The International Labor Organization was born. International Labor Organization (ILO). Directors-General of the ILO

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The International Labour Organization(ILO)- specialized institution UN, an international regulatory organization labor relations. As of 2009, 182 states are members of the ILO. FROM 1920 the headquarters of the Organization - International Labor Office, is in Geneva. AT Moscow is the office of the Subregional Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

1 The history of the creation, development and tasks of the ILO

2 Structure of the ILO and its founding documents

2.1 Constitution of the ILO

2.2

2.3 Standing Orders of the International Labor Conference

2.5 ILC International Labor Conference

2.6 Administrative Council

2.7 ILO International Labor Office

3 Working methods and main areas of activity

4 Member States of the ILO

5 Russia and the ILO

6 CEOs ILO

9 Notes

History of creation, development and tasks of the ILO

Established in 1919 on the basis of Treaty of Versailles as a structural unit League of Nations. It was founded on the initiative and with the active participation of the Western Social Democracy. The ILO Charter was developed by the Labor Commission of the Peace Conference and became part of the XIII Treaty of Versailles . The need to create the ILO was determined by the following reasons:

The first is political.

The reason for the creation of the ILO was the revolution in Russia and a number of other European countries. In order to resolve the contradictions that arise in society in an explosive, violent, revolutionary way, the organizers of the ILO decided to create an international organization designed to promote social progress worldwide, establish and maintain social peace between different sectors of society, and help resolve emerging social problems in an evolutionary peaceful way.

The second is social.

The working and living conditions of the workers were difficult and unacceptable. They were subjected to cruel exploitation, their social protection was practically absent. Social development lagged far behind economic development, which hindered the development of society.

The third is economic.

The desire of individual countries to improve the situation of workers caused an increase in costs, an increase in the cost of production, which made it difficult to compete and required the solution of social problems in most countries. The Preamble notes that "the failure of any country to provide workers with human conditions of work is an obstacle to other peoples who wish to improve the condition of workers in their countries."

The first CEO and one of the main initiators of the creation is a French politician Albert Thomas. The current CEO is Juan Somavia.

AT 1934 The United States and the USSR became members of the ILO. AT 1940 In 1999, the headquarters of the ILO was temporarily moved to Montreal, Canada due to the Second World War. As a result, the continuity of the Organization's activities was maintained. AT 1940 year USSR suspended its membership in the ILO, renewed in 1954. Since that time, Belarus and Ukraine have become members of the ILO.

In 1944, the International Labor Conference in Philadelphia defined the tasks of the ILO in the postwar period. It adopted the Philadelphia Declaration, which defined these tasks. The Declaration became an appendix and an integral part of the ILO Constitution. The government of the USSR did not accept the MBT's invitation to participate in the conference. AT 1945 year, the Office returned to Geneva.

The goals and objectives of the ILO are proclaimed in its Charter. The work of the ILO is built on the basis of a tripartite representation of workers, employers and governments - tripartism.

The ILO is one of the oldest and most representative international organizations. Created under the League of Nations, it survived the latter and since 1946 has become the first specialized agency UN. If at the time of its creation 42 states participated in it, then in 2000 there were 174 of them.

Structure of the ILO and its founding documents

A distinctive feature of the ILO is tripartism, its tripartite structure, within which negotiations are carried out between governments, organizations of workers and employers. The delegates of these three groups are represented and confer on an equal footing at all levels of the Organization.

supreme body the ILO is International Labor Conference where all ILO instruments are adopted. delegates International Conference are two representatives from the Government and one each, respectively, from the most representative organizations of workers and employers of each participating State. The Governing Body of the ILO, also organized on a tripartite basis, is the executive body of the ILO. The International Labor Office serves as the secretariat of the ILO. ILO accepts conventions and Recommendations on labor issues. In addition to conventions and recommendations, three declarations were adopted: ILO Declaration of Philadelphia1944 year on the aims and objectives of the ILO (now included in ILO constitution), 1977 ILO Declaration on Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, as well as 1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Rights and Principles at Work. Conventions are subject to ratification by member countries and are international treaties that are binding upon ratification. Recommendations are not legally binding acts. Even if the state has not ratified a particular convention, it is bound by the fact of membership in the ILO and accession to its constitution according to the four fundamental principles in the world of work, enshrined in the ILO Declaration of 1998. These are the principles of freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining; prohibition of discrimination in labor relations; the eradication of forced labor; and prohibition child labor. These four principles are also devoted to eight ILO Conventions (respectively - Conventions No. 87 and 98; 100 and 111; 29 and 105; 138 and 182), called fundamental. These Conventions have been ratified by the vast majority of the world's states, and the ILO monitors their implementation with particular attention.

The ILO cannot enforce even ratified Conventions. However, there are mechanisms for monitoring the implementation of the Conventions and Recommendations by the ILO, the main essence of which is to investigate the circumstances of alleged violations of labor rights and give them international publicity in case of prolonged disregard of the ILO comments by the state party. This control is exercised by the ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, the Governing Body Committee on Freedom of Association and the Conference Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations.

In exceptional cases, in accordance with Article 33 of the ILO Constitution, the International Labor Conference may call on its members to exercise influence on a state that is particularly violating international labor standards. In practice, this was done only once, in 2001, with respect to Myanmar, criticized for decades for using forced labor and refusing to cooperate with the ILO on this issue. As a result, a number of states applied economic sanctions against Myanmar and it was forced to take a number of steps towards the ILO.

ILO constitution

ILO Declaration of Philadelphia

In 1944, at a session in Philadelphia, USA, the International Labor Conference adopted the Philadelphia Declaration, which specifies the goals and objectives of the Organization.

The Declaration embodies the following principles:

labor is not a commodity;

freedom of speech and freedom of association are necessary condition constant progress;

poverty anywhere is a threat to general well-being;

all human beings, regardless of race, creed or sex, have the right to enjoy their material and spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, economic stability and equal opportunity.

Rules of the International Labor Conference

1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work

Whereas the founding fathers of the ILO proceeded from the conviction that social justice is essential to securing universal and lasting peace;

Taking into account that the economic growth essential but not sufficient for equity, social progress and poverty eradication, reaffirming the need for ILO efforts to support strong social policies, justice and democratic institutions;

Whereas the ILO must, more than ever before, use all its resources in the field of standard-setting, technical cooperation and all its research potential in all its fields of competence, in particular employment, training and working conditions, in order to achieve such manner within global strategy socio-economic development so that economic policy and social policy mutually reinforce each other, creating conditions for large-scale and sustainable development;

Whereas the ILO should pay particular attention to the problems faced by persons with special social needs, in particular the unemployed and migrant workers, and mobilize and encourage international, regional and national efforts to address them problems, and promote effective policies aimed at job creation;

Whereas, in order to strengthen the links between social progress and economic growth, the guarantee of respect for fundamental principles and rights at work is of particular importance and sense, since it allows those concerned to freely and on equal terms to claim their fair share of the wealth that they create helped and also enables them to realize their full human potential;

Whereas the ILO is an international organization, mandated by its Constitution and competent authority for the adoption and application of international labor standards, and enjoying universal support and recognition for the promotion of fundamental rights at work, which are the expression of its statutory principles;

Whereas, in a context of growing economic interdependence, there is an urgent need to reaffirm the permanence of the fundamental principles and rights proclaimed in the Charter of the Organization and to promote their universal observance;

International Labor Conference:

1. Recalls: a) that in freely joining the ILO, all Member States have recognized the principles and rights enshrined in the Constitution and in the Declaration of Philadelphia and committed themselves to achieving all the purposes of the Organization, using all means at their disposal and with full regard for their inherent features;

b) that these principles and rights have been expressed and developed in the form of specific rights and obligations in the Conventions, recognized as fundamental both within the Organization and outside it.

2. Declares that all Member States, even if they have not ratified the said Conventions, have an obligation, arising from the very fact of their membership in the Organization, to observe, promote and put into practice in good faith, in accordance with the Charter, the principles relating to fundamental rights which are the subject of these Conventions, namely: (a) freedom of association and effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining;

b) the abolition of all forms of forced or compulsory labor;

c) the effective prohibition of child labor; and

d) non-discrimination in the field of work and occupation.

3. Recognizes the obligation of the Organization to assist its Member States in meeting the needs identified and expressed by them, making full use of all its statutory, practical and budgetary resources to achieve these goals, including through the attraction of external resources and support, and also by encouraging others international organizations with which the ILO has established relations in accordance with Article 12 of its Constitution to support these efforts: (a) by providing technical cooperation and advisory services to promote the ratification and application of the fundamental Conventions;

(b) by assisting those Member States which are not yet in a position to ratify all or some of these Conventions in their efforts to respect, promote the application and give effect to the principles relating to the fundamental rights which are the subject of these Conventions; and

c) by providing assistance to Member States in their efforts to create conditions conducive to economic and social development.

4. Decides that, in order to ensure the full implementation of this Declaration, a mechanism facilitating its implementation, reliable and effective, will be applied in accordance with the measures listed in the following annex, which is an integral part of this Declaration.

5. Emphasizes that labor standards should not be used for trade protectionist purposes and nothing in this Declaration or its implementation mechanism should serve as a basis or otherwise be used for such purposes; moreover, this Declaration and the mechanism for its implementation must in no way be used to undermine the comparative advantage of any country.

Application

Implementation mechanism of the Declaration

I. GENERAL PURPOSE

1. The purpose of the implementation mechanism described below is to encourage the efforts made by the Member States of the Organization to promote respect for the fundamental principles and rights proclaimed in the ILO Constitution and the Declaration of Philadelphia and reaffirmed in this Declaration.

2. In line with this purely promotional purpose, this Implementation Mechanism will identify areas where the Organization's assistance through technical cooperation activities can benefit its Members and assist them in applying these fundamental principles and rights. It does not replace existing control mechanisms and will in no way interfere with their functioning; accordingly, specific situations within the scope of these controls will not be considered or reviewed under this implementation mechanism.

3. The following two aspects of this mechanism are based on existing procedures: annual implementation measures relating to non-ratified fundamental Conventions will entail only some adaptation of the existing application of paragraph 5 (e) of Article 19 of the Constitution; the global report will make it possible to get the most optimal results from the procedures carried out in accordance with the Charter.

II. ANNUAL MEASURES REGARDING UNRATIFIED FUNDAMENTAL CONVENTIONS

A. Purpose and scope

1. The aim is to enable annually, by means of simplified procedures, to replace the four-year cycle introduced by the Governing Body in 1995, a review of the measures taken in accordance with the Declaration by those Member States that have not yet ratified all the fundamental Conventions.

2. This procedure will cover each year all four areas of fundamental principles and rights referred to in this Declaration.

B. Procedure and methods of work

1. This procedure will be based on the reports requested from Member States in accordance with paragraph 5 (e) of Article 19 of the Constitution. Reporting forms will be drawn up in such a way as to obtain from governments that have not ratified one or more of the fundamental Conventions information concerning any changes that may have taken place in their laws and practices, having due regard to Article 23 of the Constitution and established practice.

2. These reports, as processed by the Office, will be considered by the Governing Body.

3. In order to prepare an introduction to the reports thus processed, with a view to drawing attention to any aspects which may require more in-depth discussion, the Office may consult a group of experts appointed for this purpose by the Governing Body.

4. Consideration should be given to amending the existing procedures of the Governing Body so that Member States not represented on the Governing Body can best provide clarifications that may be necessary or useful in the deliberations of the Governing Body, in addition to information contained in their reports.

