The projected pace of development of the tourism sector and the growing importance of this sector for many developing countries, including small island developing States, as an economic sector that employs a large part of the population and makes a major contribution to economic development at the local, national, subregional and regional levels, require focusing on the relationship between conservation and tourism development.

In this regard, special consideration should be given to the efforts that developing countries undertake for development, along with traditional tourism, cultural tourism and ecotourism, and the assistance provided by the international community, including international financial institutions, in this regard.

Consideration needs to be continued on the importance of tourism in the context of Agenda 21. Like other economic sectors, tourism consumes resources, creates waste, generating environmental, cultural and social costs and benefits.

In order to ensure sustainable patterns of consumption and production within the tourism sector, it is necessary to strengthen national capacity for policy development in areas such as planning in-kind, impact assessment and implementation of economic and regulatory measures in the areas of information exchange, education and marketing.

Of particular concern is the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of vulnerable ecosystems such as coral reefs, mountains, coastal regions and wetlands. The sustainable development of tourism can ultimately lead to the sustainable development of the entire territory, while carrying out the protection of nature, the protection of culture, social and economic development. (Fig. 6)

Rice. 6

Policy development and implementation should be carried out in collaboration with all stakeholders, especially the private sector, local and indigenous communities, an action-oriented international program of work on sustainable tourism should be developed and prepared in collaboration with the World Tourism Organization, the United Nations, UNEP.

By all measures, tourism causes much less damage. environment than other sectors of the economy. However, its sustainable development for the benefit of the natural and cultural environment remains a priority for industry leaders.

Initial implementation efforts sustainable development should minimize negative environmental impact tourism. This task is of particular relevance in light of the rapid development of the industry, which is expected in the coming years, and the increase in its burden on the environment, if appropriate measures are not taken. After all, in the end, the industry will be able to develop only with sustainable use of natural resources. Therefore, in the future, transport and hotel services, catering, waste disposal and other types of guest services must be organized with much more cost-effectiveness and environmental soundness than in the past.

Today, staying in a hotel is not at all what it used to be. You will be provided with clean towels daily only if you specifically request it. Hot water is likely to be heated by solar energy, while dirty drains from bathtubs, showers and washing machines are likely to be treated and recycled back into the water supply. A plastic card - the key to the electronic lock of your room - completely de-energizes the room when you leave, so that an accidentally turned off electrical appliance does not waste energy. And all this is done for the sake of conserving the resources of the environment.

The greening of the hospitality industry is currently taking place largely thanks to organizations such as the International Hotel and Restaurant Association (IAHO), the International Hotel Environmental Quality Initiative, the UNEP Division of Industry and Environment, the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), as well as the efforts of a number of leading hotels.

Now hotels have a double task. Firstly, their environmentally friendly operation makes the environment sustainable, attractive and does not bode unpleasant surprises for the local population. Secondly, such exploitation may have practical significance: IRDA and its partners actively educate the public about the state of the environment and self-regulation measures in their industry, and also support hotels and restaurants around the world that voluntarily implement their own initiatives. As a result, hotel managers around the world are becoming increasingly aware of the benefits that resource conservation and recycling can bring.

IAOR's own environmental awards program was launched in 1990 with the financial assistance of American Express to recognize outstanding examples of the combination of hospitality with conservation planning and implementation. More than 280 applications have been received over the years from hotels in all corners of the world, from Australia and India to Canada and Colombia, showing a significant degree of personal and corporate commitment to environmental protection.

Prizes are awarded taking into account all innovative and creative ideas. New system supply of biologically treated water, which was installed in the Alda Club Hotel in Turkey, allows to reduce the amount of water used for watering lawns and green spaces by 55%, which gives an annual saving of 35.5 thousand am. dollars. A nursery has been set up on the rooftop of the InterContinental Hotel in Sydney to breed seedlings as part of local greening programs, and Canadian Pacific Hotels has complemented its comprehensive conservation program by starting to help beluga whales living in the St. Lawrence Delta and adjacent waters, where this species is endangered.

But while all of the above sounds very optimistic, there is still a lot to be done. The hospitality industry faces big challenges. Hotel directors, in particular, need to be more aware of how hotels should be located on the ground, what layout should be in order to fit into the landscape as much as possible.

One must be able to assess the impact of hotel facilities on the environment and conduct inspections of such impact. In ongoing activities, it is necessary to constantly take into account environmental factors, improve environmental monitoring methods and actively disseminate information about environmental and resource-saving activities among hotel guests and other interested parties.

The travel and tourism industry creates jobs much more easily and faster than any other sector of the economy, which is extremely important for industrialized countries with high unemployment rates. Rural "tourism is able to breathe new life into many regions of the world where, for one reason or another, agriculture is becoming obsolete.

Ecotourism opens opportunities that did not exist before for small villages in Central America, India and Africa, and the so-called cultural tourism, which aims to get acquainted with the everyday and socio-cultural characteristics of the peoples of the world, helps to maintain local crafts and handicrafts where there has not yet been a reliable basis for industrial development.

