The common interest of states in the preservation of the international legal order contributed to the creation of a system collective security.

Collective security is a system of joint actions of states established by the UN Charter with the aim of maintaining international peace and security, preventing or suppressing acts of aggression.

Collective security as a system of joint actions of states includes the following elements:

1) generally recognized principles of modern international law, the most important of which are the principle of non-use of force or threat of force, inviolability of borders, territorial integrity, non-interference in internal affairs;

2) collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace and acts of aggression;

3) collective measures to limit and reduce armaments, up to and including complete disarmament.

Collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace and acts of aggression as an element of collective security are actions of an unarmed or armed nature, committed by a group of states or regional and universal organizations authorized to maintain and restore international peace and security.

The creation of a collective security system is based on the principle indivisibility of the world the content of which is the danger of military conflicts for all states of the world. This principle requires states to respond to any violation of peace and security in any area the globe, to participate in joint actions on the basis of the UN Charter in order to prevent or eliminate threats to peace.

In international law, there are two types of collective security system: universal and regional.

Universal Collective Security System

It was based on the norms of the UN Charter and provides for the actions of states in accordance with the decisions of this organization. The beginning of a universal system of collective security was laid by the alliance of states of the anti-Hitler coalition, with the adoption of the United Nations Declaration of January 1, 1942. Directed against a block of aggressive countries, the coalition was an example of the possibility of broad cooperation between states with different socio-economic systems and ideological views. By the time of the defeat of Nazi Germany (1945), the coalition united 47 states.

In the post-war period, a worldwide system of collective security was created in the form of the United Nations, the main task of which is to "save succeeding generations from the scourge of war." The system of collective measures provided for by the UN Charter covers: measures to prohibit the threat or use of force in relations between states (clause 4, article 2); measures for the peaceful resolution of international disputes (Chapter VI); disarmament measures (arts. 11, 26, 47); measures for the use of regional security organizations (Chapter VIII); provisional measures to suppress violations of the peace (art. 40); compulsory security measures without the use of armed forces (art. 41) and with their use (art. 42).

The maintenance of international peace and security is built on the basis of universally recognized principles and norms of international law and is carried out by the General Assembly and the UN Security Council, whose competence in this area is clearly demarcated.

UN peacekeeping operations deserve special attention. Their task is as follows: a) investigation of incidents and negotiations with the conflicting parties in order to reconcile them; b) verification of compliance with the ceasefire agreement; c) assistance in maintaining law and order; d) provision of humanitarian assistance to the local population; e) monitoring the situation.

Depending on the task ahead, UN operations may be military surveillance missions or limited troop deployments.

In all cases, operations must strictly adhere to the following principles: 1) the adoption by the Security Council of a decision to conduct an operation, the definition of its mandate and the exercise of general leadership with the consent of the parties to the conflict to conduct the operation;

2) the voluntariness of the provision of military contingents by Member States acceptable to the parties; 3) funding by the international community; 4) the command of the Secretary General with the granting of powers arising from the mandate given by the Security Council; 5) impartiality of forces and minimizing the use of military force (only for self-defense).

Regional systems of collective security

They are represented by agreements and organizations that ensure security on individual continents and regions. Their significance is by no means diminished by the fact that modern means of warfare have acquired a global character. The ability to prevent any local conflict that could escalate into a full-scale war forces states to unite at various levels. This provision is enshrined in paragraph 1 of Art. 52 of the UN Charter allowing for the existence of regional arrangements or bodies "provided that such arrangements or bodies and their activities are consistent with the purposes and principles of the Organization". Effective regional systems of collective security require the participation of all the states of a given region, regardless of their social and political systems. They pursue the same goal as the universal mechanism of collective security - the maintenance of international peace and security. At the same time, their scope is limited in relation to the universal system of collective security. First, regional organizations are not authorized to take any decisions on issues affecting the interests of all states of the world or the interests of states belonging to other or several regions; secondly, the participants in a regional agreement have the right to resolve only such issues that relate to regional actions that affect the interests of the states of the corresponding group.

The competence of regional organizations primarily includes ensuring the peaceful resolution of disputes between their members. According to paragraph 2 of Art. 52 of the UN Charter, the members of these organizations must make every effort to achieve an amicable settlement of local disputes within their organizations before referring disputes to the Security Council, and the latter in turn must encourage this method of dispute resolution.

Given the differences in regions and situations occurring in them, the UN Charter does not provide a precise definition of regional agreements and bodies, which provides flexibility in the activities carried out by a group of states to resolve an issue suitable for regional action. This situation gives grounds to speak about the established model of relations between regional organizations and the UN and about the formal "division of labor" in maintaining peace.

The Security Council can use regional organizations to carry out enforcement actions under its leadership. The regional organizations themselves are not authorized to take any coercive measures without the permission of the Security Council. Regional organizations have the right to use coercive measures only to repel an attack already committed against one of the participants in the regional system of collective security.

Another important task of regional organizations is to assist in the reduction and elimination of armaments, primarily weapons of mass destruction.

Considerable attention is paid to the creation of regional systems of collective security in the practical activities of states. On the European continent before the Second World War, despite the efforts of the Soviet Union, it was not possible to create a system of collective security. In the post-war period, international relations in Europe were built on the basis of the confrontation between the two "world systems". Western countries in 1949 signed the North Atlantic Treaty (NATO). The response step of the socialist countries was the signing in 1955 of the Warsaw Pact.

The texts of both treaties contained specific obligations of the parties to maintain peace and security: to refrain from the threat or use of force, to resolve international disputes peacefully. But it was about these obligations only in relation to the states - parties to these treaties. As for the relations of organizations to each other, they were in a state of " cold war". It should be noted that NATO was formalized in violation of the basic conditions for concluding regional security agreements, recorded in Chapter VII of the UN Charter "Regional Agreements": it included countries that are located in different regions.

According to the treaty, NATO's goal is to unite the efforts of all its members for collective defense and for the preservation of peace and security. However, measures to create a powerful military structure are not consistent with this goal.

The admission of new states to NATO indicates a violation of Art. 7 of the Treaty, which provides for the invitation of states, and not acceptance upon their personal application. NATO's eastward expansion itself is evidence of an increase military machine at the expense of new members, which does not contribute to European security The "transformation" of NATO, which its leaders declare, also does not correspond to its goals. The conduct of peacekeeping operations and the implementation of the Partnership for Peace program is not provided for by the 1949 Treaty. The role assumed by NATO on the European continent also goes beyond its competence.

The Warsaw Pact was concluded in strict accordance with the UN Charter and its distinctive feature as a defensive organization was the desire to create a system of collective security for all European states. In Art. 11 of the Treaty stated: "In the event of the creation in Europe of a system of collective security and the conclusion for this purpose of the All-European Treaty on Collective Security, to which the Contracting Parties will steadily strive, this Treaty will lose its force from the date of entry into force of the All-European Treaty."

The processes that have taken place in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe since the mid-1980s, which led to the liquidation of the "world socialist system", predetermined the fate of the Warsaw Treaty Organization. In 1991, the Department of Internal Affairs ceased to exist.

