Lecture:

Interethnic relations

Interethnic relations are called relations between different states, as well as between different nations one state.

Let's consider two tendencies of interethnic relations of the modern world. First - integration– close mutually beneficial interethnic contacts, cooperation in politics, economy, culture. In modern global world rapidly growing productive forces are crowded within the framework of one nation or one state. There is a process of broad cooperation between countries. A striking example of the economic integration of nations and states is European Union, uniting about 30 states of Europe. An example of political integration is a number of international organizations led by the UN. And an example of cultural integration is the celebration of Christmas, Halloween, etc. The integration of states contributes to the erasure of national borders and the unity of mankind. An important principle of building interethnic relations is tolerance, mutual respect of nations.

The second trend of interethnic relations is differentiation, this is the reverse integration process, when nations strive for independence, separation and confrontation. characteristic feature differentiation is, for example, the strengthening of protectionist measures in international trade, nationalistic and extremist views. The desire of nations to differentiate has led to the emergence of such socially dangerous phenomena as:

nationalism and its extreme form of chauvinism, expressed in hatred of other nations;

segregation- forced separation of one nation from another on any basis, for example, racial discrimination;

genocide- the physical destruction of the nation - especially serious crime against humanity;

separatism, which consists in the desire of the nation to separate from the state and create its own independent state entity;

ethnic cleansing - the policy of forcible expulsion of persons of a different ethnic group from the territory of the country.

The third trend of interethnic relations is globalization(more).

Thus, there are two main forms of interethnic relations: peaceful cooperation (stable relations) and ethnic conflict (unstable relations). We are talking about peaceful cooperation when nations interact and benefit each other. The main forms of peaceful cooperation are ethnic mixing through interethnic marriages and ethnic absorption - natural or forced assimilation, in which one nation completely loses its language, culture and national identity. An ethnic conflict arises as a result of a clash of interests of different nations and often develops into an armed struggle.

Causes of ethnic conflicts and ways to resolve them

Causes of ethnic conflicts can be:

territorial claims;

struggle for political power or political independence;

disparity in possession material resources and blessings;

infringement of the rights, values, interests of the ethnic group;

ethnocentrism - the excellent views of the ethnic group towards their own culture and the rejection of another culture;

deterioration of the ecological situation on the territory of one ethnic group due to the actions of another and others.

Ethnic conflicts lead to severe consequences people are dying, cultural values ​​are being destroyed. The settlement of ethnic conflicts, on the one hand, depends on the activities of international organizations (primarily the UN) and commissions, which must take into account the interests of each of the conflicting parties. On the other hand, it depends on the internal attitudes of the person himself. It is very important that every person does not allow violence, adheres to humanistic views in resolving ethnic issues and supports tolerant interethnic relations.

Maintaining stable interethnic relations is the main goal of the national policy of any state. Its main areas are:

ensuring the equality of all nations living in the state, for example, the laws of the Russian Federation guarantee the right of every citizen to determine their nationality;

creating conditions for the preservation of ethnic culture, for example, teaching the native language in schools;

organization of events that bring nations together and expand cultural ties, for example, holding international song and dance festivals;

preventive measures aimed at promoting an intolerant attitude towards nationalism and chauvinism.

Interethnic cooperation and conflicts
Goals:
repeat and summarize the studied material; develop the ability to search and
systematization of information on the topic; be able to compare, analyze, draw conclusions,
solve cognitive and problem tasks;
be able to explain the studied provisions on self-selected concrete
examples; Ability to build relationships and work collaboratively
groups;
promote a sense of tolerance,
nationalism, racism, anti-Semitism.
manifestation aversion
Equipment: textbooks, dictionary
During the classes:
1. Organizational part of the lesson
2. Introduction to the topic
Epigraph of the lesson: “When the power of the state and the nation is declared greater
value than a person, then in principle the war has already been declared, everything for it is already
prepared spiritually and materially, and it can arise at any moment” (N.A.
Berdyaev)
B. What
C.
states can lead to conflicts, both within the state and between them).
the meaning of Berdyaev's statement? (Wrong, erroneous policy
Today in the lesson we will try to understand the problems using specific examples.
interethnic relations, find out the causes of interethnic conflicts and ways of their
settlement.
Q. Why is it important for us to study this topic? (3000 nations make up
modern humanity, they live in about 200 states, therefore,
there are many multinational states, including our country,
which is home to more than 100 ethnic groups, 30 nations. What is the relationship between
nations determine both the development of the country and the situation in the world).
Q. What is interethnic relations? (relations between ethnic groups, covering all
spheres public life)
C. Name 2 levels of relationships and reveal their essence. (1 level interaction
peoples in different areas public life: politics, culture, production, science,
art; Level 2 interpersonal relations of people of different nationalities in
different forms of communication - in labor, family, educational, informal
types of relationships)
Q. What trends in the development of interethnic relations do you know? (integration and
differentiation)

