International activities of the Sun of the Russian Federation. International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - Knowledge Hypermarket. hotel for students
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International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces Russian Federation Presentation of the teacher-organizer of OBZH MOU Lyceum No. 9, Volgograd Alyoshin Yu.G.
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Peacekeeping tasks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation One of the main tasks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is: participation in the maintenance (restoration) of international peace and security, taking measures to prevent (eliminate) threats to peace, suppress acts of aggression (violations of the peace) based on the decisions of the UN Security Council or other bodies, authorized to make decisions in accordance with international law Combating terrorism; Fighting piracy and ensuring the safety of navigation.
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Ways to carry out peacekeeping activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Independently; In cooperation with international organizations. To fulfill international peacekeeping operations under a UN mandate or a CIS mandate, the Russian Federation provides military contingents in the manner prescribed by federal law and international treaties RF
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International activity The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation today is inextricably linked with the military reform in our country and the reform of the Armed Forces. The starting point for reforming the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 16, 1997 "On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure." On July 31, 1997, the President approved the Concept of building up the Armed Forces for the period up to the year 2000. The main goal of the military reform is to ensure national interests Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state from military aggression from other states.
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Until the non-use of force has become a norm in international relations, the national interests of the Russian Federation require military power sufficient for its defense. In this regard, the most important task of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is to ensure nuclear deterrence in the interests of preventing both nuclear and conventional large-scale or regional war. The protection of the national interests of the state assumes that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. Security Interests national security Russia predetermine the need for Russia's military presence in some strategically important regions of the world.
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The main document that determined the creation of Russian peacekeeping forces, the principles of their use and the procedure for using them, is the Law of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for providing the Russian Federation with military and civilian personnel to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security" (adopted State Duma May 26, 1995). To implement this law, in May 1996 the President of the Russian Federation signed Decree No. 637 “On the formation of a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security.”
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In accordance with this decree, a special military contingent was formed in the Armed Forces of Russia with a total number of 22 thousand people, consisting of 17 motorized rifle and 4 airborne battalions. In total, until May 1997, more than 10,000 servicemen from the peacekeeping units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation carried out tasks to maintain peace and security in a number of regions - in the former Yugoslavia, Tajikistan, the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Georgia.
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Regions of peacekeeping missions of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Military contingent of 500 people in the conflict zone in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova (introduced on June 23, 1992); Military contingent of 500 people in the conflict zone in South Ossetia (Georgia) (introduced on July 9, 1992) In the conflict zone in Abkhazia, a military contingent of 1600 people (introduced on June 23, 1994); Since October 1993, the 201st motorized rifle division of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has been part of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the Republic of Tajikistan in accordance with the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan. The total number of this contingent was more than 6 thousand people
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Since June 11, 1999, 3,600 Russian peacekeepers have been on the territory of the autonomous province of Kosovo (Yugoslavia); Currently, the peacekeeping contingent performs tasks to combat international terrorism and conducting humanitarian operations in Syria. The tasks of the international mission under the UN mandate in African countries (Angola, Somalia, Sierra Leone, etc.)
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Completion of controls, military units and subdivisions of a special military contingent is carried out on a voluntary basis for the preliminary (competitive) selection of military personnel undergoing military service under a contract. The training and equipment of the peacekeeping forces are carried out at the expense of the federal budget funds allocated for defense.
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During their service as part of a special military contingent, military personnel enjoy the status, privileges and immunities that are accorded to UN personnel in peacekeeping operations in accordance with the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, adopted General Assembly United Nations February 13, 1996, UN Security Convention of December 9, 1994, Protocol on the Status of Military Observer Groups and Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the CIS of May 15, 1992
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The personnel of the special military contingent is equipped with a light small arms. When performing tasks on the territory of the CIS countries, personnel are provided with all types of allowances in accordance with the standards established in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Training and education of the military personnel of the peacekeeping contingent is carried out at the bases of a number of formations of the Central and Western military districts, as well as at the Higher Officer Courses "Shot" in the city of Solnechnogorsk (Moscow Region). The CIS member states have concluded an Agreement on the training and education of military and civilian personnel for participation in collective peacekeeping operations, determined the procedure for training and education, and approved training programs for all categories of military and civilian personnel assigned to collective peacekeeping forces.