The foundations of the system of collective security in Europe were laid by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. The Final Act (1975) signed in Helsinki contains a set of principles for cooperation between states and their relations, outlines specific measures in the field of disarmament, including confidence-building measures in the military field, and indicates practical steps to ensure European security. A distinctive feature of the Final Act as the basis European system collective security lies in the fact that it does not provide for the use of coercive measures.

Since the signing of the Final Act of the CSCE (1975), the norms that ensure the stability of security in Europe have been adopted in subsequent documents of the CSCE. Particularly noteworthy are the packages of decisions adopted at the meetings of the heads of state and government of the CSCE participating states in Helsinki on July 9-10, 1992 and in Budapest on December 5-6, 1994. Among the acts of the Budapest meeting - Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security. Noteworthy is the thesis that democratic political control over military and paramilitary forces, internal security forces, intelligence services and the police is regarded as an indispensable element of stability and security.

The documents adopted within the framework of the CSCE-OSCE contributed to the creation of a new form of relations between European states based on joint approaches to the creation of a security system. A significant outcome of this process was the signing in March 1995 in Paris of the Stability Pact in Europe, which was later submitted by the European Union to the OSCE for finalization and implementation in close cooperation with the Council of Europe.

The practice of regional organizations, whose documents contain provisions on collective measures in the event of an armed attack against any of the members (LAS, OAU, OAS), knows cases of using peacekeeping forces (for example, the creation in 1981 by the Organization of African Unity of inter-African Stabilization Force in Chad).

Collective security within the Commonwealth Independent States(CIS)

The CIS member states, in accordance with the CIS Charter, have undertaken to pursue a coordinated policy in the field of international security, disarmament and arms control and maintain security in the Commonwealth.

In the event of a threat to the sovereignty, security and territorial integrity of one or more Member States or to international peace and security, the states shall activate the mechanism of mutual consultations in order to coordinate positions and take measures to eliminate the threat that has arisen, including peacekeeping operations and use, if necessary, on the basis of decisions of the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Armed Forces in the exercise of the right to individual or collective self-defense in accordance with Art. 51 of the UN Charter.

All specific issues of military-political cooperation between the CIS member states are regulated by special agreements, the most important of which is the Collective Security Treaty, signed in Tashkent on May 15, 1992. The Treaty provides for the obligation to refrain from the use of force or the threat of force in interstate relations. The participating states undertake to resolve all disagreements among themselves and with other states by peaceful means (Article 1). An obligation was accepted not to enter into military alliances and not to take part in any groupings of states, as well as actions directed against another participating state, to respect the independence and sovereignty of each other, to consult on all important issues international security affecting their interests.

The collective security of the CIS is built on the basis of the norms of the UN Charter (collective self-defense). Proceeding from this, the Treaty also contains an appropriate mechanism of mutual assistance in case of aggression. It includes the provision of military assistance as well as mutual support. The use of armed forces for the purpose of repulsing aggression is accepted exclusively by the heads of the CIS member states. The use of armed forces outside the territory of the States Parties may be carried out only in the interests of international security in strict accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the legislation of the States Parties to this Treaty. The treaty does not affect the right of the participating states to individual and collective defense against aggression.

The treaty is purely defensive in nature. It is open for accession by all interested states that share its goals and principles. Moreover, it provides for the desire to create a system of collective security in Europe and Asia, on which the necessary changes to this Treaty will depend.

The decision to conduct peacekeeping operations within the framework of the CIS is taken by the Council of Heads of State with the consent of all the conflicting parties, and also subject to an agreement between them on a ceasefire and other hostile actions.

Peacekeeping teams within the CIS are recruited in each specific case on a voluntary basis by the states parties to the Agreement, with the exception of the conflicting parties.

The Council of CIS Heads of State is obliged, in accordance with the Agreement of March 20, 1992, to immediately inform the UN Security Council and the CSCE Council (now the OSCE) of the decision to conduct a peacekeeping operation.

COLLECTIVE SECURITY SYSTEM - a state of international relations that excludes the violation of world peace or the creation of a threat to the security of peoples in any form and is realized by the efforts of states on a global or regional scale.

Ensuring collective security is based on the principles of peaceful coexistence, equality and equal security, respect for the sovereignty and borders of states, mutually beneficial cooperation and military detente.

The question of creating a collective security system was first raised in 1933-1934. at the negotiations of the USSR and France on the conclusion of a multilateral regional European treaty of mutual assistance (later called the Eastern Pact) and the negotiations of the USSR with the US government on the conclusion of a regional Pacific pact with the participation of the USSR, the USA, China, Japan and other states.

However, in Europe, the persistent opposition of Great Britain, the maneuvers of the French government, which was trying to negotiate with Germany, and the tricks of A. Hitler, who demanded equal rights for Germany in the field of armaments - all this thwarted the conclusion of a regional pact and the discussion of the issue of collective security resulted in a fruitless discussion.

The growing threat of aggression from Nazi Germany forced the USSR and France to start creating a collective security system with the conclusion of the Soviet-French Mutual Assistance Treaty (May 2, 1935). Although it did not provide for the automatic operation of mutual assistance obligations in the event of an unprovoked attack by any European state and was not accompanied by a military convention on specific forms, conditions and amounts of military assistance, nevertheless it was the first step in organizing a collective security system

On May 16, 1935, a Soviet-Czechoslovak agreement on mutual assistance was signed. However, it contains the possibility of assistance to Czechoslovakia from the USSR, as well as Czechoslovak assistance Soviet Union, was limited by the indispensable condition for the extension of a similar obligation to France.

On the Far East The USSR proposed to conclude a Pacific regional pact between the USSR, the USA, China and Japan in order to prevent the aggressive designs of Japanese militarism. It was supposed to sign a non-aggression pact and non-assistance to the aggressor. Initially, the United States positively welcomed this project, but, in turn, proposed expanding the list of participants in the pact, including Great Britain, France and Holland.

However, the British government evaded a clear answer on the creation of a Pacific regional security pact, as it connived at the Japanese aggression. The Kuomintang government of China did not show sufficient activity in supporting the Soviet proposal, as it hoped for an agreement with Japan. Given the growth of Japanese armaments, the United States embarked on the path of a race naval armaments, stating that "there is no faith pact" and that only a strong fleet is an effective guarantor of security. As a result, by 1937 negotiations on concluding a regional pact to collectively secure peace in the Far East had stalled.

In the second half of the 1930s. the issue of a collective security system was discussed more than once at the Council of the League of Nations in connection with the Italian attack on Ethiopia (1935), the entry of German troops into the demilitarized Rhineland (1936), the discussion on changing the regime of the Black Sea straits (1936) and the safety of navigation in the Mediterranean Sea ( 1937).

Pursuance by the Western powers of the policy of "appeasement" of Germany and inciting it against the USSR on the eve of the Second World War of 1939-1945. led to the delay by the British and French governments of negotiations on concluding an agreement with the USSR on mutual assistance and on a military convention in the event of an attack on one of the three countries. Poland and Romania also showed an unwillingness to help organize a collective rebuff to fascist aggression. The fruitless negotiations of the military missions of the USSR, Great Britain and France (Moscow, August 13-17, 1939) became the last attempt in the interwar period to create a system of collective security in Europe.