III. GLOBAL REPORT

A. Purpose and scope

1. The purpose of this report is to provide a dynamic overview of each of the categories of fundamental principles and rights over the previous four years and provide a basis for assessing the effectiveness of the assistance provided by the Organization, as well as for setting priorities for the next period in the form of action plans for technical cooperation aimed, inter alia, at attracting the internal and external resources necessary for their implementation.

2. The report will cover each year one of the four categories of fundamental principles and rights in order of priority.

B. Procedure for preparation and discussion

1. The report, for which the Director-General is responsible, will be drawn up on the basis of official information or information collected and evaluated in accordance with established procedures. For states that have not ratified the fundamental Conventions, the report will draw in particular on the results obtained during the implementation of the above-mentioned annual implementation measures. For Member States that have ratified the relevant Conventions, the report will be based in particular on those considered under Article 22 of the Constitution.

2. This report will be submitted to the Conference for tripartite discussion as the report of the Director General. The Conference may consider this report separately from reports submitted under Article 12 of its Standing Orders and may discuss it at a meeting devoted specifically to this report or in any other manner. The Governing Body will then have to draw conclusions from this discussion at a future session on the priorities and action plans for technical cooperation to be implemented in the next four years.

IV. IT IS UNDERSTANDED THAT:

1. Proposals will be prepared to amend the Rules of Procedure of the Governing Body and Conference as necessary to implement the foregoing provisions.

2. The Conference will review the operation of this implementation mechanism in a timely manner in the light of experience gained and assess whether the overall objective set out in Part I has been adequately achieved.

The above text is the text of the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work duly adopted by the General Conference of the International Labor Organization at its 86th session held in Geneva and ended on 18 June 1998.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF we have appended our signatures this nineteenth day of June 1998:

President of the Conference JEAN-JACQUES AXLAIN Director General of the International Labor Office MICHEL HANSENN

International Labor Conference ILC

Administrative Council

The Governing Body is the executive body of the ILO. He directs the work of the Organization between sessions of the General Conference and determines the procedure for the implementation of its decisions. Three sessions of the Administrative Council are held annually - in March, June and November.

The Governing Body consists of 56 members (28 government representatives, 14 employers and 14 workers) and 66 deputies (28 governments, 19 employers and 19 workers). Ten places of members of the Administrative Council representing governments are reserved on a permanent basis for representatives of the governments of the leading countries of the world - Brazil, Great Britain, Germany, India, Italy, China, Russian Federation, USA, France and Japan. The remaining members of the Council, representing the governments of other states, are re-elected by the Conference on a rotational basis every three years.

ILO International Labor Office

The International Labor Office in Geneva is the ILO's permanent secretariat, operational headquarters, research and publishing centre. The Bureau prepares documents and reports that are used during conferences and meetings of the Organization (for example, the General Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Standards, reports of the Governing Body and its committees, etc.). The Bureau also administers the technical cooperation programs that support the ILO's standard-setting activities. The Bureau has a department responsible for all matters relating to international labor standards, as well as departments responsible for the activities of employers and workers. Administration and management issues are decentralized and transferred to the regional and sub-regional level and to representations in individual countries. The Bureau, led by a Director General, who is elected for a five-year term with the right to re-election, employs about 2,500 staff and experts, based at headquarters in Geneva and in more than 40 offices around the world. Regional meetings of ILO member states are regularly held to discuss issues of particular interest to the region. The Governing Body and the International Bureau are assisted in their activities by tripartite committees covering the main branches of industry, as well as committees of experts on such matters as vocational training, management development, labor protection, labor relations, vocational training, as well as the special problems of certain categories of workers (youth , disabled people).

Methods of work and main areas of activity

The main goals of the ILO are to promote social and economic progress, improve the well-being and working conditions of people, and protect human rights.

Based on these goals, the main tasks of the ILO are

development of a coordinated policy and programs aimed at solving social and labor problems

development and adoption of international labor standards in the form of conventions and recommendations and control over their implementation

assistance to participating countries in solving problems of employment, reducing unemployment and managing migration

protection of human rights (rights to work, to association, collective bargaining, protection from forced labor, discrimination, etc.)

the fight against poverty, for improving the living standards of workers, the development of social security

promotion of vocational training and retraining of employed and unemployed

development and implementation of programs in the field of improving working conditions and the working environment, occupational safety and health, protection and restoration of the environment

assistance to organizations of workers and entrepreneurs in their work together with governments on the regulation of social and labor relations

development and implementation of measures to protect the most vulnerable groups of workers (women, youth, the elderly, migrant workers).

The ILO uses a variety of methods in its work. Of these, four main ones can be distinguished: 1. development of social partnership between governments, organizations of workers and entrepreneurs (tripartism) 2. development and adoption of international labor standards: conventions and recommendations and control over their use (standard-setting activities) 3. assistance to countries in addressing social - labor problems. In the ILO this is called technical cooperation 4. research and publication on social and labor issues. Tripartism is the main method of work of the ILO, its distinguishing feature from all international organizations. The solution of all social and labor problems can be successful only as a result of coordinated actions of governments, workers and entrepreneurs.

Member States of the ILO

Australia Austria Azerbaijan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Bahrain Belarus Belize Belgium Benin Bulgaria Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Burkina Faso Burundi Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Hungary Venezuela Viet Nam Gabon Haiti Guyana Gambia Ghana Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Germany Honduras Grenada Greece Georgia Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Egypt Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe Israel India Indonesia Jordan Iraq Islamic Republic of Iran Ireland Iceland Spain Italy Yemen Cape Verde Kazakhstan Cambodia Cameroon Canada Qatar Kenya Cyprus Kiribati China Colombia Comoros Congo Korea, Republic of Costa Rica Cat d'Ivoire Cuba Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lesotho Liberia Lebanon Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Lithuania Luxembourg Mauritius Mauritania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Morocco Mexico Mozambique Moldova, Republic of Mongolia Myanmar Namibia Nepal Niger Nigeria Netherlands Nicaragua New Zealand Norway United Arab Emirates Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Poland Portugal Russian Federation Rwanda Romania El Salvador San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Swaziland Seychelles Senegal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Christopher and Nevis Saint Lucia Singapore Syrian Arab Republic of Slovakia Slovenia United Kingdom United States of America Solomon Islands Somalia Sudan Suriname Sierra Leone Tajikistan Thailand Tanzania United Republic of Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkmenistan Turkey Uganda Uzbekistan Ukraine Uruguay Fiji Philippines Finland France Croatia Central African Republic Chad Czech Republic Chile Switzerland Sweden Sri Lanka Lanka Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Yugoslavia South Africa Jamaica Japan

Russia and ILO

COOPERATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO)

(reference Information)

Membership in the ILO - one of the oldest and leading international organizations - allows Russia to study and apply the international practice of settling social and labor disputes, develop social partnership (government - trade unions - entrepreneurs), use the ILO recommendations to improve and regulate the labor market. Participation in the activities of the ILO helps to develop labor legislation based on world experience, promotes the development of entrepreneurship, including small enterprises, and the solution of employment problems.

The interaction of the Russian Federation with the ILO is carried out in accordance with the regularly signed Cooperation Programs that determine its main directions.

The ILO provides Russia with advisory assistance in conducting an expert assessment of social and labor legislation, putting into practice the concept of social partnership, a modular system for training workers in production, improving the employment service, social protection and pensions, developing a new classifier of professions, and developing labor statistics.

An important step towards bringing our legislation closer to international legal norms was the signing on February 8, 2003 by the President of the Russian Federation of the Federal Law “On Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor (Convention No. 182)”. With the adoption of this law, Russia became a party to all eight fundamental ILO conventions regulating the sphere of social and labor relations.

Since 1959, an ILO branch has been operating in Moscow. In the early 90s. it was transformed into a regional bureau for the CIS countries. In September 1997, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Organization signed an Agreement on the ILO Office in Moscow, providing for the formation on its basis of a multidisciplinary group of experts to assist in solving social and labor problems. The Bureau's activities cover 9 CIS countries (except for Ukraine and Moldova).

Giving the ILO Office in Moscow regional functions is of significant practical importance for Russia, since this status allows it to organize specific technical assistance projects in Russian regions more widely and with a greater degree of independence, and more effectively coordinate ILO activities in Russia and the CIS countries.

Russia actively participates in the work of the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization, set up on the initiative of the ILO in 2002 (V. I. Matvienko, member of the Commission from Russia). In September 2004, a meeting of the National Round Table was held in St. Petersburg, which was attended by representatives of business circles, labor protection organizations, government agencies, legislative authorities and public organizations. This forum was timed to coincide with the publication of the report of the World Commission "A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All".

The Russian Foreign Ministry, being responsible for the foreign policy aspects of our country's interaction with the ILO, coordinates the work of Russian departments and public organizations in this area. Representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Health and Social Development, the Coordinating Council of Russian Employers' Associations and the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia participate in the work of the governing bodies of the ILO, in conferences on topical issues labor and socio-economic policy pursued in Russia by the Moscow Bureau of the ILO.

Regular contacts are maintained with the leadership of the ILO. In 2002, the Director General of the International Labor Office (ILO) J. Somavia paid an official visit to Moscow, during which, in particular, he met with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia I. S. Ivanov. Of particular importance was the meeting of H. Somavia with the Deputy Minister of Health and Social Development A. Yu. Levitskaya in Geneva during the 95th session of the ILC (June 2006). During this meeting, the Program of Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the ILO for 2006-2009 was signed, which included such areas as improving legislation, developing social dialogue, addressing issues of illegal migration, etc. Within the framework of this program, in May 2007 The Committee of the State Duma on labor and social policy headed by the Chairman of the Committee AK Isaev paid a visit to Geneva.

The organization assisted in the preparation of the G8 Labor Ministerial Meeting in Moscow in October 2006. Among other things, an Office briefing paper on Economic Growth and Decent Work: Strengthening the Linkage was prepared.

Russia is interested in using the legislative experience and research potential of the ILO in order to promote the implementation of Russian economic reforms. At the same time, it seems expedient to completely abandon the technical assistance of the ILO and get involved in participation in extrabudgetary financing of projects of interest to us, primarily in the CIS.

Russia closely follows the work of the ILO supervisory bodies and cooperates with them. In May-June 2005, in connection with the complaints received by Russian trade unions at meetings of the ILC Committee on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations and the Administrative Council Committee on Freedom of Association, the situation with Russia's implementation of ILO Conventions No. 87 and 98 (on freedom of association and the right to conduct collective negotiations). The ILO supervisory bodies came to the conclusion that there are some problems with the practice of applying labor legislation in Russia and made a number of recommendations.

Currently, despite the generally favorable situation, a number of conventions remain, on the implementation of which Russia should provide timely reports in order to avoid bringing the discussion of these issues to a higher level. These conventions include the following:

The above-mentioned Nos. 87 and 98 (among the recommendations of the ILO - the need to lift the ban on strikes of workers in the postal and railway services, to provide more complete information on the measures taken against those guilty of discrimination against trade unions);

Convention No. 95 "On the Protection wages» (the implementation of constant monitoring and strengthening of criminal and administrative punishment for violations in this area is required);

Convention No. 100 “On Equal Remuneration” (ILO is interested in statistics on the level of wages of men and women in the private and public sectors of the economy);

Convention No. 111 “On Discrimination in Employment and Employment” (it is recommended to revise the list on the prohibition of women's work in 38 industrial sectors);

Convention No. 122 "On Employment Policy" (ILO requested additional statistics on the level of employment, as well as on government measures to ensure full employment);

Convention No. 138 on the Minimum Age (recommendation for the additional protection of minors working without registration employment contract);

Convention No. 182 “On the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor” (the need to take urgent measures to stop the sale of children and punish those responsible).