Lesson 26
INTERNATIONAL (PEACEKEEPING) ACTIVITIES OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Subject: OBJ.
Module 3. Ensuring the military security of the state.
Section 6. Fundamentals of State Defense.
Chapter 5. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - the basis of the defense of the state.
Lesson number 26. International (peacekeeping) activities Armed Forces Russian Federation.
Date: "____" _____________ 20___
The lesson was held by: teacher-organizer of life safety Khamatgaleev E.R.
Target: get acquainted with the main aspects of the international (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Course of lessons
Class organization.
Greetings. Checking the list of the class.
Message about the topic and purpose of the lesson.
Knowledge update.
What are the main tasks performed by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in peacetime?
What are the main tasks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation during the period of direct threat of aggression and in wartime?
What is new system acquisition of units by soldiers and sergeants?
Why, in your opinion, is the fight against terrorism included in the list of the main tasks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation?
Checking homework.
Listening to the responses of several students to homework(at the choice of the teacher).
Working on new material.
The main tasks of the Russian Federation to contain and prevent military conflicts include participation in international peacekeeping activities, including under the auspices of the UN and in the framework of interaction with international (regional) organizations.
The protection of the national interests of the state assumes that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. At the same time, the Armed Forces must ensure that the Russian Federation carries out peacekeeping activities both independently and in cooperation with international organizations.
The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation (2010) states that the tasks of the military-political cooperation of the Russian Federation include the development of relations with international organizations to prevent conflict situations, maintain and strengthen peace in various regions, including with the participation of Russian military contingents in peacekeeping operations.
For the implementation of peacekeeping operations under a UN mandate or under a CIS mandate, the Russian Federation provides military contingents in the manner prescribed by federal legislation and international treaties of the Russian Federation.
Thus, at present, the country's leadership considers the Armed Forces as a factor of deterrence, as a last resort used in cases where the use of peaceful means has not led to the elimination of a military threat to the interests of the country. Fulfillment of Russia's international obligations to participate in peacekeeping operations is seen as a new task of the Armed Forces to maintain peace.
AT last years military personnel from peacekeeping units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation carried out tasks to maintain peace and security in four regions: in Sierra Leone, in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova, in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. For example, on the territory of Abkhazia, Russian peacekeepers cleared mines, restored life-support facilities for the population, checked the technical condition of the railway, and also repaired roads. Russian peacekeepers repeatedly provided significant assistance to representatives of the local population.
Currently, a military formation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is participating in the UN peacekeeping mission in Sudan.
The 15th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade has been formed to train Russian army personnel for participation in operations to maintain international peace and security. Its fighters may be part of peacekeeping contingents by decision of the President of the Russian Federation and in the interests of the Commonwealth Independent States, the UN, the OSCE, the Russia-NATO Council and, if necessary, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
The staffing of government bodies, military units and subdivisions of a special military contingent is carried out on a voluntary basis on a preliminary (competitive) selection of military personnel serving under a contract. The training and equipment of the peacekeeping forces is carried out at the expense of the federal budget allocated for defense.
During the period of service as part of a special military contingent, military personnel enjoy the status, privileges and immunities that are granted to UN personnel in peacekeeping operations in accordance with the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations adopted by the UN General Assembly on February 13, 1996, the Convention on UN Security Council of December 9, 1994, Protocol on the Status of Military Observer Groups and Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the CIS of May 15, 1992.
The CIS member states have concluded an Agreement on the training and education of military and civilian personnel for participation in collective peacekeeping operations, determined the procedure for training and education, and approved training programs for all categories of military and civilian personnel assigned to collective peacekeeping forces.
The international activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include joint exercises, friendly visits and other activities aimed at strengthening common peace and mutual understanding.
In accordance with the agreement between the governments of the Russian Federation and the Kingdom of Norway "On cooperation in the search for missing persons and rescuing people in distress in the Barents Sea" in September 2008, a joint Russian-Norwegian exercise "Barents-2008" was held. On the part of Russia, a rescue and tugboat of the Northern Fleet and an aircraft of the Air Force of the Northern Fleet took part in the exercise.