In the post-war period, the United Nations was created to maintain peace and international security. However, the achievement of a collective security system was hampered by the unfolding of the Cold War and the creation of two opposing military-political groups - NATO and the Warsaw Pact. At the Geneva meeting in 1955, the USSR submitted a draft of the All-European Treaty on Collective Security, which provided that the states participating in military-political blocs would undertake obligations not to use armed force against each other. However, the Western powers rejected this proposal.

The relaxation of international tension, achieved in the second half of the 1960s - the first half of the 1970s, contributed to the creation of political guarantees of international security. In August 1975, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE, since 1990 - ). The “Final Act…” of the CSCE included the Declaration of Principles of Relations between States: sovereign equality; non-use of force or threat of force; territorial integrity of states; peaceful settlement of disputes; non-interference in the internal affairs of other states; development mutually beneficial cooperation in the political, economic, cultural and humanitarian spheres. The implementation of these principles in practice opens up wide opportunities for solving the most important international task- Strengthening peace and security of peoples.

Orlov A.S., Georgiev N.G., Georgiev V.A. Historical dictionary. 2nd ed. M., 2012, p. 228-229.

COLLECTIVE SECURITY COUNCIL

On the Concept of Collective Security of the Participating States

SOLUTION
about the concept of collective security
member states of the Collective Security Treaty

Collective Security Council

1. Approve the Collective Security Concept of the States Parties to the Collective Security Treaty (attached).

2. Consider at the session of the Collective Security Council the draft Plan for the implementation of the Collective Security Concept.

In order to develop the draft Plan, create General Secretary Collective Security Council temporary working group of representatives of the participating States.

Done in the city of Almaty on February 10, 1995 in one original copy in Russian. The original copy is stored in the Archives of the Government of the Republic of Belarus, which will send to each state that signed this Decision, its certified copy.

For the Republic of Armenia
L. Ter-Petrosyan

For the Republic of Belarus
A. Lukashenko

For the Republic of Georgia
E.Shevardnadze

For the Republic of Kazakhstan
N.Nazarbayev

For the Kyrgyz Republic
A.Akaev

For the Russian Federation
B. Yeltsin

For the Republic of Tajikistan
E. Rakhmonov

For the Republic of Uzbekistan
I. Karimov

* The decision was signed by the Republic of Belarus with a note: "See comments" (published on p.51).
** The decision is not signed by the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Application. The concept of collective security of the member states of the Collective Security Treaty

Application
to the decision of the Council of the collective
security about the concept of collective
the security of participating States
Collective Security Treaties
February 10, 1995

COLLECTIVE SECURITY CONCEPT
STATES PARTIES TO THE TREATY
ON COLLECTIVE SECURITY

The Collective Security Concept of the States Parties to the Collective Security Treaty of May 15, 1992 (hereinafter referred to as the Concept) is a set of views of the States Parties to the Collective Security Treaty (hereinafter the States Parties) on the prevention and elimination of threats to peace, joint defense against aggression, ensuring their sovereignty and territorial integrity.

The concept is based on the principles of the UN, the OSCE, the Collective Security Treaty, as well as the provisions of other documents adopted by the participating states in its development.

The concept includes: the basics of the military policy of the participating states, the basics of ensuring collective security, the main directions and stages of creating a collective security system.

The implementation of the provisions of the Concept provides for the implementation of agreed political, economic, military and other measures.

In political and military relations, the participating states do not consider any state or coalition of states to be their adversary, they see all states of the world community as equal partners.

1. Fundamentals of the military policy of the participating states

The participating states are united by military-political and economic interests, the existing military-technical base and infrastructure, and the desire to pursue a coordinated policy to ensure collective security.

The participating States will hold consultations in order to coordinate positions and pursue an agreed security policy:

in relation to other CIS member states - on issues of military cooperation and mutual assistance in solving problems of military organizational development;

in relation to NATO and other military-political organizations - on issues of cooperation and partnership, participation in existing and new structures of regional security that are being created.

The participating States ensure collective security with all the possibilities at their disposal, with priority given to peaceful means. When developing measures to ensure collective security, they take into account the following.

The end of the global confrontation between East and West has significantly reduced the risk of a world war.

At the same time, there is a significant number of regional interstate and intrastate problems, the aggravation of which is fraught with escalation into armed conflicts and local wars. The prerequisites for this remain in social, political, economic, territorial, national-ethnic, religious and other contradictions, as well as in the commitment of a number of states to resolve them by force.

The participating states consider the following to be the main sources of military danger:

territorial claims of other countries to the participating states;

existing and potential hotbeds of local wars and armed conflicts, primarily in close proximity from the borders of the participating states;

the possibility of using (including unauthorized) nuclear and other types of weapons mass destruction, which is in service with a number of states;

proliferation of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery and the latest technologies military production combined with the attempts of individual countries, organizations and terrorist groups to realize their political and military aspirations;

the possibility of undermining the stability of the strategic situation as a result of violation of international agreements in the field of limitation and reduction of armed forces and armaments, unjustified buildup of military power by other states and military-political alliances;

attempts to interfere from the outside in the internal affairs of the participating states, to destabilize their internal political situation;

international terrorism, blackmail policy.

As factors that can lead to the escalation of a military danger into a direct military threat, the participating States consider:

building up groupings of troops (forces) in the regions adjacent to the external borders of the participating states to the extent that violates the existing balance of forces;

creation and training on the territory of other states of armed formations intended for use against participating states;

unleashing border conflicts and armed provocations from the territory of neighboring states;

the introduction of foreign troops into the territories adjacent to the participating States (if this is not related to measures to restore and maintain peace in accordance with the decision of the UN Security Council or the OSCE).

The participating states consider the following priority areas in joint activities to prevent a military threat:

participation with other states and international organizations in the creation of collective security systems in Europe and Asia;

coordination of actions to implement existing and develop new international agreements on disarmament and arms control;

expansion of confidence-building measures in the military field;

establishment and development of equal partnership relations with NATO, other military-political organizations and regional security structures, aimed at the effective solution of the tasks of strengthening peace;

intensifying the dialogue on the preparation and adoption of effective international agreements in the field of naval forces and armaments, as well as restrictions on naval activities;

conducting peacekeeping operations by decision of the UN Security Council, OSCE, in accordance with international obligations;

coordinating efforts to protect the external borders of the participating states;

maintaining the armed forces and other troops of the participating states at a level that ensures defense sufficiency.

II. Fundamentals of ensuring collective security

The goal of the participating states in ensuring collective security is to prevent wars and armed conflicts, and in the event of their unleashing, to guarantee the protection of the interests, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the participating states.

In peacetime, this goal is achieved by settling controversial issues, international and regional crises exclusively by political, conciliatory means, maintaining the defense potential of each state, taking into account both national and collective interests.

Each participating State shall take appropriate measures to ensure the stability of its borders. On the basis of mutual agreement, they coordinate the activities of the border troops and other competent services to maintain the established regime in the border zones of the participating States.