Conclusion: interethnic relations can be friendly, mutually respectful,
or, conversely, conflict, hostility.
3. Repetition and generalization of the studied material
The theme of our lesson is "Interethnic cooperation and conflicts." We will be with you
work in groups. Each group gets a task. After independent work With
textbook, additional materials, groups present completed tasks.
Task 1: make up a cluster "Trends in the development of interethnic relations"
Conclusion: interethnic relations find their expression in human actions,
which can either unite peoples or lead to conflicts.
Q. How do you understand the essence of the term "cooperation"?
Q. How does it manifest itself?
Q. What integration trends emerged during the 20th century?
Q. Is the creation and activity of the EU a positive or a negative phenomenon?
Q. How does Russia's participation in the integration process manifest itself? How do you feel about
creation of the CIS?
Interethnic cooperation implies not only integration, but also
differentiation, which takes not only peaceful forms, but is also expressed in the form
conflicts.
Group 2 drawing up a "Fishbone" scheme on the topic "Interethnic conflicts"
Q. How does a social conflict differ from an interethnic one?
B. What are the main causes of interethnic conflicts.
Q. How do you feel about the problem of separatism?
Q. What is xenophobia?
Conclusion: Ignoring problems in national relations can lead to serious
consequences.
The question arises: is it possible to exclude the emergence of conflicts with ethnic
component?
3 group drawing up a table
Problem Solving Sheet
1. What is the main problem in preventing interethnic conflicts?
2. What are the ways to resolve ethnic conflicts?
3. Which of the chosen paths is the best? Why?

Conclusion: It is impossible to single out any one way of resolving conflicts in
national soil. All of them are interconnected. The main thing is that when solving national
problems, a humanistic approach was used:
recognition and respect for the diversity of cultures, rejection of violence between peoples;
development and continued functioning of democracy, ensuring the realization of rights and
individual freedoms, ethnic communities;
the state's focus on the formation of an interethnic culture among citizens
communication.
Q. Is it possible to imagine the modern world without ethnic conflicts?
Q. Imagine that you are in government and are in charge of national relations.
What priority steps would you suggest taking?
In dealing with other peoples, each person should follow the following
settings:
nature has created people different, but equal in dignity and rights;
there are no nations good and bad, there are bad or good people, or rather good or bad
deeds;
national origin is neither an advantage nor a disadvantage, it is simply
game of chance, fate.
4. Physical education minute
5. Checking the learned material.
It is carried out on the basis of solutions to tasks of parts B6, C5 and C8.
B. Define the concept of "interethnic relations" and make two
sentences containing information about interethnic relations.
B. Compose complicated plan on the topic "Nations and interethnic relations"
C. Insert the words suggested in the list in place of the gaps.
The emergence of such a social community as _________ (A) is associated with the development
capitalist relations. Modern scientists believe that the key feature
this community is the community of spiritual culture, an important element of which
is the national _______(B). The main direction in the development of international
relationships are _______(B) and differentiation. Interethnic cooperation
can be carried out in various areas: economic, political, ______ (G),
spiritual.
The reasons for interethnic ________ (D) may be: household
prejudices, territorial disputes, ________(E) on racial and religious grounds.
One of the principles of regulation of interethnic conflicts is respect
cultural ________ (F) and interests of all national groups, condemnation of violence in
solving national problems.
1.integration 6.humanization

Social relations.

social structure.

This is the structure of society as a whole, a set of interconnected and interacting social groups. The main types of social groups include classes, castes, estates. These groups have a different position in society, have unequal access to such social benefits as money, power, prestige. This is what social inequality is all about. The formation of social classes in their modern sense is associated with the formation industrial society. The origins of class differences and inequality are in the economic sphere of society. For example, peasants, workers, employees, owners of firms and companies, farmers, entrepreneurs have different opportunities to earn income and purchase goods.

2. Social relations - these are certain stable connections between people as representatives social groups. They arise independently of the will and consciousness of people in the process of their interaction with each other in the conditions of a given society. They may take on the character of cooperation or social conflict.

social groups.

