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transcript

1 ARTILLERY TRAINING COURSE (KPA93) PART I DIVISION, BATTERY, PLATOON, GUNS MOSCOW 1997

2 The artillery training course outlines the basic provisions for organizing tactical, special and technical training, firing and fire control; the procedure for checking and evaluating units in the specified subjects of study, as well as the organization of training. one

3 Chapter I GENERAL PROVISIONS 1. Combat training of artillery units and artillery reconnaissance units is organized and carried out in accordance with the plan for combat training of the unit, developed on the basis of orders and directives of the Minister of Internal Affairs and the commander of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Plan for training troops, as well as on the basis of requirements of the combat training programs for artillery units and this Training Course. 2. The system of combat training should ensure the comprehensive training of commanders and staffs, training of personnel, combat coordination and maintenance of high combat readiness of artillery subunits. Tactical training, shooting and fire control, special and technical training are the main subjects of combat training of artillery units. 3. One of the most important components of combat training is commander training. It is organized and conducted in accordance with the commander's (combat) training programs and includes a set of measures taken to improve the training of officers (ensigns, platoon commanders, sergeants) for the successful performance of their functional duties, and for officers, in addition, duties a step higher. position held. 4. Artillery subunits and commanders must be constantly ready to perform the fire missions provided for by the Training Course. The list of fire missions and the conditions for their implementation are given in Appendix 1; the distribution of fire missions by types of artillery and categories of officers is given in Appendix 2. Chapter II TACTICAL TRAINING 1. ORGANIZATION OF TACTICAL TRAINING modern combat conditions. The main types of occupations tactical training artillery units are tactical combat and tactical exercises 1, tactical (tactical special) exercises. 6. Tactical (special tactical) exercises are the basis for the field training of artillery subunits, the most important means of increasing their combat readiness and preparing for operations in modern combat. The essence of tactical exercises lies in the fact that their commanders, headquarters and subunits practically perform tasks in a complex, uninterrupted tactical situation, according to a single plan, in various types of combat operations, on a variety of terrain, on great depth, for a long time, day and night and at any time of the year. Tactical exercises are organized and conducted to: improve the combat coordination and field training of subunits for skillful and resolute actions in carrying out missions of engaging the enemy by fire in various types of combat, and testing their combat readiness; improving the practical skills of commanders and staffs in organizing combat operations, continuous control of units and their fire, organizing and maintaining interaction with combined arms units and artillery reconnaissance units in conditions of strong enemy electronic countermeasures and in their combat support; mobilization of personnel for the successful completion of tasks in conditions close to a combat situation; 1 The organization and procedure for conducting tactical and tactical exercises are set out in the combat training programs. 2

4 training of personnel in actions as part of a unit in the performance of combat missions, in the skillful use of weapons technology; developing high morale and psychological qualities among personnel, a sense of camaraderie, increasing the physical endurance of soldiers, further improving the techniques and methods of conducting combined arms combat, verifying draft charters, instructions, manuals and new theoretical provisions for the tactics of artillery units, developing methods for the combat use of new models weapons and equipment. When determining training goals, one should proceed from the final results that are planned to be achieved during the exercise. Tactical exercises are subdivided: in terms of scale into divisional and battery exercises; for the intended purpose for planned (control), demonstration, experimental and research. The duration of the exercise is determined by the topic and the time required to work out training issues, and should be at least 3 days for divisions, 2 days for batteries. 7. Artillery subunits are involved in combined-arms tactical exercises, or independent exercises are conducted with them. Tactical and special exercises are conducted with command and control units and artillery reconnaissance. In addition, these units are involved in tactical exercises of artillery units. 8. An artillery battalion (battery), in the course of a final or control check, is involved in a combined arms (independent) tactical exercise, which is a control (test) exercise for it. The control (verification) exercise is prepared according to the plans and under the guidance of the persons carrying out the inspection, final or control check. 9. Tactical exercises are organized and conducted by commanders (chiefs) who are directly subordinate to artillery units, as well as other senior commanders (chiefs). 10. The exercises should create a complex, dynamic and instructive environment, characteristic of modern combat and the theater of military operations, requiring commanders to make independent and bold decisions, decisive and daring actions of units, the fulfillment of sudden tasks by them, as well as the most difficult conditions in command divisions. there should be no template in the organization and methodology of conducting exercises. Artillery units must be trained to operate under conditions of both conventional and nuclear and precision weapons, as well as marching over long distances. 2. OFFICIALS DESIGNATED FOR THE PREPARATION AND CONDUCT OF TACTICAL EXERCISES 11. For preparation and conduct with artillery units, a leadership is established, facilitators and a control group are appointed, and, if necessary, a study group. The leadership includes: at the exercise of the division, the head of the exercise; leadership headquarters, headed by the chief of staff, the first deputy head of the exercise; Deputy head of the exercise for work with personnel; deputy head of the exercise for logistics; deputy head of the armament exercise; assistant head of training for simulation and target environment; on the exercise of the battery, the head of the exercise; a leadership team led by the divisional chief of staff; Deputy head of training for work with personnel. The headquarters (group) of the leadership includes: chief of staff of the leadership; assistant chief of staff (senior mediator) for intelligence, assistant chief of staff for leadership (senior mediator) for communications; assistant chief of staff of the commandant's office. Military mediators are appointed under the chief of staff of the division and battery commanders. Fire brokers are assigned to each firing position batteries (separate platoon, gun, performing an independent fire mission); The control group is created to control the topographic and geodetic binding of command and observation posts, posts and positions of reconnaissance equipment of firing positions; control of meteorological, ballistic and technical preparation of firing; determining the coordinates of targets and installations for 3