In addition, during the 300th session of the ILO Governing Council (November 2007), a complaint from the Federation of Maritime Transport Unions about non-compliance with Convention No. 179 on the recruitment and placement of seafarers was accepted.

Attaching great importance to the control functions of the ILO, Russia at the same time proceeds from the fact that consideration of such issues should be conducted as objectively as possible, without politicizing the discussion, in strict accordance with the Organization's mandate and established procedures.

Directors-General of the ILO

Period	Director General of the ILO	Note
1919 -1932	Albert Thomas	France
1932 -1938	Harold Butler	Great Britain
1939 -1941	John Wynant
1941 -1948	Edward Philan	Ireland
1948 -1970	David Morse
1970 -1973	Wilfred Jenks	Great Britain
1973 - 1989	Francis Blanchard	France
1989 -1999	Michelle Hansenn	Belgium
March1999 - present tense	Juan Somavia	Chile

Developments

1818 . At the Congress Holy UnionAachen, Germany, English industrialist Robert Owen insists on the introduction of regulations on the protection of workers and the creation of a commission on social issues.

1831 -1834 . brutally suppressed two revolts of the weaver silk mills in Lyon.

1838 -1859. French industrialist Daniel Legrand picks up on Owen's ideas.

1864 1st International founded in London International partnership workers"

1866. Congress of the 1st International demands the adoption of international labor legislation.

1867. Publication of the first volume of Karl Marx's Capital.

1833-1891. Adoption in Germany of the first social legislation in Europe.

1886 Haymarket uprising. 350,000 workers strike in Chicago, demanding an 8-hour day, this action was brutally suppressed.

1889 The 2nd Workers' International is founded in Paris.

1890 Representatives of 14 countries at a meeting in Berlin put forward proposals that will affect the national labor legislation of several countries.

1900. At a conference in Paris, the first association for the protection of workers was created.

1906. At a conference in Bern, two international conventions are adopted - on limiting the use of toxic white phosphorus in the production of matches and on the prohibition of women's night work.

1919 Birth of the ILO. The First International Labor Conference adopts six conventions, the first establishes an 8-hour working day and a 48-hour working week.

1927. The first session of the Committee of Experts on the Application of the Conventions takes place.

1930. Convention for the gradual abolition of forced and compulsory labor is adopted.

1944. Declaration of Philadelphia reaffirms the basic objectives of the ILO.

1946 The ILO becomes the first specialized agency associated with the UN.

1969. The ILO was awarded Nobel Peace Prize.

2002. Established world day against child labor.

Official website of the ILO(English)

ILO International Labor Standards Database(English)

ILO conventions

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The International Labor Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations, an international organization dealing with the regulation of labor relations. As of 2009, 182 states are members of the ILO. Since 1920, the headquarters of the Organization, the International Labor Office, has been located in Geneva. The office of the Subregional Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia is located in Moscow.

Three areas of ILO activity are currently priorities:

promoting democracy and tripartite interaction (tripartism),

the fight against poverty and

protection of workers.

The main goals of the ILO are to promote social and economic progress, improve the well-being and working conditions of people, and protect human rights.

Based on these goals, the main tasks of the ILO are:

· development of a coordinated policy and programs aimed at solving social and labor problems;

· development and adoption of international labor standards in the form of conventions and recommendations and control over their implementation;

· assistance to participating countries in solving the problems of employment, reducing unemployment and regulating migration;

· protection of human rights (rights to work, association, collective bargaining, protection from forced labor, discrimination, etc.);

· the fight against poverty, for the improvement of the living standards of workers, the development of social security;

· promotion of vocational training and retraining of employed and unemployed people;

· development and implementation of programs in the field of improving working conditions and working environment, safety and health, protection and restoration of the environment;

· assistance to organizations of workers and entrepreneurs in their work together with governments on the regulation of social and labor relations;

· Development and implementation of measures to protect the most vulnerable groups of workers (women, youth, the elderly, migrant workers).

The main modern directions in the activities of the ILO:

1. Protecting human rights and monitoring the implementation of international legal norms.

2. Equality of opportunity and treatment for men and women.

3. Employment promotion and structural adjustment.

4. Improving living and working conditions in the rural and informal sectors.

5. Environmental protection.

The priority areas for the ILO's activities stem from its Constitution and the Philadelphia Declaration. It:

• adoption and implementation of international labor standards;

· support for the development and reform of social infrastructure and social security systems;

· provision of consultations in the development of legislation in the social and labor sphere;

· support for the development of social partnership, primarily independent trade unions and employers' organizations, as well as tripartite institutions that promote social dialogue between the state and social partners;

Improving working and living conditions, protecting workers from accidents and health hazards in the workplace;

· advising on the implementation of an active policy in the labor market, the development of effective regulation of labor issues;

· training of management personnel and assistance to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.

The abstract was submitted to the KSGU, Yalta

Rating - 5 out of 5

INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO)

An international organization whose goal is to contribute to the improvement of working and living conditions for workers. The ILO was established in 1919. In 1946, an agreement was concluded between the UN and the ILO on cooperation and recognition of the ILO as a specialized agency of the UN, after which the ILO Charter was amended accordingly. The objectives of the ILO, in accordance with the Constitution, are to improve working conditions by regulating working hours, including the establishment of maximum limits on the working day and week; regulation of the labor market; preventing unemployment; ensuring the level of wages corresponding to the conditions of life; protection of workers from occupational diseases and accidents at work; labor protection for children, adolescents and women; provision for older workers and the disabled; protection of migrant workers; recognition of the principle of equal pay for equal labor; recognition of freedom of association, organization and vocational and technical training and other measures. The ILO develops and adopts international labor standards, prepares international programs to improve the working and living conditions of workers; provides consulting services; conducts research and analysis of socio-economic problems in the sphere of labor; organize meetings and technical cooperation; disseminates information. The executive bodies of the ILO are located in Geneva. The International Labor Conference is also held here.

Main goals and objectives of the ILO

In its activities, the International Labor Organization is guided by four strategic goals:

Promoting and enforcing fundamental principles and rights at work;

Creation of greater opportunities for women and men in obtaining quality employment and income;

Expanding the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all;

Strengthening tripartism and social dialogue.

If we briefly describe the activities of the organization, we can distinguish the following main areas:

● developing international policies and programs to promote fundamental human rights, improve working and living conditions, and expand employment opportunities;

Creation of international labor standards, supported by a unique system of control over their observance; these standards serve as a guide for national authorities in the implementation of such policies;

Implementation of an extensive program of international technical cooperation, developed and implemented in active partnership with the members of the Organization, incl. assisting countries in its effective implementation;

Training and education issues, research and publishing to support these efforts.

ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work

In 1998, the International Labor Conference adopted a solemn Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, reaffirming the determination of the international community to "respect, promote and give effect in good faith" to the right of workers and employers to freedom of association and collective bargaining, to work towards the elimination all forms of forced or compulsory labor, the total elimination of child labor and discrimination in employment and employment. The Declaration emphasizes that all participating States have an obligation to respect these principles, whether or not they have ratified the relevant Conventions.

Problems of real protection of human rights

The problems of real protection of human rights are reduced to one of the main problems - the lack of operational, and often the complete absence of information about the offense. Sometimes this problem takes on a slightly different character, when the perpetrators are civil servants, who, in principle, have no one to complain about. Another of the main problems is the reluctance of the government to do anything about the protection of these rights, in some cases this is expressed in the adoption of a law, without any interest in its further existence.

The most painful right is the right to work. The organization of labor in the state, and even more so in the commonwealth or in another association of states, cannot be at a high level until there is a general model for the distribution of labor in the state. The problem, for example in Ukraine, is that the majority of citizens are engaged in the resale of products or services, and a very small part in production. Thus, if the cost of products or services imported into the country exceeds the value of exports, the deficit of domestic finance will grow, which slowly leads to a decrease in production potential and to a reduction in jobs. With the transition of enterprises to a private form of ownership, the state expressed its unwillingness to deal with the problems of organizing labor in the state. And instead of putting the problems of organizing labor in the first place until the balance of import-export appears, the government took up the problems of pensioners, the disabled, Chernobyl victims, and everything else that increases the budget, and looking at the lack of finances, the parliament began to revise the laws of taxation, and introducing additional taxes, while forgetting that the level of profits of domestic enterprises can only increase if the difference in the potentials of imports and exports grows.

International labor standards

One of the oldest and most important functions of the ILO is the adoption by the tripartite International Labor Conference (with the participation of representatives of governments, employers and workers) of conventions and recommendations that establish international labor standards. By ratifying the conventions, member states undertake to consistently implement their provisions. The recommendations serve as guidance in policy, legislation and practice.

The conventions and recommendations adopted since 1919 cover virtually the entire range of labor issues, including some basic human rights (first of all, freedom of association, the right to organize and collective bargaining, the abolition of forced and child labor, the elimination of discrimination in employment), regulation labor issues, labor relations, employment policy, safety and health, working conditions, social security, employment of women and special categories such as migrant workers and seafarers.

Member States must submit all conventions and recommendations adopted by the Conference to the competent national authorities, who decide what action to take on them. The number of convention ratifications continues to increase. In order to ensure their application in law and practice, the ILO has established a control procedure that is the most advanced in comparison with other similar international procedures. It is based on an objective assessment by independent experts of how commitments are being met and on individual case reviews by tripartite bodies of the ILO. There is a special procedure for dealing with complaints of violations of freedom of association.

Core conventions of the ILO

No. 29 Forced or Compulsory Labor Convention, 1930. Demands the prohibition of forced or compulsory labor in all forms. Certain exceptions are allowed, such as military service, properly supervised corrective labor, emergency work such as war, fire, earthquakes...

No. 87 Convention on Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize, 1948. Establishes the right of all workers and entrepreneurs to establish and join an organization of their choice without obtaining prior permission and establishes a number of guarantees for the freedom of their activities without interference by public authorities.

No. 98 Convention on the Right to Organize and Collectively Bargain, 1949. Provides protection against anti-union discrimination, protection of workers' and employers' organizations from mutual interference, as well as measures to promote collective bargaining.

No. 100 Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951. Calls for equal pay for men and women for work of equal value.

No. 105 Abolition of Forced Labor Convention, 1957. Prohibits the use of any form of forced or compulsory labor as a means of political repression, education, punishment for the expression of political and ideological views, labor mobilization, labor discipline, strike action, or discrimination.

No. 111 Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958. Calls for a national policy to eliminate discrimination in employment, training, working conditions based on race, color, sex, creed, political opinion, national or social origin, to promote equality of opportunity and treatment.

No. 138 Minimum Age Convention, 1973. Aims to eliminate child labour; establishes that the minimum age for employment should not be lower than the age of completion of compulsory education.

The International Labour Organization (ILO)- a specialized agency of the United Nations, an international organization dealing with the regulation of labor relations. As of 2009, 182 states are members of the ILO. Since the year the headquarters of the Organization - the International Labor Office, is located in Geneva. The office of the Subregional Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia is located in Moscow.

History of creation, development and tasks of the ILO

Created in 1919 on the basis of the Treaty of Versailles as a structural division of the League of Nations. It was founded on the initiative and with the active participation of the Western Social Democracy. The ILO Charter was developed by the Labor Commission of the Peace Conference and became part of the XIII Treaty of Versailles. . The need to create the ILO was determined by the following reasons:

The first is political.

