OECD Common Country Problems. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries. OECD and its activities. History of the OECD

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AT different times Organizations economic cooperation and development gave different definitions. She had to be scientific center and regulatory body, as well as a club whose membership includes only rich countries. Each hypostasis is true in its own way, but is not able to reflect the fullness of the essence of the organization. The OECD countries are an international organization in which the policy of its members is formed.

a brief description of

The OECD is an organization for economic cooperation and development, which includes 35 countries. This union is reminiscent of a forum within which representatives of the participating countries discuss economic and social policies, exchange international experience, search for solutions to current problems, and develop a joint strategy to solve them.

In fact, there is a generalization of common national views and approaches to resolving various interethnic problems and the conclusion of deals on possible actions on the basis of uniform jointly developed methods.

The driving force of the organization

Often the result of such meetings is a wider range of directions in relation to public policy, including clarification of the effectiveness of the impact on the interethnic community. Such events are very significant, because it provides an opportunity to exchange views on the prospects that open up for countries that are in similar economic and political circumstances. In a word, this is a club of interests.

The basic condition for membership is the commitment of the state to a market economy, as well as a deep conviction that the group acts as driving force politicians. The OECD decoding is fully consistent with the spirit of the organization itself.

isolation or openness

OECD countries: scale of influence

The share of the OECD in the world is 60%. The organization conducts extensive analytical work, forming a platform for participating countries to conduct multifaceted negotiations regarding economic problems. In addition, OECD countries are actively combating money laundering, tax evasion, etc. The participation of the organization made it possible to develop certain mechanisms aimed at stopping the tax havens created by individual countries.

Along with this, OECD countries maintain their own black lists of states that engage in unfair tax competition. As of 2007, the list included the following countries: Monaco, Andorra and Liechtenstein.

At the same time, the profile of work is aimed not only at the geographical expansion of the OECD. The decoding and area of interest of the organization includes the impact on the economy of isolated countries of the current processes of globalization, which is able to open up possible prospects for growth or cause a defensive reaction.

The expansion of contacts proportionally affects the growth of the sphere of interests of the OECD. The main difference from the IMF or the World Bank is that the organization does not place money. Its main task is to generate fresh ideas based on scientific research and policy review.

OECD countries

As mentioned above, the OECD list includes thirty-five members, including: Australia Austria Belgium United Kingdom Hungary Germany Greece Denmark Ireland Iceland Italy Spain Canada Luxembourg Mexico Norway Netherlands New Zealand Portugal Poland Slovakia USA Turkey France Finland Czech Republic Switzerland Sweden South Korea Japan, etc.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD) is an international economic association of developed countries. The OECD countries are believed to produce about 60% of the world's GDP.

The OECD was created in 1947 as part of the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe after World War II. The original name of the organization was the Organization for European Economic Cooperation. However, already in the 1960s, the composition of participants expanded significantly and went beyond

European region. The organization received a new name that better reflected the geography of the OECD countries in 1961.

To date, 34 states are members of the OECD, including the most developed USA, Australia, Canada, almost all of Western Europe - Great Britain, France, Germany, etc., some former socialist countries such as Poland, Hungary, Slovenia, and also one country former USSR- Estonia. As a separate member, the OECD includes European Commission as the highest executive body of the European Union.

In 1996, Russia, Latvia and Lithuania applied to join the OECD, but they were refused.

Currently, negotiations are underway on the possible entry of our country into this organization, as well as on the accession to the union of other major developing countries - Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and the Republic of South Africa.

The OECD's mission is to promote policies that improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world. At the same time, the organization defends the principles of a free market economy and representative democracy.

The current structure of the OECD is as follows. The highest decision-making body of the organization is the council, which includes one representative from each country plus one person from the European Union.

In total, about 250 committees, working and expert groups operate in the OECD to prepare decisions and their further implementation. They include about 40 thousand officials from the governments and administrations of the participating countries. In addition, to support the relationship between representatives, there is a permanent secretariat, in which more than 2.5 thousand employees work on a permanent basis.

As part of its activities, the OECD collects information on the economic situation not only in its member countries, but throughout the world, conducts discussions, makes decisions and makes recommendations in the field of economics and politics. In addition, the OECD periodically publishes its forecasts for the short and medium term development.