5 shooting; determination of gap deviations from targets; maintaining and accounting for unexploded ordnance and timing of the execution of fire missions. One control group is assigned to a division (battery) exercise. 12. The composition and responsibilities of officials of the leadership, mediators and control group in the preparation and conduct of tactical exercises are set out in the Manual on the organization and conduct of combined arms tactical exercises and command post exercises (KShU) on the ground and the Manual for the work of military, fire mediators and control groups during tactical exercises with artillery units (subunits) 13. Leadership officers, intermediaries, control group are strictly prohibited from disclosing the plan of the exercise, replacing trained commanders in solving assigned tasks, and also interfering in the performance of their functional duties, except in cases where the decision of the commander or the actions of trainees can lead to a violation of security measures. 3. TACTICAL EXERCISE PREPARATION 14. Exercise preparation includes: planning the exercise; training of management, intermediaries, control group and simulation team; divisions; training units; preparation of the exercise area; Preparation of the exercise begins in advance, but no later than 15 days before its start. It is carried out according to the calendar plan, which usually provides for activities for sections of the preparation of the exercise, the timing of their implementation and responsible persons. The calendar plan is developed by the chief of staff of the leadership, approved by the head of the exercise and brought to the attention of the performers. 15. The planning of the exercise begins with the specification and determination by the leader of the initial data for the exercise; the topic, goals and timing of the exercise; composition of involved units; area of ​​the exercise; composition of management, facilitators and control group; consumption of ammunition, imitation equipment, motor resources and fuel. After that, the leader determines the main issues of the design of the exercise and gives instructions on the development of documents for the exercise. 16. To organize and conduct a tactical exercise of a division (batteries), the following is developed: a plan for conducting the exercise (a private plan for the assistant head of the exercise for artillery); private plans of deputies (assistants) of the head of the exercise and intermediaries; simulation plan and scheme of the target environment. 17. The exercise plan is developed textually with the application of the map. The exercise plan includes; initial data: topic, goals and time of the exercise; the composition of the units involved in the exercise; composition of management, intermediaries, control group and simulation team; consumption of motor resources, ammunition and imitation means; call signs of nodes, stations, officials and control signals; the procedure for conducting the exercise: the stages of the exercise, their duration, training issues, the place and time of their development; the sequence of work of the leader of the exercise, indicating the numbers and names of the input, control and reference data being worked out on them; actions of the headquarters (group) of the leadership, intermediaries and the control group; the expected actions of the trainees, indicating the numbers and conditions of the fire missions to be performed; the main indicators of the exercise: the length of the march (advancement); the number and extent of movements of units; the number and content of fire missions performed by the division, batteries; the number of designated and simulated targets; training security measures. The map reflects: areas of OP, KNP (NP) and routes of movement; areas for live firing; the concept of the exercise: the initial situation (the position of the enemy, its combined arms and artillery units at the beginning of the exercise; the plan of the battle; the tasks set by the senior artillery commander (chief), the course of hostilities (the position and tasks of the enemy, combined arms and trained artillery units during the development of each training issue ); fire missions performed during the exercise: numbers and nature of targets, time and conditions for performing tasks, methods for determining installations for firing, ammunition consumption, involved subsection 4

6 divisions, positions of OP and KNP when performing tasks, means of reconnaissance and maintenance of firing; numbers, names and places of working out inputs; ceasefire signals for security; dangerous directions and firing ranges. For artillery reconnaissance units, the graphic part additionally indicates the lines (positions, points) of deployment and the tasks of the units by stages of the exercise. The graphic part is entitled The concept of a tactical exercise ...) indicating the number of the unit and signed by the head of the exercise. Combat orders and orders are developed in accordance with the requirements for the development of combat documents. The developed plan is signed by the head of the exercise and submitted to the immediate supervisor for approval no later than a week before the start of the exercise. 18. On the basis of the exercise plan, the deputies (chiefs) of the head of the exercise, the mediators, work out private plans. Private plans are developed textually with a map attached and approved by the head of the exercise no later than 3 days before the start of the exercise. In private terms, taking into account the specific duties of officers in the exercise, it is usually indicated: the topic and goals of the exercise; stages of the exercise, their duration, training issues, the order and time of their development; the procedure for monitoring the actions of trainees during the development of educational issues; necessary calculations and other data. The map reflects: the general tactical situation and tasks of the unit being trained; the procedure for maintaining communication with the leader of the exercise, control signals and ceasefire signals. 19. On a large-scale map (scheme), a simulation plan and a scheme of the target environment are developed by stages of the exercise (Appendix 3). This document indicates: places (areas) of sites of infection, destruction and fires, the order of their designation; the position of designated and simulated targets, their coordinates, the nature of engineering equipment and camouflage; forces and means for designating and simulating the enemy, the order of imitation; communication organization scheme for managing the target environment and imitation; security measures. Based on the simulation plan and the scheme of the target environment, an application is drawn up for conducting a simulation, creating a target environment, meteorological support, which is submitted for execution to the headquarters of the training center (polygon). The application shall be accompanied by a copy of the simulation plan and the scheme of the target situation in the tactical exercise. Together with the application, an extract from the order regarding the appointment of officials to conduct the exercise is also submitted. 20. Reconnaissance of the exercise area is carried out in order to clarify the plan for the exercise. In addition, during the reconnaissance, the order of action of the leader of the exercise, command officers, intermediaries and the head of the control group (control group in full strength) and the simulation team is determined. In the course of reconnaissance, the head of the exercise determines and specifies: the location of the division (battery) by the beginning of the exercise; extension routes; the position of the enemy, his combined arms units; locations of targets intended for reconnaissance and destruction, the procedure for their designation and imitation; possible areas of firing positions (deployment lines), places of deployment of command and observation posts, positions and lines of deployment of artillery reconnaissance units, routes of maneuver during the battle; places (areas) of areas of infection, destruction, fires and the procedure for their designation; conditions for topographic and geodetic referencing; the nature and scope of work on the engineering equipment of firing positions (deployment lines) and command and observation posts; security measures during the exercise; the assembly area for units at the end of the exercise. 5

7 When conducting exercises in the mountains, deserts, northern regions and in other difficult conditions, issues related to the specifics of the operation of troops, their provision and security measures are additionally specified. In the course of reconnaissance, the coordinates of targets, the observation post of the control group and the starting points in the intended areas of firing positions and command observation posts can be determined for subsequent control of the topographic and geodetic reference of firing positions and command observation posts by trainees. After the reconnaissance, the head of the exercise specifies the scope and timing of the implementation of measures to prepare the exercise and the plan for conducting the exercise. 21. The preparation of leadership, facilitators and the control group includes the study by officers of the necessary provisions of the charters, manuals, manuals and other guidance documents, as well as the plan for conducting the exercise. The main work on the preparation of the leadership, mediators and the control group is carried out by the head of the exercise on the ground, where they study: the procedure for working out training issues, the position and actions of the enemy and friendly troops; the order and sequence of carrying out the imitation of the enemy's designation; the content of the introductory, methods and time (signals) of bringing, possible options for the trainees to act on these introductory; the procedure for organizing interaction during the exercise; security measures. 22. The preparation of subunits for an exercise should be provided for by the combat training plan and carried out without violating the sequence of combat coordination of subunits. It includes: conducting classes with officers with the acceptance of tests on knowledge of combat regulations, manuals and manuals, the Rules for firing and fire control, this artillery training course, standard weapons and equipment, organization, weapons and tactics of a potential enemy, as well as security measures; conducting tactical, tactical and complex exercises with units, training units for transportation by rail, sea (river) and air transport; training in shooting and fire control; study with the personnel of security measures during the exercise with the adoption of offsets; conducting training sessions with a simulation team; checking the condition of weapons, equipment and ammunition, during which special attention is paid to the condition and technical preparation of guns for firing. Based on the results of checking the condition of weapons, equipment and ammunition, acts are drawn up. If the state of weapons and equipment is unsatisfactory, the unit is given time and the necessary assistance is provided to eliminate the identified shortcomings. If the exercise is planned in the mountains, deserts, northern regions and in other difficult conditions, then the specifics of actions in these conditions are studied with the personnel. 23. The head of the exercise, no later than 5 days in advance, conducts a review of the readiness of units and a test session, based on the results of which a conclusion is made about the admission of a division (battery) to a tactical exercise with live firing. When conducting final and control checks, a subunit can be taken to a tactical training session with live firing without a preliminary check of readiness. 24. During the review, the head of the exercise checks: the readiness of personnel and units for the exercise, their equipment; the availability and condition of weapons, equipment, communications and military equipment (including the availability of acts on the results of checking weapons, equipment and ammunition); security of material resources; knowledge of security measures by personnel; readiness of mediators and control group. Deficiencies discovered during the review are eliminated before the start of the exercise. The test session is prepared and conducted by a commission under the leadership of one of the full-time deputy commanders, who is the head of the exercise. As a rule, officials from the leadership of the exercise, facilitators and the control group are appointed to the composition of the commission. When preparing a test lesson, the following is developed: a lesson plan, work plans for the members of the commission and, if necessary, a simulation plan and a scheme of the target environment. 6