This is any set of people that has some common socially significant sign (sex, age, nationality, profession, income, education, power, etc.)

According to their size, number, the nature of the relationship between members, social groups are divided into big and small.

Social groups include:

family, school class, group of peers;

Workers, peasants, intelligentsia;

children, youth, veterans;

urban and rural residents.

4. Social status - is the position that a person occupies social structure society.

Some statuses (sex, age, nationality) do not depend on the personal qualities of a person, they are given from birth - prescribed (or innate)

Others require the individual's own efforts - getting an education, mastering a profession, starting a family. This is an attainable (acquired) status.

social roles.

The social status of a person gives him certain rights, imposes duties and requires appropriate behavior. Expected behavior from a given person social status called social role.

Social conflict and ways to resolve it.

A social conflict is a clash of opposing interests, views, aspirations, directions of social development. Individuals, social groups, various organizations and associations can be participants in a social conflict. All social conflicts go through three stages:

pre-conflict (contradictions accumulate)

conflict (collision of parties)

post-conflict (measures are being taken to finally eliminate contradictions)

There are the following types of behavior of participants in a social conflict: suppression of the enemy, reaching an agreement, abandoning one's demands.

The best way prevention and resolution of social conflict - a compromise (agreement through mutual concessions without prejudice to the fundamental interests of the parties).

The consequences of conflicts lead to negative and positive results.

Negative Consequences increase bitterness, lead to destruction and bloodshed, to a violation of public order.

Positive Consequences lead to the resolution of problems, increase group cohesion, lead to alliances with other groups, lead to an understanding of the interests of the group.

A family.

A family is a social group based on family ties (by marriage, by blood). Family members are connected by a common life, mutual assistance, moral and legal responsibility.

The family performs a number of functions related to the needs of the individual and society:

Reproductive (biological procreation);

Educational (preparation of the younger generation for life in society);

economic and economic (maintenance household and guardianship of disabled family members);

spiritual and emotional (personal development, spiritual mutual enrichment, maintenance friendly relations);

leisure (organization of normal leisure);

sexual (satisfaction of sexual needs).

Legal basis of marriage and family.

Family law.

The set of legal norms that regulate relations between people in connection with marriage, family creation, the birth and upbringing of children form one of the branches of private law. - family law.

The main source of family law is

Family code Russian Federation(IC RF).

Purpose of family law.

According to article 1 of the RF IC, the main goals family law are: strengthening the family; construction family relations on feelings mutual love and respect, mutual assistance; responsibility to the family of all its members.

four). Basic principles legal regulation(SK):

1. Voluntary marriage.

2. Equality of rights of spouses in the family.

3. Resolution of issues by mutual agreement.

4. The priority of family education.

5. Ensuring the protection of the rights and interests of minors and disabled family members.

To conclude a marriage, the mutual consent of those entering into marriage and the achievement of marriageable age (18 years is the age of civil majority) are required.

5). Barriers to marriage:

1. Undissolved marriage.

2. Close relatives in a straight line (father, daughter, granddaughter) and between siblings.

3. Incapacity of a person recognized by the court (mental disorder or danger of transmission of a dangerous disease).

4. Between the adopter and the adopted (as long as the adoption exists)

6). Personal rights of spouses:

the right to free choice of occupation, profession,

place of stay and residence.

choice of surname;

have equal rights and responsibilities towards their children

7). The legal freedom of spouses is not unlimited. They are obliged:

build relationships in the family on the basis of mutual respect and mutual assistance;

cares about the well-being and strengthening of the family;

cares about the well-being and development of their children: educate, provide education (basic general education) to protect their rights and interests.

Marital property.

The property of the spouses is divided into general (acquired during marriage) and personal (acquired before marriage, or received as a gift, by inheritance during marriage).

personal property is the private property of each and is not taken into account when dividing property between spouses.

common property recognized by law as joint property and is referred to as legal regime of their property. Each of the spouses has the right to all property to such property, enjoys equal rights. With the termination of the marriage is divided equally. Only the court can depart from the principle of equality.

By mutual agreement, the spouses can carry out transactions on the disposal of property (sell, donate). On the movable property is enough verbal consent, and on immovable property needed written agreement certified by a notary.

9). Personal rights of the child.

1. The right to a name and nationality.

2. The right to live and be brought up in a family.

3. The right to communicate with parents and other relatives.

4. To express his opinion when resolving an issue affecting his interests (legal value from 10 years old)

5. The right to protection. Until the age of 14 to the guardianship and guardianship authorities, and from the age of 14 to the court.

