The International Labour Organization

The International Labour Organization (ILO)- specialized institution UN, an international regulatory organization labor relations. As of 2009, 183 states are members of the ILO. FROM 1920 headquarters of the Organization International Labor Office, is in Geneva. AT Moscow is the office of the Subregional Office for Countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

History of creation, development and tasks of the ILO

Established in 1919 on the basis of Treaty of Versailles as structural unit League of Nations. It was founded on the initiative and with the active participation of the Western Social Democracy. The ILO Charter was developed by the Labor Commission of the Peace Conference and became part of the XIII Treaty of Versailles . The need to create the ILO was determined by the following reasons:

The first is political.

The reason for the creation of the ILO was the revolution in Russia and a number of other European countries. In order to resolve the contradictions that arise in society in an explosive, violent, revolutionary way, the organizers of the ILO decided to create an international organization designed to promote social progress worldwide, establish and maintain social peace between different sectors of society, and help resolve emerging social problems in an evolutionary peaceful way. .

The second is social.

The working and living conditions of the workers were difficult and unacceptable. They were subjected to cruel exploitation, their social protection was practically absent. Social development lagged far behind economic development, which hampered the development of society .

The third is economic.

The desire of individual countries to improve the situation of workers caused an increase in costs, an increase in the cost of production, which made it difficult to compete and required the solution of social problems in most countries. . The Preamble notes that "the failure of any country to provide workers with human conditions of work is an obstacle to other peoples who wish to improve the condition of workers in their countries" .

The first CEO and one of the main initiators of the creation is French political figure Albert Thomas. The current CEO is Juan Somavia.

AT 1934 The United States and the USSR became members of the ILO. AT 1940 In 1999, the headquarters of the ILO was temporarily moved to Montreal, Canada due to the Second World War. As a result, the continuity of the Organization's activities was maintained. AT 1940 year USSR suspended its membership in the ILO, renewed in 1954. Since that time, Belarus and Ukraine have become members of the ILO .

In 1944, the International Labor Conference in Philadelphia defined the tasks of the ILO in the postwar period. It adopted the Philadelphia Declaration, which defined these tasks. The Declaration became an annex and integral part ILO statute. The government of the USSR did not accept the invitation of the ILO to participate in the conference. AT 1945 year the ILO returned to Geneva .

The goals and objectives of the ILO are proclaimed in its Charter. The work of the ILO is built on the basis of a tripartite representation of workers, employers and governments - tripartism.

The ILO is one of the oldest and most representative international organizations. Created under the League of Nations, it survived the latter and since 1946 has become the first specialized agency of the UN. If at the time of its creation 42 states participated in it, then in 2000 there were 174 of them. .

Structure of the ILO and its founding documents

A distinctive feature of the ILO is tripartism, its tripartite structure, within which negotiations are carried out between governments, organizations of workers and employers. The delegates of these three groups are represented and confer on an equal footing at all levels of the Organization. .

The supreme body of the ILO is International Labor Conference where all ILO instruments are adopted. delegates International Conference are two representatives from the government and one each, respectively, from the most representative organizations of workers and employers of each participating State. The Governing Body of the ILO, also organized on a tripartite basis, is the executive body of the ILO. The International Labor Office serves as the secretariat of the ILO. ILO accepts conventions and Recommendations on labor issues. In addition to conventions and recommendations, three declarations were adopted: 1944 year on the aims and objectives of the ILO (now included in ILO constitution), 1977 ILO Declaration on Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, as well as 1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Rights and Principles at Work. Conventions are subject to ratification by member countries and are international treaties that are binding upon ratification. Recommendations are not legally binding acts. Even if the state has not ratified a particular convention, it is bound by the fact of membership in the ILO and accession to its constitution according to the four fundamental principles in the world of work, enshrined in the ILO Declaration of 1998. These are the principles of freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining; prohibition of discrimination in labor relations; the eradication of forced labor; and prohibition child labor. These four principles are also devoted to eight ILO Conventions (respectively - Conventions No. 87 and 98; 100 and 111; 29 and 105; 138 and 182), called fundamental. These Conventions have been ratified by the vast majority of the world's states, and the ILO monitors their implementation with particular attention.

The ILO cannot enforce even ratified Conventions. However, there are mechanisms for monitoring the implementation of the Conventions and Recommendations by the ILO, the main essence of which is to investigate the circumstances of alleged violations of labor rights and give them international publicity in case of prolonged disregard of the ILO comments by the state party. This control is exercised by the ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, the Governing Body Committee on Freedom of Association and the Conference Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations.

In exceptional cases, in accordance with Article 33 of the ILO Constitution, the International Labor Conference may call on its members to exercise pressure on a state that is especially viciously violating international labor standards. In practice, this was done only once, in 2001, with respect to Myanmar, criticized for decades for using forced labor and refusing to cooperate with the ILO on this issue. As a result, a number of states applied economic sanctions against Myanmar and it was forced to take a number of steps towards the ILO.

ILO constitution

ILO Declaration of Philadelphia

In 1944, at a session in Philadelphia, USA, the International Labor Conference adopted the Declaration of Philadelphia, which specifies the goals and objectives of the Organization.

The Declaration embodies the following principles:

• labor is not a commodity;

  freedom of speech and freedom of association are necessary condition constant progress;

  poverty anywhere is a threat to general well-being;

  all human beings, regardless of race, creed or sex, have the right to enjoy their material and spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, economic stability and equal opportunity.