Over the past decade, there has been a marked shift in the work of travel companies and their agents towards greater compliance with the imperatives voiced in Rio de Janeiro. Significant initiatives have been taken by transport workers to reduce emissions and reduce noise levels; hotel owners who have decided to revise the layout of their hotel complexes and reduce energy and water consumption; employees of travel agencies and bureaus who have begun the transition to a "paperless society"; cruise liners seeking to reduce the amount of waste they produce.

The need to develop tourism in the highest degree is obvious: the benefits that it gives both to individuals and the economies of some countries and entire regions are beyond doubt. No one from the government or the tourism industry will also challenge the need to protect the environment on which the very existence of this sector is based. However, the main task is to combine the development of tourism and the protection of the natural environment.

Putting tourism on a reliable track of sustainable functioning is the most important task that requires partnership and cooperation both within the tourism industry itself and between it, the state and the tourists themselves.

Individual companies can exemplify self-regulation by voluntarily implementing pollution abatement activities, developing and complying with production standards, and through educational activities. Similarly, industry associations should continue to develop, adopt and implement codes of conduct and progressive production standards, introduce environmental management practices and provide their members with the information to carry out all these activities.

The role of the state is also important, since only it is able to develop the much-needed strategic framework for planning the tourism industry. Only the state can ensure the identification of valuable and especially vulnerabilities habitats, carry out basic research and monitoring, and assess overall infrastructure needs and their impacts. And only it is able to establish emission limits, as well as requirements for the placement and design of tourist facilities. To the extent possible, it is necessary to assess the impact on the environment, study the potential intensity of the use of certain areas and establish their capacity in terms of receiving and accommodating tourists, without allowing excessive pressure on natural ecosystems.

Recently, the WTTC introduced a major new building block, the Sustainable Tourism Alliance, into the program to increase the transparency of its activities and improve the quality of its work. This step requires all public and private travel and tourism organizations to enter information about their Agenda 21 activities on the central site of the computer communication system (information server), and also commit to cooperate with all other partners.

At the same time, for the provision of technical support, it is proposed to use the ECONETT information system, owned by the WTTC and operating on the Internet, which was developed with the assistance of the European Union.

The conceptual foundations of sustainable development were started by our compatriot. IN AND. Vernadsky, who considered the theory of sustainable development as a doctrine of the noosphere - "the stage of evolution of the biosphere. The earth, on which, as a result of those victories of the collective human mind the harmonious development of both a person as an individual, and a united society, and, accordingly, the environment changed by a person will begin "An important role in the development and implementation of the concept of sustainable development was played. Conference. UN in Rio de Janeiro (1992), at which they adopted" Agenda days of the 21st century", and. The Johannesburg Summit took place in 2002 in the PA. R. Internationally ratified documents defined sustainable development (Sustainable Development - English) as socio-ecological and economic development modern generation, does not threaten the activities of their future generations. Unfortunately, the answer to the question "how can you make processes permanent and so that they continue?" or balanced) development. In general, the process of transition to sustainable development can be viewed as a movement from a certain state of instability to some ideal state, which is called "sustainable development" (Fig. 31). The impossibility of harmonizing the development of mankind and the idea of ​​what it should be is due to the fact that: 1) ideal values ​​are an abstraction that is used in all sciences as one of the methodological approaches for research, but is not observed in everyday life, 2) does not yet have clear parameters for measuring "ideal sustainable development", therefore, the existing "gap" of instability cannot be determined or calculated, 8) the development of mankind will certainly lead to changes in technologies, the level, living conditions and other components of development, development; 4) the development of mankind about the dozhuvatim impact on the natural environment, 5) many of these changes are irreversible and cannot be predicted, which also causes the emergence of a gap between real development and its desired development of the gap between the real development of that yoga bazhanim camp.

Figure 31 . Trajectory towards sustainable development

Considering the possibilities of implementing the postulates of sustainable development, they talk about the parameters for achieving sustainability, but sometimes it is easier to identify and define indicators of the "instability" of the situation1. If it is assumed that processes are considered to be non-stationary when they reduce the environmental, social and productive resources on which the processes at the chosen level directly depend, then this will be the primary unsustainability; if processes at other levels depend on them - secondary instability (Fig. 32b (Fig. 3.2).