8 The plan for conducting a test session is developed textually with the application of a map (scheme of the tactical situation), combat orders, instructions and introductory ones. Based on the results of the test session, an act is drawn up for admitting the unit to a tactical exercise with live firing, which assesses the ability of personnel to perform their functional duties in combat work, characterizes the quality of the implementation of measures for the preparation of firing and fire control, evaluates the unit for performing fire missions, reflects issues of compliance with security measures, proposals and conclusions are formed on the admission of a unit with live firing. A test lesson is conducted without live firing on a topic close to the topic of the upcoming exercise. The indicators of the test session are set by the head of the exercise. 25. Preparation of the exercise area includes: detection and destruction of explosive objects; establishing the boundaries of crops, forest plantations and other objects (to ensure their safety during the exercise); designation of dangerous areas of the area; preparation of the target environment and means of imitation. The target situation should maximally reflect the organization and themes of the actions of a potential enemy and ensure that the trained commanders and staffs develop skills in organizing and conducting reconnaissance, in collecting and processing intelligence information, in making decisions on performing fire missions and correcting fire when shooting to kill. Designation of targets and imitation of enemy fire activity are being prepared at several lines in accordance with the plan of the exercise. 26. Educational work during the exercise is organized in order to mobilize the participants in the exercise for decisive and skillful actions, manifestations of high vigilance, diligence, discipline and organization. 27. The head of the exercise must be in constant contact with the head of the training center (range) or his representative, the head of the cordon, command officers, the head of the control group, intermediaries, with his assistant for simulation and target conditions and with the commander of the unit being trained. 28. The commandant service is organized by the head of the exercise in order to ensure traffic safety on major highways, crossings, railway crossings and settlements. In other places, it is organized by decision of the commanders of the units being trained. 4. CARRYING OUT TACTICAL EXERCISES 29. In a tactical exercise, a division (battery) must make a march (advance), carry out initial deployment into battle formation, carry out preparations for firing and fire control, make several movements of elements of the battle formation and perform fire missions. In a tactical exercise, at least 30% should be allocated for combat operations of the division (battery) at night. The length and conditions of the march, the magnitude of the jump at each movement is set by the head of the exercise. On the march (during advancement and movement), the actions of personnel are practiced during enemy air raids, overcoming infection sites and obstacles, destruction and fires, attacks by sabotage and reconnaissance groups, repulsing tank attacks, etc. 30. The content and conditions of fire missions performed during the exercise are determined by the head of the exercise, based on the theme, goals and design of the exercise. Part of the tasks must be carried out in difficult conditions: at night, in protective equipment, by crews of a reduced composition or prepared in an interchangeable manner, as well as when deployed from a march or during a change of CNP, OP. In addition, the issues of transferring control of a division (battery) to one of the battery commanders (commander of a control platoon) must be included. 31. At the tactical exercise of an artillery battalion, fire tasks are performed by the battalion from closed firing positions, in addition, fire tasks can be performed to hit targets with direct fire and high-precision ammunition, as well as fire tasks with batteries independently (for fire damage from closed firing positions, for lighting, blinding, smoking the enemy, etc.) 7

9 32. The fire task of an artillery battalion is understood as the task of engaging the enemy by fire, carried out with the involvement of reconnaissance, command and control equipment of the battalion and at least two batteries with one of the types of fire or precision-guided munitions. 33. In a tactical battery exercise, tasks are performed by a battery (platoon) from closed firing positions, in addition, tasks can be performed to hit targets with direct fire and high-precision ammunition, as well as fire tasks to illuminate, blind, smoke the enemy. 34. Fire missions performed by a division (battery) during a tactical exercise (control exercise) are credited for the fire control officer. The fire missions performed during the exercise are divided into scheduled and unscheduled by their nature. 35. A fire mission is considered planned if the coordinates, dimensions and nature of the target, the firing task are known to the trainees in advance, the settings for firing to kill are determined and brought to the firing units. 36. A fire mission is considered unplanned if the size, coordinates and nature of the target are reported in the command of the senior commander or are determined by the trainees in the course of its execution. 37. The number of fire subunits involved in the performance of fire missions is determined by the nature, capability, size of the target and the tasks of firing, and in the performance of the task by high-precision ammunition and the availability of means of illuminating targets. 38. In the course of a tactical exercise (control occupation by a division, at least seven fire missions by a division must be performed from closed firing positions. 39. Antitank artillery battalion(separate battery, platoon) in the course of the exercise must perform at least seven tactical attacks to repel tank attacks (infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers) and destroy other enemy fire weapons by direct fire from prepared and unprepared deployment lines, while each battery must perform at least four fire tasks. 40. To perform a fire mission, a battalion is deployed at the line with at least two batteries (a battery, a platoon are fully deployed). The number of batteries (platoons, guns, ATGMs, combat vehicles) involved in performing fire missions at each line is established by the head of the exercise, depending on the situation (range capabilities) in accordance with the conditions of fire missions. 41, 42, 43 and 44 pass. 45. For training in reconnaissance at a tactical exercise, by decision of the leader, the number of designated targets must be at least: at the exercise of the artillery battalion 20; during an artillery battery exercise 10. Based on the results of determining the coordinates of simulated (marked) targets, several reconnaissance assets can be evaluated. During the preparation of hostilities, at least 50% of the targets of their total number are simulated and designated. The placement of targets and the nature of their activities must correspond to the organization and tactics of the designated enemy. 46. ​​The beginning of the exercise is determined by the issuance of an appropriate signal (order) to bring the subunit to the highest degree of combat readiness or by the delivery of an order to exit and occupy the initial area for the exercise. With the occupation of the initial area for teaching, the trainees are given an order in which they indicate: the initial situation, reference data and what needs to be done. After the trainees have completed the initial situation, the unit commander (battalion headquarters) is notified of the combat order (combat order) and given the time necessary for planning, organizing and comprehensively supporting combat operations. The head of the exercise and mediators control the full implementation of all measures to prepare for combat operations by the commanders of subunits and headquarters of the division. Special attention at the same time, it refers to the ability of subunit commanders to organize combat operations on the ground, to the specificity, timeliness of the orders and instructions given by them, compliance with their situation, to the completeness and quality of combat documents being developed, and to comprehensive support for combat operations. eight