In the event of a threat to the security, territorial integrity and sovereignty of one or more participating States or a threat international peace the participating states immediately put into action the mechanism of joint consultations in order to coordinate their positions and take concrete measures to eliminate the threat that has arisen.

Strategic nuclear forces Russian Federation perform the function of deterrence from possible attempts to implement aggressive intentions against the participating states in accordance with the military doctrine of the Russian Federation.

In the event of aggression, the participating States, in accordance with Article 4 of the Collective Security Treaty, repel it and take measures to force the aggressor to cease hostilities. To achieve this, they determine and plan in advance the content, forms and methods of joint action.

The collective security of the participating states is based on the following basic principles:

indivisibility of security: aggression against one participating state is considered as aggression against all participating states;

equal responsibility of the participating states for ensuring security;

observance of territorial integrity, respect for sovereignty, non-interference in internal affairs and consideration of each other's interests;

collectivity of defense, created on a regional basis;

making decisions on fundamental issues of ensuring collective security on the basis of consensus;

compliance of the composition and readiness of forces and means with the scale of the military threat.

III. Collective security system.
The main directions of its creation

The basis of collective security is the system of collective security, which the participating states consider as a set of interstate and state governing bodies, forces and means that ensure, on a common legal basis (taking into account national legislation), the protection of their interests, sovereignty and territorial integrity.

The interstate bodies of the collective security system are:

The Collective Security Council is the highest political body at the interstate level, which ensures coordination and joint activities of the participating states aimed at the implementation of the Collective Security Treaty;

The Council of Foreign Ministers is the highest advisory body of the Collective Security Council on issues of harmonizing internal and foreign policy participating States;

The Council of Defense Ministers is the highest advisory body of the Collective Security Council on military policy and military development of the participating states.

To solve specific problems of ensuring collective security, other control bodies may be created, acting on a permanent or temporary basis.

The state bodies of the collective security system are the bodies of the political and military leadership of the participating states.

As forces and means of the collective security system, the participating states consider:

the armed forces and other troops of the participating States;

coalition (joint) groupings of troops (forces) in the regions that will be created to repel aggression against the participating states;

joint (unified) system air defense, other systems.

The creation of forces and means of the collective security system is aimed at deterring a possible aggressor, timely opening of the preparation of a possible aggression and repulsing it, ensuring the protection of the borders of the participating states, participation in peacekeeping operations.

The Collective Security Council for peacekeeping operations conducted in accordance with the decision of the UN Security Council, the OSCE, may create collective peacekeeping forces.

The participating states consider the following as the main directions for creating a collective security system:

approximation of the main provisions of the legislative acts of the participating states in the field of defense and security;

holding regular consultations on the problems of military construction and training of the armed forces of the participating states;

development of common approaches to the issues of bringing troops (forces) into higher degrees combat readiness, forms and methods of their training, operational and combat use, as well as coordinated mobilization preparation of the economies of the participating states;

achievement of multilateral agreements on the use of elements of military infrastructure, air and water space of the participating states;

coordinating the issues of operational equipment of the territories of the participating states in the interests of collective defense;

carrying out joint measures of operational and combat training of the armed forces and other troops of the participating states;

coordination of training programs for military personnel and specialists;

coordination of plans for the development, production, supply and repair of weapons and military equipment;

development of uniform approaches to the norms for the creation and maintenance of stocks of material resources.

The formation of a collective security system is carried out sequentially (in stages), taking into account the development of the military-political situation in the world.

At the first stage:

basically complete the creation of the armed forces of the participating States;

develop a program of military and military-technical cooperation between the participating states and begin its implementation;

develop and adopt legal acts regulating the functioning of the collective security system.

At the second stage:

create coalition (unified) groupings of troops (forces) to repel possible aggression and plan their use;

create a joint (unified) air defense system;

consider the creation of a joint armed forces.

At the third stage, complete the creation of a system of collective security of the participating states.

The participating states in their activities to ensure collective security will comply with the UN Charter, generally accepted international legal norms and principles.

This Concept of Collective Security consolidates the commitment of the participating States to the goals of preventing wars and armed conflicts, eliminating them from the system of international relations, creating conditions for the comprehensive development of individuals, societies and states based on the ideals of humanism, democracy and general security.

The provisions of the Concept will be supplemented, clarified and improved as further development and strengthening of cooperation between the participating States and the formation new system international relations.

COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS
to the Decision on the Concept of Collective Security
member states of the Collective Security Treaty
The Republic of Belarus

Section II. Fundamentals of ensuring collective security

1. In paragraph 1, after the words "participating States", add "on the basis of bilateral agreements".

2. In paragraph 4, delete the words "or threats to international peace" (this goes beyond the scope of the Collective Security Treaty).

The text of the document is verified by:
"Commonwealth"
(Information Bulletin of the CIS) N 1,
Minsk, 1995

The history of the formation of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). Methods and structure of the organization. The current situation of the CSTO and prospects for the future. The concept of collective security and its concept. Conflicts and their settlement CSTO.

INTRODUCTION

1. History and modernity of the Collective Security Treaty Organization

1.1. The history of the formation of the Collective Security Treaty Organization.

1.2. Structure of the Collective Security Treaty Organization

1.3. Current Situation of the Collective Security Treaty Organization and Prospects for the Future

2. The concept of collective security and its concept

2.1. The concept and essence of security

2.2. Concept of Security of the States Parties to the Collective Security Treaty

3. Conflicts and their settlement CSTO

Conclusion

References

INTRODUCTION

The theme of this course work is the Organization of the Collective Security Treaty. The CSTO is a military-political union created by the CIS states on the basis of the Collective Security Treaty (CST), signed on May 15, 1992.

At present, the Organization includes 7 republics that are members of the CIS: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan.

The relevance of the work lies in the fact that it considers an organization whose activities are aimed at ensuring security, and today there are many military conflicts in the world, which does not bypass the post-Soviet space. Governments around the world are giving Special attention its security, which is quite understandable and understandable. They strengthen their military positions, maintain armies, conduct military exercises. But it has long been known that it is easier to deal with the enemy not alone, but with the support of an ally. That is why the peaceful states, 7 CIS member countries, have united to prevent and eliminate the threat to peace, jointly protect against aggression, ensure their sovereignty and territorial integrity.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the activities of the Collective Security Treaty Organization: the goals, methods and structure of the organization.

The objective of this work is to reveal the role of the Collective Security Treaty Organization in modern world and an analysis of the actions that the Organization has taken and is taking to ensure collective security and maintain peace.

1 . HISTORY AND MODERNITY OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE COLLECTIVE SECURITY TREATY

1 .1 History of the formation of the Treaty Organizationtocollectivebsecurity

Basic for creation of the CSTO served as the Collective Security Treaty signed by Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan on May 15, 1992. In 1993, Azerbaijan, Moldova and Ukraine joined the treaty as observers.

Subsequently, a number of countries ceased their participation in the Collective Security Treaty (CST). In 1999, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Uzbekistan left the CST. Ukraine and Moldova have also lost interest in military integration within the CIS.