Figure 32 . Levels of unsustainable development

The concept of "sustainable development of tourism" and its basic principles defined. World tourism organization late 1980s

In the process of considering a holistic approach to the development of tourism (from the English whole - whole), the needs of other industries should be taken into account, ensuring their interconnection and interdependence. Despite enough t long time development of this concept, researchers have not come to a consensus on the definition of sustainable tourism. Today, the most common of them are:

1) sustainable development of tourism is all forms of development and management of tourism that do not contradict the natural, social, economic unity and well-being of established societies in an indefinite period (World Federation of Natural and national parks, 1992)

2) the sustainable development of tourism is ensured within the limits of environmental sustainability, allows you to effectively restore the productivity of natural resources, takes into account the contribution of local communities to the recreation of tourists; rebalancing the rights of the local population to the economic benefits of tourism; puts the wishes and needs of the receptive side first (Tourist Concern

3) the sustainable development of tourism allows the modern inhabitants of the planet to satisfy their own needs for recreation and recreation without the threat of loss of this opportunity by future generations (UNDP, Production and consumption branch, 1998.

According to the "Order of the Day for the 21st Century", the principles of sustainable tourism development are as follows:

1) assistance in the approval of a full and healthy lifestyle human life in harmony with nature;

2) contribution to the conservation, protection and restoration of ecosystems. Earth;

3) development and application of sustainable production and consumption patterns as a basis for travel and tourism;

4) cooperation of peoples in the field of an open economic system;

5) the abolition of protectionist tendencies in the provision of tourism services;

6) mandatory environmental protection as an integral part of the tourism development process, respect for relevant laws;

7) the participation of citizens of the country in solving problems related to the development of tourism, including those directly related to them;

8) ensuring the local nature of decision-making on the planning of tourism activities;

9) exchange of experience and introduction of effective tourism technologies;

10) taking into account the interests of the local population

On the present stage the essence of sustainable tourism development is seen as the most important factor sustainable development of society as a whole. This position is clearly stated in Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, adopted. STO in 1999. It proclaims the obligation of all participants in the tourism process to preserve the natural environment for sustainable and balanced development. An important place belongs to the role of the body of its central, regional and local authorities which should support the most favorable forms of tourism for the natural environment. In order to change the negative impact of large tourist flows, measures should be taken to evenly distribute tourists and visitors, thus reducing the effect of the seasonality factor. The planning of new tourist infrastructure facilities should be carried out taking into account the peculiarities of the area, to ensure the preservation of the habitual way of life of the population. The sustainable development of territories involved in tourism activities is ensured by creating tourism infrastructure facilities, organizing new jobs, and attracting the local population to new activities in the field of tourism services. As a result, the standard of living of the inhabitants of the peripheral regions rises. Gion, there is their fixing in the historical territory of residence. The environmental nature of tourism background lies in the obligation to preserve the biodiversity of recreational areas and centers. For this, environmental technologies, practical developments, recommendations of fundamental and applied sciences are used. Of great importance in the protection and restoration of recreational areas are also schemes for financing and lending to environmental activities within their boundaries.

A significant role in this context is played by the formation of the ecological worldview of both the population of recreational regions and tourists. First, to realize the recreational attractiveness of the natural landscape, its ecological and aesthetic value, which can bring economic benefits, and therefore the need for protection and careful attitude to recreational resources, the understanding of the local population that the predatory use of resources will lead to the fact that their territory will remain behind outside the scope of recreational use, can be a significant incentive for the careful and rational use of resources. As for tourists, they should also understand the need to accept the rules dictated by nature, that is, to comply with resource restrictions. This means ensuring an appropriate level of awareness of the conditions of stay. Tourists are required to: agree to give up a certain amount of their comfort; preference for products produced in this region; interest in and respect for local habits, traditions and the accepted way of life; consent to use only public transport; enthusiasm for active protection of the environment, minimizing the negative effects of recreational activities, increasing the time spent on the answer to the chink by reducing the frequency of travel. So, for the sustainable development of tourism, all recreational resources are used and directed in such a way as to satisfy economic, social and aesthetic needs while maintaining cultural identity, ecological balance, biological diversity and life support systems of the recreation region.

Ukraine, although it has ratified international documents on environmental safety, however, does not have significant achievements in the field of practical application of the principles of sustainable development. In our opinion, first of all, it is necessary to apply the following measures to intensify work in this direction:

1) approval at the state level of the provisions of sustainable development, in particular for tourism;

2) cooperation and exchange of experience with the international community on the theory and practice of sustainable development, adaptation of their methods and tools for Ukraine;

3) raising the level of environmental consciousness of the population, dissemination of information about the quality of the environment and methods of its protection;

4) economic and legal support for environmental activities;

5) stimulation of environmental initiatives of the population by supporting non-governmental organizations

,
Member of the Presidium of the International Tourism Academy.

By the end of the 20th century, tourism took a leading place in international foreign economic relations, began to have a serious impact on the development of the economies of individual countries and the world economy as a whole, and its influence on the formation of gross domestic product increased. Therefore, tourism was called the "phenomenon of the twentieth century."

Despite the obstacles that arise (natural disasters, man-made disasters, terrorist attacks, etc.), tourism continues to develop actively at the present time. The forms and methods of organizing travel are changing, new types of tourism are emerging, conditions for the sustainable development of tourism are being developed and created. Tourists, in connection with the expansion of opportunities for obtaining information, are increasingly beginning to intervene in the process of preparing a trip.