The second is social.

The third is economic.

The desire of individual countries to improve the situation of workers caused an increase in costs, an increase in the cost of production, which made it difficult to compete and required the solution of social problems in most countries. . The Preamble notes that "the failure of any country to provide workers with human conditions of work is an obstacle to other peoples who wish to improve the condition of workers in their countries."

The first general director and one of the main initiators of the creation is the French politician Albert Thomas. The current CEO is Juan Somavia.

The goals and objectives of the ILO are proclaimed in its Constitution. The activity of the ILO is built on the basis of a tripartite representation of workers, employers and governments - tripartism.

The ILO is one of the oldest and most representative international organizations. Created under the League of Nations, it survived the latter and since 1946 has become the first specialized agency of the UN. If at the time of its creation 42 states participated in it, then in 2000 there were 174 of them ...

Structure of the ILO and its founding documents

The supreme body of the ILO is the International Labor Conference, at which all acts of the ILO are adopted. The delegates of the International Conference are two representatives from the government and one each, respectively, from the most representative organizations of workers and employers of each participating State. The Governing Body of the ILO, also organized on a tripartite basis, is the executive body of the ILO. The International Labor Office serves as the secretariat of the ILO. The ILO adopts Conventions and Recommendations on labor issues. In addition to conventions and recommendations, three declarations have been adopted: the ILO Philadelphia Declaration of the Year on the Aims and Objectives of the ILO (now included in the ILO Constitution), the 1977 ILO Declaration on Multinational Enterprises and Social Policies, and the 1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Rights and Principles in labor. Conventions are subject to ratification by member countries and are international treaties that are binding upon ratification. Recommendations are not legally binding acts. Even if the state has not ratified a particular convention, it is bound by the fact of membership in the ILO and accession to its constitution according to the four fundamental principles in the world of work, enshrined in the ILO Declaration of 1998. These are the principles of freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining; prohibition of discrimination in labor relations; the eradication of forced labor; and the prohibition of child labor. These four principles are also devoted to eight ILO Conventions (respectively - Conventions No. 87 and 98; 100 and 111; 29 and 105; 138 and 182), called fundamental. These Conventions have been ratified by the vast majority of the world's states, and the ILO monitors their implementation with particular attention.

In exceptional cases, in accordance with Article 33 of the ILO Constitution, the International Labor Conference may call on its members to exercise influence on a state that is particularly violating international labor standards. In practice, this has only been done once, in 2001 against Myanmar, which for decades has been criticized for using forced labor and refusing to cooperate with the ILO on this issue. As a result, a number of states applied economic sanctions against Myanmar and it was forced to take a number of steps towards the ILO.

ILO constitution

ILO Declaration of Philadelphia

In 1944, at a session in Philadelphia, USA, the International Labor Conference adopted the Philadelphia Declaration, which specifies the goals and objectives of the Organization.

The Declaration embodies the following principles:
- labor is not a commodity;
- freedom of speech and freedom of association are a necessary condition for constant progress;
- poverty anywhere is a threat to general well-being;
- all human beings, regardless of race, creed or sex, have the right to enjoy their material and spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, economic stability and equal opportunity.

Rules of the International Labor Conference

1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work

International Labor Conference ILC

The Governing Body consists of 56 members (28 government representatives, 14 employers and 14 workers) and 66 deputies (28 governments, 19 employers and 19 workers). Ten seats on the Administrative Council representing governments are reserved on a permanent basis for representatives of the governments of the leading countries of the world - Brazil, Great Britain, Germany, India, Italy, China, the Russian Federation, the USA, France and Japan. The remaining members of the Council, representing the governments of other states, are re-elected by the Conference on a rotational basis every three years.

ILO International Labor Office

Methods of work and main areas of activity

The main goals of the ILO are to promote social and economic progress, improve the well-being and working conditions of people, and protect human rights.

Based on these goals, the main tasks of the ILO are

development of a coordinated policy and programs aimed at solving social and labor problems
development and adoption of international labor standards in the form of conventions and recommendations and control over their implementation
assistance to participating countries in solving problems of employment, reducing unemployment and managing migration
protection of human rights (rights to work, to association, collective bargaining, protection from forced labor, discrimination, etc.)
the fight against poverty, for improving the living standards of workers, the development of social security
promotion of vocational training and retraining of employed and unemployed
development and implementation of programs in the field of improving working conditions and the working environment, occupational safety and health, protection and restoration of the environment
assistance to organizations of workers and entrepreneurs in their work together with governments on the regulation of social and labor relations
development and implementation of measures to protect the most vulnerable groups of workers (women, youth, the elderly, migrant workers).

Member States of the ILO

Dominica Dominican Republic Egypt Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe Israel India Indonesia Jordan Iraq Iran, Islamic Republic of Ireland Iceland Spain Italy Yemen Cape Verde Kazakhstan Cambodia Cameroon Canada Qatar Kenya Cyprus Kiribati China Colombia Comoros Congo Korea, Republic of Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lesotho Liberia Lebanon Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Lithuania Luxembourg Mauritius Mauritania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Morocco Mexico Mozambique Moldova, Republic of Mongolia Myanmar Namibia Nepal Niger Nigeria Netherlands Nicaragua New Zealand Norway United Arab Emirates Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Poland Portugal Russian Federation Rwanda Romania El Salvador San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Swaziland Seychelles Senegal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Christopher and Nevis Saint Lucia Singapore Syrian Arab Republic Slovakia Word United Kingdom United States of America Solomon Islands Somalia Sudan Suriname Sierra Leone Tajikistan Thailand Tanzania, United Republic of Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkmenistan Turkey Uganda Uzbekistan Ukraine Uruguay Fiji Philippines Finland France Croatia Central African Republic Chad Czech Republic Chile Switzerland Sweden Sri Lanka Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Yugoslavia South Africa Jamaica Japan

Russia and ILO

COOPERATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO)

(reference Information)

The interaction of the Russian Federation with the ILO is carried out in accordance with the regularly signed Cooperation Programs that determine its main directions.

The Russian Foreign Ministry, being responsible for the foreign policy aspects of our country's interaction with the ILO, coordinates the work of Russian departments and public organizations in this area. Representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Health and Social Development, the Coordinating Council of Employers' Associations of Russia and the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia participate in the work of the governing bodies of the ILO, in conferences on topical issues of labor and socio-economic policy held in Russia by the Moscow Office of the ILO.

Convention No. 95 "On the protection of wages" (requires the implementation of constant monitoring and strengthening of criminal and administrative penalties for violations in this area);

Convention No. 100 “On Equal Remuneration” (ILO is interested in statistics on the level of wages of men and women in the private and public sectors of the economy);

Convention No. 111 “On Discrimination in Employment and Employment” (it is recommended to revise the list on the prohibition of women's work in 38 industrial sectors);

Convention No. 122 "On Employment Policy" (ILO requested additional statistics on the level of employment, as well as on government measures to ensure full employment);

Convention No. 138 "On the minimum age" (recommendation for the additional protection of minors working without an employment contract);

Convention No. 182 “On the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor” (the need to take urgent measures to stop the sale of children and punish those responsible).

Directors-General of the ILO

Period	Director General of the ILO	Note
-	Albert Thomas	France
-	Harold Butler	Great Britain
-	John Wynant	USA
-	Edward Philan	Ireland
-	David Morse	USA
-	Wilfred Jenks	Great Britain
-	Francis Blanchard	France
-	Michelle Hansenn	Belgium
March - present	Juan Somavia	Chile

Developments

. At the Congress of the Holy Alliance in Aachen, Germany, the English industrialist Robert Owen pushes for the introduction of provisions for the protection of workers and the creation of a commission on social issues.
- . Two uprisings in the silk mills in Lyon were brutally suppressed.
1838 -1859. French industrialist Daniel Legrand picks up on Owen's ideas.
1864 1st International "International Association of Workers" founded in London
1866. Congress of the 1st International demands the adoption of international labor legislation.
1867. Publication of the first volume of Karl Marx's Capital.
1833-1891. Adoption in Germany of the first social legislation in Europe.
1886 Haymarket uprising. 350,000 workers strike in Chicago, demanding an 8-hour day, this action was brutally suppressed.
1889 The 2nd Workers' International is founded in Paris.
1890 Representatives of 14 countries at a meeting in Berlin put forward proposals that will affect the national labor legislation of several countries.
1900. At a conference in Paris, the first association for the protection of workers was created.
1906. At a conference in Bern, two international conventions are adopted - on limiting the use of toxic white phosphorus in the production of matches and on the prohibition of women's night work.
1919 Birth of the ILO. The First International Labor Conference adopts six conventions, the first establishes an 8-hour working day and a 48-hour working week.
1925 Adoption of conventions and recommendations on social security.
1927. The first session of the Committee of Experts on the Application of the Conventions takes place.
1930. Convention for the gradual abolition of forced and compulsory labor is adopted.
1944. Declaration of Philadelphia reaffirms the basic objectives of the ILO.
1946 The ILO becomes the first specialized agency associated with the UN.
The ILO was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize that year.

Notes

United Nations (UN)
Main organs	General Assembly Security Council Economic and Social Council Secretariat Trusteeship Council International Court of Justice
Membership	Member countries Observers
Specialized institutions	WMO WHO WIPO UPU ICAO IMO IFAD MIGA IDA IBRD IMF ILO· ITU · IFC · ICSID · FAO · UNWTO · UNESCO · UNIDO
Subsidiary Bodies	Military Staff Committee Compensation Commission ICTY MTR UNMOVIC UNCITRAL
Advisory Bodies	Peacebuilding Commission
Programs and funds	UNRWA WFP UN-Habitat UNDP UNHCR UNDCP UNEP UNICEF UNCTAD UNFPA
Educational and scientific research institutes	INSTRAW UNIDIR UNICRI UNITAR UNRISD
Other organizations	OHCHR UNAIDS UNODC
Other trust funds	UNFIP UNDEF
Related Bodies	IAEA OPCW CTBTO Preparatory Commission
Branches	UNOV UNOG UNON
Departments, administrations	DVR · DGACU · DOB · DPI · DOPM · DPV · DU · DESA ·

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution

Higher professional education

"Khabarovsk State Academy of Economics and Law"

Faculty "Manager"

Department of Labor Economics and Personnel Management

COURSE WORK

on the subject: International Labor Organization and its role in the regulation of social and labor relations

Khabarovsk 2008

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

The theme of my term paper "International Labor Organization and its role in the regulation of social and labor relations" is very interesting. The ILO, in my opinion, is one of those organizations that work for the benefit of all mankind in the name of achieving social and labor justice.

After the end of the First World War, most Western countries were faced with the need to implement profound changes in the field of labor relations. The working and living conditions of workers, whose number constantly increased as a result of the development of industry, became more and more unacceptable. This pushed them onto the path of social protest, and even revolution (as, for example, in our country), endangering the stability of society and destroying social peace between its various layers. Social development clearly lagged behind economic development. The failure of any one nation to create decent working conditions has become an obstacle in the way of other nations wishing to improve them in their countries.

Political, economic and social contradictions necessitated the creation of an international organization that could contribute to the solution of acute social issues through tripartite negotiations and the development of general principles for maintaining social peace, which are expressed in international standards. This organization is the International Labor Organization. Created in 1919 under the League of Nations, it outlived it and since 1946 has become the first specialized agency of the UN. If at the time of its creation 42 states participated in it, then in 2000 there were 174 of them .

