What are ethnic conflicts? International cooperation. The concept of national relations

Health

Spontaneous cooperation has been known to mankind for many centuries, consisting of a huge number of communities, representing in the aggregate an ethnically mixed environment, where productive cooperation often operates in the production of material goods, in Everyday life; creation and saving national cultures values is combined with the knowledge of other cultures.
In the XX century. there is an increase in integration trends of two directions:
economic, political integration leading to
the formation of unions of states;
integration of national entities within multinational country. This may be in the interests of the peoples living in a single state, and contribute to the strengthening of this unity.
The domestic experience of interethnic cooperation is significant. In all branches of the economy and culture of the USSR, multinational collectives worked fruitfully. The cohesion of peoples was clearly manifested in battles, work, everyday life during the years of the Great Patriotic War, in the post-war revival of the country.
Cooperation in the cultural sphere ensured the eradication of illiteracy, the creation of a written language of 50 ethnic groups, the flourishing of bright, original art small peoples. Scientists note that in the Soviet Union in the XX century. not a single minor culture has disappeared and, in fact, the entire ethnic mosaic of a huge state has been preserved, while hundreds of minor cultures have disappeared in other regions of the world. At the same time, the mistakes and crimes of the totalitarian authorities led to grave tragedies for many people and entire nations. Centuries-old national ties were disrupted due to ill-conceived administrative-territorial division, the ecological situation in the regions inhabited by indigenous small ethnic groups worsened. The forcible resettlement of peoples, undeservedly accused of complicity with the German occupiers, inflicted great damage on the dignity of hundreds of thousands of people and had a heavy impact on their destinies. It took long time to restore the violated rights of the peoples of our country.
In Europe, other parts of the world in the last third of the XX century. integration in the economic sphere, and then in politics, was widely developed. This is due to the process of globalization, the formation of a post-industrial, information society, as well as the need for unity in the fight against international terrorism.
One example of integration is the activity European Union(EU), uniting (2005) 25 states with a population of 450 million people, speaking 40 languages. The EU introduced a single citizenship, a single currency - the euro. Supranational authorities have been created: the European Parliament, the EU Council, the European Court. The EU Constitution has been developed. However, it can enter into force only after it is approved by all EU countries (by a decision of the parliament or by a popular referendum). Russia does not remain aloof from the integration processes of the 21st century. This manifests itself in particular:
in caring for the formation of a common economic, humanitarian legal space with several countries that are members of the Commonwealth created after the collapse of the USSR Independent States;
in negotiations with the European Union on cooperation in the fields of economy, justice, security, science, education, and culture. great place in the partnership documents, it is given to joint actions to observe the principle of non-discrimination, including countering any forms of intolerance and racism, respect for human rights.
Along with the trend towards international integration, there is also a trend towards differentiation. It manifests itself in different forms. Mostly in a peaceful form, the formation of independent post-Soviet states, the division of Czechoslovakia into two states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Armed actions accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia.

National relations are relations between peoples (ethnic groups), which cover all sides public life.

The concept of national relations

National relations find their expression in public actions, which largely depend on the individual motivation and behavior of the subjects of society.

National relations can be friendly and mutually respectful, or vice versa - hostile and conflict.

The concept of ethnic communities

Ethnic communities are associations of people based on a common historical past, which provokes identity in their worldview, in cultural and spiritual traditions.

The main feature of ethnic communities is their common historical region of residence.

Today, there are several thousand ethnic communities in the world, modern geography their distribution is very diverse.

Interethnic conflicts and interethnic cooperation

Interethnic conflicts are a kind of social conflicts that occur between members of different ethnic communities. In many scientific works, varieties of political, civil confrontation are indicated as the basis of interethnic conflicts.

Ethnic conflicts often exist in two forms: in the form of political competition and in the form of armed confrontations. Often the formation of the image of the enemy in the person of another nation occurs on a historical basis.