10 47. The drawing of combat actions during the exercise is carried out by the head, the headquarters (group) of the leadership and intermediaries on the basis of the plan of the exercise, the decisions of the trained commanders, the orders given by them and the actual actions of the units. 48. During the exercise, subunits act in accordance with the decisions of their commanders. In cases where decisions do not correspond to the prevailing situation, the head of the exercise seeks to change the decision with additional input. It is forbidden to fetter the initiative of commanders and replace them. Information about the situation is communicated to trainees in the form and through the channels through which commanders and staffs receive it in a combat situation. During the exercise, only those information about the enemy that they cannot obtain with their own reconnaissance means are brought to the trained commanders and headquarters, and only after the commander and headquarters set a task for the intelligence agencies or submit an application to the higher headquarters for the allocation of the necessary funds for reconnaissance enemy. 49. The setting of fire missions, depending on the goals and content of the mission, is carried out: by order of the combined arms (senior artillery) commander (chief), indicating the target on the ground; command (codegram) of the senior artillery commander (chief); introductory, requiring an independent choice of goal. The setting of planned fire missions, in addition, can be carried out by presenting an extract from the fire table. With any method of setting a fire mission, the observed targets must be designated by targets and, if necessary, by imitation of their fire activity. 50. Setting fire missions must be carried out in the manner prescribed by the Rules for firing and fire control of artillery. It is allowed to change the order of commands, if this does not delay the execution of the fire mission. Errors made when making a decision (in a team) are taken into account when assessing the performance of a fire mission. 51. During the execution of a fire mission, it is prohibited to interfere in the actions of a trained commander (subunit), if they do not threaten safety. In the event that the actions of the commander (subunit) lead to a violation of security measures, the leader of the exercise (military, fire intermediary) stops the execution of the fire mission by the Stop command. 52. Before setting a fire mission, the head of the exercise must: clarify (outline) the target on the ground; receive the coordinates of the target from the head of the control group and make sure that its position ensures the safety of the fire mission; prepare a team (order, introductory); instruct the control group on the procedure for monitoring the execution of the fire mission. 53. When setting unscheduled fire missions as introductory ones to call (preparation) concentrated or barrage fire, the head of the exercise should create such an environment that would allow trainees, when making a decision, to determine: the location, nature and size of targets; the number of subunits required to complete the fire mission; the procedure for performing a fire mission; duration of firing; time of opening (readiness) of fire. If the fire mission is carried out according to the conditions of the situation by decision of the senior commander, these data are indicated in his command. 54. When performing a fire mission, the head of the exercise is obliged: one of the methods specified in Art. 49, set a fire mission; when setting an introductory fire mission requiring an independent choice of target, hear the decision of the trained commander on the choice of target and approve it; control the actions of the commander and subunits performing a fire mission, and take into account the mistakes made by them; personally time and keep a record of the execution of the fire mission; indicate to the trained commander the procedure for monitoring the accuracy of performing a fire mission with live shots; supervise the actions of the control group to control the accuracy of the execution of the fire mission, determine the installations for shooting to kill or calculate the corrected corrections. 9

11 55. After the fire mission, the leader of the exercise must have the following data: the number of errors made by the commander (chief) when making a decision in the course of the mission; time of execution of the fire mission; the results of monitoring the accuracy of the execution of the fire mission by each battery and division. 56. During the exercise, the head may announce a partial retreat in the following cases: when the trained commanders lose control or the units lose their bearings in conditions of limited visibility; in case of gross violation of security measures and the threat of damage to state, municipal, cooperative, private property of the population; after the end of the stage with live shooting, as well as at the end of the draw of hostilities, relocation. At the signal of a private all-clear, the subunits immediately cease their operations and remain in place. Based on the goals of the retreat, the head of the exercise gives the headquarters (group) of the leadership, intermediaries and commanders of the units being trained the necessary instructions, and after their implementation continues the exercise. 57. At the end of the stage with live firing, the leader must: make sure that there are no loaded guns left at the firing positions; hear the reports of the mediators and the heads of the control group; prepare data for analyzing the actions of trainees at the stage with live firing, while he must determine the mark for performing fire tasks from closed firing positions, the mark for performing fire tasks by direct fire, the overall mark for the division and separately for each battery for performing fire tasks during the exercise. 58. Before the subunits return to their places of permanent deployment, the head of the exercise gives orders to confiscate ammunition, explosives and imitation equipment from the personnel, to put the exercise area in order, and to conduct a debriefing. Unit commanders are obliged to organize an inspection of personnel, weapons, equipment, military equipment and documents, confiscate ammunition, imitation equipment, emergency food supplies, concentrate units in the indicated areas and report to the head of the exercise on the implementation of these measures by the deadline. 59. The return of units to their places of permanent deployment is organized and carried out under the control of leadership officers and intermediaries against the background of a tactical situation with the organization of all types of support. After the report of the unit commanders on their arrival at the places of permanent deployment, a general retreat is announced, which means the end of the exercise. 60. With the exit of the unit from the area of ​​the exercise, the collection and destruction of unexploded imitation tools and other explosive objects is organized. At the same time, areas of the terrain contaminated with educational recipes for simulating enemy poisonous substances are disinfected or protected until complete safety is ensured; the repair and restoration of roads (bridges, crossings, etc.), the digging of trenches and trenches, the demolition of barriers, the elimination of the consequences of the use of imitation means, and other necessary work are organized. When conducting an exercise on land that does not belong to the Ministry of Defense, an officer appointed by the leader conducts an inspection of the area together with representatives of local authorities. Based on the results of the inspection, an act is drawn up. If damage is found, an investigation is carried out. The act and materials of the investigation are presented to the head of the exercise for decision-making. At the end of the exercise, within the time limits determined by the head of the exercise, maintenance of weapons and equipment, their storage, as well as maintenance of technical means of simulating firing are organized. 61. Security measures at the exercises are carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Manual on the organization and conduct of combined arms tactical exercises and command post exercises on the ground, the Service Manual training centers Land forces and allowances Safety measures during exercises and combat training and are given in Appendix 18 of this Training Course. ten