The USSR joined the ILO in 1934 (it suspended its membership between 1940 and 1954). After the collapse of the USSR, Russia, as the successor to its international obligations, became a member of the ILO.

At present, international organizations have become an integral element of the modern system of communication between states and peoples.

The International Labor Organization is one of the largest and most active organizations in the world. Having celebrated its 80th anniversary in 1999, it occupies a special place in the complex and highly ramified system of international organizations of the United Nations. Since the founding of the ILO, 380 conventions and recommendations have been adopted. [10, p.3 ]They cover a wide range of socio-economic issues and constitute the International Labor Code. International labor standards have an impact on the development of national labor legislation, even in those countries that, for whatever reason, have not ratified a particular convention, are extremely important for workers and trade unions.

The International Labor Organization is one of the most influential organizations in the UN system. In 1969, to mark her fiftieth birthday, she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. It differs from other international organizations in a unique way: representatives of both governments and employers and workers participate on an equal basis in its work, and all of them have the same voting rights.

Over the years, the governments of the ILO member states, together with employers' and workers' organizations, have created a system of standards covering all areas of labor relations: the prohibition of forced labor, freedom of association, employment promotion and vocational training, working conditions, etc. The uniqueness of the ILO lies also in the fact that it develops international policies and programs aimed at improving the work and life of working people, at increasing employment opportunities, pursuing a program of international cooperation, and promoting general and vocational education.

international labor organization convention

Membership and work in the International Labor Organization enables a member state to maintain constant contacts and establish partnerships and develop cooperation with other states.

The purpose of this course work is to give a general idea of the International Labor Organization and show its role in the regulation of social and labor relations at the international level.

Tasks in the course of writing a term paper:

-find out the need and reasons for the creation of the ILO;

-identify the goals and objectives of the ILO;

-describe the structure of the ILO;

-reveal the main activities of the ILO;

-show the role of the ILO in regulating social and labor relations at the international level.

The object of the study is the International Labor Organization.

In the study of the topic, the works of such authors as Borodko N.P., Bogatyrenko Z.S., Vasilyeva M. and others, as well as the Charter of the International Labor Organization (1919), the ILO Declaration on fundamental principles and rights in the field of Labor (1998).

1. Significance of the International Labor Organization in the system of social and labor relations

1.1 History of the creation of the International Labor Organization

The International Labor Organization (ILO) was established in 1919 in accordance with part XIII of the Treaty of Versailles, the signing of which on June 28, 1919 officially ended the First World War. The need to create the ILO was determined by three main reasons.

The first reason is political.. The main reason for its formation is the revolution in Russia and a number of other European countries. In order to prevent contradictions arising in society in an explosive way, the organizers of the ILO decided to create an organization designed to promote social progress in every possible way, establish and maintain social peace between different sectors of society, and contribute to the solution of emerging problems in an evolutionary, peaceful way.

The second reason is social. The working and living conditions of workers were difficult and inapplicable from a universal standpoint. They were exploited to the detriment of their health, family life, and personal interests. Their social protection was very weak or non-existent.

The third reason is economic. The desire of individual countries to improve the social situation of workers was accompanied by an increase in costs, an increase in the cost of production, which created difficulties in the competitive struggle and required the solution of social problems in most industrialized countries.

The first session of the International Labor Conference opened on October 29, 1919 in Washington. Each Member State was represented by two delegates from the government and one each from employers' and workers' organizations.

The conference adopted the first six international conventions labor affairs: on the length of the working day in industry (limited the working day to 8 hours and the working week to 48 hours), on unemployment, on the protection of motherhood, on the restriction of women's work at night, on the minimum age for employment and the restriction of youth work at night in industry . In November, the Governing Body appointed Deputy Albert Thomas, former Minister of Labor of France, as the first director of the International Labor Office, the secretariat of the ILO.

Before the Second World War, the ILO, formally subordinate to the League of Nations, carried out broad independent activities, defining the range of problems within its competence.

However, some governments, supported by employers, have sought to limit the Organization's activities to a certain range of problems, certain sectors of the economy and categories of workers. The question of the competence of the ILO was considered four times International Court of Justice and only in 1932 did he finally decide in favor of the leadership of the Organization. The principle of the ILO was defined as follows: "Organization is labor, and everything related to labor is not alien to it."

At the 26th International Labor Conference in Philadelphia (May 10, 1944) a declaration was adopted that defined the basic principles, goals and objectives of the ILO. The Philadelphia Declaration "On the Aims and Tasks of the International Labor Organization" to a certain extent anticipated the UN Charter and the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and became their prototype. It expanded the role of the ILO in promoting improvements in the working and living conditions of workers. At present, the declaration serves as a fundamental document in the activities of the ILO and is an annex to its Constitution.

During the years of its existence, the ILO has been led by nine Directors General: Albert Thomas, France (1919-1932), Harold Butler, Great Britain (1932-1938), John Wynant, USA (1938-1941), Edward Phelan, Ireland (1941-1948), David Morse, USA (1948-1970), Wilfred Jencks, UK (1970-1973), Francis Blanchard, France (1973-1989), Michel Honsenn, Belgium (1989-1999), Juan Somavia, Chile (since 1999) [ 13].

1.2 Main aims and objectives of the ILO

The main goals of the ILO are to promote social and economic progress, improve the well-being and working conditions of people, and protect human rights. Based on these goals, the main tasks of the ILO are :

development of international policies and programs aimed at solving social and labor problems;

creation and adoption of international labor standards in the form of conventions and recommendations in order to implement this policy;

assistance to participating countries in solving social and labor problems, the so-called technical cooperation;

protection of human rights (the right to work, to association, protection from forced labor, from discrimination);

the fight against poverty, for the improvement of the living standards of the working people, the development of social security;

development of programs for improving working conditions and the working environment, safety and health, protection and restoration of the environment;

assistance to organizations of workers and entrepreneurs in their work together with governments on the regulation of social and labor relations;

development and implementation of measures to protect the most vulnerable groups of workers: women, youth, the disabled, the elderly, migrant workers.

These tasks have been and remain the main ones in the activities of the ILO. At the same time, in connection with the transition of the countries of Eastern Europe to market relations, it became necessary to determine new priorities for its activities:

support for the processes of democratization and the development of tripartism in all countries;

continued fight against poverty, especially through increased employment;

protection of labor and civil rights of workers in all its forms.

The processes of economic globalization and related problems and contradictions (economic, social, political) are making adjustments to the activities of the ILO.

1.3 Structure of the International Labor Organization

The goals of the International Labor Organization are reflected in its structure [Appendix A] .

The ILO has three main bodies, each of which is characterized by a unique principle of organization on a tripartite basis, including representatives of governments, employers and workers:

International Labor Conference (ILO General Conference);

Administrative Council;

International Labor Office.

The ILO has developed regional activities, and sectoral (industrial) committees have been set up.

In addition to the above-mentioned working bodies, the Governing Body sets up groups of consultants that provide the ILO with advisory services on such issues as training of workers and the problems of working women.

In addition, there is another working body that is functioning effectively - the Commission on Freedom of Association. Its composition is formed from among independent experts who are appointed by the Administrative Council. The commission investigates serious violations of trade union rights. Members of the commission may, in agreement with the governments, visit the state in which the violation of the rights of trade union organizations has taken place and conduct a detailed investigation of all relevant circumstances. Based on the results of studying the case, the Commission draws up its conclusion, copies of which are sent to all interested parties.

International Labor Conference (ILC) -supreme body of the ILO.

All member states of the ILO participate in the work of the International Labor Conference, which takes place annually in June in Geneva. Each state is represented at the conference by four voting delegates: two from the government and one each from workers and employers (entrepreneurs). Delegates may be accompanied by technical advisers. The prerogative of appointing two non-governmental delegates belongs to the government. Thus, according to Article 3 of the Charter, ILO members undertake to appoint non-governmental delegates and advisers in agreement with the most representative professional organizations of employers or workers in a given country, if any. [3]. The credentials of delegates and their advisers shall, however, be examined by the Conference, which may, by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast by the delegates present, refuse to admit any delegate or adviser if it considers that the rules of appointment have not been observed.

The international conference plays an important role. It determines the direction of the work of the ILO as a whole, listens to the report on the work of the executive bodies. It develops and adopts international labor standards in the form of conventions and recommendations, and amends the Charter. The conference is a forum where social and labor issues of importance to the whole world are discussed. It also approves the organization's program and budget. Funds of the ILO are formed mainly from membership fees. Once every three years, elections are held at the General Conference for a new Governing Body.

As a rule, the Conference hears reports from the Chairman of the Administrative Council and the General Director, the program and budget, information and reports on the application of conventions and recommendations, and other issues. The CEO's report usually provides a broad overview of issues such as unemployment, poverty, labor relations, and social protection. The report presents an assessment of the activities of the ILO over the past year, to which is also attached the report of the Governing Body.

The main discussion of the Conference takes place in the plenary session, where all delegates participate and have the right to vote.

Administrative Councilis the executive body of the ILO. According to Article 7 of the ILO Constitution, the Governing Body has a tripartite composition and consists of 56 members (28 from government representatives, 14 from employers' representatives and 14 from workers' representatives) and 66 deputies (28 from governments, 19 from employers and 19 from workers).

The Charter provides that 10 out of 28 government representatives are appointed by the governments of the most industrially important countries. The assignment of countries to this group is made by special experts on the volume of the national income of the country and a number of other economic indicators.

The countries that are permanently assigned government seats, the Administrative Council attributed: Russia, USA, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Great Britain and Brazil .

Representatives of other countries are elected to the Administrative Council at the Conference by government delegates for a three-year term, taking into account geographical distribution. By agreement between the governments, the seats in the government group in the Governing Body are divided into four regions: Africa, Americas, Asia and Europe. In Europe, the states of Western and Eastern Europe create independent electoral colleges and divide among themselves the seats allocated to the region.

The members of the Governing Body representing the Employers and the Workers shall be elected respectively by the Employers' and Workers' delegates present at the Conference.

As a rule, meetings of the Governing Body are convened three times a year: in February/March, immediately before and immediately after the Conference in June, and also in November.

The Governing Body decides on the policy of the ILO, directs the work of the ILO between conferences, implements its decisions, determines the agenda of conferences and meetings, determines the program and budget of the Organization, which are then submitted to the Conference for approval. The Governing Body also appoints the Director General of the International Labor Office and provides general direction for the activities of the ILO.

The Administrative Council has permanent committees and commissions:

Program, Budget and Administration Committee;

commission for the distribution of membership fees;

committee for the regulation and application of conventions and recommendations;

Committee on International Organizations;

program committee; commission on trade union freedoms;

discrimination commission.

International Labor Office (ILO),headquartered in Geneva, is the permanent secretariat of the International Labor Organization and the center of all the activities carried out by the organization under the control of the Governing Body and under the leadership of a Director General, elected for a five-year term with the possibility of re-election for subsequent terms.

The functions of the Office include the collection and dissemination of information on all matters relating to the international regulation of the conditions of work and the condition of workers, and in particular the study of questions that are supposed to be submitted to the conference with a view to the adoption of international conventions, as well as the conduct of various special studies that may be entrusted to it by the Conference or the Governing Body. Subject to such directions as may be given by the Governing Body, the International Labor Office:

a) prepare documentation on various issues on the agenda of the Conference session;

b) assist governments, at their request and to the best of their ability, in the development of laws and regulations on the basis of the decisions of the Conference and in the improvement of administrative practices and the system of inspection;

c) perform duties relating to the effective observance of conventions;

d) edits and publishes publications on occupational health and safety, social security, trade union rights and other issues of international interest in English, French, Spanish and other languages.