Rules of the International Labor Conference

1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work

Whereas the founding fathers of the ILO proceeded from the conviction that social justice is essential to securing universal and lasting peace;

Whereas economic growth is essential but not sufficient for equity, social progress and poverty eradication, which confirms the need for ILO efforts to support strong social policies, equity and democratic institutions;

Bearing in mind that the ILO must, more than ever before, use all its resources in the field of standard-setting, technical cooperation and all its research potential in all its fields of competence, in particular employment, training and working conditions, in order to achieve such how, within the framework of the global strategy for socio-economic development, to ensure that economic policy and social policy mutually reinforce each other, creating conditions for large-scale and sustainable development;

Bearing in mind that the ILO must pay Special attention to the problems faced by persons with special social needs, in particular the unemployed and migrant workers, and to mobilize and encourage international, regional and national efforts to address their problems and promote effective policies aimed at job creation;

Whereas, in order to strengthen the links between social progress and economic growth, the guarantee of respect for fundamental principles and rights at work is of particular importance and sense, since it allows those concerned to freely and on equal terms to claim their fair share in the wealth that they create helped and also enables them to realize their full human potential;

Whereas the ILO is an international organization mandated by its Constitution and competent authority for the adoption and application of international labor standards, and enjoying universal support and recognition for promoting the application of fundamental rights at work, which are the expression of its statutory principles;

Whereas, in a context of growing economic interdependence, there is an urgent need to reaffirm the permanence of the fundamental principles and rights proclaimed in the Charter of the Organization and to promote their universal observance; Organizations LaborArticle >> State and Law

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It is customary to classify on various grounds, including the body that adopted them, legal force(mandatory and recommendatory), scope (bilateral, local, universal).

Covenants and conventions of the United Nations are binding on all countries that ratify them. international organization labor adopts two types of acts containing standards legal regulation Labor: conventions and recommendations. conventions are international agreements and binding on countries that have ratified them. In case of ratification of the convention, the state takes the necessary measures for its implementation at the national level and regularly submits reports to the Organization on the effectiveness of such measures. Under the ILO Constitution, the ratification of a convention by a State cannot affect national rules more favorable to workers. For non-ratified conventions, the Governing Body may request information from the state on the state of national legislation and practice in its application, as well as on measures to be taken to improve them. Recommendations do not require ratification. These acts contain provisions clarifying, detailing the provisions of the conventions, or a model for regulating social and labor relations.

At present, the ILO's approach to the creation of conventions has been decided to be somewhat modified in order to ensure greater flexibility in legal regulation. Framework conventions will be adopted containing minimum guarantees for workers' rights, supplemented by appropriate annexes. One of the first such acts was Convention No. 183 "On the revision of the Maternity Protection Convention (Revised), 1952". Row important provisions on maternity protection is contained in the relevant Recommendation. This approach makes it possible to encourage countries with an insufficient level of protection of social and labor rights to ratify this Convention and thereby ensure the minimum guarantees enshrined in it. Some developing countries fear an undue burden on employers as a result of the ratification of ILO conventions. For economically more developed countries, these conventions set guidelines for increasing the level of guarantees. A study of the experience of the ILO shows that states do not ratify certain conventions for various reasons, including cases where, at the national level, a higher level of protection of workers' rights is already provided by legislation or practice.

The main directions of international legal regulation of labor

The International Labor Organization is actively norm-setting activity. During its existence, 188 conventions and 200 recommendations were adopted.

Eight ILO conventions are classified as fundamental. They enshrine the basic principles of legal regulation of labor. These are the following conventions.

Convention No. 87 on Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize (1948), Convention No. 98 on the Application of the Principles of the Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining (1949) establish the right of all workers and employers without prior authorization create and join organizations. Public authorities must not restrict or hinder this right. Measures are envisaged to protect the right to freedom of association, to protect trade unions from discrimination, as well as workers' and employers' organizations against interference in each other's affairs.

Convention No. 29 "Regarding forced or compulsory labor" (1930) contains a requirement to abolish the use of forced or compulsory labor in all its forms. Forced or compulsory labor is any work or service which is required from a person under the threat of punishment and for which this person has not offered his services voluntarily. A list of jobs that are not included in the concept of forced or mandatory labor is defined.

Convention No. 105 "On the Abolition of Forced Labor" (1957) tightens the requirements and establishes the obligations of states not to resort to any form of it as:

• means of political influence or education or as a measure of punishment for the presence or expression of political views or ideological convictions that are contrary to the established political, social or economic system;
• method of mobilization and use of labor force in order to economic development;
• means of maintaining labor discipline;
• means of punishment for participating in strikes;
• measures of discrimination on grounds of race, social and national identity or religion.

Convention No. 111 "Regarding Discrimination in Employment and Occupation" (1958) recognizes the need for a national policy aimed at eliminating discrimination in employment, training on grounds of race, color, sex, creed, political opinion, national or social origin .

Convention No. 100 "Regarding Equal Remuneration for Men and Women for Work of Equal Value" (1951) requires states to promote and ensure the implementation of the principle of equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value. This principle may be applied through national legislation, any system of remuneration established or recognized by legislation, collective agreements between employers and workers, or a combination various ways. This also provides for the adoption of measures that contribute to an objective assessment of the work performed on the basis of the labor expended. The Convention addresses the issue of the main wages and other remuneration given directly or indirectly in money or in kind by the employer to the worker by virtue of the performance by the latter of a certain work. It defines equal pay for work of equal value as remuneration determined without discrimination based on sex.

Convention No. 138 "Minimum Age for Admission to Employment" (1973) was adopted to eliminate child labour. The minimum age for employment should not be lower than the age of completion of compulsory education.