Interethnic cooperation is the interaction between representatives of different ethnic groups, which is reflected in economic, political and cultural social relations. The main principle of interethnic cooperation is mutual assistance, as well as respect for representatives of other peoples.

Culture of interethnic relations

culture between national relations represents the level of relations between people and ethnic groups of different nationalities, which is based on moral principles, legal norms, as well as norms of mutual trust and respect.

A low level of culture of interethnic relations provokes the emergence of interethnic conflicts, a high level contributes to the development of interethnic cooperation.

National politics

National policy is an integral part of the activity of any state, which regulates interethnic relations of citizens in various types public interaction.

The essence of national policy directly depends on the general vectors public policy. At the heart of the national policy of legal democratic states is the principle of respect for people belonging to any ethnic communities.

§ 9. Interethnic relations and national

politics

Remember:

what is an ethnic community? What is the influence of ethnic diversity on the current situation in the country and in the world? What is the essence of social conflict?

Interethnic (interethnic) relations - relations between ethnic groups (peoples), covering all spheres of public life.

The main scientific problem is to determine, based on the ideas of humanism, the analysis of historical experience, the best ways to regulate interethnic relations. The problem is multifaceted, including issues of history and modern everyday life, the spiritual world of the individual, culture, education, sociology, psychology, economic, political, legal relations; therefore, scientists use the methods of a number of humanities. From the middle of the XIX century. explores the problem in depth ethnology- a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, the forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, the interaction of the individual and the social environment.

Ethnology identifies two levels of interethnic relations. One level - the interaction of peoples in different areas social life: politics, culture, production, science, art, etc. Another level is the interpersonal relations of people of different ethnicity in various forms of communication - labor, family, household, educational, informal types of relationships.

Interethnic relations find their expression in human actions and largely depend on individual behavior and its motivation, which is based on personal experience, mastering cultural norms, the influence of the family, the immediate environment.

The ethnic processes of modernity are characterized by two trends: integration- cooperation, unification of different ethno-state communities, rapprochement of all aspects of the life of peoples; differentiation- the aspirations of peoples for national independence.

Interethnic relations can be friendly, mutually respectful, or, conversely, conflict, hostile.

^ INTER-ETHNIC COOPERATION

In the XX century. there is an increase integration shadowsdentia dual direction:

economic, political integration leading to
the formation of unions of states;
integration of national entities within the multi
national country. This may be of interest to
clans living in a single state, to promote the
strengthening this unity.

The domestic experience of interethnic cooperation is significant. In all branches of the economy and culture of the USSR, multinational collectives worked fruitfully. The cohesion of peoples was clearly manifested in battles, work, everyday life during the Great Patriotic War, in the post-war revival of the country.

Cooperation in the cultural sphere ensured the eradication of illiteracy, the creation of a written language for 50 ethnic groups, the flourishing of the bright, original art of small peoples. Scientists note that in the Soviet Union in the XX century. not a single minor culture has disappeared and, in fact, the entire ethnic mosaic of a huge state has been preserved, while hundreds of minor cultures have disappeared in other regions of the world. At the same time, the mistakes and crimes of the totalitarian authorities led to grave tragedies for many people and entire nations. Centuries-old national ties were disrupted due to ill-conceived administrative-territorial division, the ecological situation in the regions inhabited by indigenous small ethnic groups worsened. The forcible resettlement of peoples, undeservedly accused of complicity with the German occupiers, inflicted great damage on the dignity of hundreds of thousands of people and had a serious impact on their destinies. It took a long time to restore the violated rights of the peoples of our country.

In Europe, other parts of the world in the last third of the XX century. integration in the economic sphere, and then in politics, was widely developed. This is due to the process of globalization, the formation of a post-industrial, information society, as well as the need for unity in the fight against international terrorism.