The International Labor Office also has a number of powers and responsibilities on behalf of the Conference and the Governing Body. Thus, the Bureau trains and manages the activities of ILO experts in the field of technical cooperation, and also coordinates international technical cooperation projects.

Regional structure.Established as a world organization, the ILO actually closed itself on European standards both in norm-setting activities and in organizational terms. This situation caused sharp criticism from non-European countries at all sessions of the ILO conference, which necessitated the development of regional activities.

In 1936, the first regional Latin American conference of the ILO took place in Chile. In the post-war years, in addition to the ILO's system of regional conferences, regional offices have also been established in various parts of the world with the aim of bringing the Organization closer to its partners and facilitating the provision of advisory services and the implementation of technical cooperation programmes.

Regional offices of the International Labor Organization are located in Moscow, Bangkok, Beirut, Lima and other cities around the world. Currently, the activities of the Moscow Bureau extend to ten states: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. This enables the ILO to communicate directly with governments as well as employers' and workers' organizations.

Since January 1, 1998, the Moscow Bureau has been expanded and turned into a multidisciplinary group. It is composed of eight staff members of the International Labor Office, whose specialization corresponds to the main activities of the ILO.

The staff of representative offices and regional offices is mainly formed from specialists living in a given region. Employees of representative offices and bureaus provide information, advisory services and assistance to trade union organizations, as well as to all interested persons in the region. In addition, they inform the ILO about existing problems in the social sphere, as well as actions taken to address them. One of the main tasks of the bureaus and representative offices is also to monitor the existing programs of international technical cooperation.

Every 3-4 years, regional conferences are held in Africa, Asia, America, as well as in Europe. Their goal is a detailed study of the problems of a particular region that fall within the competence of the ILO. The composition of the participants is formed in accordance with the principle of tripartism, while the Employers' and Workers' delegates are appointed from the most representative organizations. Although there are fewer issues discussed and decisions taken at regional conferences, these meetings play an important role in the final decisions at headquarters in Geneva.

The new bodies of the International Labor Organization in the postwar years were branch (industrial) committees, the first of which were created in 1945. The initiative to create these committees belonged to the British government representatives.

The composition of the sectoral committees is determined every two years by the Administrative Council, taking into account the proposals of the Member States. Each State is represented at sessions of the committee of which it is a member by two Government representatives and two Employers' and Workers' delegates. At each session, the committee presents a report on the current state of affairs in the industry, as well as on the measures taken by governments, employers, workers and the Organization itself, with recommendations taken at previous sessions.

There are committees for metal industry, petroleum and chemical industry, construction, civil engineering and public works, forestry and woodworking industry, as well as on issues of social security, occupational health and safety, etc.

1.4 Main activities of the ILO

The activities of the ILO are carried out in various directions, among which there are three main :

.development and adoption of international labor standards (conventions and recommendations) and control over their observance ( rule-making activity);

2.assistance to countries in solving social and labor problems ( technical cooperation);

.research and publishing activities on social and labor problems.

Rule-making activity. The development and adoption of conventions and recommendations that establish international labor standards and monitor their implementation have been and remain the main activity of the ILO. To achieve its main goals and objectives, the ILO develops international programs aimed at improving the working and living conditions of workers, increasing employment opportunities and supporting fundamental human rights, and improving general and vocational education.

The basis for the implementation of such policies are international labor standards. They cover such areas as fundamental human rights in the labor sphere (freedom of association, elimination of forced labor, equality of opportunity and treatment), promotion of employment, improvement of working conditions and working environment, labor inspection and labor relations, social security of workers, peculiarities of work in certain industries, labor of certain categories of workers.

For 1919-2000 adopted 183 conventions and 191 recommendations. Their legal nature is different.

The Convention, after its ratification by at least two member States of the ILO, becomes international agreement and imposes obligations on both ratifying and non-ratifying states. However, for each member state of the ILO, it acquires the force of law from the moment of ratification by its supreme legislative body. A state that has ratified the Convention is obliged to adopt legislative or other acts to give effect to it. In addition, it is obliged to submit reports to the ILO every 2-4 years on the measures taken for the effective application of the ratified convention.

Although the ILO conventions are not classified according to their importance, there is an unspoken hierarchy of them. Of all the conventions, the ILO singles out " fundamental"conventions and" priority" conventions. Definitions of fundamental and priority conventions are not given by either the ILO or the doctrine. The list of these conventions is determined by the Governing Body. The identification of fundamental conventions among other ILO conventions was enshrined in the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and the Mechanism for its Implementation, adopted at 86 th session of the ILC in 1998. The fundamental conventions of the ILO are important for the regulation of the world of work in general.

The Fundamental Conventions deal with four types of fundamental principles and rights at work:

(j) freedom of association and effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining;

abolition of all forms of forced or compulsory labor;

) non-admission of discrimination in the field of work and occupation;

) the effective prohibition of child labor.

The fundamental conventions have been ratified by the majority of ILO member states. To date, 8 ILO conventions have been recognized as fundamental :

)Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize Convention, 1948 (No. 87);

) Convention on the Application of the Principles of the Right to Organize and to Bargain Collectively, 1949 (No. 98);

) Forced or Compulsory Labor Convention, 1930 (No. 29);

) the Abolition of Forced Labor Convention, 1957 (No. 105);

) Convention on Equal Remuneration for Men and Women for Work of Equal Value, 1951 (No. 100);

) Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111);

) Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138);

) The Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention, 1999 (No. 182).

The recommendations are intended only to create guidelines in the development of ILO member states of their policies in a particular area of labor relations, in the development of national legislation and practical measures.

Conventions and recommendations cover, in essence, all the main issues of labor, employment and social and labor relations and form the International Labor Code. They serve as minimum standards for Member States and should not be used to worsen the situation of workers and employers. This is especially true for Russia, where the Constitution proclaims the superiority of international law over national law. There is a system for monitoring the implementation of conventions.

Conventions and recommendations may be subject to revision at the initiative of the Administrative Council, which includes, after preliminary consultations with the governments of the Member States, the relevant issue on the agenda of the next international conference.

The conventions and recommendations adopted by the International Labor Conference are submitted within 12 months to the parliaments or other legislative bodies of the states, which decide on the ratification of the conventions, as well as on what changes need to be made to national legislation. The state that ratified the convention is obliged to take all necessary measures, whether by legislative acts or practical measures, to ensure its application. At the same time, it has the right, by denunciation, to refuse further application of the ratified convention, i.e. be no longer bound by its provisions.

Member States of the ILO are required to submit annual reports on the measures they have taken to apply the ratified conventions, as well as on the state of their legislation and practice on matters that are the subject of non-ratified conventions and recommendations. One of the purposes of this procedure is to identify circumstances preventing or delaying ratification.

International technical cooperation.It is carried out mainly by sending ILO experts to assist countries, mainly developing countries, in solving social and labor problems. The activities of experts are aimed at promoting full employment, developing human resources, improving living standards, improving labor legislation, assisting in the development of tripartism, improving labor relations, obtaining vocational education, introducing modern management methods, and improving working conditions. In the early 1990s, 800 ILO experts worked in over 100 countries on such technical cooperation projects. To assist in solving these problems, 16 advisory groups of specialists have been established, including for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe - in Budapest and for Eastern Europe and Central Asia - in Moscow.

In addition to the work of experts and advisers, technical assistance includes the supply of necessary equipment, the provision of scholarships for the training of national personnel both on the ground and by sending them to other countries, and the organization of various seminars, mainly for representatives of developing countries.

Research and publications.Norm-setting and technical cooperation are based on systematic research carried out by the main departments of the ILO, the International Institute for Labor Studies of the ILO in Geneva, and for education by the Turin Centre.

The Office carries out research programs, collects, summarizes and analyzes data on social and labor issues of the countries of the world. Specialists from different countries and various scientific institutions, representatives of governments, trade unions, experts from business circles gather for joint work at the International Institute for Social and Labor Research.

The Office, as a major international publishing center, produces literature in several languages. Among the publications are reports prepared for the annual sessions of the International Labor Conference, various specialized meetings and conferences. A lot of periodicals.

A trilingual magazine (English, French and Spanish) is published monthly, The International Labor Review, which publishes articles on social and labor issues. The Trudovoy Mir magazine is published five times a year in many languages; in Russian, it is published in Moscow and distributed free of charge. In addition, the "Official Bulletin of the Office", which publishes ILO documents, and "Information on Legislation", a collection of national labor laws, are published in English. Of great value to labor researchers is the Office's work in collecting, compiling and publishing data on a wide range of labor issues from member countries. These data are published (also in English) in the Yearbook of Labor Statistics and in the Bulletin of Labor Statistics. An annual report on the state of affairs in the labor and social fields - "Work in the world" is published. The journal "Workers' Education" provides assistance to trade union education.

In addition to documents and periodicals, international reviews are published - studies on various issues prepared by the ILO department, monographs, manuals on occupational safety and health, worker education courses, textbooks on personnel management, reference books.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, when considering certain issues, priority is given to international legislation.

For 1919 - 1999 ILO adopted 182 conventions, 190 recommendations .

The rules governing the regulation of labor issues, its inspection and collective bargaining, etc., related to the regulation of social and labor relations are discussed below.

Labor administration

Labor Administration Convention No. 150 and Recommendation No. 158, 1978, are specifically devoted to this issue. The ILO proceeds from the desire to adopt, along with conventions and recommendations governing individual labor matters, guidelines for the entire system of labor administration. Each member of the ILO that ratifies the Convention ensures the organization and effective functioning on its territory of a system for the regulation of labor issues, the functions and responsibilities of which must be coordinated. At the same time, consultations, cooperation and negotiations should be carried out between the state authorities and the most representative organizations of employers and workers. Each member of the Organization may consider certain directions of its national labor policy as questions that are regulated by direct negotiations between employers' and workers' organizations. The recommendation considers specific forms and directions of labor regulation.

Competent authorities are encouraged to actively participate in the preparation, development, adoption, application and revision of labor standards, including relevant laws and regulations. The labor administration system should include labor inspection services.

Labor administration programs should aim to promote, create and maintain employment relationships conducive to the progressive improvement of working conditions and working life, and recognize the right to organize and bargain collectively.

In the field of employment, the competent authorities in the labor administration system should coordinate the employment service, employment development programs, vocational guidance and training programs and unemployment benefit systems. They should also be in charge of labor planning bodies or, where this is not possible, participate in the work of manpower planning bodies through special representations and by providing technical information and advice.

The labor administration system should include: free public recruitment services; ensure their efficient operation; conduct relevant research and encourage others to do research.

The coordination of the national labor administration system should be carried out by the Ministry of Labor or other similar body, as determined by practice. Labor Inspection Convention No. 81 and Recommendation No. 81, 1947, provide for a system of labor inspections in industrial, transport and commercial establishments applicable to all establishments. The objective of the system is to ensure the application of legal provisions in the field of working conditions and the safety of workers in the course of their work (for example, provisions on working hours, wages, work safety, health and welfare, the use of labor by children and adolescents and other similar issues). The labor inspection is under the supervision and control of the central authority (the federation or one of constituent parts federations). Establishments should be inspected as often and as thoroughly as necessary to ensure the effective application of the relevant legal provisions.

Any person who intends to open an enterprise must notify the competent labor inspectorate of this in advance. Members shall take appropriate steps to ensure that plans for new establishments, plants or processes may be submitted to the labor service for an opinion on compliance with health and safety legislation.