Trends that are developing in the tourism industry in last years, indicate that the further development of tourism will be carried out through the widespread introduction of innovations. Further technical progress, the emergence and implementation of basic innovations (nanotechnologies, biotechnologies, etc.), and the widespread use of knowledge will have a significant impact.

This will be facilitated by the struggle for the sustainable development of world civilization, including tourism.

Sustainable tourism development

Sustainable development of tourism is the ability of tourism to maintain its quantitative and qualitative indicators for a long period of time, that is, to meet the expectations of residents and tourists, both in a short and long period, without damaging the environment of the territory that is interested in this phenomenon.

The document adopted by the General Assembly of the World Tourism Organization (1985) - "Tourism Charter and the Tourist Code" - put forward the position that "the local population, having the right to free access to tourism resources, must ensure, by their attitude and behavior, respect for the surrounding natural and cultural environment. It has the right to expect tourists to understand and respect their customs, religions and other aspects of their culture, which are part of the heritage of mankind.”

Tourists, realizing that they are guests of the host country, should show the greatest respect for the natural and cultural heritage of the place of stay and refrain from comparing the economic, social and cultural differences existing between them and the local population. Such behavior of tourists can be facilitated by preliminary (before the start of the trip) information: a) about the customs of the local population, its traditional and religious activities, local prohibitions and shrines; b) about artistic, archaeological and cultural values, about fauna, flora and other natural resources of the visited territory, which must be protected and preserved.

In April 1989, the Inter-Parliamentary Conference on Tourism adopted the Hague Declaration. The declaration emphasizes that “Given the deep relationship that exists between tourism and the environment, one should: Promote integrated tourism development planning based on the concept of “sustainable development”, which was endorsed General Assembly UN; stimulate the development of alternative forms of tourism that promote closer contact and understanding between tourists and host populations, preserve cultural identity and offer diverse and original tourism products and facilities, as well as ensure the necessary cooperation of the public and private sectors in achieving these goals, both at the national, as well as internationally."

In 1992, at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, the concept of sustainable development received further confirmation. Delegations from 182 countries of the world took policy document"Agenda 21" ("Agenda 21"). Tourism as a separate topic was not included in this document, however, its impact on the preservation of the environment, cultural and natural heritage and on the integration of the efforts of various organizations for sustainable development, was the reason for the development and adoption in 1995 by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) and the Earth Council (Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry).

This document defines sustainable tourism development as follows: “Sustainable tourism development meets the current needs of tourists and host regions while safeguarding and enhancing opportunities for the future. All resources must be managed in such a way as to meet economic, social and aesthetic needs while preserving cultural integrity, important ecological processes, biodiversity and life support systems. Sustainable tourism products are products that exist in harmony with the local environment, society, culture in such a way that it benefits and does not harm tourism development. Consequently, those types of tourism activities that have the highest total positive effect in terms of ecology, economy and social development are the most sustainable.

Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry states that there is ample evidence of excessive tourist influx, resorts losing their former glory, destruction of local culture, transport problems and growing resistance of the local population to the development of tourism. The tourism and travel industry has the potential to significantly improve the environmental and socio-economic situation in all the centers and countries in which the industry operates through a culture of sustainable tourism development. It is to replace the culture of intensive consumption with a culture of intelligent growth; balance the economic and environmental factors of development; find common interests of tourists and the local population; distribute the benefits received among all members of society, and primarily among the poorest categories of the population.

The document outlines a specific program of action for state bodies responsible for the state of tourism and tourism companies to create conditions for the sustainable development of tourism. The important role of cooperation between authorities, economic sectors and tourism organizations is emphasized, and the enormous benefits of shifting the focus from “eco-tourism” to “ sustainable tourism". Tourism sustainability implies a positive overall balance environmental, socio-cultural, and economic impacts of tourism, as well as the positive impact of visitors on each other.

Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry recommends nine priority areas for government action:

1. assessment of the existing regulatory, economic and voluntary framework in terms of sustainable tourism development;
2. assessment of the economic, social, cultural and environmental activities organizations;
3. training, education and public awareness;
4. tourism sustainable development planning;
5. promoting the exchange of information, skills and technologies related to the sustainable development of tourism between developed and developing countries;
6. ensure the participation of all public sectors;
7. development of new tourism products based on the principle of sustainability;
8. assessment of progress towards sustainable tourism development;
9. cooperation for sustainable development.

The tasks of tourism companies are: the development of systems and procedures for introducing ideas of sustainability into management and determining areas of activity for the implementation of the principles of sustainable tourism development. Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry emphasizes that consideration of economic, social, cultural criteria and environmental protection should be an integral part of all management decisions and should be given priority over the inclusion of new elements in existing programs. All company activities from marketing to sales should be influenced by programs to protect, preserve and restore the environment.