Like the FATF, the OECD maintains blacklists of unfavorable countries, but they are drawn up on the principle that states comply with tax rather than anti-money laundering standards.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is economic organization countries of the world scale (a kind of global economic club), established to implement and coordinate a common economic policy and economic programs for the provision of comprehensive assistance, with the aim of free trade and the development of world economic and industrial potential.

OECD: definition and concept

The OECD at the global level carries out scientific research on economic processes on a global scale, studies the possibilities of international interaction and cooperation between countries in the field of technological and economic development, develops plans for the exchange of experience between countries, identifies the main directions of external and domestic policy various states in the field of financial, economic, trade and business relations.

The OECD is an international economic organization of developed countries, created for the purpose of scientific research of economic processes in the world economy and individual countries in particular, consultations on a number of economic and financial issues. The OECD cooperates closely with the WTO, the Navy and other organizations.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

Organizations for economic cooperation and development are usually divided into regional and international:

The OECD is an association of industrialized countries on a number of economic issues. Industrialized countries include:

countries " big seven» (Germany, USA, UK, Japan, France, Italy, Canada);
less highly developed countries in Europe;
countries of resettlement capital: Israel, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia.

The industrialized countries account for approximately 60% of the total GDP.

History of the OECD

The war with Germany caused enormous damage to the economies of all European countries. Thousands of enterprises were destroyed, production was stopped at tens of thousands of plants and factories, Agriculture. The countries of Europe did not have financial opportunities to restore the economy, pay benefits to the population, and invest in production and agriculture.

The financial and food crisis, inflation, poverty, unemployment, lack of housing stock led to an aggravation of economic instability in European society. To stabilize the economy, huge amounts of money were required, which European countries did not have.

Marshall Plan

During the Second World War, the United States multiplied its financial potential, possessing 2/3 of the world's gold reserves. In difficult times for the countries of Europe, the United States offers free financial assistance "Marshall Plan" or "European Reconstruction Program" (offered by J. Marshall in 1947). To implement this program and control its implementation, the United States insists on the creation of a special organization.

On July 12, 1947, at a conference of 16 countries, the Committee for European Economic Cooperation was created. He was supposed to develop a plan for 4 years to restore the economies of European countries, calculate the amount of US financial assistance needed to overcome economic crisis in Europe.

In April 1948, the U.S. Congress passed the Aid foreign countries”(the so-called Marshall Plan), 29 billion dollars were allocated for its implementation. The Marshall Plan provided for the implementation of the following items within 5 years:

provision of material assistance;
ensuring the supply of clothing, food, fuel;
supply of food raw materials;
provision of financial loans for the purchase of industrial equipment;
deployment of US military bases in the countries receiving aid.

16 states of Europe received material assistance under the Marshall Plan. In fact, the amount of aid turned out to be $17 billion (instead of the planned $29 billion), with France, Great Britain, Germany, and Italy receiving two-thirds of this amount.

The Organization for European Economic Cooperation was formed in 1948 to coordinate the Marshall Plan.

Between European countries, USA and Canada after the organization of the OEEC, there was a need for closer cooperation. The United States and Canada join the OEEC, and sign the Convention, according to which the OEEC is reorganized into the Economic Cooperation Organization. Thus, in 1960, the OECD was established. The headquarters of the OECD is located in Paris.

OECD guidance

The head of the OECD is General Secretary, is elected for 5 years, and has the opportunity to be re-elected for a new term. The current Secretary General of the OECD is José Angel Gurría (re-elected for a third term in 2015).

Structure of the OECD

OECD governing bodies:

The OECD Council consists of delegates from all member countries and exercises general control. The Chairman of the Council is the Secretary General of the OECD. The Council has standing committees.
Committees study specific problems and manage support units, discuss proposals and implement projects. The OECD has about 200 committees and contact groups.
The OECD Secretariat ensures the work of the organization, provides assistance to committees and working groups, and coordinates their activities. Analyzes priorities and develops specific proposals. The Secretariat is led by the Secretary General of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, who is assisted by 3 deputies. The Secretariat is subdivided into departments and directorates.