One example of integration is the activities of the European Union (EU), which unites (2005) 25 states with

population of 450 million people speaking 40 languages. The EU introduced a single citizenship, a single currency - the euro. Supranational authorities have been created: the European Parliament, the EU Council, the European Court. The EU Constitution has been developed. However, it can enter into force only after it is approved by all EU countries (by a decision of the parliament or by a popular referendum). Russia does not remain aloof from the integration processes of the 21st century. This manifests itself in particular:

in caring for the formation of a common economic, gum
nitarian legal space with several countries,
members of the Commonwealth created after the collapse of the USSR
Independent States;
in negotiations with the European Union on cooperation in the areas of
economy, justice, security, science, education,
culture. A large place in the documents on partnership
leno joint action to comply with the principle of non-
discrimination, including opposition to any form of
intolerance and racism, respect for human rights.

Along with the trend towards international integration, there is also a trend towards differentiation. It manifests itself in various forms. Mostly in a peaceful form, the formation of independent post-Soviet states, the division of Czechoslovakia into two states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Armed actions accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia.

I “The more enlightened the states, the more they

i share ideas with each other and the more the si- increases.

I la and the activity of the universal mind. 1

\: C. Helvetia i

^ INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS

The concept of " social conflict you know. Among the significant for the individual and humanity are conflicts between ethnic communities. In scholarly writings, ethnic conflict is often defined as any form of civil, political, or armed confrontation in which the parties (or one of them) mobilize, act, and suffer based on ethnic differences.

This definition provoked an objection, because it considers the conflict as a stage of extreme aggravation of contradictions. A broader interpretation has been proposed: ethnic conflict is any competition (rivalry) between groups, from confrontation for the possession of limited resources to social competition, in all cases where the opposing party is defined in terms of the ethnicity of its members.

Interethnic conflicts are generated not by the existence of ethnic groups, but by political, social conditions, in

which they live and develop. Often, the creation of the “image of the enemy” is also facilitated by the appeal to those pages of historical memory, where former grievances and facts (sometimes distorted) of the distant past are imprinted.

Consider main causes of conflicts, clearly expressed in the goals and actions of the opposing sides.

^ Territorial reasons - the struggle for changing borders, for joining another (“related” from a cultural and historical point of view) state, for the creation of a new independent state. These demands are in line with the political goals of movements striving for the formation of their "own" sovereign state. Demands of a separatist nature are especially dangerous, because they directly affect large masses of people and are connected with questions about the division or abolition of the state. “It is a question,” writes one of the Russian ethnologists, “in which state to live, to whom to obey, in what language to speak, to whom to pray, how to move, who will protect the life and property of people, finally, what anthem to sing and what heroes and what graves to honor.

^ Economic reasons - the struggle of ethnic groups for the possession of property, material resources, among which, in particular, land and subsoil are of great value.

^ Social causes - demands for civil equality, equality before the law, in education, in wages, equality in employment, especially for prestigious places in government.

^ Cultural and linguistic reasons - requirements for the preservation or revival, development of the language, cultural community. The derogation of the role of the native language, which unites the ethnic community into a single whole, is especially acutely perceived and often serves as a cause of conflict.

There are hundreds of national cultures in the world, each ethnic group has its own culture, treats it with care. Attempts to belittle its significance in favor of the culture of another, larger ethnic group cause protest, can cause conflict. There is another danger: sometimes an ethnos proceeds from the fact that its culture is called upon to dominate in relation to other cultures.

The source of interethnic tension is nationalism - the ideology, psychology, politics of groups of people who affirm the priority of national values over all others, the supremacy of the interests of their ethnic group,

1 Separatism(here) are demands for sovereignty and independence for an ethnically designated territory, directed against the state power of the country of residence.

opposed to the interests of other ethnic groups. The idea of national exclusiveness often takes the form of xenophobia 1 leading to the extermination of so-called "inferior" races and peoples.

The bloody results of chauvinism will forever remain in the memory of mankind. This is the genocide of the Armenian people in 1915, when the actions of the Ottoman Empire led to the death of 1.5 million people. This is the greatest tragedy organized by the Nazis - the Holocaust (destruction through burning), which led to the death of 6 million people - more than half of the Jewish population of Europe. These are the actions of the Nazis to destroy the Slavic population of the "eastern space" and turn the rest into labor force for the "superior race".