In recent years, there has been a gradual, but increasingly large-scale transition to the use by tourism companies and enterprises, especially accommodation facilities, special methods that ensure the rational use of environmental resources. Voluntary certification systems, environmental labels, awards for environmental performance, codes of conduct are increasingly being used and are becoming more popular.

In 2000, well-known tour operators, with the participation of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Commission (UNESCO) and the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), created a voluntary non-profit partnership "Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development". Among the participants of this partnership are such well-known companies as TUI Group (Germany), Hotelplan (Switzerland), First Choice (Great Britain), ACCOR (France) and others. This organization is open to all interested participants in the tourism sector, regardless of their size and geographical location.

The members of this initiative define sustainability as the foundation of their business activities and working together to promote practices and practices that are compatible with sustainable development. They pledged to strive in activities both within each organization and in business relations with partners, to the application of best practices regarding the responsible use of natural resources. To do this, companies will reduce and minimize waste, prevent environmental pollution; protect and conserve plants, animals, landscape, protected areas and ecological systems, biological diversity, cultural and natural heritage, respect the integrity of local cultures and avoid negative impact on social structures; collaborate with local communities and peoples; to use local products and skill of workers.

The World Tourism Organization is actively involved in the implementation of the provisions for the sustainable development of tourism, which are set out in Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industries. The “Silk Road” campaign is actively carried out, in which many interested countries participate, in August 2002, at the World Summit on Sustainable Tourism in Johannesburg, the UNWTO and UNCTAD joint program was approved - “Sustainable Tourism - Poverty Eradication” (Sustainable Tourism - Eliminating Poverty - ST-EP). The program pursues two goals: the sustainable development of tourism and the eradication of poverty in order to increase their potential dependency and strengthen the role of the least developed and developing countries in sustainable development.

For the sustainable development of tourism, it is necessary that all actors involved in this process, and at all levels, responsibly and with mutual respect fulfill their role - only such tourism can be sustainable. Hence the emergence of a new type of tourism - socially responsible tourism. Its philosophy is to exchange cultural traditions so that the peoples of the world are consolidated on the basis of national identity, in order to acquaint tourists with the life of local residents, their customs and customs.

The main problem in organizing such trips is that it is necessary to teach tourists to behave like guests who have been kindly allowed to live in the house, and not masters who everyone around should serve. On the other hand, local residents should stop treating tourists as annoying intruders and understand that visitors contribute to the improvement of the economic and social situation in their homeland.

An example of the development of responsible tourism is the activity of a non-profit organization - the Italian Association for Responsible Tourism (AITR), organized in May 1998. Currently, members of the association are more than 60 organizations representing various areas of the tourism business.

According to latest edition of the charter, approved in October 2005, this association is a second-level association, i.e. only organizations can be members of it. The association involves societies that carry out activities aimed at disseminating the principles set out in the documents on the sustainable development of tourism based on the criteria of justice, respect for human rights, concern for the economic and social sustainability of the environment, transparency in financial transactions, institutional and operational structures.

The association's articles of association state that responsible tourism carried out on the basis of social and economic justice and in full respect for the environment and cultures. Responsible tourism recognizes the dominant role of local communities that host tourists, their right to be participants in the development of sustainable tourism and bear social responsibility for their own territory.

Responsible tourism activities contribute to the successful interaction between the tourism business, local communities and travelers. Initially, the concept of this new style of travel meant that the tourist chooses the excursion route, the way to move around the country and the place to stay for the night. Many began to use this type of travel because of the desire to save money, since the payment of intermediary services was excluded from the costs, and housing was rented directly from local residents. However, in recent years, the concept has changed, which has affected the availability of "responsible voyages". Since the association took over responsible tourism, the function of intermediary has shifted from tourism companies to the AITR association.

Activities to ensure the sustainable development of tourism involve not only tourism enterprises and associations, but government and many non-governmental organizations.

In November 2003, the Australian Government, with the aim of sustainable development of the country's tourism industry and to better position tourism against possible future shocks, adopted the White Paper "Supporting a long-term strategy for tourism" (Tourism White Paper). The white paper provides for the creation of a framework for cooperation between government bodies authorities of different levels and the tourism industry, encourages the improvement of technological development in the tourism sector and the quality of tourism products, the practice of sustainable development of tourism business in the field of ecology and culture.

9.5. Principles of sustainable tourism development

Scientific, technical and socio-economic progress has led to the accelerated development of tourism. Because of this, in places massively visited by tourists, serious problems in the field of ecology, culture and social development. The uncontrolled growth of tourism, driven by the desire to quickly make a profit, often leads to negative consequences - damage to the environment and local communities. This forces humanity to take care of the preservation of natural, historical and cultural values. The principles of protecting the biosphere on a global scale were enshrined in 1992 by the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, which was attended by government delegations from 179 countries of the world, numerous international and non-governmental organizations. The conference approved the program document "Agenda 21" ("Agenda 21") and adopted the Declaration on Environment and Development.