OECD goals

The following goals are highlighted:

analysis and forecast of economic and industrial development countries;
development of methods and approaches to solving world economic problems, the introduction of reasonable methods of economic development in the OECD member countries;
achieving high economic growth of the participating countries;
achieving the level of financial stability of the participating countries;
improving the level and quality of life of the population of the participating countries.

Objectives of the OECD

The main tasks of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development are:

economic growth and financial stability of the OECD countries;
aid to developing countries;
expansion of international trade;
decrease in the unemployment rate;
ensuring social equality for everyone.

OECD activities

The organization solves a wide range of problems, develops methods for implementing reforms in the areas of taxation, finance, social benefits, education, and medical care. Develops ways to fight corruption on a global scale. The OECD plans to create a Single World Economy.

The Organization for Economic Assistance and Development collects relevant information to assist the governments of countries in the fight against the most pressing economic, financial, social and other problems of these states. The OECD analyzes data, constantly monitors developments in OECD member countries, publishes economic forecasts and analyzes of the economic development of a particular country.

The secretariat collects, summarizes and analyzes information that it passes to the relevant committees.

The organization closely cooperates with India, China, South Africa, Brazil with more than 40 countries that carry out 2/3 of world trade.

Main activities of the OECD

Allocate such:

study of the development of the world economy and national economies of individual countries;
tax and budget policy;
agriculture and food policy;
entrepreneurship and trade;
finance;
education and health care;
social and labor policy;
territorial development of municipalities;
environmental protection;
information, computerization;
combating cybercrime;
science and technology.

The priority areas of the OECD's activities are formed depending on the severity of the problems that arise in society (population aging, the fight against radical terrorism and cybercrime, the fight against poverty, the fight against corruption, increasing the level of employment of the population, and others).

OECD countries

Currently, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development includes 35 countries, 20 of them are the founding countries of the OECD: Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Portugal, Greece, Belgium, Austria, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, the USA, Canada, Turkey, Switzerland, Iceland, Luxembourg, Ireland, Sweden.

Countries that joined the OECD: Finland (1969), Poland (1996), New Zealand (1973), Mexico (1994), Japan (1964), Czech Republic (1995), Estonia (2010), Hungary (1996), South Korea (1996) ), Slovakia (2000), Australia (1971), Slovenia (2010), Israel (2010), Chile (2010), Latvia (2016).

Anyone who is interested in trends in the global economy is certainly aware of the existence of such an authoritative organization as the OECD. The abbreviation says that this Structure has existed for quite a long time, and over time its influence only increases.

Globalization of the world economy

OECD expansion

We often hear about the claims of the OECD for world domination. There are certain grounds for such assertions. The organization today includes 34 countries, including most of the union. OECD countries account for about sixty percent of world industrial production. But this only says that it is simply impossible to live in the modern technological world and be isolated from it. Many countries cooperate with the OECD in a number of areas without being members of the OECD. The expansion of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development is limited by the rigid standards that countries must meet to qualify for full membership. The OECD list for expansion includes: significant countries with rapidly developing economies like Brazil, India, China, Indonesia and South Africa.

OECD and Russian Federation

Relations between the OECD and Russia are not easy. For many years Russian Federation declared a course towards integration into this international structure. Russia's accession to the World trade organization. But in March 2014, the process of Russia's integration into the OECD was suspended indefinitely. The reason for this was mainly economic sanctions against the backdrop of the Ukrainian crisis. But the increased anti-Western rhetoric in Russian ruling circles is also significant. Many in Russia question the very need for the country's integration into this international structure. Anti-globalization conservative tendencies are becoming more and more pronounced in many countries and regions of the world. Russia is no exception in this regard.

Prospects for globalization

In less than seven decades of its existence, the OECD, the decoding of the name of which testifies to claims for world influence, managed to become a very authoritative structure. At the beginning of the third millennium, new prospects and directions of activity in the field of coordinating economic development and the world division of labor opened up before it. The global production of wealth in the twenty-first century is increasingly shifting to the region South-East Asia. And the OECD organization plays a coordinating function in this process. It contributes to a balanced consideration of the legitimate interests of the owners of intellectual property rights to high-tech products and those who produce these products.

Source: Ministry of Economic Development of Russia

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD),

Organization de Cooperation et de Development Economiques (OCDE)

Location: Paris, France.