Conclusions.
Through its participation in peacekeeping operations, the Russian Federation contributes to the prevention of crisis situations at the stage of their inception.
A special military contingent of peacekeepers has been formed in the Russian Federation.
The international activity of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation includes activities aimed at strengthening common peace and mutual understanding.
Questions.
What is the significance and role of the international activities of the Russian Armed Forces?
What is the legal basis for conducting peacekeeping activities of the Russian Armed Forces?
Tasks.
Prepare a presentation on the topic “Status of a Russian peacekeeping force contingent”.
Using the "Additional Materials" section, the tools mass media and Internet materials, prepare reports on one of the topics: "Actions of the Russian peacekeeping contingent in Kosovo (on the territory of the former Yugoslavia)", "Actions of the Russian peacekeeping contingent on the territory of South Ossetia in August 2008".
Additional materials to §26.
Use of Russian peacekeepers
The military contingent was introduced into the conflict zone in South Ossetia on July 9, 1992 on the basis of the Dagomys agreement between the Russian Federation and Georgia on the settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict. The total number of this contingent was more than 500 people.
In August 2008, Russian peacekeepers participated in repelling an illegal invasion of the territory of South Ossetia by the armed forces of Georgia.
The invasion of the territory of South Ossetia began on the morning of 9 August. Targeted bombing airstrikes were carried out at the places of deployment of our peacekeepers. Georgian tanks and motorized infantry broke into the streets of the administrative center of South Ossetia - the city of Tskhinvali. The forces of Russian peacekeepers and South Ossetian units repulsed several attacks of the aggressor.
On the same day, a decision was made to provide assistance to peacekeepers and Russian citizens living in South Ossetia, who were subjected to actual destruction. The forces and means of the Russian peacekeepers have been strengthened. peacekeeping group Russian troops carried out an operation to curb Georgia's aggression against South Ossetia. The task set - to ensure peace in the region - was successfully completed.
Since October 1993, the 201st motorized rifle division of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has been part of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the Republic of Tajikistan in accordance with the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan. The total number of this contingent was more than 6 thousand people.
Since June 11, 1999, Russian peacekeepers have been on the territory of the autonomous region of Kosovo (Yugoslavia), where in the late 90s. there was a serious armed confrontation between the Serbs and Albanians. The number of the Russian contingent was 3600 people. Russian peacekeepers were in Kosovo until August 1, 2003. A separate sector occupied by the Russians in Kosovo equalized the rights of the Russian Federation in resolving this international conflict with the five leading NATO countries (USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy).
In the African Republic of Sierra Leone in 2000-2005. there was a Russian peacekeeping contingent for aviation support of the UN mission. The tasks of the contingent included air escort and cover for columns of UN troops and humanitarian convoys. The number of the contingent was 115 people.
The Russian Federation bears a special responsibility for maintaining security in the CIS space. Thus, in Transnistria, in order to peacefully resolve the armed conflict and on the basis of the relevant agreement, there are still joint peacekeeping forces of Russia and Moldova.
End of lesson.
Homework. Prepare for retelling § 26 “International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation” (pp. 128-131); complete tasks 1 and 2 (heading "Assignments", p. 130).
Giving and commenting on ratings.
The scale of modern military conflicts is often such that the countries on whose territory they occur experience great difficulties in eliminating them. In this regard, it becomes necessary association forces of different states to resolve such conflicts. Peacekeeping activities of the states are carried out in accordance with paragraph 6 of the Charter of the United Nations "Observation missions" in order to coordinate the efforts of the world community in maintaining and strengthening peace.
International cooperation in the field of maintaining stability and peace - one of the most important directions in the foreign policy of the Russian Federation.
Russia actively participates in international events and the cessation of military conflicts in different regions: in the Balkan Peninsula, the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, Africa and the Commonwealth of Independent States. It carries out this activity on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in accordance with federal constitutional laws, federal laws and other laws of the Russian Federation, as well as legal acts of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of defense.
federal law"On Defense" stated that the international cooperation for the purpose of collective security and joint defense - one of the aspects of the defense of the state. The same law defines the powers of officials, legislative and executive bodies of the state in this area.