Convention No. 182 “On the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor” (1999) obliges states to immediately take effective measures to prohibit and eliminate the worst forms of child labor. Purposeful activity of the ILO in the last two decades, as well as the adoption of the Declaration of 1944, contributed to an increase in the number of ratifications of these conventions.

There are four other conventions that the ILO has prioritized:

• No. 81 "On Labor Inspection in Industry and Commerce" (1947) - establishes the obligation of states to have a system of labor inspection in industrial enterprises to ensure the application of legal provisions relating to working conditions and the protection of workers in the course of their work. It defines the principles of organization and activities of inspections, the powers and duties of inspectors;
• No. 129 "On Labor Inspection in agriculture» (1969) - on the basis of the provisions of Convention No. 81 formulates provisions on labor inspection, taking into account the specifics of agricultural production;
• No. 122 "On Employment Policy" (1964) - provides for the implementation by ratifying states of an active policy to promote full, productive and freely chosen employment;
• No. 144 "On tripartite consultations to promote the application of international labor standards" (1976) - provides for tripartite consultations between representatives of government, employers and workers at the national level on the development, adoption and application of ILO conventions and recommendations.

In general, the following can be distinguished main directions of legal regulation ILO:

• fundamental human rights;
• employment;
• social politics;
• labor regulation;
• labor relations and working conditions;
• social Security;
• legal regulation of the labor of certain categories of workers (special attention is paid to the prohibition of child labor, labor protection of women; a significant number of acts are devoted to the regulation of the labor of sailors, fishermen and some other categories of workers).

The adoption of new generation conventions is due to a significant number of ILO acts and the urgent need to adapt the standards contained therein to modern conditions. They represent a kind of systematization of international legal regulation of labor in a certain area.

Throughout its history, the ILO has given considerable attention to the regulation of the labor of seafarers and workers in the fishing sector. This is due to the nature and working conditions of these categories of persons, which especially require the development of international standards of legal regulation. About 40 conventions and 29 recommendations are devoted to the regulation of the labor of seafarers. In these areas, first of all, the new generation of IOD conventions were developed: “Labor in maritime navigation” (2006) and “On labor in the fishing sector” (2007). These conventions should provide quality new level protection of social and labor rights of these categories of workers.

The same work has been carried out in relation to labor protection standards - it is about the ILO Convention No. 187 "On the Fundamentals Promoting Safety and Health at Work" (2006), supplemented by the corresponding Recommendation. The Convention stipulates that the state that ratified it promotes the continuous improvement of occupational safety and health in order to prevent occupational injuries, occupational diseases and loss of life at work. To this end, in consultation with the most representative organizations of employers and workers at the national level, an appropriate policy, system and program are being developed.

The National Safety and Hygiene System includes:

• normative legal acts, collective agreements and other relevant acts on occupational safety and health;
• activities of the body or department responsible for occupational safety and health issues;
• mechanisms to ensure compliance with national laws and regulations, including systems of inspection;
• measures aimed at ensuring cooperation at the enterprise level between its management, employees and their representatives as a main element of preventive measures at work.

The Recommendation on the Framework for Promoting Occupational Safety and Health supplements the provisions of the Convention and aims to promote the development and adoption of new instruments, the international exchange of information in the field of occupational safety and health.

In the field of regulation of labor relations great importance have conventions on termination of employment and protection of wages. ILO Convention No. 158 “On Termination of Employment at the Initiation of the Employer” (1982) was adopted to protect workers from termination of employment without legal grounds. The Convention enshrines the requirement of justification - there must be a legal basis related to the abilities or behavior of the worker or caused by production necessity. It also lists reasons that are not legal grounds for termination of employment, including: membership in a trade union or participation in trade union activities; intention to become a workers' representative; performing the functions of a representative of the breastfeeding; filing a complaint or participating in a case initiated against an entrepreneur on charges of violating the law; discriminating characteristics - race, skin color, gender, marital status, family responsibilities, pregnancy, religion, Political Views, nationality or social origin; absence from work while on maternity leave; temporary absence from work due to illness or injury.

The Convention sets out both the procedures to be applied before and during the termination of an employment relationship and the procedure for appealing against a dismissal decision. The burden of proving the existence of a legal basis for dismissal rests with the entrepreneur.

The Convention provides for a worker's right to a reasonable notice of a planned termination of employment, or the right to monetary compensation in lieu of a warning, unless he has committed a serious misconduct; the right to severance pay and/or other types of income protection (unemployment insurance benefits, unemployment funds or other forms of social security). In the event of unjustified dismissal, the impossibility of canceling the decision to dismiss and reinstate the employee in his previous job, it is assumed that appropriate compensation or other benefits will be paid. In case of termination of employment relations for economic, technological, structural or similar reasons, the employer is obliged to inform employees and their representatives about this, as well as the relevant government agency. States at the national level may impose certain restrictions on mass layoffs.

The ILO Convention No. 95 “On the Protection of Wages” (1949) contains a significant number of rules aimed at protecting the interests of workers: on the form of payment of wages, on the limitation of payment of wages in kind, on the prohibition of employers to restrict the freedom to dispose of their wages according to discretion and a number of other important provisions. In Art. Article 11 of this Convention stipulates that in the event of bankruptcy of an enterprise or its liquidation in a judicial proceeding, workers will enjoy the position of privileged creditors.