^ REGULATION OF INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS

The question arises: is it possible to exclude the emergence of conflicts with an ethnic component? So far, a positive answer is impossible due to the fact that many ethnic groups live in pre-conflict conditions, experience significant social difficulties, feel (including in everyday life) neglect of their culture, language, traditions, and customs. All this causes mass protest moods, often leading to socially dangerous, destructive behavior (especially in the crowd).

It will take a long time for most people to become capable of tolerance. But it is already possible to soften and conflict preventionations by regulating interethnic relations. Recall: to regulate means to streamline, adjust.

^ Humanistic approach - the main reference point in the implementation of the moral, political, legal regulation interethnic relations. The main features of this approach are:

recognition and respect for the diversity of cultures, eg
femininity for the ideas of peace, harmony, rejection of violence against
relations between peoples;
the development and continued functioning of democracy,
ensuring the realization of the rights and freedoms of the individual, ethnic
communities, regardless of their nationality
ti;
focus government agencies, mass media
howling information, education, sports, all forms of literature
ry and art on the formation of citizens, especially young
dezha, culture of interethnic communication. Necessary

1 Xenophobia- intolerance, rejection, hatred of someone, something alien, alien.

upbringing tolerance- respect, trust, willingness to cooperate, compromise with people, their communities of any nationality, the desire to understand and accept their cultural values, lifestyle, behavior. Tolerance largely determines the consciousness and behavior of the individual, groups of the population, representatives of government bodies, contributes to the development of personal responsibility for the prudent solution of ethnic problems.

Scientists identify several intersecting paths conflict resolution. The first - application of legal mechanisms, first of all, the change of legislation in multi-ethnic states, the elimination of ethnic privileges. Second way - negotiation between the conflicting parties, both direct (between delegations of the parties) and through intermediaries (representatives of international organizations, public figures). Unfortunately, often the parties (or one of them), instead of a policy of negotiations aimed at cooperation, restricting access to weapons, rely on uncompromising diktat, on armed violence. This leads to an intensification of the conflict, intimidation of society, mass casualties and destruction. Negotiations are difficult and lengthy. But in a number of cases they contribute, if not to overcoming the conflict, then to its mitigation.

Third way - informational. It involves, first of all, the exchange of information between the parties on possible measures to overcome conflict situations. A public dialogue (in the press, on television) among representatives of all ethnic groups is appropriate, with the aim of jointly developing proposals that meet common interests.

Effective, especially if the conflicts have a religious connotation, joint peacekeeping performances of representatives of different faiths. The figure of the Orthodox clergy, Alexander Men, said: “Understanding, tolerance are the fruits of the highest culture ... Remaining Christians and Muslims, not offending each other, giving a hand is our way.”

The psychological impact of the media (especially electronic) requires a careful approach to the ways in which information is presented. Information, even neutral information, about the facts of extremism can cause new wave conflict. It is necessary to abandon the dramatization of events, which is sometimes characteristic of reporters, because this can gain a foothold in historical memory and, after a while, revive the spirit of the conflict. We must not allow terrorists and extremists to be glorified in order to avoid turning them into heroes and leaders. We must remember that ill-conceived words can shoot stronger than a bullet.

State support for the policy of multiculturalism is adjacent to the information path, which is especially important in connection with the growth of population migration. For example, in Canada, this policy aims to promote the development and preservation of their own culture of all ethnic groups, contacts and interaction between members of various groups in the interests of national unity. Immigrants are assisted in mastering at least one of the official languages so that they can become full members of Canadian society.