The President of the Russian Federation is authorized to negotiate and sign international treaties on the participation of the Russian Armed Forces in peacekeeping operations and international security. The Federal Assembly decides on the possibility of using the army outside the territory of the Russian Federation. The Government of the Russian Federation conducts international negotiations on issues of military cooperation and concludes appropriate intergovernmental agreements. The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation cooperates with the military departments of foreign states.
In accordance with international treaties military units of the Russian Armed Forces in zones of armed conflict may be part of the joint armed forces or
be under unified command. Conscripts on assignment may be sent to perform tasks in military conflicts exclusively on a voluntary basis (under contract).
For service in "hot" spots, additional benefits have been established for military personnel. They consist in the establishment of increased salaries for military rank and position, the provision of additional holidays, the offset of length of service in the ratio of one to two or three, the payment of an increased amount of daily or field money, the issuance of additional food rations, the reimbursement of family members for travel expenses to the place of treatment soldier and vice versa.
International activity for the prevention and elimination of all types of armed conflicts is a new component foreign policy Russia, in which there is no longer a place for ideological complexes and so-called class solidarity.
Questions and tasks
1. In which regions the globe Does Russia participate in international measures to end military conflicts? 2. Based on what documents does the Russian Federation carry out peacekeeping activities? 3. Under what conditions can conscripts be sent to the zone of military conflict? 4. What benefits are established for military personnel serving in "hot" spots?
Task 60. The guiding principle in the system of combat training of troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the provision:
a) “What is useless in war is harmful to introduce into peaceful education”;
0) Teach "troops what is needed in the war";
i) "The enlightenment of the mind is the most important part in the education of every military and non-military person."
Specify the correct answer.
Task 61. The physical fitness of applicants to military educational institutions is assessed by the results of the following exercises:
a) 1 km run;
b) 3 km run;
c) pull-ups on the crossbar;
d) flexion and extension of the arms in the prone position;
e) 60 m run;
f) 100 m run;
g) 100m swimming;
h) 50m swimming.
Indicate the correct answers.
Task 62. Your friend Y. graduated a year ago high school with a gold medal and works in the laboratory. He decided to enter a military educational institution and is studying at the preparatory courses at this institution. While studying in the 11th grade, he participated in the city Olympiad in physics and took second place. What benefits will he have upon admission to study?
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1.2. International peacekeeping activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
According to official UN data, by the mid-1990s, during the major post-war conflicts, the death toll exceeded 20 million people, more than 6 million maimed, 17 million refugees, 20 million displaced persons, and these numbers continue to grow.
From the foregoing, it can be seen that at the present stage global community faced a serious danger of being drawn into the verses of numerous, unpredictable in their consequences, difficult to control armed conflicts on a different basis, which is a destabilizing factor in the progress of society and requires additional efforts by states in the field of domestic and foreign policy, since any conflict, according to its essence, poses a threat to any states and peoples. In this regard, international peacekeeping activities have moved forward in recent years in a number of priority areas of external and domestic policy many states.
The practical participation of Russia (USSR) in UN peacekeeping operations began in October 1973, when the first group of UN military observers was sent to the Middle East.
Since 1991, Russia's participation in these operations has intensified: in April, after the end of the war in the Persian Gulf, a group of Russian military observers (RVI) of the UN was sent to the region of the Iraqi-Kuwait border, and in September - to Western Sahara. From the beginning of 1992, the sphere of activity of our military observers extended to Yugoslavia, Cambodia and Mozambique, and in January 1994 to Rwanda. In October 1994, a UN RVN group was sent to Georgia, in February 1995 - to Angola, in March 1997 to Guatemala, in May 1998 - to Sierra Leone, in July 1999 - to East Timor, in November 1999 - to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Currently, ten groups of Russian military observers and UN staff officers, totaling up to 70 people, are participating in peacekeeping operations under the auspices of the UN in the Middle East (Lebanon), on the Iraqi-Kuwait border, in Western Sahara, in the former Yugoslavia, in Georgia, in Sierra Leone, in East Timor, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The main tasks of military observers are to monitor the implementation of armistice agreements, a ceasefire between the warring parties, as well as to prevent, through their presence without the right to use force, possible violations of the agreements and agreements of the conflicting parties.