The International Labor Organization has also adopted Convention No. 131 “On the establishment of minimum wages with particular regard to developing countries"(1970). Under it, States undertake to introduce a system of minimum wage fixing covering all groups of employees whose working conditions make it appropriate to apply such a system. The minimum wage under this Convention "has the force of law and is not subject to reduction." When determining the minimum wage, the following factors are taken into account:

• the needs of workers and their families, taking into account general level wages in the country, the cost of living, social benefits and the comparative standard of living of other social groups;
• economic considerations, including economic development requirements, productivity levels, and the desirability of achieving and maintaining high levels of employment. Appropriate measures are taken to ensure the effective application of all minimum wage provisions, such as proper inspection, supplemented by other necessary measures.

List of ILO conventions in force in the Russian Federation

1. Convention No. 11 “On the right to organize and unite workers in agriculture” (1921).

2. Convention No. 13 “On the use of white lead in painting” (1921).

3. Convention No. 14 “On weekly rest in industrial enterprises” (1921).

4. Convention No. 16 “On Compulsory Medical Examination of Children and Adolescents Employed on Board Ships” (1921).

5. Convention No. 23 “On the Repatriation of Seafarers” (1926).

6. Convention No. 27 “On the indication of the weight of heavy goods carried on ships” (1929).

7. Convention No. 29 “On Forced or Compulsory Labor” (1930).

8. Convention No. 32 “On the protection against accidents of workers engaged in the loading or unloading of ships” (1932).

9. Convention No. 45 “On the employment of women in underground work in mines” (1935).

10. Convention No. 47 “On the reduction of working hours to forty hours a week” (1935).

11. Convention No. 52 “On annual holidays with pay” (1936).

12. Convention No. 69 “On the Issuance of Qualification Certificates to Ship's Cooks” (1946).

13. Convention No. 73 on the Medical Examination of Seafarers (1946).

14. Convention No. 77 “On the Medical Examination of Children and Adolescents for the Purpose of Determining Their Fitness for Work in Industry” (1946).

15. Convention No. 78 “On the medical examination of children and adolescents in order to determine their suitability for work in non-industrial jobs” (1946).

16. Convention No. 79 “On the Medical Examination of Children and Adolescents for the Purpose of Determining Their Fitness for Work” (1946).

17. Convention No. 87 “On freedom of association and protection of the right to organize” (1948).

18. Convention No. 90 on Night Work of Young Persons in Industry (revised 1948).

19. Convention No. 92 “On accommodation for crew on board ships” (revised in 1949).

20. Convention No. 95 on the Protection of Wages (1949).

21. Convention No. 98 “On the application of the principles of the right to organize and to conduct collective bargaining” (1949).

22. Convention No. 100 “On Equal Remuneration for Men and Women for Work of Equal Value” (1951).

23. Maternity Protection Convention No. 103 (1952).

24. Convention No. 106 on Weekly Rest in Commerce and Offices (1957).

25. Convention No. 108 Concerning the National Identity Card of Seafarers (1958).

26. Convention No. 111 “On Discrimination in Employment and Occupation” (1958).

27. Convention No. 113 on the Medical Examination of Seafarers (1959).

28. Convention No. 115 “On the Protection of Workers against Ionizing Radiation” (1960).

29. Convention No. 116 on the Partial Revision of Conventions (1961).

30. Convention No. 119 on the Fitting of Machinery with Protective Devices (1963).

31. Convention No. 120 on Hygiene in Commerce and Offices (1964).

32. Convention No. 122 on Employment Policy (1964).

33. Convention No. 124 “On the medical examination of young people to determine their suitability for work in underground work in mines and mines” (1965).

34. Convention No. 126 “On accommodation for crew on board fishing vessels” (1966).

35. Convention No. 133 “On accommodation for crew on board ships”. Additional Provisions (1970).

36. Convention No. 134 “On the Prevention of Occupational Accidents among Seafarers” (1970).

37. Minimum Age Convention No. 138 (1973).

38. Convention No. 142 on Vocational Guidance and Training in the Field of Human Resources Development.

39. Convention No. 147 on Minimum Standards for Merchant Ships (1976).

40. Convention No. 148 “On the Protection of Workers from Occupational Risks Caused by Air Pollution, Noise, Vibration at Work” (1977).

41. Convention No. 149 “On the Employment and Conditions of Work and Life of Nursing Personnel” (1977).

42. Convention No. 159 on Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment of Persons with Disabilities (1983).

43. Convention No. 160 on Labor Statistics (1985).

1. Creation, development and tasks of the ILO

The ILO was founded in 1919. during the Versailles Peace Conference following World War I. It was founded on the initiative and with the active participation of Western social democracy. The ILO Charter was developed by the Labor Commission of the peace conference and became part of the XIII Treaty of Versailles. The need to create such an Organization was determined by at least three main reasons.

The first is political. The reason for the creation of the ILO was the revolution in Russia and a number of other European countries.

In order to prevent the resolution of contradictions arising in society in an explosive, violent, revolutionary way, the organizers of the ILO decided to create an international organization designed to promote social progress in every possible way, to establish and maintain social peace between different strata of society, to help resolve emerging social problems in an evolutionary peaceful way.

The second is social. The working and living conditions of the working people were difficult and unacceptable from a universal standpoint. They were brutally exploited. Their social protection was practically non-existent. Social development lagged behind economic development, which hampered the overall development of society.

The third is economic. The desire of individual countries to improve the situation of workers caused an increase in costs, an increase in the cost of production, which made it difficult to compete and required the solution of social problems in most, at least, developed countries.

The ILO is one of the oldest and most representative international organizations. Created under the League of Nations, it survived the last and since 1946 became the first specialized agency UN. If at the time of its creation 42 states participated in it, then in 2000 there were 174 of them.