One of the causes of conflicts is the unsettled life of ethnic groups, manifested in poverty, unemployment, low wages and pensions, poor housing, and difficulties in obtaining an education. An indispensable condition for overcoming conflicts is the improvement of the life of a citizen, the creation and consolidation of a psychological sense of satisfaction among ethnic groups with a favorable stability of life. This requires the regulation of social processes, including agreements between the warring parties on a fair distribution of resources, on increasing jobs, improving housing conditions, on equality in employment, education, and access to power structures.

^ CONSTITUTIONAL BASES OF THE STATE

RUSSIAN NATIONAL POLICY

FEDERATION

National Policy - component political activity of the state, regulating interethnic relations in various spheres of society. Its essence depends on the general direction of state policy. At the heart of democratic national policy is a respectful attitude towards people representing any etnicommunity, setting for cooperation and rapprochement of peoples.

The foundation of the ethnopolitics of the Russian Federation is the Constitution. In its preamble, two policy settings in the field of interethnic relations can be distinguished:

patriotic respect for
the memory of the ancestors who passed on to us love for the Fatherland; concern
and about the preservation of the historically established state
the unity of peoples united by a common destiny in their
earth;
political and legal orientation for approval
human rights and freedoms, civil peace and harmony, equal
rights of peoples, to ensure the sovereign state
of Russia, the inviolability of its democratic foundation.

The Constitution guarantees human rights and freedoms, regardless of nationality, their equality, understanding, observance and protection (Art. 2, 19). Everyone has the right to use their native language, freely choose the language of communication, education, training, creativity (Article 26). Throughout the territory of the Russian Federation, the state language is Russian; republics have the right to establish their own state languages used along with Russian (Article 68). Actions aimed at forcibly changing the foundations of the constitutional order and violating the integrity of the Russian Federation, propaganda of racial, national or linguistic superiority are prohibited (Articles 13, 29).

In the "Concept of the state national policy Russian Federation» (1996) the principles of this policy are formulated as follows:

equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen
simo from his race, nationality, language;
prohibition of any form of restriction of the rights of citizens under
signs of social, racial, national, linguistic
or religious affiliation;
preservation of the historically established integrity of Ros
the Russian Federation;
equality of all subjects of the Russian Federation in
relationships with federal government agencies
noah power;
guarantee of the rights of indigenous peoples;
the right of every citizen to determine and specify
their nationality without any coercion
nia;
promoting the development of national cultures and languages
peoples of the Russian Federation;
timely and peaceful resolution of conflicts and
conflicts;
prohibition of activities aimed at undermining
state security, excitation of social, racial,
national and religious discord, hatred or enmity;
protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation
tion outside its borders, support for compatriots, living
in foreign countries, in the conservation and development
native language, culture and national traditions, in UK
strengthening their ties with the Motherland in accordance with the norms
international law.

Consistent implementation of these principles meets the diversity of interests of the peoples of Russia.

NIS ^ Basic concepts: interethnic relations, interethnic conflicts, national policy.

SHSHTerms: ethnology, separatism, xenophobia, tolerance.

Test yourself

1) Name the levels of interethnic relations, show the common and different in these levels. 2) What is the essence of the two trends in the development of interethnic relations? Give examples of manifestations of these tendencies. 3) What is the essence of interethnic cooperation? 4) What are interethnic conflicts? List their main reasons. 5) What are the ways to prevent and overcome interethnic conflicts? 6) Describe the principles of the national policy of the Russian Federation.

Think, Discuss, Do

UN documents state that tolerance is
is a moral duty, legal and political requirement
ness leads from a culture of war to a culture of peace; right
commitment to respect and understanding of the diversity of cultures;
means an active attitude to reality, forming
based on recognition universal rights and freedom
loveka. Based on personal experience, facts of history and modern
values, show how the principles of tolerance can
be realized in interethnic relations.
Explain why it is especially important now to follow
principles of tolerance and respect of peoples for each other,
overcome common difficulties together.
Scientists believe that humanity, becoming more and more
more interconnected and united, does not lose its ethno
cultural diversity. If you agree with this point
view, then confirm its correctness with facts from the public
military development of the 20th century; if you disagree, justify
those views.
Think over the answer to the question: how professional de
the activity of a historian, lawyer, economist can
promote interethnic cooperation, prevent
conflicts?
Analyzing the main trend of modern politics
ki RF in the field of interethnic relations, scientists of the sex
they say that it consists in switching from national-terri
torial direction to cultural, educational and
cultural and educational. How do you understand this conclusion?
scientists, do you share this point of view?