The remaining countries (Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan) on October 7, 2002 at the CIS summit in Chisinau established new structure- Organization of the Collective Security Treaty (CSTO). On December 26, 2003, the CSTO was registered with the UN as a regional international organization.

The goals of the Organization are to strengthen peace, international and regional security and stability, to protect collective basis independence, territorial integrity and sovereignty of the Member States, the achievement of which the Member States give priority to political means.

On December 1, 2005, talks were held in Moscow between the foreign ministers, defense ministers and secretaries of security councils, during which agreements were reached on the creation of a peacekeeping contingent that will assist in resolving conflicts on the territory of the countries participating in the treaty. These troops will be under national jurisdiction, and in the event of a peacekeeping operation, they will be withdrawn under a single command by decision of the Collective Security Council (CSC) and by mandate of the UN Security Council.

In February 2006, the head Federal Service on military-technical cooperation M. Dmitriev said that the mechanism of preferential deliveries of Russian weapons to CSTO countries earned. According to the agreements reached, weapons will be sold to members of the organization at domestic Russian prices.

On June 22, 2006, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia S. Lavrov transferred the functions Chairman of the CSTO to his Belarusian colleague - S. Martynov. S. Martynov said that "Belarus will initiate the development of the CSTO into a multi-format organization that will meet the challenges of our time."

On June 23, 2006, Uzbekistan lifted the moratorium on active participation within the framework of the CSTO and became a full member of this organization.

March 30, 2007 Speaker of the State Duma of Russia Boris Gryzlov was elected Chairman Parliamentary Assembly Collective Security Treaty Organization.

On October 6, 2007, the 15th CSTO summit was held in Dushanbe. The main outcome of the summit was an agreement on the possibility for the CSTO member countries to acquire Russian weapons and special equipment for the armed forces and special services at domestic Russian prices. In addition, a Memorandum of Cooperation between the CSTO and the SCO was signed at the summit.

On March 28, 2008, the Parliament of Uzbekistan ratified a document restoring the country's membership in the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Thus, Uzbekistan fully restored its membership in the CSTO.

According to a number of experts, the formation of the CSTO reflected Russia's desire to prevent further expansion of the NATO bloc to the East and to keep part of the CIS countries in the orbit of Russian military influence.

1 .2 Structure of the Organization of thetocollectivebsecurity

The supreme body of the Organization is Collective Security Council (SKB). The Council consists of the heads of member states. The Council considers the fundamental issues of the Organization's activities and makes decisions aimed at the implementation of its goals and objectives, as well as ensures coordination and joint activities of the Member States to achieve these goals.

Council of Foreign Ministers (Council of Ministers) -- advisory and executive agency Organizations for the coordination of interaction between member states in the field of foreign policy.

Council of Ministers of Defense (CMO) is an advisory and executive body of the Organization for the coordination of interaction between member states in the field of military policy, military development and military-technical cooperation.

Formed by the Decision of the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent States "On the Council of Ministers of Defense of the Commonwealth of Independent States" dated February 14, 1992, in accordance with this Regulation, the members of the Council of Ministers of Defense are the defense ministers of those Commonwealth states whose heads signed the said Regulation, and the Chief of Staff for military coordination cooperation of the CIS member states.

At present, the defense ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, Georgia, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, the Republic of Uzbekistan take part in the work of the Council of Defense Ministers, and as observers - the Republic of Moldova, Turkmenistan, Ukraine .

During its activity, the CIS Council of Defense prepared and adopted 476 documents on various aspects of military cooperation, including about 151 documents on the most important issues of defense and military development, including peacekeeping, settlement of collective security problems, improvement of the unified air defense system, issues of joint operational training troops and military-technical cooperation, social and legal protection of military personnel and members of their families, training and education of military personnel.

Chairmanship in the Council of Ministers of Defense of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States is carried out on the basis of the Decision of the Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS Member States "On the Chairmanship of the Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS Member States" dated May 18, 2001.

In accordance with the above Decision, today the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS member states is the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation Sergey Borisovich Ivanov.

In its activities, the Council of Defense Ministers is consistently shifting the vector of its main efforts from the creation of a legal and regulatory framework for military cooperation to its practical implementation. The unified air defense system of the CIS member states is being successfully improved: the combat strength of air defense forces and means on the European border has doubled, by southern border Commonwealth - up to one and a half times.

The main form of activity of the Council of Ministers of Defense are meetings that are held as needed, as a rule, at least once every four months. An extraordinary meeting of the Council of Defense Ministers is convened by decision of the Council of CIS Heads of State, the Chairman of the Council of Defense Ministers, as well as at the proposal of any member of the Council of Defense Ministers, supported by at least one third of the members of the Council of Defense Ministers.

Along with CMO meetings, such forms of work are actively used as: working meetings, consultations, meetings, exchanges of views on the most topical issues military cooperation.

In total, since the day of its formation, the CIS Council of Defense has prepared and held 43 meetings of the Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS member states. Their organizational, technical, informational, analytical and advisory support was provided by the Secretariat of the Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS member states in accordance with the Regulations on this body.

Committee of Secretaries of Security Councils (KSSB) is an advisory and executive body of the Organization for the coordination of interaction between member states in the field of ensuring their national security.

Secretary General of the Organization is the highest administrative officer of the Organization and manages the Secretariat of the Organization. Appointed by the decision of the CSC from among the citizens of the Member States and is accountable to the Council. Currently, he is Nikolai Bordyuzha.

Secretariat of the Organization-- a permanent working body of the Organization for the implementation of organizational, informational, analytical and advisory support for the activities of the bodies of the Organization.

Joint Headquarters of the CSTO-- a permanent working body of the Organization and the CMO of the CSTO, responsible for preparing proposals and implementing decisions on the military component of the CSTO. From December 1, 2006, it is planned to assign to the joint headquarters the tasks performed by the command and the permanent task force of the headquarters of the collective forces.

1 .3 Current Situation of the Collective Security Treaty Organizationand prospects for the future

At present, the CSTO is pursuing a very active policy on many fronts. At the CSTO summit held on February 4, 2009, it was announced that the Collective Rapid Reaction Force (CRRF) would be formed, the main tasks of which would be to repel military aggression and conduct special operations to combat international terrorism and transnational crime. The CRRF will also be engaged in the elimination of the drug threat emanating from Afghanistan, the fight against Islamists in Central Asia, and will also take part in the elimination of the consequences of natural and man-made disasters.

CRRF must meet four requirements: high mobility, which implies fast delivery to the right place; universality, that is, the ability to withstand not only military threats, but also, for example, raids by gangs; the presence of a permanent governing body; the presence of a legislative framework that makes it possible to immediately use the CRRF by decision of the CSTO Collective Security Council.

Nikolai Bordyuzha, Chief Secretary of the Organization, stressed that each state first of all decides the issue of its own security, and the involvement of the CRRF is implied when it is unable to do without the help of allies. And one more essential detail - the CRRF will be used only by decision of the CSTO Collective Security Council, that is, the heads of state.

Russian Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyukov said that in September the first exercises of the Collective Rapid Reaction Forces of the CSTO states will be held in Kazakhstan.