In April 1992, for the first time in the history of Russian peacekeeping, on the basis of Resolution N743 of the UN Security Council and after the necessary domestic procedures (decision of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation) were completed, a Russian infantry battalion of 900 people was sent to the former Yugoslavia, which in January 1994 reinforced by personnel, BTR-80 armored personnel carriers.
In accordance with the political decision of the Russian leadership, part of the forces of the Russian contingent of UN forces in February 1994 was redeployed to the Sarajevo region and, after an appropriate reinforcement, was transformed into the second battalion (numbering up to 500 people). The main task of this battalion was to ensure the separation of the parties (Bosnian Serbs and Muslims) and to monitor compliance with the ceasefire agreement.
In connection with the transfer of powers from the UN to NATO in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the battalion of the Sarajevo sector in January 1996 ceased its peacekeeping missions and was withdrawn to Russian territory.
In accordance with the decision of the UN Security Council on the completion of the UN mission in Eastern Slovenia on January 15, 1998, the Russian infantry battalion (up to 950 people), which performed the tasks of separating the parties (Serbs and Croats), was withdrawn in January this year. from Croatia to the territory of Russia.
In June 1995, a Russian peacekeeping unit appears on the African continent.
In August 2000, a Russian aviation unit was again sent to the African continent to join the UN peacekeeping mission in Sierra Leone. This is a Russian aviation group consisting of 4 Mi-24 helicopters and up to 115 personnel.
Russia bears the main material costs with the participation of a special military contingent of the RF Armed Forces in maintaining international peace and security in zones of armed conflicts on the territory of the CIS member states.
Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova. The military contingent was brought into the conflict zone from July 23 and from August 31, 1992 on the basis of the Moldovan-Russian agreement on the principles of the peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova of July 21, 1992.
The main task is to monitor compliance with the terms of the truce and help maintain law and order.
South Ossetia. The military contingent was brought into the conflict zone on July 9, 1992 on the basis of the Georgian-Russian Dagomys agreement of 24.6. 1992 on the settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict.
The main task is to ensure control over the ceasefire, the withdrawal of armed formations, the disbandment of the self-defense forces and the maintenance of a security regime in the zone of control.
Abkhazia. The military contingent was brought into the zone of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict on June 23, 1994 on the basis of the Agreement on a ceasefire and disengagement of forces of May 14, 1994.
The main tasks are blocking the conflict area, monitoring the withdrawal of troops and their disarmament, guarding important facilities and communications, escorting humanitarian supplies, and others.
Tajikistan. 201 honey with reinforcements became part of the CIS Collective Peacekeeping Forces in October 1993 on the basis of the Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan on cooperation in the military field dated 25.5.1993. Agreement of the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent States on Collective Peacekeeping Forces and joint measures for their material and technical support.
The main tasks are to assist in the normalization of the situation on the Tajik-Afghan border, the protection of vital facilities and others.
To date, official documents and diplomatic correspondence have developed a set of terms that characterize different variants of international peacekeeping operations. Incorrect or inaccurate use of them can lead to confusion and mutual misunderstanding in the implementation of PKOs (peacekeeping operations) and other UN peacekeeping operations. The developed terminology, of course, reflects essential features relevant operations that play an important role in their planning and practical implementation, but an officially approved and, moreover, a universal thesaurus glossary relating to various UN peacekeeping operations still does not exist. Its absence exacerbates the difficulties of peacekeeping in general, and does not allow certain international standards to be applied to PKOs.
International peacekeeping operations are common name most various kinds activities carried out in the interests of resolving conflicts, preventing their escalation, stopping or preventing hostilities, ensuring law and order in the conflict zone, conducting humanitarian actions, restoring social and political, as well as life support systems disrupted by the conflict. hallmark peacekeeping carried out on behalf of the UN is that it is carried out under the mandate of the UN Security Council, or, according to the UN Charter, under the mandate of those regional organizations whose functions include maintaining peace and international security. Zaemsky, V.F. UN and peacekeeping: a course of lectures / V.F. Zaemsky. - M.: International relationships, 2008. - P.78.