Work with the source

Read a fragment of the work of the ethnologist V. A. Tishkov.

Ethnonationalism in Post-Soviet States

The most serious challenge for Russia and a number of other post-Soviet states is ethno-nationalism in its radical and intolerant manifestations. So called

national movements in peaceful political and cultural forms among nations former USSR have played and continue to play an important role in establishing decentralized forms state structure and management, in the preservation and development of the cultural integrity and distinctiveness of large and small nations, in the growth of the socio-political activity of citizens. But the ethnic factor in some cases became the basis for the formation of programs and actions, as well as for the promotion of ideas and attitudes that provoke intolerance, conflict and violence.

The nationalism of small peoples, being a reaction to the traumas suffered in the past and the belittled status of non-Russian cultures, in the conditions of a social crisis, political destabilization and weak modernization of the population, often takes on aggressive forms. This is manifested in attempts to usurp power and prestige positions in favor of representatives of one ethnic group, change the demographic composition of the population by forcibly expelling ethnic "foreigners", change administrative or interstate borders, and carry out secret secession (secession from the state. - Ed.), including force of arms. Instead of improving governance and social and cultural conditions of life, extreme nationalism offers outwardly simple, but essentially unrealistic solutions, attempts to implement which cause intercivil tension and conflict ...

No less a threat to democratic transformations and social peace is the growing nationalism of the hegemonic type, formed on behalf of the numerically dominant peoples. In Russia, Russian nationalism is trying to acquire the status of a national ideology, appropriate the idea of all-Russian patriotism and replace the formation of a common civil identity with the same unrealizable slogan of self-determination of the Russian ethno-nation. Extremist groups and individuals are increasingly promoting fascist ideas, anti-Semitism and disdain for minorities.

Tishkov V. A, Requiem for Ethnos: Studies in Socio-Cultural Synthropology. - M., 2003.-S. 319-320.

NO ^ Questions and assignments to the source. one) What is ethno-nationalism? 2) What is the difference between radical ethno-nationalism and peaceful forms of national movements? 3) Illustrate with examples from history and the present the position that radical ethno-nationalism is a great danger for the peoples and states of the post-Soviet space. 4) What caused and how is the nationalism of small nations manifested? 5) What is the

is it the essence and danger of ethno-nationalism of the hegemonic type? 6) The opinion is often expressed that the development of democracy, civic culture, and the stabilization of the socio-economic situation will have a positive effect on overcoming ethno-nationalism. Do you agree with this opinion? Justify your answer.

They argue about it

The non-Russian population makes up 20% of the total population of the Russian Federation. This gives some authors a reason to consider Russia a mono-ethnic state. This point of view meets with objections, because it does not take into account the historical conditions of the development of Russia and the commitment of many peoples to their languages, culture and way of life. What is your opinion?

At all times, people have worked to create mechanisms for cooperation and unleashing conflicts. These methods are used in many areas of human life and society to achieve the goals of a particular person or group of people. Often, it is the joint activities of organizations, states, enterprises that bring an effective result in a particular area.

What is cooperation?

Cooperation is an activity of several parties, thanks to which all participants receive some benefit. Known today various forms economic, political, military, environmental interaction. Nowadays, issues of cooperation related to financial support, use of natural resources, military-political associations, security environment, space exploration, business development, communication networks.

About the essence of cooperation

In fact, cooperation is a process in which the interacting parties, without the use of violence, seek ways to satisfy common interests. The circumstances in which one of the parties can achieve its goals only if the other party to the agreement can achieve the same can be called mutually beneficial cooperation. In other words, the goals of the partners must be linked.