The adoption of this document was the beginning of the introduction of a radical innovation in the field of tourism - the principle of sustainable tourism development, which was proposed by the UNWTO. This radical innovation forces tourism workers and tourists to change their views on tourism, on the relationship of its participants.

In 1995, the joint efforts of the World Tourism Organization, the World Travel and Tourism Council and the Earth Council developed the document "Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry" (Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry).

This paper analyzes the strategic and economic importance tourism, there are numerous reports of over-tourism, some resorts losing their former glory, destruction of local culture, traffic problems and growing resistance from the local population to the influx of tourists.

The document outlined a specific program of action for government departments, national tourism administrations (NTA), industry organizations and tourism companies for the sustainable development of tourism. The following priority areas have been identified for government departments:

Assessment of the existing regulatory, economic and voluntary framework in terms of sustainable tourism;
- assessment of the economic, social, cultural and environmental activities of the national organization;
- training, education and public awareness; sustainable tourism planning;
- promoting the exchange of information, experience and technology; ensuring the participation of all public sectors in the development of sustainable tourism;
- development of new tourism products; cooperation for the development of sustainable tourism.

The tasks of tourism companies are to develop and determine areas of activity for the development of sustainable tourism. Priority areas of activity should be the preservation and restoration of the environment: minimizing waste; involvement of staff, customers and the public in solving environmental issues. Consideration of economic, social, cultural criteria and environmental protection should be an integral part of all management decisions, including the inclusion of new elements in existing programs.

In 2004, the World Tourism Organization formulated the concept of sustainable tourism development (we quote):

"The norms and practices of managing sustainable tourism development can be applied to all types of tourism and to all types of destinations, including mass tourism and various niche tourism segments. The principles of sustainability refer to environmental protection, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development and between these three aspects an appropriate balance must be struck to ensure the long-term sustainability of tourism.Sustainable tourism must therefore:

1) ensure the optimal use of environmental resources, which are a key element in the development of tourism, supporting basic ecological processes and helping to preserve natural heritage and biological diversity;
2) respect the unique socio-cultural characteristics of the host communities, preserving their inherent created and established cultural heritage and traditional customs, and contribute to the mutual understanding of different cultures and tolerance towards their perception;
3) to ensure the viability of long-term economic processes, taking into account their benefits to all stakeholders who disseminate them impartially, including permanent employment and opportunities for income generation and social services for host communities and a contribution to poverty reduction.

Sustainable tourism development needs the competent participation of all relevant stakeholders and equally strong political leadership in order to ensure broad participation and consensus building. Achieving sustainable tourism is a continuous process that requires constant monitoring of environmental impacts, introducing, if necessary, appropriate preventive and/or corrective measures.

Sustainable tourism must also maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction by tapping into the multifaceted demands of tourists, raising their awareness of sustainable outcomes, and promoting sustainable tourism practices among them."

The main difference between the models of mass (traditional) and sustainable tourism (Table 9.1) is that part of the benefits received in the case of sustainable development of tourism is directed to the restoration of the resource base and the improvement of technologies for the production of services.

Table 9.1.

The main differences between sustainable tourism and mass (traditional) tourism

Comparison factors	sustainable tourism	Mass (traditional) tourism
Attracting tourists	The volume of provision of tourist services is consistent with the socio-economic, environmental capabilities of the territory, which determine the nature of tourism activities.	Tourist activity is focused on a constant increase in tourist flows. The volume of providing tourist services is limited only by the capacity of the material and technical base
Tourist behavior	Visitors during their stay follow a certain pattern of behavior in accordance with the culture of the area visited. The behavior of visitors does not damage natural resources, traditions and customs of the local population	Visitors bring their lifestyle and behavior to the recreation area
Attitude towards nature	For visitors, the very value of existence is important natural objects, not their use value	The consumer attitude of visitors to natural objects dominates. Natural objects are evaluated based on their usefulness to humans.
Relationships between visitors and locals	Friendly, respectful relationships, the purpose of which is the knowledge of a new culture	formal relationship. Visitors see themselves as hosts to be served

In 2000, well-known tour operators, together with UNEP (United Nations Environmental Protection Programme), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Commission (UNESCO) and the World Tourism Organization, created a voluntary non-profit partnership "Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development" (TOI), open for all new members. Members of this partnership define sustainability as the core of their business activities and work together to promote practices and practices that are compatible with sustainable development. They strive to prevent environmental pollution; preserve plants, animals, ecological systems, biological diversity; protect and preserve the landscape, cultural and natural heritage, respect the integrity of local cultures and avoid negative impact on social structures; collaborate with local communities and peoples; use local products and the skills of local workers. In 2002, UNWTO, together with UNCTAD, developed the Sustainable Tourism for Poverty Eradication (ST-EP) programme.