12 Chapter III. FIRE AND FIRE CONTROL 1. FIRE AND FIRE CONTROL TRAINING 62. Training of artillery units in firing and fire control aims to teach them to perform fire missions in a timely manner and with high efficiency, both independently and as part of an artillery group (division), also in any conditions of modern combined arms combat with the maximum use of the combat capabilities of weapons and equipment. Shooting and fire control training includes: self-training of officers (sergeants); theoretical classes; workshops; training and demonstration firing; conferences; competition. 63. Self-training is planned for the period of training personally by an officer, taking into account an individual task, and includes: studying the Rules for shooting and fire control, literature and articles published in the military press on the theory of shooting; study of equipment, instruments, procedures and rules for working on them; acquisition of practical skills in carrying out activities for the preparation of shooting and fire control and the performance of fire missions; solving competitive problems in shooting and fire control. The officer's self-training plan is approved, and its implementation is controlled by the immediate superior. 64. An individual task is determined for the period of study and should have a practical focus. It can be given in the form of a requirement to substantiate certain provisions of the Artillery Firing and Fire Control Regulations, prepare an article for a military journal, develop a plan for conducting a tactical exercise (control exercise), training in shooting and fire control, etc. The task should take into account the level of personal training officer. The task, as a rule, includes two or three items; it specifies: the content and deadlines for execution; recommended literature; procedure for consultation and assistance; the official who supervises the execution of the task. The performance of the task must be checked and evaluated, and the result must be communicated to the performer in a timely manner. The assessment for the performance of tasks is set in the register of commander training of officers, which is maintained at the headquarters of the unit. 65. Theoretical classes include lectures, group classes and seminars. Theoretical classes with officers are conducted in order to study and consolidate in officers the knowledge and skills necessary for the conscious application of the Rules of Firing and Artillery Fire Control. They study the issues of shooting and fire control. The theory of shooting is studied in the volume of the manual for studying the Rules of firing and artillery fire control. Seminars are held to discuss the most complex sections (provisions) of the Rules of Firing and Fire Control, as well as new provisions published in the press. 66. Practical exercises are carried out in order to develop solid skills among the personnel in the performance of functional duties during the preparation of firing and fire control and the performance of fire missions. Practical exercises include: exercises at rifle artillery (small artillery) ranges and on the ground to develop initial skills in performing their duties during firing and fire control; shooting and fire control training for officers (sergeants); battalion shooting and fire control training; complex exercises with batteries; performance of test fire missions; eleven

13 control exercises in shooting and fire control of the division; complex control exercises with batteries. 67. Practical exercises aimed at developing skills in the performance of their duties can be carried out in a group method, in which case all trainees in one position work out one (common to all) question. 68. Training and demonstration firing is carried out, as a rule, on the scale of the unit. Training combat shooting is carried out in order to instill in trainees skills in fire control when performing the most difficult fire tasks. Practice shooting is carried out by a group method: all trainees make calculations, conduct observations, prepare teams, etc. and, at the request of the leader, report them. After discussing and substantiating the commands, they are transferred to the fire control point of the division (firing position). The leader gives the necessary explanations during the execution of the fire mission. At the end of the shooting, the leader makes a general conclusion and sums up. Practice shooting is not evaluated. During demonstration firing, fire tasks are performed by the most trained officers (sergeants) and subunits. They are intended to show the exemplary performance of fire missions, the operation of new models of equipment, weapons and ammunition, the methodology for performing fire missions, the organization of which is complex and requires a large expenditure of ammunition. After firing, if necessary, analysis and evaluation of the performance of the fire mission are carried out. 69. The conference is held on the scale of a unit or formation in order to develop opinions and practical recommendations on the most complex and other issues of shooting and fire control. Conference plan, etc. educational materials communicated to all participants in advance. 70. Shooting and fire control competitions are held in order to improve the skills of officers, sergeants and subunits, to determine the best of them, to generalize advanced experience and then introduce it into the practice of the troops. At competitions, officers (sergeants) and subunits compete in preparing for shooting and fire control, in solving tactical tasks and tasks in shooting and fire control, in performing various fire tasks in conditions close to combat. 71. Conducted classes in shooting and fire control are taken into account in the journals of combat and commander training. 2. PREPARATION AND CONDUCT OF SHOOTING AND FIRE CONTROL DRILLS 72. Shooting and fire control drills are the most important type of practical training. They are carried out in order to improve and maintain at the required level the skills of officers and sergeants in carrying out measures for the preparation of shooting and fire control, in performing fire tasks and coordinating units. The essence of training lies in the purposeful repeated repetition by trainees of techniques and actions when they perform various fire missions or their individual elements. 73. Training in shooting and fire control is carried out with officers, sergeants and with an artillery battalion. In the battery, issues of shooting and fire control are worked out in comprehensive classes. The number and duration of training is determined by the guiding documents on combat training. Preparation of training with the artillery battalion is carried out in advance and includes: training of the leader, mediators, control groups and simulation team; development of documents for training; preparation of the area for training. 74. Trainings with officers, sergeants are carried out in training groups by direct (direct) commanders (chiefs). The composition of the groups is determined by the orders of senior artillery commanders (chiefs). The topics of training are determined by the combat training plan for the training period. Depending on the content of the issues being worked out and the category of trainees, training can be carried out at rifle artillery (small artillery) ranges and on the ground using artillery firing simulation tools. 75. Training in shooting and fire control with officers on the ground, as a rule, is carried out on a division (regiment) scale. They can be combined with training in shooting and fire control of a division (regiment) or be carried out independently. 12

14 76. Training in direct fire and anti-tank guided missiles is carried out on equipment simulators, on the ground or on specially equipped training fields, at the directors of training centers (fields) and rifle artillery ranges. 77. The basis for high quality training in shooting and fire control is the thorough training of the leader. When preparing for the training, depending on the topic and the goals set, the leader is obliged to: determine the training issues, the place, time and procedure for conducting the training, material support, simulation tools and the procedure for managing simulation; organize topographic and geodetic binding of command and observation posts (if necessary); select (assign) landmarks and goals; organize topographic and geodetic binding of firing positions; determine the calculated installations by goals (benchmarks); study the necessary standards and the procedure for evaluating each element of the training; allocate time for working out training questions; draw up a general tactical situation and private introductory for working out training issues; make a plan for the training and give the task to trainees to prepare for it; provide the necessary security measures. 78. The training plan is developed textually with the application of the map and, as a rule, includes: the topic, place and time of the training; training objectives, a brief tactical situation; coordinates of OP, KNP (posts and positions of artillery reconnaissance), directional angle of the main direction of fire; information on the conduct of measures for the preparation of firing and fire control; calculated corrections for the deviation of firing conditions from the tabular ones; fire missions, the sequence of their implementation and the distribution of training time; data for working out each element of the training (control data, necessary commands, orders, introductory, standards for evaluation, etc.) The tactical situation, OP, KNP (posts, positions of artillery reconnaissance), targets and other data are plotted on the map. The training plan is approved by the immediate supervisor of the training leader. 79. Depending on the category of trainees and their level of training, training may be carried out to develop individual elements of the fire mission or to perform the fire mission or to complete it as a whole. 80. When conducting training on individual elements of the performance of a fire mission, the main attention should be paid to working out the most rational methods, accuracy and accuracy in work. The first training sessions can be carried out without regard to time. In subsequent training sessions, they develop skill and automatism in work, and the results are evaluated in accordance with this Course and the Collection of Standards for Combat Training of the Ground Forces. 81. The following separate elements can be practiced in training for the performance of fire missions from a closed firing position: mapping (FC) of targets reconnoitered by trainees or indicated by the leader on the ground, and determining their rectangular coordinates and heights; determination of installations for firing at these or other targets (at KNP or OP batteries); zeroing targets (benchmarks) or creating benchmarks; shooting to kill. 82. Target mapping exercises (TMA) are conducted in the field, usually in unfamiliar terrain, using standard instruments and equipment. 83. Training in determining the installations for shooting, zeroing in and shooting to kill can be carried out at rifle artillery (small artillery) ranges and on the ground using artillery firing simulation tools. At these trainings, the rules for issuing commands are also worked out and skills are developed in assessing the deviations of gaps from the target in range and direction, etc. In addition, training can be conducted with officers to determine the settings for firing at the PUOD using a computer. 84. Training in the performance of a fire mission as a whole is carried out at rifle artillery (small artillery) ranges (miniature ranges) and on the ground using means of simulating artillery firing. In order to harmonize the units, training can be combined with complex battery exercises for special training. At such trainings, both have 13