On Collective Bargaining and Workers' Representatives

Convention No. 98 "On the right to organize and conduct collective bargaining" of 1949 defines: workers enjoy appropriate protection against any discriminatory actions aimed at infringing on freedom of association in the field of labor; Where necessary, measures shall be taken to encourage and facilitate the full development and use of a negotiating procedure on a voluntary basis between employers or employers' organizations on the one hand and workers' organizations on the other, with a view to regulating working conditions through collective bargaining.

Convention No. 154 and Recommendation No. 163 on collective bargaining of 1981 provide for negotiations to determine working conditions and employment, regulating relations between employers and workers or their organizations.

Public authorities should take steps to encourage and facilitate the development of collective bargaining and, where possible and necessary, to establish agreements between public authorities and employers' and workers' organizations.

Nationally appropriate measures must be taken to enable collective bargaining to take place at any level: institutions, enterprises, industries, or regional or national levels. This should ensure coordination between these levels.

Collective bargaining parties should ensure that their participants at all levels receive appropriate training. Public authorities may assist workers' and employers' organizations, upon request, in such training.

During negotiations, it is important to have the necessary information for their competent conduct. For this purpose:

public authorities should provide the necessary information on the general socio-economic situation of the country and the sector concerned, to the extent that the disclosure of such information will not cause damage national interest;

Employers in the private and public sectors must, at the request of a workers' organization, provide information on the socio-economic situation of the production unit in which negotiations are taking place and of the enterprise as a whole.

Convention No. 135 on Workers' Representatives of 1971 defines: the representatives of workers are provided with appropriate opportunities in the enterprise to enable them to quickly and efficiently perform their functions, and recommendation No. 143 states how to exercise these opportunities.

employment and unemployment.The struggle for full employment, the prevention and reduction of unemployment, assistance to the unemployed are the most important tasks of the ILO.

"Unemployment prevention" was included in the competence of the ILO when it was founded. The First International Labor Conference (ILC) in 1919 adopted Convention No. 2, supplemented by Recommendation No. 1 on unemployment.

In the early 1930s, when the world was shaken economic crisis, employment has become one of the main concerns of the ILO. During these years, norms were adopted that included issues of youth employment.

The Declaration of Philadelphia made a "solemn commitment" of the ILO to promote the adoption by the countries of the world of programs aimed at achieving full employment and raising living standards.

The main objectives of the ILO in the field of employment:

expanding employment by promoting balanced and long-term economic growth;

reducing poverty through efficient employment;

pursuing an active labor market policy;

achieving an optimal balance between employment stability and wage stability;

protection of the most vulnerable groups of workers, such as women, youth, migrants.

The ILO attaches great importance to the analysis of new trends: self-employment, part-time and temporary employment and its other alternative forms, as well as the problem of migration.

The increased flows of migrants and refugees, including in Russia, raise the most acute questions of employment both in the countries from which they leave and in those to which they arrive. Much of the ILO's international labor standards aim to address these challenges. Among them are the following:

Convention No. 122 and Recommendation No. 122 Employment Policy, 1964 The Convention provides for an active policy to promote full, productive and freely chosen employment. It should be read in conjunction with ILO Recommendations Nos. 122 and 169.

Recommendation No. 122 and its appendix deal with almost all issues of employment and the organization of the work of employment services (except for financial ones). Almost all legislative and regulatory documents on employment in Russia use the provisions of this recommendation to some extent.

Convention No. 158 and its related Termination of Employment Recommendation, 1982 provide for the protection of workers against dismissal without good cause, the provision of income protection in the event of loss of employment, and the establishment of procedures to be followed in the event of a surplus labor force;

Convention No. 168 Recommendation No. 176 on the Promotion of Employment and Protection against Unemployment, 1988, considers in detail (along with the promotion of productive employment) the issues of unemployment benefits and other material assistance to the unemployed and members of their families;

Convention No. 173 and Recommendation No. 180 on the Protection of Workers' Claims in the Event of the Insolvency of an Enterprise, 1992, define rights to pay wages, overtime pay, vacation pay, severance pay and other benefits in the event of the closure, self-liquidation or termination of an enterprise.

Vocational training and retraining of personnel.An important area of the ILO's work is assistance in the professional training and retraining of personnel to member countries, especially developing ones. The ILO deals with these issues most widely. It is a problem of human resource development, management, vocational guidance and vocational rehabilitation, closely related to employment. A highly qualified worker with several professions, creative, does not remain unemployed for a long time. In all countries, even with a high level of unemployment, there are always vacancies for more complex highly skilled labor.

The position of the ILO in the field of vocational education is reflected in a number of conventions and recommendations. Vocational Training Recommendation No. 57 of 1937 defines this training, its organization and syllabus, discusses pre-vocational training and vocational training before and during employment, examinations and certification of students, and teaching staff. Admission to vocational schools should be free, and admission should be facilitated by the provision of material assistance in the form of free meals, work clothes, travel, etc.

In 1949, the ILC adopted Recommendation No. 87 on vocational guidance, which considered the essence of this concept, scope, principles and methods of vocational guidance for schoolchildren and adults, principles for managing this method and training the necessary personnel.

The most comprehensive consideration of this issue is in Recommendation No. 117 on vocational training of 1962, which replaced the recommendation of 1937. In 1975, Convention No. 142 was adopted, supplemented by Recommendation No. 150 on the development of human resources. Article 1 states: "Each member of the organization adopts and develops comprehensive and coordinated policies and programs of vocational guidance and training closely related to employment, in particular through public employment services."

The main principles of the vocational training policy include:

equal access to vocational training and employment without discrimination, on any grounds, must be ensured for all workers;

national policies and programs should encourage citizens to develop their ability to work in their own interests, and also taking into account the needs of countries;

training systems should respond to the needs of young people and adults to receive vocational training throughout their lives;

national policies and training programs should be formulated and implemented by the government in cooperation with employers' and workers' organizations.

Human rights.All ILO activities are related to human rights: to work, normal working conditions, protection from forced labor, discrimination, freedom of association in trade unions, etc. The ILO has a system of monitoring bodies that examine human rights violations in different countries. Human rights are widely reflected in ILO conventions and recommendations. The most important of them are:

Convention No. 87 "On Freedom of Association and the Protection of the Right to Organize" of 1948 provides for the guarantee and provision of workers and entrepreneurs with the right to form associations of their choice and freely join them, and for these associations - the right to act without interference by state bodies;

Convention No. 98 "On the Application of the Principle of the Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining", 1949, is aimed at eliminating acts of discrimination against trade unions, protecting employers' and workers' organizations from outside interference, as well as taking measures to promote collective bargaining;

Convention No. 100 "On Equal Remuneration" of 1957 approves the principle of equal pay for men and women for work of equal value;

Convention No. 105 "On the Abolition of Forced Labor" of 1957 provides for the abolition of all forms of forced and compulsory labor;

Convention No. 111 "On Discrimination in Employment and Employment" of 1958 emphasizes the importance of pursuing a national policy aimed at eliminating discrimination on the basis of race, sex, color, religion, political opinion, national or social origin.

The ILO is doing significant work to eliminate discrimination against workers on any grounds. Many countries have been criticized, including the former USSR and other socialist states, as well as the Federal Republic of Germany for discrimination of workers on a political basis in connection with its law on the prohibition of professions, the United States for discrimination of workers on the basis of race and prohibitions on strikes. But the ILO was especially active in condemning the principle of racial discrimination in South Africa.

Conditions, safety and health at work. Production and environment.This area of activity covers a wide range of issues that have become the subject of discussion at many ILO conferences, and which are reflected in many of its conventions and recommendations. The activities of the ILO are aimed at improving the general conditions of organization and labor protection, the working environment, occupational safety and health, at the humanization of work and increasing job satisfaction, and in recent years at protecting and improving the environment.

The number of international norms on these issues is so great that it is impossible even to enumerate them. Let us only mention the most general and fundamental of them.

In 1977, Convention No. 148 On the working environment (air pollution, noise, vibration) was adopted. In 1981, along with the conventions on certain particular issues of this problem, Convention No. 155 and the corresponding Recommendations on occupational safety, occupational health and the working environment were adopted, which for the first time at the international level laid the foundations for a national policy on these issues, covering all workers, all labor processes and industries.

Legislation to improve working conditions and the working environment aims to carry out extensive preventive measures to make work more humane. This means promoting the creation of conditions that best meet the physical and mental abilities of the working people; conditions for a safe and healthy working environment, including the application of ergonomic principles to the design of tools and the organization of work and the prevention of conditions of excessive overload and fatigue.

Wage.The ILO Constitution proclaims the achievement of a "guarantee of wages for satisfactory living conditions, recognition of the principle of equal pay for work of equal value". However, the activities of the ILO in this area are strongly opposed by the Employers' group and some governments.

The first pieces of legislation were Convention No. 26 and Recommendation No. 30 "On the Establishment and Application of a Minimum Wage Fixing Procedure", adopted in 1928, calling on governments to set a minimum wage.

In subsequent years, some recommendations on wages were included in more general regulations and were not binding. Some Conventions have been adopted for workers in industries: No. 95 on the protection of seamen's wages in 1949; No. 99 on the procedure for establishing the minimum wage in agriculture in 1951

The trade union group, however, persistently raised the issue of adopting a general, all-encompassing and all-binding international act on minimum wage issues. As a result, in 1970 the conference adopted Convention No. 131 and Recommendation No. 135 on the fixing of minimum wages. The convention establishes that the minimum wage has the force of law and is not subject to reduction; Failure to apply this provision will result in criminal or other sanctions. The minimum wage must be revised from time to time, taking into account the cost of living and other economic conditions.

Social Security.More than 30 conventions and almost 20 recommendations are entirely relevant to this issue. The most important normative document - adopted in 1952. Convention No. 102 "On the minimum standards of social security", for the first time in international law, approved the principle of the universality of social security, covering all segments of the population and all types of social insurance and security. The Convention determines the minimum rates of various benefits as a percentage of the total amount of previous income or wages; criteria for determining the income and earnings of various categories of workers on the basis of which benefits are calculated. The Convention, however, does not provide for the mandatory protection of all workers; minimum wages are quite low. Therefore, in subsequent Conventions Nos. 121, 128, 130 and others relating to certain types insurance, there is an obligation for countries to achieve higher levels of benefits than in Convention No. 102.

Elimination of child labor.The ILO has always paid great attention to child labour. According to her, only developing countries about 250 million children work, of which approximately 70% are at risk to health [11, p.542 ]. A number of international labor standards have been adopted that define the minimum age for admission to work, prohibit child labor in some of the most difficult and dangerous industries and professions, and oblige medical examinations. Convention No. 182 and Recommendation No. 190 (1999) require the elimination of the most intolerable forms of child labor, such as slavery, the sale and trafficking of children, use in armed conflicts, in the production and sale of drugs, etc.

3. The role of the ILO in the social and labor transformations of post-Soviet Russia

In the post-Soviet period, Russia ratified 12 ILO conventions: on labor inspection (No. 81); on the protection of wages (No. 95); on the abolition of forced labor (No. 105); on the Prevention of Accidents Among Seafarers (No. 134); on labor administration (No. 150); on Occupational Safety and Health (No. 155); on workers with family responsibilities (No. 156); on labor protection when using asbestos (No. 162); on the recruitment and placement of seafarers (No. 179); on the worst forms of child labor (No. 182); on the social implications of new methods of cargo handling in ports (No. 137); on occupational safety and health in port operations (No. 152). Six of them dealt with the problems of the formation of social and labor relations in the transitional economy.