A distinctive feature of the ILO is tripartism, its tripartite structure, within which negotiations are carried out between governments, organizations of workers and employers. The delegates of these three groups are represented and confer on an equal footing at all levels of the Organization. Decision-making presupposes mutual consideration of interests and the achievement of common agreements, although the coordination of various, and often opposing interests, is a complex and difficult matter.

The first International Labor Conference opened on October 29, 1919 in Washington. This date is considered the foundation of the ILO. This conference adopted the first six international conventions on labor, including working hours in industry, unemployment and others. The first established a limit on working hours in industrial enterprises to eight hours a day and forty-eight hours a week. The Unemployment Convention obliged the members of the organization to establish a system of public employment offices.

In 1920, the headquarters of the Organization - the International Labor Office (ILO) moved to Geneva. In 1926, international labor competition creates a mechanism for monitoring the application of conventions that is still in force today.

In 1934, the Soviet Union and the USA became members of the ILO. Such a coincidence was apparently no coincidence.

In 1940, in connection with the war in Europe, the headquarters of the ILO was temporarily transferred to Montreal (Canada). Thanks to this, the continuity of the organization's activities was maintained. In 1940, the USSR suspended its membership in the ILO and returned to it in 1954. Since that year, Ukraine and Belarus have become members of the ILO.

In 1944, as World War II drew to a close and the ILO was 25 years old, the International Labor Conference in Philadelphia set out the tasks of the ILO in the post-war era. It adopted the Philadelphia Declaration, which defined these tasks. The Declaration became an appendix and an integral part of the ILO Constitution. The leadership of the MBT invited the USSR to take part in this conference as a full member, but the government did not accept this invitation. In 1945 the MBT returned to Geneva.

By 1970, the number of member countries had doubled compared to 1948. With the advent of developing countries, the Organization became universal. Developing countries began to make up the majority in the ILO. The number of staff members of the Office has quadrupled during this time and the budget of the Organization has increased fivefold.

In 1969, in connection with the 50th anniversary of the ILO, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded.

The presence of socialist countries in the ILO led to great political contradictions and confrontation between groups of states. Many countries began to oppose US hegemonism in the Organization. In connection with this criticism and the admission to the ILO as an observer of the Palestine Liberation Organization, the United States withdrew from the ILO in 1977, but then, under the influence of its main Western partners, returned to it in 1980. After the collapse of the USSR and the formation of independent states on the basis of the union republics they all became members of the ILO.

The Office of the Office - this permanent secretariat of the ILO - is characterized by great constancy, which determines not only great experience and professionalism. but also conservatism. In all the years of the existence of the ILO, only eight directors-general have been replaced. The first was the Frenchman Albert Thomas, who did a lot to develop the organization and give it a certain authority. Play a big role in the development of the ILO! American David Morse, head of the MBT from 1948 to 1970. and the Frenchman Francis Blanchard, who was General Director from 1973 to 1989. All the time these posts were held by representatives of developed Western countries, and only in March 1999, a representative of the developing world, the Chilean Juan Somavia, was elected to this post.

The main goals of the ILO are to promote social and economic progress, improve the well-being and improve the working conditions of people, and protect human rights.

Based on these goals, the main tasks of the ILO are:

Development of a coordinated policy and programs aimed at solving social and labor problems;

Development and adoption of international labor standards in the form of conventions and recommendations and control over their implementation;

Assistance to participating countries in solving problems of employment, reducing unemployment and regulating migration;

Protection of human rights (rights to work, association, collective bargaining, protection from forced labor, discrimination, etc.);

The fight against poverty, for the improvement of the living standards of workers, the development of social security;

Assistance in vocational training and retraining of employed and unemployed;

Development and implementation of programs in the field of improving working conditions and the working environment, occupational safety and health, protection and restoration of the environment;

Assistance to organizations of workers and entrepreneurs in their work together with governments to regulate social and labor relations;

Development and implementation of measures to protect the most vulnerable groups of workers (women, youth, the elderly, migrant workers).

These tasks have been and remain the main ones in the activities of the ILO. At the same time, in connection with the transition of the countries of Eastern Europe to market relations, the ILO has also identified new priorities. This is support for the process of democratization, the development of tripartism, the continuation of the fight against poverty, especially by increasing employment.

The new tasks of the ILO are also related to the globalization of the economy, the social aspect of which creates concern for the whole society.

During the existence of the socialist system, the ILO had to deal with a lot of ideological problems associated with the confrontation between the two social systems. Now the focus of the Organization should be directed to solving social problems on the basis of tripartism. At the 75th Anniversary Session of the International Labor Conference (1994), the Director-General's report "The Values ​​We Defend, the Change We Seek" stated that "the collapse of the communist bloc has profoundly affected the life of our Organization, as well as on the process of world development”. Now, to an even greater extent, the report points out, attention must be paid to overcoming the tension that has always existed and will continue to exist between workers and employers, as they need to reconcile their conflicting demands regarding employment and the world of work, production and income distribution. In this regard, the task was set to “continuously and everywhere develop social dialogue, collective bargaining, a sense of compromise”, to make “additional efforts to ensure genuine recognition of the principle of sinfulness throughout the world” 1 . At the same time, I emphasize the role of the state, which, acting either as a regulator, or as an arbiter, or as a mediator in negotiations, often plays a decisive role in the successful conduct of social dialogue and collective bargaining. But, as the Director-General of the Office noted, although the end of the Cold War brought about a number of positive results, "these positive changes at the same time pushed the social goals of economic growth into the background" 2 . According to some trade union leaders, with the collapse of the bloc of socialist states, the attack of capital on labor in the world and in the ILO intensified.