Almost all known classifications divide such operations into three blocks:
1) using predominantly non-coercive methods of action of the armed forces (observation, various forms control) aimed at reinforcing political and diplomatic efforts to end and resolve the conflict;
2) a combination of political methods with the operations of armed peacekeeping contingents not conducting combat operations;
3) the use of force, including military operations, to enforce peace, in combination with political efforts or without them.
Peacekeeping operations are divided into:
1) preventive actions (actions) to preserve peace,
2) peace operations,
3) peacekeeping operations,
4) peace enforcement operations,
5) post-conflict building of the world, humanitarian actions.
Operations to establish peace or induce peace are carried out by mutual agreement of the warring parties and, as a rule, at their request at a time when they are alone or under the influence of international organizations or individual states decide to stop hostilities and need the help of the international community and collective international peacekeeping forces for this. Their purpose is, first of all, to assist in the cessation of hostilities and the organization of a peaceful negotiation process. Zaemsky V.F. Theory and practice of UN peacekeeping: monograph / V.F. Zaemsky. - M.: MGIMO-University, 2008. - P.158.
Peacekeeping operations are carried out with the consent of all or one of the parties to the conflict and are divided into two groups. The first includes operations that are a logical and practical continuation of peace operations, when, after reaching an armistice agreement, negotiations on a peaceful settlement of conflicts begin. The second group consists of actions carried out to implement the previously reached peace agreement. In this case, the purpose of the peacekeeping operation, including its military side, is the direct enforcement of the agreement by all forces involved in the conflict.
Peace enforcement operations are the actual use of military force, or the threat of such use, to force opposing sides to stop fighting and start making peace. characteristic feature their is that they can include those military operations of the peacekeeping forces, which are aimed at separating and disarming the opposing sides. These military actions can be directed both against all the belligerents, and against one of them that does not agree to submit to the demands for a cease-fire. After the successful completion of these tasks, that is, after the cessation of hostilities, the peacekeeping forces move on to actions characteristic of PKOs.
In the first 40 years of the existence of the United Nations (1945-1985), there were only 13 peacekeeping operations. Over the next 20 years, 47 missions were deployed.
Initially, peacekeeping operations were mainly operations to enforce ceasefire agreements and disengagement of warring parties after interstate wars.
The ending " cold war has led to a radical change in the nature of UN peacekeeping operations. The UN Security Council began to establish larger and more complex UN peacekeeping missions, often designed to help implement comprehensive peace agreements between parties to intrastate conflicts. In addition, peacekeeping operations began to include more and more non-military elements. To coordinate such operations, the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) was established in 1992.
The Security Council has begun to send peacekeepers to conflict zones where a ceasefire has not been reached and the consent of all parties to the conflict for the presence of peacekeeping troops has not been obtained (for example, the peacekeeping operation in Somalia and the operation in Bosnia). Some of the tasks entrusted to these peacekeeping missions proved impossible to accomplish with the resources and personnel they had. These failures, the most painful of which were massacres in Srebrenica (Bosnia) in 1995 and the genocide in Rwanda in 1994 forced the UN to carefully analyze the concept of peacekeeping operations.
DPKO has strengthened units providing military and police advisers to missions. It has created a new unit, the Peacekeeping Best Practices Group, to review lessons learned and provide missions with advice on gender issues; take measures to improve the behavior of peacekeepers; plan disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programs; and develop methods for law enforcement and other tasks. To ensure budgetary availability for each new mission since its inception, a pre-mandatory funding mechanism has been established, and the DPKO Logistics Base in Brindisi, Italy, has received funding to procure strategic supplies needed for mission deployment. The system for continuous training of additional staff in case of rapid deployment has been strengthened. DPKO has reorganized the United Nations Standby Arrangement System (UNSAS), which includes a register of specific resources of Member States, including military and civilian specialists, materials and property provided for the needs of UN operations. The revitalized UNSAS now provides for the provision of forces within the first 30 to 90 days of the establishment of a new operation. Grishaeva, L. UN Peacekeeping Crisis / L. Grishaeva // Obozrevatel - Observer. -2008. -№4, 47-58
In May 2006, UNDPKO led 18 peace operations around the world, involving a total of almost 89,000 military, police and civilian personnel. As of October 31, 2006, the top ten countries contributing the most troops to UN peacekeeping operations were Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Jordan, Nepal, Ethiopia, Uruguay, Ghana, Nigeria and South Africa, with a total of accounted for more than 60 percent of all UN military and police personnel.