Created: April 1948

Membership: 34 countries.

General Secretary: José Angel Gurría Treviño (Mexico) since June 2006.

Working languages: English and French.

History (OECD) began in April 1948, when the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), the main purpose of which was to coordinate the activities of states in the post-war economic recovery of Western Europe on the basis of the Marshall Plan (1948-1951). The tasks of the OEEC included the economic integration of Western Europe, the creation of a vast market with the elimination of quantitative restrictions on the movement of goods within it, as well as the removal of currency and tariff barriers.

On December 14, 1960, the Convention on the Establishment of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which entered into force on September 30, 1961. The United States initiated the creation of an organization with a wider range of activities, pursuing both political goals (strengthening the so-called Atlantic unity) and economic goals (increasing influence on the European economy).

The main mission of the OECD is to promote the economic growth of the OECD member countries and increase their contribution to global economic growth and development, and reduce poverty in countries that are not members of the Organization.

It is within the framework of the OECD that almost all critical issues economic development of the world, analyzes and forecasts trends in the economic development of individual countries, develops theoretical and practical approaches to solving world financial and economic problems, which are subsequently codified in international agreements and contracts.

As main objectives of the OECD defined:

assisting participating countries in developing measures to increase the economic growth in conditions of maintaining financial stability;
active participation in world trade on a multilateral basis;
encouraging member countries to provide assistance to developing countries;
ensuring the highest and most sustainable economic growth, employment, living standards in member countries, maintaining financial stability necessary for the development of the world economy.

In order to achieve the goals set, the member countries committed themselves to:

provide each other and the Organization with the information necessary to achieve its goals;
ensure the proper use of their available resources;
conduct ongoing consultations, research and participate in joint projects;
encourage scientific research and education;
strive for financial stability;
take measures to reduce barriers to the movement of capital and trade in goods and services;
to assist developing countries through the provision of capital and technical assistance.

OECD members are 34 countries. In 2004, it developed OECD expansion strategy , within the framework of which a number of criteria are formulated, on the basis of which potential members are selected for entry into the OECD. Following a decision taken by the OECD Council on May 16, 2007, two main "waves of expansion" have been identified:

The first wave included Russia, Chile, Estonia, Israel and Slovenia, which received an invitation to start the accession negotiations (to date, of these countries, only Russia did not join the Organization);

The "second wave" included five more countries - Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa – with whom the OECD will expand cooperation, taking into account their possible future membership in the Organization.

In the structure of the OECD supreme body is Council of Representatives countries - members of the organization, whose meetings at the level of ministers of foreign affairs, finance, trade or economy are held at least once a year. At the level of permanent representatives (with the rank of ambassadors), the Council meets at least twice a month under the chairmanship of Secretary General . Decisions of the Council (resolutions, recommendations) are adopted, as a rule, by consensus.

Executive committee from representatives of 14 Member States ( permanent members- Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Canada, France, USA and Japan and seven annually re-elected members) coordinates the administrative and operational activities of the OECD and prepares meetings of the Council, which may involve the committee in carrying out special tasks. Over 150 committees, working groups and expert commissions deal with the widest range of economic and social issues: economic policy, economics and development, development assistance, trade, capital flows, capital markets, insurance, tax policy, competition policy, consumption, tourism, maritime traffic, international investment and multinational corporations, energy policy, industry, steel, science and technology policy, information policy, communications and computerization, educational policy, labor force and social issues, public administration, environment, agriculture, fishing and others.

AT Development Assistance Committee includes more than twenty member states and the European Commission, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have observer status. The Committee is the central body for coordinating assistance provided by OECD countries to developing countries. Its tasks include increasing the effectiveness of this assistance, promoting the creation of developing countries viable economic systems and their inclusion in the global economy.

work International Secretariat leads General Secretary . The Secretariat has departments whose activities correspond to the topics of the committees ( statistics; food, agriculture and fisheries; informatics and communication; development cooperation; environment; finance, taxes and entrepreneurship; social issues, labor force and education; science, technology and industry; employment and social issues). In addition, the structure of the International Secretariat includes, founded in 1990, Center for Cooperation with European Economies in Transition.

OECD headquarters