The tasks of the ILO are concretely embodied in the programs of its activities. The report at the 87th session of the International Labor Conference in June 1999 spoke of the need to start a new century with a transition from 39 major programs to four strategic objectives, which was already reflected in the budget for 2000-2001, but more on this in § 4 .

2.11.1612: 11

Cooperation of the Russian Federation with the International Labor Organization (ILO)

(reference)

Membership in the ILO, one of the oldest and leading international organizations, allows Russia to study and apply the international practice of resolving social and labor disputes, develop social partnership (government - trade unions - entrepreneurs), use the ILO recommendations to improve and regulate the labor market. Participation in the activities of the ILO helps to develop labor legislation based on international experience, promotes the development of entrepreneurship, incl. small businesses, solving employment problems.

The interaction of the Russian Federation with the ILO is carried out in accordance with the regularly signed Cooperation Programs, which provide for various forms interaction between the Ministry of Labor of Russia, the FNPR and the RSPP with the ILO in expanding employment opportunities and creating jobs in our country, promoting the establishment safe conditions labor and the expansion of social protection, as well as compliance with international labor standards and the development of social dialogue (the Program for 2013-2016 is currently in force).

The ILO provides Russia with advisory assistance in conducting an expert assessment of social and labor legislation, putting into practice the concept of social partnership, a modular system for training workers in production, improving the employment service, social protection and pension provision, the development of a new classifier of professions, the development of statistics in the sphere of labor.

An important step towards the convergence of our legislation with international legal norms was the signing on February 8, 2003 by the President of the Russian Federation federal law"On the Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor (Convention No. 182)". With the adoption of this law, Russia became a member of all eight so-called. fundamental conventions of the ILO regulating the sphere of social and labor relations. In total, Russia has ratified 73 conventions (53 are in force, 20 have been denounced).

Since 1959, an ILO branch has been operating in Moscow. In the early 90s. it became the ILO Subregional Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia. In September 1997, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Organization signed an Agreement on the ILO Office in Moscow, providing for the formation on its basis of a multidisciplinary group of experts to assist in solving social and labor problems. The Bureau's activities cover 10 CIS countries (excluding Ukraine and Moldova) and Georgia. From December
2012 The Bureau is headed by Bulgarian citizen D. Dimitrova.

As of the end of 2015, 6 Russian citizens work in the ILO Geneva office as specialists. Such a personnel quota as a whole does not correspond to the size of Russia's contributions to the budget of the Organization (in 2014, 8.75 million Swiss francs, in 2015, the contribution amounted to 9.282.797 million Swiss francs).

The Russian Foreign Ministry, being responsible for the foreign policy aspects of our country's interaction with the ILO, coordinates the work of Russian departments and public organizations in this direction. Representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Labor, the Coordinating Council of Employers' Associations of Russia and the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia participate in the work of the governing bodies of the ILO, in conferences on topical issues of labor and socio-economic policy held in Russia by the Moscow Bureau of the ILO.

Regular contacts are maintained with the leadership of the ILO. Director General of the Organization G. Ryder visited Moscow in December 2012. He met with the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation D. A. Medvedev. G. Ryder's next visits to Russia took place in July and September 2013 as part of Russia's G20 presidency. The last time G. Ryder was in Russia at the invitation of the Russian side and took part in the first meeting of the Ministers of Labor and Employment in the history of BRICS (January 25-26, 2016, Ufa).

Delegations of the Committee regularly visit Geneva State Duma on Labour, Social Policy and Veterans Affairs, headed by the Chairman of the Committee A.K.Isaev. According to representatives of the ILO, the level of interaction between the Russian Parliament and the Organization can be considered “reference”, since the Russian legislative power in practice promptly responds to recommendations received in the course of direct working contacts with ILO specialists, embodies them in relevant legal acts.

The ratification in 2010 of four ILO conventions (Nos. 132, 135, 154, 187) was important for promoting cooperation between Russia and the ILO in terms of expanding our participation in international labor standards. In the Organization and among international trade unions, this is perceived as evidence of the course of the Russian state towards building a social state.

The process of preparation for the ratification of new ILO conventions continues in accordance with the General Agreement between all-Russian associations of trade unions, all-Russian associations of employers and the Government of the Russian Federation for 2013-2016. In 2013-2014 Russia has ratified ILO Convention No. 140 on paid study holidays, ILO Convention No. 144 on tripartite consultations to promote the application of international labor standards, ILO Convention No. 151 on the protection of the right to organize and procedures for determining the conditions of employment in public service and ILO Convention No. 176 on safety and occupational health in mines.

At the moment, the ILO Convention No. 102 on minimum standards of social security is under interdepartmental coordination. The draft law on the ratification of the ILO Convention No. 139 on combating the danger caused by carcinogenic substances and agents in working conditions and measures for their prevention was considered and approved at a meeting of the Government of the Russian Federation on May 19, 2016, submitted to the State Duma and presumably will be considered during the autumn session 2016.

Russia is interested in using the legislative experience and research potential of the ILO in order to promote the implementation of Russian economic reforms while maintaining social guarantees for the population against the backdrop of the development of the global financial and economic crisis, which is fully consistent with the spirit of the ILO recommendations. It is in our interest to use the ILO's capabilities and experience in such matters as public policy employment in times of crisis, poverty alleviation, labor migration, modernization of labor legislation, social and pension systems, organization of continuous training and retraining of personnel.

The strategic course for the further expansion of cooperation between Russia and the Organization was confirmed by the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin during his speech at the 100th anniversary session of the International Labor Conference in June 2011. on decent work.