The students develop and improve solid practical skills in performing fire missions and the ability to quickly assess the situation, maintain continuous interaction with the combined arms commander, make decisions on hitting the most important targets, correctly assign means to perform a fire mission, choose the most accurate methods of determining installations, and the ability to conduct sighting and shooting to kill, to complete the task in a short time with the least consumption of ammunition. 85. At all training sessions, trainees must create conditions for the creative application of the Rules of Shooting and Fire Control and independent performance of a fire mission. 86. The following tasks can be worked out during direct fire training: determining the range to local objects (targets); firing at fixed targets; firing at moving targets. 87. Training in determining the range to local objects (targets) should be carried out in unfamiliar terrain. At these training sessions, trainees also practice in compiling a weapon fire card (combat vehicle, anti-tank systems). Training in direct fire to hit stationary and moving targets is carried out with the use of insert (overhead) barrels installed on standard systems, as well as with the use of simulators. Trainings are held on the ground and in classrooms in conditions close to the conditions of tasks 1 and 2 of the Training Course. 88. In ATGM units, initial shooting training is carried out in accordance with the methodology set out in the training manuals for the respective complexes. Subsequently, in order to maintain the achieved degree of training, officers, warrant officers and sergeants perform tasks on simulators. 89. Shooting and fire control training with a battalion are conducted under the guidance of the battalion commander or senior commanders (chiefs) for the purpose of combat coordination of command and control bodies and units. 90. Depending on the content of the issues being worked out, the degree of training of the personnel and the coherence of the units, training in shooting and fire control of the division can be carried out on the ground or at a rifle artillery range. To work out individual issues, exercises can be held in the classroom. 91. Rifle range training precedes field training. They are carried out in order to develop the most appropriate options for the distribution of functional duties between officials, to work out planning issues, organization of communications, rules for issuing commands and increasing the accuracy of determining installations for firing, training commanders to maintain continuous interaction with combined arms units. 92. Training at the rifle artillery range is carried out with a limited number of officers and unit specialists. When working out a wide range of tasks, the entire personnel of the division is involved in training. In the latter case, the command and control bodies are deployed at the observation posts of the rifle artillery range, and the firing units are in the area of ​​the training field or in another (convenient for training) place. 93. For training on the ground, reconnaissance and communications subunits are usually withdrawn in full force, and firing subunits in full or reduced strength with standard equipment and weapons, after which the subunits are deployed at real or shortened distances. During the training, the issues of organizing communications, conducting reconnaissance, topographic and geodetic referencing, ballistic, technical and meteorological training, planning fire and maneuver, organizing the determination of installations and determining installations for firing by methods of full training, using POR data, performing various fire tasks by the division and batteries with and without sighting. The duration of the training, the number of movements, the nature and number of fire tasks performed are determined by the head of the training. 94. Training with a division can be carried out in conjunction with the performance of test fire missions by officers with live firing from substitute guns. The preparation of such a lesson is carried out in accordance with the rules for preparing a tactical exercise. With gun crews, the standards for combat training on substitute guns are additionally worked out and safety measures are studied when firing from them. fourteen

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The collection agencies have already been sorted out, and now the turn has come to combat applications.
I consider it my journalistic duty to tell Habrachitateley about this.

Rate the business approach:
- these products are made for the war;
- for use where there is a mobile connection, i.e. — in urban conditions;
- for use by those who do not have modern standard guidance systems - that is, for units such as the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the National Guard and the Novorossiya militia.
The developer is not specified, AASoft is only a seller. But there is an address: [email protected] Russia 197000 Sankt-Petersburg - those who wish can order developments for systems that are available.

DISCLAIMER: I have nothing to do with these products and developers. But I think this idea is worth spreading.

play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=AASoft
(first app added Nov 2014, last app added Jan 27, 2015, developer is actively responding to comments)

Under the cut, approximate descriptions of applications from Google Play.

Topogeodesy SK-42

Topographic and geodetic calculations in SK-42 in full or reduced coordinates, in one or in adjacent zones by binding and resection of objects (field topography).
Intended for artillerymen, surveyors. Valiant infantry will also be useful.

Description

Coordinates and heights in meters.
Direction angles and places in thousandths on a scale of 60-00 or 64-00. In OGZ and PGZ, the angles are also in degrees-minutes-seconds.
Maintaining a list of objects whose data can be used in tasks (up to 50). Saving data to a file / reading and adding data from a file. The data file can be edited / prepared in text editors, transferred using available methods.
Layout of objects from the list (with full and abbreviated coordinates).
Map (topographic, satellite, hybrid) with point markers from the list (full coordinates only). Touching the marker shows the number and name of the point.
When you touch the map, rectangular coordinates of the place are shown (in SK-42).
Maps are cached (accumulated) to work offline.
Tasks:
— direct geodetic problem;
— inverse geodetic problem;
— recalculation of coordinates to the adjacent zone with determination of the PS correction for the recalculation;
- notch by conjugate observation (readouts from the base or directions);
- binding with an unoriented rangefinder (range up to 2 known points);
— binding by resection at the measured angles (at the angles between the left-middle and middle-right known points from the anchor point);
- binding according to GPS data (in SK-42 - geodetic and rectangular);
— conversion of WGS84 (format 000.00000 ° or 000° 00" 00.0000"") to SK-42 (X Z Y) for the use of third-party navigators with quick entry of the object into the list;
- movement along the route, on the map or only on GPS.
- azimuth and remote control of the luminary at a given time for points with rectangular or geodetic coordinates. For the Sun, for the Moon (taking into account parallax - changes in its apparent size) along the left / right edge or center; for the Glade Star;
- determination of the nomenclature of a map sheet of the required scale (according to rectangular or geodetic coordinates) and convergence of meridians at a specified point;
— serif with a stopwatch (taking into account air temperature), on-screen stopwatch
On the main menu screen to select
- thousandths scale
- color style
- card type
— type of point markers on the map
- saving data to a file / reading and adding data from a file.

Art.notebook

An artillery notebook in which it is possible to carry out, for which a paper map, PUO, AK, MPL, PRK, a calculator and other tools and accessories are required.