"It is planned to equip these forces with modern weapons and military equipment, with specially designed uniforms and equipment," he said at an expanded meeting of the collegium of the Russian Defense Ministry.

A. Serdyukov said that from the Russian side the Collective Forces would include an airborne division and a separate airborne brigade.

Also, according to A. Serdyukov, the West-2009 operational-strategic exercise will be a significant event for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation this year.

"It is planned jointly with the armed forces of Belarus. The issue of participation of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan in these exercises is being worked out," the minister said.

Regarding the prospects for expanding the unified air defense system, which was created by Russia and Belarus, the Secretary General announced the possible emergence of such regional systems in Armenia and the Central Asian region in the near future, and in the future, coordination of their activities within the framework of cooperation between the CSTO member countries. In addition, joint ventures for the development and production of military equipment can be created.

Press Service of the CSTO Secretariat April 3 current year circulated a message that Iranian Ambassador to Russia Mahmoud Reda Sajjadi said that Iran wants to join the CSTO and is now very actively solving the issue of the format of cooperation with the organization.

The CSTO is also interested in cooperation and interaction with Afghanistan and is ready to consider any form of joint interaction with the Afghan authorities on all issues related to the country's security and joint fight against drug trafficking coming from Afghanistan.

On March 31 this year, an agreement on the mutual protection of rights to the results of intellectual activity obtained and used in the course of military-economic cooperation within the framework of the CSTO came into force. In accordance with the Agreement, cooperation in this area will be carried out by agreeing on issues related to the protection of rights to used and obtained results of intellectual activity, carrying out measures to prevent offenses in the field of intellectual property, exchanging experience on the protection of rights to the results of intellectual activity, and other forms.

At the same time, the participants in military-economic cooperation in the CSTO format in all agreements (contracts) should provide that the use of the used and obtained results of intellectual activity will be carried out only after ensuring their legal protection.

The agreement imposes on its participants an obligation not to manufacture or export military products (MP) from the territory of their state to third countries, manufactured using the results of intellectual activity, the rights to which belong to another party or participants in military-economic cooperation from this party, without a written the consent of the said party.

It is planned to intensify the interaction of the special services of the CSTO member states, problem solving combating crime in the field information technologies to ensure the defense capability of the CSTO member states in general and critical infrastructure facilities in particular. In addition, much attention will be paid to counteracting the use of information technologies for the preparation of terrorist attacks and criminal acts, and information support for state policy.

According to the CSTO Secretary General Nikolai Bordyuzha, the prevention and disclosure of crimes in the field of information technology is closely related to countering terrorism and preventing emergencies.

One of the first practical steps will be training and retraining within the organization of employees law enforcement, specializing in the prevention and detection of crimes in the field of information technology .

An agreement on the peacekeeping activities of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) has entered into force - the document provides for the creation of the Organization's peacekeeping forces, based on the peacekeeping contingents of member states.

The agreement on the peacekeeping activities of the CSTO was signed by the heads of the member states of the Organization on October 6, 2007 at a summit in Dushanbe. Belarus, Kazakhstan and Armenia ratified the document on July 14, November 18 and December 29, 2008. The Russian Federation became the fourth state that completed the domestic procedures necessary for the entry into force of the Agreement.

"The agreement provides for the creation on a permanent basis of the CSTO Peacekeeping Forces from the peacekeeping contingents allocated by the member states on a permanent basis. The latter will be trained according to uniform programs, equipped with uniform or compatible models of weapons and communications, and take part in regular joint exercises."

According to the document, Peacekeeping forces CSTO will be able to take part in peacekeeping operations both on the territory of the member states of the Organization and, by decision of the UN Security Council, in other regions. The CSTO includes Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

At present, the CSTO is pursuing a very active policy, developing the directions of its activities. President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev said that the rapid reaction forces in terms of combat potential would be no worse than similar NATO structures.

2. The concept of collective security and its concept

2.1 The concept and essence of security

Safety- 1. A state in which there is no danger, there is protection from danger.

state security, protection of state security - a set of measures to protect the existing state and social system, territorial integrity and independence of the state from the subversive activities of intelligence and other special services of hostile states, as well as from opponents of the existing system within the country.

Security State Security includes a set of political, economic, military and legal measures aimed at identifying, preventing and suppressing the activities of forces, intelligence agencies seeking to undermine and weaken the state and social system, violate the territorial integrity of the country concerned. Elements of the security system State Security are also measures of general prevention of subversive activities, fencing of objects special purpose and etc.

The essence of security lies in the fact that ensuring military security is the most important activity of the state. The main goals of ensuring military security are the prevention, localization and neutralization of military threats.

Russia considers ensuring its military security in the context of building a democratic rule of law, implementing social and economic reforms, mutually beneficial cooperation and good neighborliness in international relations, the consistent formation of a common and comprehensive system of international security, the preservation and strengthening of world peace.

Russia retains status nuclear power to deter (prevent) aggression against it and (or) its allies, attaches priority importance to strengthening the collective security system within the CIS on the basis of developing and strengthening the Collective Security Treaty.

Other countries of the Collective Security Treaty Organization do not have a nuclear potential, like the Russian Federation, but, in turn, also build a security system based on good neighborliness in international relations, while strengthening their military power and armies, but exclusively for the purpose of protecting from the aggressor.

2.2 The security concept of the member states of the Collective Security Treaty

The concept of collective security of the states - parties to the Collective Security Treaty of May 15, 1992 (hereinafter - the Concept) is a set of views of the states - parties to the Collective Security Treaty (hereinafter - the participating states) on the prevention and elimination of threats to peace, joint defense against aggression and ensuring their sovereignty and territorial integrity.

The concept is based on the principles of the UN, the OSCE, the Collective Security Treaty, as well as the provisions of other documents adopted by the participating states in its development.

The concept includes: the basics of the military policy of the participating states, the basics of ensuring collective security, the main directions and stages of creating a collective security system.

The implementation of the provisions of the Concept provides for the implementation of agreed political, economic, military and other measures.

In political and military relations, the participating states do not consider any state or coalition of states to be their adversary, they see all states of the world community as equal partners.

I. Fundamentals of the military policy of the participating states

The participating states are united by military-political and economic interests, the existing military-technical base and infrastructure, and the desire to pursue a coordinated policy to ensure collective security.

The participating States will hold consultations in order to coordinate positions and pursue an agreed security policy:

· in relation to other states - members of the CIS - on issues of military cooperation and mutual assistance in solving problems of military development;

· in relation to NATO and other military-political organizations - on issues of cooperation and partnership, participation in existing and new structures of regional security that are being created.

The participating States ensure collective security with all the possibilities at their disposal, with priority given to peaceful means. When developing measures to ensure collective security, they take into account the following.

The end of the global confrontation between East and West has significantly reduced the risk of a world war.

At the same time, there is a significant number of regional interstate and intrastate problems, the aggravation of which is fraught with escalation into armed conflicts and local wars. The prerequisites for this remain in social, political, economic, territorial, national-ethnic, religious and other contradictions, as well as in the commitment of a number of states to resolve them by force.