Within its framework, a donor agreement was signed, which made it possible to launch the implementation of the agreed G20 strategy in the field of vocational training in some countries of the CIS, the Middle East and Asia (for the purposes of the program, during 2012-2014, the Russian Government will allocate 8 million US dollars ), as well as a memorandum between the ILO and Lukoil, allowing to start cooperation with a Russian non-state donor to raise private funds for the implementation of ILO projects.

Russia closely follows the work of the ILO supervisory bodies and cooperates with them. In May-June 2005, in connection with the complaints received by Russian trade unions at meetings of the ILC Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations and the Administrative Council Committee on Freedom of Association, the situation with Russia's implementation of ILO Conventions No. 87 and 98 (on freedom of association and the right to conduct collective negotiations). The ILO supervisory bodies came to the conclusion that there are some problems with the practice of applying labor legislation in Russia and made a number of recommendations that were taken into account by the relevant Russian departments.

Attaching great importance to the control functions of the ILO, Russia at the same time proceeds from the fact that consideration of such issues should be conducted as objectively as possible, without politicizing the discussion, in strict accordance with the Organization's mandate and established procedures.

We are interested in developing cooperation in the ILO-BRICS format. We count on the expert potential of the organization in the formation of the social and labor agenda of the association.

As part of the Russian BRICS Chairmanship in 2015-2016. on the margins of the June session of the ILC, a number of joint events with partners on social and labor topics were held.

In January 2016, Ufa hosted the first ever meeting of BRICS Ministers of Labor and Employment (January 25-26, 2016, Ufa), where, at the invitation of the Russian side, ILO Director-General G. Ryder took part. During the event, he expressed readiness on the part of the ILO secretariat and on his own behalf to provide technical support in the development of economic policies to the BRICS countries.

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The International Labor Organization (ILO) was established in 1919. Since 1946, the ILO has been a specialized agency of the United Nations.
According to the Charter, it is called upon to promote the establishment of a general and lasting peace based on social justice by improving working conditions (regulation of working hours, combating unemployment, protecting workers from occupational diseases and accidents at work, protecting children, adolescents and women, equal pay labor, salary guarantee, organization of vocational training, etc.).
The organization develops and adopts international legal acts on social and labor issues in the form of conventions, protocols and recommendations, controls the practice of their application. Since 1919, the ILO has adopted 188 conventions, equal in status to international treaties, of which Russia has ratified 59 (as of March 2013).
185 states are members of the ILO (the USSR was a member of the Organization from 1934 to 1938 and from 1954 to 1991). Since 1991, the Russian Federation has been a full member of the ILO as the successor state of the USSR.
The peculiarity of the ILO is that it works on the basis of tripartism - associations of employers and workers in it have an equal voice with the government in shaping the policies and programs of the Organization.
The lead agency for the participation of our country in the work of the ILO after the reorganization of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia is the Ministry of Labor of Russia. According to established practice, a representative of this department (Deputy Minister - L.Yu. Yeltsova) heads the government part Russian delegations at major events of the Organization. The Russian Foreign Ministry is entrusted with ensuring that Russia's foreign policy interests are taken into account in the activities of the Organization.
International Labor Conference (ILC) - supreme body Organization convened in Geneva annually. At the conference, international norms in the social and labor field are considered and adopted, issues of global importance are discussed. The Conference also approves the budget of the Organization and elects the Administrative Council. Each state has the right to send four delegates to the session of the ILC - two from the government and one representative from workers and employers, each of whom may speak and vote independently of each other.
Administrative Council - executive agency The ILO manages the permanent secretariat represented by the International Labor Office. It meets three times a year in Geneva. The Administrative Council decides on the policy of the ILO, determines the program and budget of the Organization, which are then submitted to the ILC for approval, and elects the Director General of the International Labor Office. The Council consists of 56 full members: 28 from governments, 14 from employers and 14 from trade unions, the last two groups being elected in their personal capacity. The Council also has a category of "alternate members" who participate in its work with an advisory vote.
In the government group of the Council, 10 seats are assigned to the "most industrialized" countries (Brazil, Great Britain, India, Italy, Germany, China, Russia, USA, France, Japan). The remaining 18 states, as well as all non-governmental members of the Council and their alternates, are elected by the ILC every three years, based on geographical representation. The employers' and workers' groups elect their representatives in separate electoral colleges.
In March 2011, the Rules of Procedure of the Administrative Council were amended, providing, in particular, for the introduction of the post of a single coordinator of a group of governments. The first meeting of the Council in the new format was held in November 2011.
The International Labor Office (ILO) is the permanent secretariat that provides general guidance to the ILO. It's headed CEO elected for a five-year term with the possibility of further re-election. Since October 2012, the Director General of the ILO has been British G. Ryder.
The Office employs some 2,500 staff and experts based in Geneva headquarters and 40 offices around the world. In addition, technical cooperation programs in different regions The world employs about 600 experts.
An important component of the Organization's activity is the presence of a control mechanism for the implementation by countries of the provisions of the conventions. To this end, the ILO has established a Committee of (Independent) Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations (meets once a year), as well as a Committee on Freedom of Association (meetings are held three times a year at the beginning of sessions of the Administrative Council). Both bodies can take initiatives to include relevant “special” paragraphs in the final documents of the sessions of the ILC and the Administrative Council, the creation of commissions to investigate “country files”.
The ILO is issuing a series periodicals, publishes thematic monographs, studies and statistical collections.
The ILO operates the International Institute for Social and Labor Problems (Geneva) and the International Training Center(Turin).
The budget of the Organization is adopted for two years (for 2014-2015 it will amount to 864 million US dollars). To distribute the budgetary burden, the UN assessment scale is used, adapted to the number of ILO member states (for Russia in 2014-2015 - 21.1 million US dollars). Extrabudgetary funds are also widely used for technical assistance.
The organization actively promotes the concept of "decent work", which formulates the main tasks and program guidelines of the ILO in the social and labor sphere - the observance of workers' rights, social protection, the elimination of child labor, etc. At the 95th session of the ILC (May-June 2006), issues of giving it a “global character” and coordinating the activities of various international organizations in this area, incorporating the “labor dimension” into development issues were discussed. Decent work ideas are gaining increasing acceptance around the world.
In the course of his speech at the 100th anniversary session of the ILO, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin took the initiative to hold a high-level International Conference on Decent Work in Moscow, which took place on December 11-12, 2012 at the World Trade Center.
With the arrival of the Chilean J. Somavia (ILO Director General from 1999 to 2012), international political and economic realities and their impact on the social and labor sphere began to be taken into account to a greater extent in the work of the ILO. This was reflected in the creation of targeted programs to respond to economic crises, ensure economic and industrial security, develop human resources, and respect gender equality.
An essential place in the activities of the ILO in recent times occupied by issues relating to the social aspects of the globalization of the world economy. Of particular importance in this regard is the June 1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and the Mechanism for its Implementation, which affirms the immutability of social principles and rights in the context of globalization. In 2002, at the initiative of the ILO, the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization was established. At the 96th session of the ILC (June 2007) it was decided to prepare a solid paper on this subject for the next session of the ILC. As a result, at the 97th (June 2008) session of the ILC, the "Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization" was adopted.
The leadership of the ILO consistently urges states in the implementation of anti-crisis measures to refrain from "savings" by reducing wages and social guarantees for workers. The ILO campaign to protect the interests of workers during the crisis, organized by H. Somavia, ended with the adoption of the “Global Jobs Pact” during the 98th session of the ILC (June 2009). It contains government recommendations on the development of the labor market, finding ways out of the crisis by stimulating domestic demand. The main provisions of the pact found support during the meetings of the G8 in L'Aquila and the G20 in Pittsburgh and Seoul.
The relevance and continued presence of the social and labor agenda in international dialogue brings the ILO to the number of important, along with the IMF, WTO and the World Bank, participants in the global discussion on the post-crisis economic world order.
At the 100th anniversary session of the International Labor Conference (June 2011) J. Somavia made a presentation “ new era social justice”, once again stigmatizing the pre-crisis methods of doing business, which consist in neglecting the rights of workers, understating the cost of labor, the dominance of risky speculative operations over production, and which, according to the CEO, are increasingly “rolling back” in many states after overcoming the most severe phase of the crisis.
During the 102nd session of the ILC (June 2013), recommendations were approved to governments, trade unions and employers in the socio-economic field for the medium term. They take into account new realities - a slowdown in global GDP growth and contraction of the labor market, as well as the growing instability associated with this in many countries. The recommendations reflected Russian priorities in the area of ​​employment development, protection of workers and regulation of labor migration.
Taking into account the fact that the previously established global rules and agreements (the Bretton Woods system) have ceased to be decisive, J. Somavia called on all states to achieve a new international consensus based on the unconditional recognition of basic international social and labor standards, decent work for all as a means overcoming poverty, creating jobs and minimum social guarantees for all.
To the main principles of the new model economic growth, according to the proposals of H. Somavia, the following should be attributed: priority of investment in the real sector of the economy; maintenance by financial institutions, first of all, of production cycles; strengthening labor market regulation and compliance with international labor standards; bringing macroeconomic and financial policies in line (the inadmissibility of the previously existing advantage of economic development over the fulfillment of obligations in the social and labor field); coordination of activities of specialized international structures.