List of possibilities:

List of possibilities:
– data recording of OP (up to 6) and KNP (up to 3);
- maintaining a list of goals;
- displaying the position of the OP, KNP, targets on the diagram and map, picking up coordinates from the map; showing the size of the target on the map.
— resection by conjugate observation;
- calculation of the front, depth and center of the target according to the data of the group serif (taking into account OH);
- serif with a stopwatch (taking into account air temperature), screen stopwatch.
- azimuth and remote control of the luminary at a given time. For the Sun, for the Moon, taking into account parallax - changes in the apparent size along the left / right edge or center, for the Glade Star;
- topographic data for the HO for the selected / unplanned goal (scheme and on the map).
- calculation of range and direction corrections when determining the position of the break by a rangefinder, coupled with observation, indicating deviations by cardinal points, by NZR.
OZ data is saved between program launches.


Map (topographic, satellite, hybrid) with target markers, OP, KNP - only with full coordinates.
When you touch the marker, the number/name of the object is shown. When touching a point on the map, rectangular coordinates of the place are displayed, which are entered in the data entry fields.

— coordinate systems (SK42, WGS84, UTM)
- thousandths scale (60-00, 64-00)
- color style



The program is distributed "as is". Its use is at the discretion and responsibility of the user.

Meteopost

Description
Calculations of meteorological preparation in the RV&A according to the meteorological post.
- Compilation of the bulletin "Meteorological Approximate" according to the weather station with a wind meter (DMK) or with a wind gun (VR-2).
— Updating the bulletin "Meteorological average" according to the meteorological post. With the recalculation of the ballot to the height of the post (OP).

220-notebook

Description
Notebook for MLRS "Hurricane".
List of possibilities:
- recording BM data, calculation of Tz;
— data recording KNP /NP (3);
- maintaining a list of goals (up to 50);
- displaying the position of BM, KNP, targets on the diagram and map, displaying target sizes on the map, taking coordinates from the map;
- calculation of the bulletin "Meteorological Approximate" (institution of meteorological data), calculation of the wind at the OUT according to VR-2 data;
- calculation of installations for firing, taking into account meteo, ballistic, mountain and geophysical conditions for 9M27F and 9M27K (with a large / small TC, without a ring);
— graphic scheme with topographic data for the selected/unplanned goal;
— calculation of corrections when determining the deviation of the fracture position.
Fire mission data is saved between program launches.
- azimuth and remote control of the luminary at a given time - for the Sun, for the Moon, taking into account parallax - changes in the apparent size along the left / right edge or center, for the Glade Star;
- binding according to GPS data in rectangular coordinates SK-42;
— conversion of WGS84 (format 000.00000 ° or 000° 00" 00.0000"") to SK-42 (X Z Y) for using third-party navigators
Calculations in reduced or in full coordinates (in one or in adjacent zones).
Schemes are built according to full and abbreviated coordinates (for use in the absence of the Internet).
Map (topographic, satellite, hybrid) with target markers, OP, KNP - only with full coordinates. Viewed maps are cached (accumulated) for offline use.
When you touch a target marker, its data is displayed. When touching a point on the map, rectangular coordinates of the place are shown, which are also entered in the target data entry fields.
On the main screen menu for selection:
- coordinate systems (SK42, WGS84)
- color style
— map type (topographic, satellite, hybrid)
- the need to show the size of the target on the map
- writing / reading / adding data to a file.
The program is distributed "as is". Its use is at the discretion and responsibility of the user.

The situation during combat operations is displayed on the working maps of the division (battery) commander, his deputies, the chief of staff and other officials. Working maps should reflect the position of units of friendly troops and enemy troops, the dynamics of actions and have appropriate explanatory inscriptions.

65. The most important component of command and control of artillery subunits during combat operations is fire control, which includes: receiving fire missions (selection of targets to engage); clarification of fire missions and assessment of the conditions for their implementation; making a decision to carry out fire missions; setting fire missions and monitoring their implementation.

A battalion (battery) performs fire missions assigned by the commander of a combined arms subunit (unit) or senior artillery commander (chief).

The battalion (battery) commander can also make a decision to carry out fire missions on his own initiative, based on the prevailing situation.

Fire missions can be set in advance (scheduled) or immediately before their execution (unscheduled).

66. When clarifying fire missions, the battalion (battery) commander explains the order and sequence of their implementation, the position of his troops and targets on the ground, the nature and size of targets, including those on the lines of the PSO, the position of the flanks of the OGV, POgZ, PZO and NZO sectors, and when the possibilities and position of the main elements of group goals.

When performing fire missions on his own initiative, the battalion (battery) commander selects targets to engage, taking into account their importance and position in the enemy’s battle formation, the time and means of detection, the nature of the activity, as well as the tasks and nature of the actions of the combined arms subunit (unit).

Assessing the conditions for performing fire missions, the division (battery) commander understands: the fire capabilities of subordinate units, the capabilities for servicing firing by regular artillery reconnaissance units (means); firing range, observation conditions, nature of the terrain and vegetation in the target area; the position of their troops, their safety when firing; the procedure for maintaining interaction and other conditions affecting the decision.

67. In the decision to perform fire missions, the battalion (battery) commander determines: targets for destruction; shooting tasks; the number of batteries involved in firing at each target (platoons, guns); types of fire; methods of shelling targets; projectile, fuse, charge, type of trajectory; the procedure for performing fire missions; a method for determining settings for shooting to kill; funds attracted (allocated) for fire correction; ammunition consumption; security measures for their troops; call signals (opening), transfer and ceasefire.

When performing fire missions on his own initiative, the division (battery) commander makes a decision in full, and when performing fire missions assigned by a senior artillery or combined arms commander (chief), on issues not specified in his command (order).

When the situation changes or new intelligence data about the enemy is received, the battalion (battery) commander clarifies his decision, and the battalion chief of staff (senior battery officer), at the direction of the battalion (battery) commander, makes the necessary changes to the worked out combat documents and brings these changes to the commanders (senior officers) batteries.

68. Fire missions are set by commands and orders transmitted by means of communication personally by the commander or through subordinates, and planned fire missions, in addition, in writing. Commands (signals) also call, correct, transfer and cease fire.

Commands are transmitted in compliance with the established rules, orders - in any form. It is allowed to change the order of commands, if this does not delay the execution of the fire mission.

The transfer of commands and orders during the battle is carried out by technical means of communication in clear text, while instead of the actual names (numbers) of units and command posts, their call signs are indicated.

Instead of the true coordinates, their conditional coordinates on the coded map or the position relative to the designated landmarks are indicated. Target coordinates in teams for preparation and firing are transmitted without coding. Notifying subunits of an immediate threat of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy, of strikes by high-precision weapons and of an air enemy, of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination is carried out by transmitting uniform and permanent signals that all personnel of the division (batteries) should know.

All orders, commands and reports transmitted through the channels of technical means of communication are recorded in the register of given and received orders and reports.

69. The battalion (battery) commander is obliged to report in a timely manner to the commander of the combined arms subunit (unit) to which the battalion (battery) is attached (supports) and to the senior artillery commander (chief) about the receipt of a task, the completion of previously received tasks, the consumption of ammunition, new information about the enemy and their losses .

The preparation of the enemy for the use of weapons of mass destruction and precision weapons systems, the results of their use and abrupt changes in the situation are reported immediately.