The participating states consider the following to be the main sources of military danger:

· territorial claims of other countries to the states-participants;

· existing and potential centers of local wars and armed conflicts, primarily in the immediate vicinity of the borders of the participating states;

· the possibility of using (including unauthorized) nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction, which are in service with a number of states;

· the proliferation of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery and the latest military production technologies, combined with the attempts of individual countries, organizations and terrorist groups to realize their political and military aspirations;

· the possibility of undermining the stability of the strategic situation as a result of violation of international agreements in the field of limitation and reduction of armed forces and armaments, unjustified buildup of military power by other states and military-political alliances;

· attempts to interfere from the outside in the internal affairs of the participating states, to destabilize their internal political situation;

· International terrorism, policy of blackmail.

As factors that can lead to the escalation of a military danger into a direct military threat, the participating States consider:

· building up groupings of troops (forces) in the regions adjacent to the external borders of the participating states to the extent that violates the existing balance of forces;

creation and training on the territory of other states of armed formations intended for use against participating states;

unleashing border conflicts and armed provocations from the territory of neighboring states;

· the introduction of foreign troops into the territories adjacent to the participating states (if this is not related to measures to restore and maintain peace in accordance with the decision of the UN Security Council or the OSCE).

The participating states consider the following priority areas in joint activities to prevent a military threat:

· participation together with other states and international organizations in the creation of collective security systems in Europe and Asia;

· coordination of actions to implement existing and develop new international agreements on disarmament and arms control;

· expansion of confidence-building measures in the military sphere;

· Establishment and development of equal partnership relations with NATO, other military-political organizations and regional security structures, aimed at the effective solution of the tasks of strengthening peace;

· activation of the dialogue on the preparation and adoption of effective international agreements in the field of reduction of naval forces and armaments, as well as the limitation of naval activities;

· Conducting peacekeeping operations by decision of the UN Security Council, OSCE, in accordance with international obligations;

· harmonization of efforts to protect the external borders of the participating states;

· maintaining the armed forces and other troops of the participating states at a level that ensures defense sufficiency.

II. Fundamentals of ensuring collective security

The goal of the participating states in ensuring collective security is to prevent wars and armed conflicts, and in the event of their unleashing, to guarantee the protection of the interests, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the participating states on the basis of bilateral relations.

In peacetime, this goal is achieved by settling controversial issues, international and regional crises exclusively by political, conciliatory means, maintaining the defense potential of each state, taking into account both national and collective interests.

Each participating State shall take appropriate measures to ensure the stability of its borders. On the basis of mutual agreement, they coordinate the activities of the border troops and other competent services to maintain the established regime in the border zones of the participating States.

In the event of a threat to the security, territorial integrity and sovereignty of one or more participating States, the participating States immediately activate the mechanism of joint consultations in order to coordinate their positions and take concrete measures to eliminate the threat that has arisen.

The strategic nuclear forces of the Russian Federation perform the function of deterrence from possible attempts to implement aggressive intentions against the participating states in accordance with the military doctrine of the Russian Federation.

In the event of aggression, the participating States, in accordance with Article 4 of the Collective Security Treaty, repel it and take measures to force the aggressor to cease hostilities. To achieve this, they determine and plan in advance the content, forms and methods of joint action.

The collective security of the participating states is based on the following basic principles:

· indivisibility of security: aggression against one participating state is considered as aggression against all participating states;

· equal responsibility of the participating states for ensuring security;

observance of territorial integrity, respect for sovereignty, non-interference in internal affairs and consideration of each other's interests;

· collectivity of defense created on a regional basis;

· adoption of decisions on fundamental issues of ensuring collective security on the basis of consensus;

· Compliance of the composition and readiness of forces and assets with the scale of the military threat.

III. Collective security system. The main directions of its creation

The basis of collective security is the system of collective security, which the participating states consider as a set of interstate and state governing bodies, forces and means that ensure, on a common legal basis (taking into account national legislation), the protection of their interests, sovereignty and territorial integrity.

The interstate bodies of the collective security system are:

The Collective Security Council is the highest political body at the interstate level, which ensures coordination and joint activities of the participating states aimed at the implementation of the Collective Security Treaty;

The Council of Foreign Ministers is the highest advisory body of the Collective Security Council on issues of coordinating the domestic and foreign policies of the participating states;

The Council of Defense Ministers is the highest advisory body of the Collective Security Council on military policy and military development of the participating states.

To solve specific problems of ensuring collective security, other control bodies may be created, acting on a permanent or temporary basis.

The state bodies of the collective security system are the bodies of the political and military leadership of the participating states.

As forces and means of the collective security system, the participating states consider:

· the armed forces and other troops of the participating states;

· coalition (joint) groupings of troops (forces) in the regions that will be created to repel aggression against the participating states;

joint (combined) air defense system, other systems.

The creation of forces and means of the collective security system is aimed at deterring a possible aggressor, timely opening of the preparation of a possible aggression and repulsing it, ensuring the protection of the borders of the participating states, participation in peacekeeping operations.

The Collective Security Council for peacekeeping operations conducted in accordance with the decision of the UN Security Council, the OSCE, may create collective peacekeeping forces.

The participating states consider the following as the main directions for creating a collective security system:

· Approximation of the main provisions of the legislative acts of the member states in the field of defense and security;

· holding regular consultations on the problems of military construction and training of the armed forces of the member states;

· the development of common approaches to the issues of bringing troops (forces) to the highest levels of combat readiness, forms and methods of their training, operational and combat use, as well as coordinated mobilization preparation of the economy of the participating states;

· achievement of multilateral agreements on the use of elements of military infrastructure, air and water space of the participating states;

· harmonization of issues of operational equipment of the territories of the participating states in the interests of collective defense;

· carrying out joint measures of operational and combat training of the armed forces and other troops of the participating states;

harmonization of training programs for military personnel and specialists;

· coordination of plans for the development, production, supply and repair of weapons and military equipment;

· development of uniform approaches to the norms of creation and maintenance of inventories.

The formation of a collective security system is carried out sequentially (in stages), taking into account the development of the military-political situation in the world.

At the first stage :

· basically complete the creation of the armed forces of the participating states;

· develop a program of military and military-technical cooperation between the participating states and begin its implementation;

· develop and adopt legal acts regulating the functioning of the collective security system.

At the second stage :

· create coalition (unified) groupings of troops (forces) to repel possible aggression and plan their use;

· create a joint (combined) air defense system;

· Consider the creation of a unified armed forces.

At the third stage to complete the creation of the system of collective security of the participating states.

The participating states pledged in their activities to ensure collective security to observe the UN Charter and generally accepted international legal norms and principles.

This Collective Security Concept reinforces the commitment of the participating states to the goals of preventing wars and armed conflicts, eliminating them from the system of international relations, creating conditions for the comprehensive development of individuals, societies and states based on the ideals of humanism, democracy and universal security.

3 . Conflicts and their settlement CSTO

Conflict - clash, serious disagreement, dispute.

Now in the territory former USSR there are states on whose territory military conflicts take place. Most often this happens in states in whose territories the so-called " unrecognized republics". These are the territories of such states as Moldova, where the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic is located; Azerbaijan with Nagorno-Karabakh and Georgia with South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Just as it was said above, the CSTO does not remain indifferent to the conflict taking place in Afghanistan and even considers this state as a candidate member of the Organization.