Currently, a number of international programs are being implemented to introduce sustainable tourism. One of them is the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Program, which has the status of a code and is accepted by most European countries, is being intensively developed in America, and is relevant for Russia. The purpose of this program is to take into account the specific social and natural conditions of the sea coasts in the organization of life and management of coastal zones. European Curriculum integrated management coastal zones is funded by the European Union.

The Government of the Republic of Belarus adopted a decision (No. 573 dated May 30, 2005) to create 27 tourist zones in the country, create favorable conditions for economic development and attract domestic and foreign investment in the tourism industry while preserving and rationally using the natural potential and historical - cultural heritage.

The International Socio-Ecological Union (ISEU), established in Russia in 1998 and numbering more than 10 thousand people from 17 countries, in 2005 included in its program of activities the project "Development of sustainable tourism in the countries - members of the ISEU". In July 2006, ISEC held a special session in Irkutsk dedicated to the development of sustainable tourism in Baikal.

In 2005, a "Round table on tourism, environmental education and management of specially protected natural areas" was held, dedicated to the conservation of bioresources.

The Charter for the Development of Sustainable Tourism has been adopted in the Kaliningrad Region. It provides for the implementation of 15 pilot projects, including the restoration of the old postal route on curonian spit, revival folk traditions and crafts on the Pineker estate, the organization of centers for the development of rural tourism in the Guryevsky and Nesterovsky districts on the basis of a peasant economy, etc.

In November 2005 in Moscow, under the auspices of UNESCO, international Conference"Innovative policy in the sphere of preservation of cultural heritage and development of cultural and educational tourism". The participants discussed the role of the state in creating an effective system of interaction between all interested parties (state, business, society), in the preservation of world cultural heritage sites and the development of cultural and educational tourism.

AT recent times began to develop the so-called non-traditional types of tourism - ecological, rural, extreme, adventure, socially responsible.

The philosophy of socially responsible tourism is to exchange cultural traditions, consolidate on the basis of national identity, getting acquainted with the life of local residents, their customs and customs. Here it is important that tourists behave like guests who have been kindly allowed to live in the house, and not like hosts who everyone around should serve. At the same time, local residents should not treat tourists as annoying intruders whose presence must be endured, they should understand that visitors contribute to the improvement of the economic and social situation in their homeland. The management scheme for socially responsible tourism is shown in fig. 9.1.

Rice. 9.1. Management scheme for socially responsible tourism

Socially responsible tourism recognizes the dominant role of local communities, their social responsibility for their own territory.

