of each nation are respected. In such states, several languages ​​are state languages ​​at once, and not a single national minority is dissolved in a common culture. FROM multinational state closely related concept of cultural pluralism. It reflects the successful adaptation of one culture without compromising another.

Today, most states are multinational. The share of states in which the main ethnic community is the absolute majority is less than 19%. Thus, in most cases different nationalities have to coexist in the same territory. True, they do not always manage to do it peacefully.

Interethnic conflict is a form of socio-political conflict between groups of people belonging to different ethnic groups. Its main features include ethnic separation of conflicting groups, politicization based on ethical factors. Such ethno-conflicts are not of value and occur around group interests. New participants in ethnic conflicts unite based on a common ethnic identity, even if they do not share the position of the group.

Trends in the development of interethnic relations

AT modern world there are a number of trends in the development of nations, which may contradict each other. Among them are:

Interethnic differentiation is the separation or even opposition of various nations; it can take the form
self-isolation, manifestations of nationalism, religious fanaticism;

Interethnic integration is the opposite process, involving the unification of nations through various spheres of public life;

globalization is historical process interethnic integration, as a result of which traditional borders are gradually erased; This process is evidenced by various interethnic economic and political unions (for example, the EU), TNCs, and cultural centers.