Among them, a special place is occupied by Convention No. 150, which formulates general principles regulation of labor issues, the participation of competent authorities in the coordination and revision of national policies, their responsibility for the preparation and application of laws and regulations is established. It also defines the terms labor administration" (public administration activities in the field of national labor policy) and labor administration system" (all public administrative authorities responsible for or dealing with labor administration, other organizational structure established to coordinate the activities of such authorities and provide consultation with employers and workers and their organizations, as well as - to participate in activities of these bodies).

The following main aspects of this Convention can be distinguished:

-regulation of labor activity is a necessary instrument of national labor policy;

-the national labor policy is formed and functions in accordance with national legislation;

-national legislation and national policies predetermine those specific areas of labor administration that are transferred to non-governmental organizations, in particular employers' and workers' associations.

One of the factors negatively affecting the process of democratization of social and labor relations in Russia is the violation of labor legislation and labor guarantees. In 1996, 42% of workers, and in 1998 already 55%, were subjected to infringement of economic and social rights at their enterprises and institutions.

Among the guarantees specifically stipulated in international documents, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, as well as ILO conventions, an important role is played by the state-provided right to fair and adequate remuneration for work. to the maximum extent of available resources . Meanwhile, the state does not properly fulfill its obligations: despite the economic growth that began to emerge in 1999, the share of wages in GDP remains low. If, in 1997, it was 50% of GDP, then in 1999 - 42%, in 2001 - 43%, in 2002 - 46.6%, in 2003 - 46.1%, then as in economically developed countries, this figure is on average 70%.

Violation of the rights of employees by employers at large and medium-sized enterprises manifests itself in many forms, including the refusal to conclude collective agreements(Small businesses do not have this practice at all). All this indicates a decrease in the level of democratization of labor relations. The number of legal strikes also testifies to the violation of workers' rights (table).

In connection with non-compliance with the Convention on the Protection of Wages (No. 95), Russian trade unions of workers in education and workers in public education and science addressed complaints to the ILO, which led to a discussion of this issue at the 86th session of the General Conference. Subsequently, the ILO held a special conference on the problem of late payment of wages in Russia and issued a decision obliging the Government of the Russian Federation to provide detailed information on the measures taken in this area.

As of January 1, 1999, wage arrears in our country amounted to 77 billion rubles, or 7.1% of the annual wage fund. By April 1, 2001, the debt had dropped to 32.8 billion rubles. At the end of 2003, according to organizations (without small businesses), the total debt amounted to 30.8 billion rubles, which is 1.7% more than at the beginning of November 2003, and 15.2% less than at the end of 2002.

In 1996, with the assistance of the ILO, a seminar was held in Moscow to discuss the role of labor courts and the problems of resolving labor disputes. The conference was of practical importance On the development of entrepreneurship in Russia and the creation of new jobs , as well as a tripartite conference (1995) dedicated to employment issues in Russia.

Projects relating to individual Russian regions were also completed. In particular, recommendations are given for adapting the vocational training system to the needs of the labor market in the Murmansk region. At the request of the Russian Ministry of Labor in 1994, a special program was developed Active labor market policy in the course of structural adjustment. Demonstration project for textile and related industries in the Ivanovo region . The document contained recommendations on combating unemployment, improving the quality of textile and clothing products, expanding their range, introducing modern technologies and improving the system of vocational training.

The ILO modular training program is being implemented: in Moscow and St. training centers. It should also be noted projects on social partnership and resolution of labor conflicts, on the fight against alcoholism and drug addiction, on the development of entrepreneurship and small business at the regional level.

Only in 2000-2001. The ILO allocated $1,398,000 for technical cooperation with Russia.

Russia's constructive cooperation with the ILO has intensified significantly in recent years. For example, a program was developed for 2002-2003, which formulated the fundamental tasks in the economic sphere:

-development of large and small businesses;

-ensuring transparency of relations;

-fight against the shadow economy.

The main goal of the program is to promote the development of social and labor relations, taking into account international standards. Particular attention was paid to the role of the concept decent work as an element of policy in the social and labor sphere. The program also included the completion of preparations for the ratification of Convention No. 182 on the worst forms of child labor (1999).

Although the fundamental principles and rights in the sphere of work are reflected in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the ILO considered it necessary to raise the issue of ratifying a number of conventions, in particular, on disability, old age and survivor benefits (1967) (No. 131) ; on Crew Accommodation/Air Conditioning (1970) (No. 140); on benzene (1971) (No. 144); on Collective Bargaining (1981) (No. 154); on Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment of the Disabled (1983) (No. 159); on the Preservation of Social Security Rights (1983) (No. 167); on night work (1990) (No. 178); on safety and labor protection in agriculture (2001) (No. 184).

When assessing the level of democratization of social and labor relations, such a factor as the ability of social partners to defend their rights in social dialogue is also important. In this regard, the opinion of ILO Director-General Juan Somavia, expressed during his visit to Moscow in July 2002, is interesting. Assessing the situation in Russia, he noted that the Labor Code of the Russian Federation complies with international standards in terms of social partnership and is built on the principle of tripartism. At the same time, attention was drawn to the importance of the practical application of the Labor Code: despite the success of legislators, in fact, 80% of the working-age population of Russia does not have an adequate level of social protection and social insurance, as well as unemployment benefits.

In addition to the ILO, other international organizations also influence the reform of Russian labor legislation, primarily the World Bank, which, as a condition for granting a budget-replacing loan to our country for the structural restructuring of the social protection institution, put forward a demand for a radical renewal of the Labor Code.

The positions of the ILO and the World Bank regarding the regulation of the labor market in Russia differ significantly. The World Bank seeks to orient the Government of the Russian Federation to the expediency of deregulating the market and its flexibility, while the ILO, which insists on maintaining elements of social protection and using the principles of tripartism in resolving labor issues, considers it dangerous to depart from the established model of social guarantees.

In the process of market transformations, Russia has turned into a country with great social differentiation, which complicates the reform of socio-economic relations, taking into account international norms and democratization requirements. The use of the ILO methodology used to assess the effectiveness of social support programs for the population (the share of total social transfers per family living below the poverty line) confirmed that, compared with other states, Russia is in a much worse position (in most countries - 50%, in the Russian Federation - no more than 19%). Due to the imperfection of legislation in Russia, an informal sector of the economy has developed (according to ILO estimates, its share is 25% of the real one), in which there are no guarantees for the employed, a form of verbal agreement between the employer and employees on remuneration is practiced, and disputes are resolved without state intervention.

So, assessing the degree of implementation of ILO international standards in the legislation of the Russian Federation and the system of regulation of social and labor relations, the following should be noted:

· characteristic of Russia accelerated process transformation of social and labor relations and the formation of appropriate labor legislation (in the countries of Western Europe, labor legislation was created over several decades starting from the 60s);

· during the post-Soviet period, social and labor relations in the country have been significantly reformed, to a large extent this took place within the framework of international standards proclaimed by the ILO, and with its direct assistance;

· borrowing a standard western set of social institutions did not lead to their active distribution in the territory of the Russian Federation due to insufficient funding and difficulties experienced by the economy as a whole.

The ongoing process of ratification of ILO conventions is also of fundamental importance for overcoming negative image of Russia in the world.

Conclusion

The International Labor Organization was established by governments for the purpose of international cooperation to ensure lasting social peace throughout the world and eliminate social injustice through the improvement of working conditions. characteristic feature The ILO is that the representatives of employers and workers participate together with representatives of the government in its work.

Created in 1919, the Organization became in 1946 the first specialized agency of the United Nations. There are currently 178 member states of the ILO. .

The activities of the ILO are embodied in documents of two types: conventions and recommendations on working conditions, social security, recruitment and training, occupational safety and health, etc.

The ILO constantly monitors the application of international standards. Each state that is a member of the Organization is obliged to submit regular reports to the Office on measures taken to apply in legislation and law enforcement practice the conventions it has ratified.

Another area of the ILO's work is the provision of expert advice and technical assistance in matters related to labor and social policy. Assistance is provided within the framework of UN technical cooperation, as well as at the expense of the budget of the International Labor Organization.

All of these activities are organized by the International Labor Office, which is internationally staffed with headquarters in Geneva and a network of field offices in many parts of the world.

Russia actively participates in all ILO events: at annual conferences, in sectoral committees, and at regional conferences. Representatives of the government and trade unions were and are members of the Administrative Council. at the ILO in different years up to 40 employees of our country worked [11, p.558 ].

The Office provided assistance to the Russian authorities in the development of the draft law "On Employment in the Russian Federation", "Regulations on the Russian Tripartite Commission for the Regulation of Social and Labor Relations" and the first General Agreement between the government, representatives of workers and entrepreneurs (1992).

The ILO takes part, including financially, in the implementation of the presidential project of internships for Russian managers abroad, in providing advisory assistance to the Ministry of Labour, trade union organizations and entrepreneurs in solving social and labor issues.

List of sources used

1.ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights in the Sphere of Thu (Adopted on 06/18/1998)

2.RF. Government. PROGRAM of cooperation between the Russian Federation and the international labor organization for 2006-2009: Signed in Geneva on June 6, 2006 // Labor abroad. - 2006. - No. 3. - p.137-151.

.Charter of the International Labor Organization (Adopted in 1919) (as amended and supplemented in 1972)

.Berezhnoy V.A. The role of the international labor organization in the mechanism of protection of rights and freedoms in the sphere of labor / V.A. Berezhnoy // Russian justice. - 2007. - No. 3. - p.72-74.

.Bogatyrenko Z.S. Application of ILO conventions in the Russian Federation: reality and prospects (Labor law) / Z.S. Bogatyrenko // Labor abroad. - 2004. - No. 4. - pp.171-197.

.Vasilyeva M. Convention of the International Labor Organization as a source of labor law / M. Vasilyeva // Economics and Life. - 2004. - No. 21. - App. "your partner". - p.9.

.Ivanova I. Conclusion on labor relations (International Labor Organization) / I. Ivanova // Labor abroad. - 2005. - No. 4. - p.122-133.

.Trukhanovich, L.V. Visit of ILO Director General Juan Somavia to Russia / L.V. Trukhanovich // Labor abroad. - 2002. - No. 3. - p.123-134.

.Borodko N.P. International Labor Organization: structure and activities: textbook. allowance / N.P. Borodko, A.A. Grechenkov, L.A. Kiseleva. - M: Publishing house of business and educational literature, 2006. - 124 p.

.Mazin A.L. Labor Economics: textbook. manual for university students studying in the specialty 080104 "Labor Economics" / A.L. Mazin. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2007. - 575 p.

.International law in diagrams and tables: a tutorial. - M.: International University of Business and Management, 1997. - 96 p.

.Nobel Prize. World. Vol.4: 1963-1975. - M.: Physico-mathematical literature, 2006. - 470 p.

.Labor market. Textbook. Ed. Prof. V.S. Bulanova and prof. ON THE. Volgin. - M.: "Exam", 2000. - 448 p.

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The International Labor Organization was born. International Labor Organization (ILO). Directors-General of the ILO

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The layout was prepared by OmGA publishing house (2)

History of creation, development and tasks of the ILO

Structure of the ILO and its founding documents

ILO constitution

ILO Declaration of Philadelphia

Rules of the International Labor Conference

1998 ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work

International Labor Conference ILC

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Russia and ILO

Directors-General of the ILO

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