6. Right to maintenance.

7. The right to the money he has earned. Can manage independently.

Duty of children.

Children are obliged to take care of their parents, to provide them with help and support.

Until adulthood, this obligation has moral character, and upon reaching the age of 18 acquires legal force

Ethnos.

ETHNOS - a historically established ethnic community - a tribe, a nationality, a nation.

Nation.

1. A historically established stable community of people, formed in the process of forming a community of their territory, economic ties, literary language, features of culture and spiritual appearance.

2. In some combinations: country, state (community of citizens of the state). The highest form of ethnicity.

International cooperation.

International relations can be immediate (contacts of people different nationalities in the process of work, life, education, leisure, cultural and family life) and indirect(exchange of material and cultural values, information, relations between states). AT modern world There are two interrelated trends:

· one is manifested in the economic, cultural and political rapprochement of nations, the destruction of national barriers;

the other - in the desire of a number of peoples to gain national independence, to protect national culture from the onslaught of popular culture.

The basis of interethnic cooperation is the principles equality, mutual assistance and respect for the national dignity of peoples, their interests and traditions. non-compliance these principles lead to ethnic conflicts which is a difficult task to overcome. In the modern world, there are several ways to resolve it: negotiations, mutual concessions of the parties, mediation by a third party or the UN. All of them presuppose the mutual recognition of universally significant and national values, the requirements of international legal documents. These actions are guided by the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on the value of every person.

Social politics.

Social policy - the activities of the state and political parties, associations, movements in the social sphere of public life. This activity is aimed at the implementation of social programs that support the standard of living, the material well-being of the population, and employment. aim social policy is to achieve welfare in society, the harmonization of social relations, political stability and civil harmony.

Allocate social policy in the field of education, health care, employment and social and labor relations. There are also cultural, housing, family, pension, women's and youth social policies.

Interethnic relations ... This term in recent times quite often comes from the radio and television screens, and those who are interested in hot news can also meet it on the pages of modern periodicals or popular Internet resources. Sometimes in a good context, but more often, you will agree, nevertheless in a sad or disturbing one. Unfortunately…

In my article, I propose to consider this term in more detail, define it, look into history and give some typical examples.

International relations. Concept definition

Interethnic relations are a set of individually experienced relations between people who either belong to different nationalities, or are representatives of different This concept studied by two general psychology and ethnopsychology.

How do these relationships arise?

Yes, as a matter of fact, they develop gradually, in the process of labor or also arise from family, life, friendship and any other informal communication.

Depending on the historical past of a particular country, the socio-political situation, economic, cultural and living conditions, the nature of such relationships can change and take on friendly, neutral or (at the very least) negative forms. In addition, it can be significantly influenced by personal interest in communication.

International relations. Their varieties and forms

Such relations can arise between representatives of different nationalities at the level of one state, and, of course, they can also develop between different states or nations.

Scientists managed to identify two main forms of interethnic relations:

ethnic or national conflict;

peaceful cooperation, which includes several subspecies at once:

Ethnic mix. It occurs when various groups, spontaneously mixing with each other, after a certain number of years begin to form one nation. As a rule, this happens through. If you delve into history, you can find out that it was in this way that Latin Americans once appeared, in whose traditions to this day the customs of Spaniards, Portuguese, African slaves, and local Aborigines are mixed.

Ethnic assimilation or absorption. It happens when one people is almost completely dissolved in another or even several at the same time. This can happen both in peacetime and in wartime. For example, without bloodshed and enslavement, the United States managed to form. But in ancient times, everything was much tougher, and as an example, we can cite the conflict between Assyria and Rome.

If the assimilation scenario is violent, then the larger and stronger nation forbids the second, for example, to use their own language or adhere to their own customs and traditions.

Ways to resolve conflicts

According to modern sociologists and political scientists, if relations between nations have reached an impasse and any attempts to get out of this situation, in the end, led to its even greater aggravation, there are several real ways to influence this conflict:

Recognize the existence of transnational problems and solve them with the help of national policy methods.

At the level of the nation, to realize the unacceptability of violence and the mastery of the culture of another people. Allow any nationality to exercise its freedoms and rights, respect its identity, language and customs, without showing any hostility or distrust.

To normalize the ethno-political situation, use various levers of the economy.

To create in those regions that are characterized by a mixed national composition, various kinds of cultural infrastructure. For example, national centers, schools with the opportunity to attend lessons in their native language, as well as give the opportunity to comply with all national traditions and customs.