1. Sustainable tourism. The main directions of transition to sustainable tourism2. Characteristics of event tourism in the world. Geography of the largest carnivals and festivalsList of references 1.Sustainable tourism. Main directions of transition to sustainable tourism Sustainable tourism is tourism that meets the needs of modern tourists and the local population and at the same time preserves and increases opportunities for the future. Sustainable tourism implies the possibility of creating long-term conditions for the development of both tourism itself and the preservation of natural resources, social and cultural values ​​of society. At the same time, its goal is to achieve a higher standard of living for the population through economic growth and preserving environmental benefits, natural capital for future generations. This approach fits into the global tourism trends that determine the formation of a new tourist brand, when the high preservation of natural and cultural complexes is an indispensable condition for sustainable development. Sustainable tourism is the youngest concept of environmentally safe tourism. It is inherently a private application of the concept of sustainable development, which implies the integration of social, economic and environmental aspects in decision-making and practical activities. Developed in 1987, the concept of sustainable development became the central idea of ​​the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) and was recognized as an effective development model by the vast majority of countries whose representatives signed a number of international documents directly related to practical implementation of the concept of sustainable development. The need for sustainable development of tourism is becoming more and more noticeable every year, as the negative aspects of the influence of the tourism sector are becoming more and more obvious, and the positive effects are not as significant as they were before. The development of tourism around the world has a significant impact on the state of the natural environment. From the visual impact of hotel architecture and resort complexes to noise and air pollution from increasing traffic flow, pollution of water sources and loss of natural habitats. Currently and for the foreseeable future, a new mindset with a focus on sustainable development is being formed in society, which has already led to the emergence of new motivations in tourism, driven by the need to acquire a tourism experience that is environmentally and socially responsible. Only in this case, tourism establishments have a chance for long-term success. Thus, the transformation of thinking in society determines evolutionary development tourism, which was reflected in the formation of not only nature-oriented types of tourism, but also contributed to the emergence of a new direction in tourism that ensures sustainability in this sector of the economy. The authoritative actor in the field of sustainable tourism is the WTO. She formulated the principles of sustainable tourism already in 1988. According to the WTO, sustainable tourism is “a direction in the development of tourism that allows you to meet the needs of tourists now, taking into account the interests of the host region and allowing you to save this opportunity in the future. This provides for the management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs are met while maintaining cultural and ecological integrity, without harming biological diversity and life support systems. The principles of sustainability in tourism come down to environmental, cultural, economic sustainability, and sustainability for local communities. In practice, this means that all travel companies must implement the proposed activities to achieve long-term sustainable development.2. Characteristics of event tourism in the world. Geography of the largest carnivals and festivalsEvery day in different parts of the world there is a huge variety of interesting and exciting events that we can witness and participate in. If we want to see the carnival in Rio or Venice with our own eyes, parade through New York on Halloween, taste Irish green beer on St. Patrick's Day, meet a Buddhist New Year in Thailand or celebrate the queen's birthday in Amsterdam - please! All this is quite affordable and is called "event tourism". This is a wonderful invention for people who are mobile, enthusiastic, easy-going and at the same time suffering from an eternal lack of time. You can just fly to, say, Iceland for a couple of days, look at the northern lights, or watch the migration of whales in South Africa, and the impressions will last for a long time. Until the next interesting event. Event tourism is a fairly young type of tourism. Event tourism is an extremely interesting activity, and has been developing quite rapidly in recent years. The main difference between event tourism is that the purpose of the trip is timed to some kind of event - an event. Many tourists who are fond of event tourism are guided in their travels by local holidays, fairs and festivals. Visiting football matches and celebrity concerts has recently become a particularly popular direction of event tourism. Event tourism is mostly an individual form of recreation, which is filled with a constant holiday atmosphere. People going on such a trip will undoubtedly experience many bright unforgettable moments that they will remember for a lifetime. All event tourism can be divided into several categories, which are selected according to the scale of the event. On this basis, national and international events are distinguished. Also in event tourism, there are several areas that are divided depending on the topics: national festivals, film and theater festivals, theatrical shows, fashion shows, gastronomic festivals, music festivals, etc. Today, event tourism is developing dynamically in Russia. Forbes magazine published a list of the largest parties and festivals in the world for 2008. Among them are the Brazilian Carnival, Mardi Gras Carnival, Oktoberfest and Love Parade. Any festival or carnival from the Forbes list can be of interest to both all lovers of entertainment and avid tourists. Carnival in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Held in February and is one of the most popular in the world. Brazil, carnival and dancing - for many, this means fun and a bright holiday. The Rio Carnival attracts about 700 thousand tourists every year. Mardi Gras, New Orleans (USA) Mardi Gras is held from February 2 to 5. This is one of the largest festivals with the participation of jazz bands and large-scale carnivals and balls. Oktoberfest, Munich (Germany) Date - from September 20 to October 5. This is a real treat for lovers of beer, Bavarian sausages, grilled meats, carousels and German culture. Every year, tourists from many countries of the world come to Munich to Oktoberfest. New Year's Eve in Las Vegas (USA) is celebrated on the night of December 31 to January 1. On this night, a record price for a bottle of champagne was set: in Las Vegas, the cost reaches $1,000 per bottle. Held from 6 to 14 July in Pamplona (Spain). A real event for lovers of extreme sports and bullfighting. The Burning Man Festival, Black Rock, Nevada (USA) is celebrated annually from August 25 to September 1. The tradition of the Burning Man fire festival began in 1985, when actors and spectators of a street show from San Francisco burned a wooden figure about 2.5 meters high on the beach. Since that time, the height of the wooden giant has increased, the show has become more and more enchanting, acquiring new pranks and objects for burning, scenarios and traditions. Bastille Day, Paris (France) Traditionally celebrated on July 14th. Dedicated to the Great French Revolution, namely the day of the capture of the Bastille fortress, which took place in 1789. It is one of the favorite holidays in France. Love Parade, Dortmund (Germany) In 2007, the Love Parade was held in the city of Essen. The festival annually gathers millions of fans of national dances and dance music from all over the world. Bremen Carnival (January, annually) Most people cannot even imagine what a carnival in Bremen can be like. Northern Germany is not known for its emotionality and short temper, but the carnival proves that the city knows how to have fun. Various parades, concerts and much more are held during the carnival. Berlin International Film Festival (February, annually) The Berlin International Film Festival is the largest event in Germany and one of the most important in Europe. The Berlin International Film Festival traces its history from 1951 to the present moment is one of the world's central film festivals, along with Cannes and Venice. The Berlin festival has always been distinguished by good taste and sophistication. Initially, "elite" films were selected for the competition, the so-called "non-grossing films", but highly artistic and highly spiritual. List of literature used 1. Buylenko V.F. Tourism. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, Neoglory, 2008.2. Tourism Geography: Textbook. - M.: KnoRus, 2009.3. Gulyaev V.G., Selivanov I.A. Tourism. Economics, management, sustainable development. - M.: Soviet sport, 2008.4. Carnivals. Holidays. - M.: World of Encyclopedias, 2005.5. Kachmarek J., Stasyak A., Vlodarczyk B. Tourist product. - M.: Unity-Dana, 2008.6. Konstantinova N. Carnival Country. - M.: Nauka, 2009.7. Lukyanova N.S. Geography of tourism. Tourist regions of the world and Russia. - M.: KnoRus, 2009.