As mentioned above, the CSTO members decided to create a Collective Rapid Reaction Force (CRRF). This step allows us to assert that the CSTO is now turning into an active power structure capable of countering almost any threat - both border and terrorist. To create it, all participating countries allocate an armed contingent from the special forces, as well as modern weapons and technique. The document was signed by all participants. At the same time, when signing this document, Uzbekistan made a reservation - doubts were expressed about the expediency of allocating special forces specifically. In addition, Belarus expressed its position in the following way - it was agreed that Belarusian troops could not be sent outside the country, which is primarily due to the current legislation of the Republic of Belarus.

The conflict that took place in August 2008 between Georgia and South Ossetia affected the CSTO member Russia, and, consequently, also affected the CSTO. The military forces of the Organization did not take part in the conflict, but the CSTO actually reproduced the position of Moscow: “Under the pretext of restoring territorial integrity,” the statement said, “Georgia, in fact, carried out the genocide of the Ossetian people. All this led to a humanitarian catastrophe. The military actions of Tbilisi, which disrupted the planned political dialogue between the parties, destroyed the prospect of a peaceful resolution of the conflict.”

South Ossetia and Abkhazia declared their independence and Russia is still the only state that supported this recognition (except for Nicaragua). The other members of the Organization refused such recognition, despite the recognition that Russia was right.
No less difficult to resolve is the conflict around Nagorno-Karabakh. The problem of Nagorno-Karabakh is perhaps more difficult to resolve than the conflicts around South Ossetia and Abkhazia, since here two rather well-armed armies of countries that, on the one hand, are in the same political and economic association (CIS), can come into a full-scale military clash, but with all this, one of them belongs to the military CSTO organizations(Armenia) and the other is not (Azerbaijan).

Based on the positions currently occupied by official representatives Baku and Yerevan, some kind of diplomatic solution to the problem of Nagorno-Karabakh that suits both sides is hardly possible yet. But if earlier the current status quo and its preservation, in principle, were respected by both sides of the conflict, now Azerbaijan is increasingly calling for a military solution to the problem. Especially after the current president of Azerbaijan, I. Aliyev, received the right to be elected to the highest state post an unlimited number of times.

We should also not forget that Russian military bases are located in Armenia, and Moscow and Yerevan have an agreement on mutual military assistance in case of aggression against the territory of one of these states. So, as soon as hostilities break out here, the CSTO will be directly involved in them, and then no one will undertake to predict their consequences.

And an even more complex puzzle is now emerging around the "European" conflict in the post-Soviet space - in Transnistria, where in recent times events have occurred that can seriously affect not only a possible peaceful solution to the conflict, but also the entire alignment of political forces in European affairs.
and how in general it is possible to determine where and whose interests are taken into account or, on the contrary, are infringed upon in the post-Soviet space, if Russia, for example, recognizes the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and all other CIS countries do not. Armenia, as a member of the CSTO, has a military assistance pact with Russia, and Azerbaijan, another CIS state, is ready, in principle, to fight with this very Armenia at any time over Nagorno-Karabakh. Or the same Tajikistan is trying to build a high-rise Rogun hydroelectric power station on its territory, and Uzbekistan is ready to “roughly teach a lesson” to its obstinate neighbor in the CIS for such impudence.

Regarding the situation in Afghanistan. At the 2009 international conference A number of issues were discussed in The Hague. A specific proposal was voiced - a proposal for cooperation between the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the North Atlantic Alliance. This is undoubtedly very logical, since the North Atlantic Alliance operates on the territory of Afghanistan, and the CSTO would provide drug security belts along the route of drug trafficking to Russia and further through Russia to Europe. At the same time, unfortunately, for purely ideological reasons, NATO has so far refrained from establishing any kind of contacts with the CSTO, including in the area in which they have very serious interests, namely in the area of ​​fighting with drugs.

Thus, the Collective Security Treaty Organization has not yet participated in hostilities and has not actually resolved conflicts. But now the Organization has a base that meets all the requirements necessary for resolving and preventing armed conflicts.

CONCLUSION

This paper considers the Collective Security Treaty Organization, its structure, goals and methods of activity.

The Collective Security Treaty Organization has been functioning since 1992 and includes 7 CIS countries. The main direction of its activity is the strengthening of peace, international and regional security and stability, the protection on a collective basis of the independence, territorial integrity and sovereignty of the member states.

The Organization prioritizes political means in achieving its goals, but the Member States have signed an agreement to create a unified army that will be able to take part in hostilities on behalf of the Organization. The CSTO also has a peacekeeping contingent.

DECISION OF THE COLLECTIVE SECURITY COUNCIL

On the Concept of Collective Security of the States Parties to the Collective Security Treaty

The Collective Security Council decided:

1. Approve the Collective Security Concept of the States Parties to the Collective Security Treaty (attached).

2. Consider at the session of the Collective Security Council the draft Plan for the implementation of the Collective Security Concept.

For the purpose of developing a draft Plan, create a temporary working group under the Secretary General of the Collective Security Council from representatives of the participating states.

Done in the city of Almaty on February 10, 1995 in one original copy in Russian. The original copy is stored in the Archives of the Government of the Republic of Belarus, which will send to each state that signed this Decision, its certified copy.

Application

The concept of collective security of the member states of the Collective Security Treaty

The Collective Security Concept of the States Parties to the Collective Security Treaty of May 15, 1992 (hereinafter referred to as the Concept) is a set of views of the States Parties to the Collective Security Treaty (hereinafter the State Parties) on the prevention and elimination of threats to peace, joint defense against aggression, ensuring their sovereignty and territorial integrity.

The concept is based on the principles of the UN, the OSCE, the Collective Security Treaty, as well as the provisions of other documents adopted by the participating states in its development.

The concept includes: the basics of the military policy of the participating states, the basics of ensuring collective security, the main directions and stages of creating a collective security system.

The implementation of the provisions of the Concept provides for the implementation of agreed political, economic, military and other measures.

In political and military relations, the participating states do not consider any state or coalition of states to be their adversary, they see all states of the world community as equal partners.

I. Fundamentals of the military policy of the participating states

The participating states are united by military-political and economic interests, the existing military-technical base and infrastructure, and the desire to pursue a coordinated policy to ensure collective security.

The participating States will hold consultations in order to coordinate positions and pursue an agreed security policy:

in relation to other CIS member states - on issues of military cooperation and mutual assistance in solving problems of military organizational development;

in relation to NATO and other military-political organizations - on issues of cooperation and partnership, participation in existing and new structures of regional security that are being created.

The participating States ensure collective security with all the possibilities at their disposal, with priority given to peaceful means. When developing measures to ensure collective security, they take into account the following.

The end of the global confrontation between East and West has significantly reduced the risk of a world war.

Decision of the Collective Security Council of February 10, 1995
"On the Concept of Collective Security of the States Parties to the Collective Security Treaty"

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Publishing a document

Bulletin international treaties, 1995, N 10, p. 3,

collection "Acting international law"vol. 2