International Labor Organization (ILO)- a specialized agency of the UN system, which aims to promote the principles of social justice, internationally recognized human rights and rights at work. Established in 1919, the ILO became the first specialized agency of the UN in 1946.

The ILO has four main strategic objectives:

• promote and enforce fundamental principles and rights at work;
• empower women and men for decent employment;
• increase the coverage and effectiveness of social security for all;
• strengthen tripartism and social dialogue.

These tasks are solved in various ways:

• through the development of international policies and programs aimed at supporting fundamental human rights, improving working and living conditions, expanding employment opportunities;
• the adoption of international labor standards in the form of conventions and recommendations, supported by a unique system of control over their observance;
• through large scale international technical cooperation programs;
• through training and education, research and publishing to support these efforts.

The headquarters of the ILO is located in Geneva, Switzerland. Guy Ryder has been the Director-General of the ILO since 1 October 2012.

The Decent Work Technical Support Unit and the ILO Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia (until April 2010 - the ILO Subregional Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia) has been operating in Moscow since 1959. The Bureau coordinates the activities of the ILO in ten countries - the Russian Federation, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

Within the United Nations system, the ILO has a unique tripartite structure. Representatives of employers and workers - "social partners" for economic activity- have in it, along with representatives of governments, an equal voice in determining policies and programs. The ILO promotes this kind of tripartism within member states by promoting "social dialogue" between trade unions and employers, with the participation of government representatives, to formulate and implement national policies in social, economic and many other areas.

The main areas of the Bureau's activities are the promotion of national decent work programs in the countries of the region, the development of social dialogue, social protection, employment development, labor protection, gender equality in the world of work, HIV / AIDS in the workplace, the elimination of child labor, etc.

Areas of cooperation with Russian Federation for 2013-2016 defined in the Program of Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the International Labor Organization (signed in Moscow in December 2012).