The essence of cooperation is to achieve the common goals of partners, expecting specific benefits from the implementation of agreements, mutual benefit. These three points are fundamental to any joint venture agreement.

About international cooperation

There is an inaccurate understanding of the expression " the international cooperation". Sometimes this term means the absence of conflict or getting rid of its extreme forms.

Cooperation is an indicator of the interdependence of states and organizations. The development of international relations has built political, economic, environmental, cultural and religious systems of interaction. For example, in recent times unresolved issues related to the global problems of mankind are exacerbated. In this area, it is extremely objective to expand international activities contributing to the solution of world problems.

To the elements of development business relations include diplomatic means, coordination of efforts to ensure security, plans to resolve military conflicts.

Why international relations are intensively developing?

There are a number of reasons for improving the formation of mutually beneficial relationships. Here is some of them:

Uneven economic development in some countries. Each state forms its own structure Agriculture, development of certain types of industry, infrastructure, education. If a certain state is known for producing a particular product with high quality, then this specialization will stimulate the development of foreign trade.
Inequality in financial, raw materials and human resources. About 25 million people migrate to another country every year to find work. Some countries in Asia and Africa have huge labor resources, while in America and Europe there are not enough workers. The extraction of minerals and the availability of other types of raw materials contribute to the development of mutually beneficial ties between countries that enter into a cooperation agreement. For example, some states lend and invest in various organizations in other countries.
Inequality in the field of scientific and technological progress. If countries exchange scientists, conduct joint research, develop new technologies and enter into contracts in this area, this will also benefit both parties.
The specifics of political relations. This factor greatly affects the volume of trade turnover. A friendly foreign policy increases foreign trade turnover, while a belligerent one contributes to breaking economic ties.

The cooperation agreement implies the active actions of the partner states for mutual coordination in the field of economics and politics, which do not bring harm or negative consequences to one or another participant in the agreement.

conclusions

The search and development of international relations contribute to the opening of access for one or another partner state to the world economy, increase the economic potential, and provide the resource needs of the nation. So, what is meant by cooperation today?

Cooperation is a complex of relations developing on the basis of mutual exchange. In the conditions of modern reality international relationships look like a process of establishing a dialogue, comparing interests, reaching consensus, mechanisms of adaptation in cases of mismatch of values and in conflict situations between regions, countries and organizations.

Interethnic (interethnic) relations - relations between ethnic groups (peoples), covering all spheres of public life.

Politics

Remember:

what is an ethnic community? What is the influence of ethnic diversity on the current situation in the country and in the world? What is the essence of social conflict?

Ethnology identifies two levels of interethnic relations. One level - the interaction of peoples in different spheres of public life: politics, culture, production, science, art, etc. The other level - interpersonal relations of people of different ethnicity in different forms of communication - labor, family, household, educational, informal types of relationships .

Interethnic relations find their expression in human actions and largely depend on individual behavior and its motivation, which is based on personal experience, mastery of cultural norms, the influence of the family, the immediate environment.

Interethnic relations can be friendly, mutually respectful, or, conversely, conflict, hostile.

In the XX century. there is an increase integration trends dual direction:

Economic, political integration leading to
the formation of unions of states;

Integration of national entities within the multi
national country. This may be of interest to
clans living in a single state, to promote the
strengthening this unity.

One example of integration is the activities of the European Union (EU), which unites (2005) 25 states with

In caring for the formation of a common economic, gum
nitarian legal space with several countries,
members of the Commonwealth created after the collapse of the USSR
Independent States;

In negotiations with the European Union on cooperation in the areas of
economy, justice, security, science, education,
culture. A large place in the documents on partnership
leno joint action to comply with the principle of non-
discrimination, including opposition to any form of
intolerance and racism, respect for human rights.

I“The more enlightened the states, the more they

i share ideas with each other and the more the si- increases.

I la and the activity of the universal mind. 1

\: C. Helvetia i