Organize special international commissions, councils or other structures that will deal with the peaceful resolution of all emerging national disputes.

The problem of interethnic relations arises, first of all, where people do not hear each other and do not even want to try to negotiate peacefully.

National relations find their expression in public actions, which largely depend on the individual motivation and behavior of the subjects of society.

National relations can be friendly and mutually respectful, or vice versa - hostile and conflict.

The concept of ethnic communities

Ethnic communities are associations of people based on a common historical past, which provokes identity in their worldview, in cultural and spiritual traditions.

The main feature of ethnic communities is their common historical region of residence.

Today, there are several thousand ethnic communities in the world, modern geography their distribution is very diverse.

ethnic conflicts and interethnic cooperation

International conflicts are a kind social conflicts that occur between members of different ethnic communities. In many scientific works, varieties of political, civil confrontation are indicated as the basis of interethnic conflicts.

Ethnic conflicts often exist in two forms: in the form of political competition and in the form of armed confrontations. Often the formation of the image of the enemy in the person of another nation occurs on a historical basis.

Interethnic cooperation is the interaction between representatives of different ethnic groups, which is reflected in economic, political and cultural social relations. The main principle of interethnic cooperation is mutual assistance, as well as respect for representatives of other peoples.

Culture of interethnic relations

The culture of interethnic relations is the level of relations between people and ethnic groups of different nationalities, which is based on moral principles, legal norms, as well as norms of mutual trust and respect.

A low level of culture of interethnic relations provokes the emergence of interethnic conflicts, a high level contributes to the development of interethnic cooperation.

National politics

National policy is component parts activities of any state that regulates interethnic relations of citizens in various types public interaction.

The essence of national policy directly depends on the general vectors public policy. At the heart of the national policy of legal democratic states is the principle of respect for people belonging to any ethnic communities. The task of national policy is to bring peoples closer together and establish the most favorable cooperation between their representatives.

Topic18. Family and life

The family is one of the most ancient forms of social associations. The history of the family as a social institution has more than 4 millennia.

Family as a social institution

The family is the first step of social interaction, it is because of this that the family is often called the unit of society. Like other social institutions (for example, the state), the family is subject to social laws society.

Based on the history of the development of the institution of the family, we see that no society could do without this social group.

Moreover, the family is this moment the only social institution which provides education and preparation for the socialization of the new generation.

Family and life, domestic relations

Domestic relations develop between family members in the process of daily life. Household relations are a system of non-production relations that are aimed at meeting primary needs (the need for housing, food and clothing).

Household relations in the family should be perceived in two aspects - depending on the time that each family member spends on living together, and also depending on how responsibilities are divided between spouses and children.

One of the most important moral foundations for a favorable family life is mutual assistance in housekeeping. In many families, children are actively involved in helping in everyday matters.

According to statistics, only women are involved in solving family household issues.

Consent in everyday relationships is no less important component of a happy family than mutual understanding between spouses and spiritual closeness. The vast majority of divorces are caused by disagreements between spouses in domestic relations.

family in modern society

The community has a huge impact on family life. In different historical times, the institution of the family experienced different qualitative transformations.

In modern society, the family is also undergoing some changes. They are mainly associated with such processes as urbanization and industrialization. Of no small importance in the life of a modern family is the onset of the information age: all the innovations that come to society are reflected in the traditions and nature of intra-family interaction.

Recently, we can also observe cardinal changes in the social roles of family members.

So, if at the beginning of the 20th century only men were in charge of the family budget, today, the family budget is predominantly under the control of women, which indicates a gradual transformation of the traditional patriarchal family model.

Topic19. Youth in modern society

Youth is a large socio-demographic group that unites individuals on the basis of socio-psychological, age, economic characteristics.

Youth in modern society

From a psychological point of view, youth is a period of formation of self-awareness, a stable system of values, as well as social status. Young people represent the most valuable and at the same time the most problematic part of society.

The value of the younger generation lies in the fact that, as a rule, its representatives have an increased sense of purpose, the ability to assimilate large amounts of information, originality and critical thinking.

However, these advantages give rise to certain problems of the implementation and existence of young people in society. So critical thinking is often directed not to the search for truth, but to the categorical rejection of already existing norms and dogmas that guide other members of society.

Today's youth are also characterized by new negative qualities that were absent from their predecessors, in particular, detachment from the outside world, unwillingness to work, increased negativism.