Since 1948, more than 130 countries have contributed their military, police and civilian personnel to UN peacekeeping operations. Since the establishment of the first peacekeeping operation, more than a million military, police and civilian personnel have served under the UN flag.
Military personnel serving in UN peacekeeping operations receive monetary allowances from the governments of their countries. At the same time, these countries receive compensation from the UN. All Member States of the United Nations are required to pay their share of the cost of peacekeeping operations in accordance with a formula that they themselves have established. Despite this, as at 31 January 2006 Member States owed outstanding and outstanding peacekeeping contributions amounted to approximately $2.66 billion.
Unfortunately, the experience of UN international peacekeeping is far from always successful, and the existing tools are far from perfect. The reasons for this phenomenon are the lack of a clear regulatory framework for peacekeeping, the inability of the UN to effectively apply the already established mechanisms for conflict resolution, and, consequently, to carry out the main functions related to the main goal of the organization aimed at maintaining international peace and preserving collective security.
It should be emphasized that the conflicts of recent years are striking in their particular complexity and multiplicity. Under such conditions, the ability of the UN to adequately respond to the existing security problems of peoples is greatly hampered. This is what makes many politicians and statesmen think either about the effective implementation of the tools of the peace process already available, or about the development of new ones.
UN peacekeeping is a unique and dynamic instrument designed by the Organization as a way to help conflict-torn countries create the conditions for lasting peace. The first United Nations peacekeeping mission was established in 1948, when the Security Council authorized the deployment of United Nations military observers in the Middle East to monitor compliance with the Armistice Agreement between Israel and its neighboring Arab countries. Since then, a total of 63 United Nations peacekeeping operations have taken place in all corners of the world.
The term "peacekeeping" does not exist in the Charter of the United Nations. Dag Hammarskjöld, 2nd General Secretary of the United Nations, suggested that the term should be placed in "Chapter Six and a Half" of the Charter, placing it somewhere in the middle between traditional methods for the peaceful settlement of disputes, such as negotiation and mediation under Chapter VI, and measures more coercive, as provided for in Chapter VII.
Over the years, United Nations peacekeeping has evolved to meet the needs of various conflicts and a changing political landscape. Born at a time when Cold War rivalries often paralyzed the Security Council, UN peacekeeping objectives were largely limited to maintaining a ceasefire and stabilizing the situation on the ground so that efforts could be made at the political level to resolve conflict by peaceful means. These missions included military observers and lightly armed troops who performed peace monitoring, reporting and confidence-building functions to maintain ceasefires and implement limited peace agreements.
Since the end of the Cold War, the strategic context of UN peacekeeping has changed dramatically, enabling the UN to transform and expand its operations in the field and move from "traditional" missions focused solely on military missions to complex "multifunctional" operations focused on to ensure the implementation of comprehensive peace agreements and to help build the foundations for sustainable peace. Today's peacekeepers undertake a wide range of complex tasks, including helping to build sustainable governance institutions and human rights monitoring, implementing security sector reforms and disarming, demobilizing and reintegrating ex-combatants.
The nature of conflicts has also changed in recent years. Initially seen as a means of resolving interstate conflicts, UN peacekeeping is increasingly applied to resolving intrastate conflicts and civil wars. While the military is still the backbone of most peacekeeping operations, it now includes administrators and economists, police officers and legal experts, sappers and election observers, human rights observers and civil and government affairs specialists, humanitarian employees and experts in communication and public information. http://www.ia-trade.su
UN peacekeeping is in constant evolution, both conceptually and operationally, to meet new challenges and respond to new political realities. The Organization is determined to increase its capacity to carry out and support field operations and thereby contribute to the most important function of the UN, namely the maintenance of international peace and security.