70. With the immediate threat of the use of weapons by the enemy mass destruction and precision weapons the division (battery) commander immediately notifies the subunits about this, organizes additional reconnaissance if possible, takes measures to shelter and disperse the subunits (forces and means), minimize psychogenic losses, and take additional measures to protect the subunits.

4. Fundamentals of organizing interaction with departments,

military formations and bodies of other troops

71. Interaction with subunits of other troops is organized in order to achieve maximum efficiency and coordination in the use of forces and means in the joint performance of tasks.

Responsibility for organizing and maintaining interaction rests with the commander, who manages the preparation and conduct of joint combat operations. The basis for the organization of interaction is the decision of the commander and instructions on the interaction of the senior commander.

72. Having received the task of joint actions with units of other troops, the division (battery) commander understands: with whom, how, at what stage and in what way joint actions should be coordinated, and what issues to be prepared for.

Based on the clarification of the task, the division (battery) commander takes measures to establish communication with the commanders (control bodies) of interacting subunits of other troops, informs them of the location of the command and observation post and subordinate subunits, and organizes the exchange of information. The division commander, in addition, determines the procedure for the exchange of headquarters representatives.

The work of the battalion commander and headquarters (battery commander) in organizing the fulfillment of joint tasks is organized and carried out on the basis of uniform principles for the training and employment of troops.

When organizing interaction, the following are agreed upon and specified: the tasks of the forces and means involved, taking into account their purpose; the order of their application in place, time and tasks to be solved; measures to restore the lost interaction; measures to prepare units (forces and means) for joint actions and other measures. In addition, a single encoding of cards, control signals, alerts, identification and interaction are established.

In the course of organizing comprehensive support, its tasks and activities are determined in the interests of conducting joint actions.

In the course of organizing the management of joint actions, the procedure for organizing and ensuring communication of interaction, the use of an automated control complex, and the exchange of information are determined, including the issues of covert command and control of troops.

73. When performing tasks together with units of internal troops interaction is organized on issues of fire engagement of the enemy in the interests of protecting and defending important military, state facilities and facilities on communications, combating enemy landings, its sabotage and reconnaissance groups and irregular armed formations, as well as ensuring the regime of martial law (state of emergency).

When performing tasks together with units of the Border Guard Service Federal Service security interaction is organized on issues of fire engagement of the enemy in order to strengthen the protection and protection of the state border, solve problems in the border zone (security zone), including the performance of reconnaissance missions, the destruction of special operations forces, enemy landings, its sabotage and reconnaissance groups and irregular armed formations , liquidation of the remnants of the defeated units and subunits of the enemy.

When performing certain tasks of civil defense, together with units and organizations of the Civil Defense of the Russian Federation, interaction is organized on the implementation of measures to protect the population, material and cultural values ​​on the territory of the Russian Federation from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions; carrying out rescue and other urgent work; providing the affected population with food, water, basic necessities and other material means; evacuation of the population, material and cultural values ​​from the combat zone; carrying out works on restoration of objects of life support of the population.

C h a p t r e t

COMBAT USE OF ARTILLERY UNIT IN DEFENSE

1. General Provisions

74. Artillery subunits in the defense, in accordance with the tasks performed by combined arms formations and units, participate in general and direct fire engagement of the enemy.

Total fire damage organized and carried out by the senior manager. In the course of a general fire engagement, a division (battery) may participate in delivering massed and concentrated fire strikes.

Direct fire damage to the enemy organized by decision of the commander of a combined-arms formation (unit) and carried out in concert with the actions of units (subunits) of the first echelon in their area of ​​​​responsibility when they solve tactical tasks. When combined-arms formations (units) perform these tasks, artillery hits the enemy in the course of artillery preparation to repel an enemy offensive in the support zone and artillery support of the defending forward detachments (detachment); artillery preparation to repulse the offensive of the main enemy forces and artillery support of the defending troops during the battle for holding defense sectors (regions) by regiments (battalions) of the first and second echelons; artillery preparation for a counterattack and artillery support for the counterattacking second echelon (combined arms reserve).

When an enemy tactical airborne assault force (airmobile group) is destroyed, its fire damage is carried out in the course of artillery preparation for the offensive and artillery support of the units destroying the airborne assault force (airmobile group).

75. When the enemy advances from the depth artillery preparation to repel an offensive the enemy is carried out in order to disrupt (disorganize) his advancement, deployment and transition to the attack, inflicting damage on units and subunits of the first echelon. It begins with the advancing enemy troops reaching the range of artillery fire and continues until it goes over to the attack.

When the enemy advances from a position of direct contact, the duration of artillery preparation to repel the offensive will be determined, as a rule, by the volume of tasks assigned to artillery and the established consumption of ammunition. It begins, as a rule, with the beginning of the enemy's fire preparation and continues until he goes over to the attack.

Artillery support for the defending troops carried out in order to inflict maximum damage on the enemy and prevent his breakthrough into the depth of defense. It begins with the transition of the enemy to the attack and continues until the defending subunits complete the tactical task.

In a mobile defense, artillery preparation to repel an offensive and artillery support of the defending troops may take place while holding each position (line) of the defense within the designated defense zone (section).

76. Artillery preparation for a counterattack carried out with the aim of inflicting a decisive defeat on the enemy who has penetrated in front of the front and on the flanks of the line of counterattack of the second echelon (combined arms reserve), defeating and delaying his nearest reserves. It begins at the appointed time and continues until the motorized rifle and tank subunits of the second echelon (combined arms reserve) reach the counterattack line (the line of safe distance from their shell explosions, if counterattack troops are supported by concentrated fire and fire at individual targets). Artillery preparation for a counterattack may consist of one or more fire raids. The last fire raid is carried out on the objects of attack and begins no later than the counterattacking subunits reach the line of fire of the enemy anti-tank weapons.

Artillery support for the counterattack is carried out in order to ensure the advancement of counterattacking units to the depth of the assigned task. It begins with the exit of counterattacking subunits to the line of counterattack (the line of safe distance from the explosions of their shells) and continues until they complete their assigned task.

77. During the fire engagement of the enemy, the division (battery) destroys (suppresses) the means using nuclear and chemical weapons, artillery, mortar batteries(platoons); tanks, armored vehicles, manpower, enemy anti-tank weapons, command and control points for troops and weapons, means air defense, radio-electronic means, carries out remote mining of the area.

When conducting combat operations at night, a division (battery) can be involved in illuminating the area, blinding the enemy, and during counterattacks, set up light landmarks (targets).

78. An artillery battalion, as a rule, operates as part of an artillery unit (group) or is directly subordinate to the commander of a combined arms unit. A battalion from an artillery unit (group) may be assigned to support a combined arms unit (subunit) or remain an assistant to the group commander.

A battalion (primarily self-propelled) can be assigned to a battalion operating in the supply zone or defending in a forward position, as well as assigned to the rear guard when leaving the battle and retreating.

An artillery battery, as a rule, operates as part of a division. It can be attached to a combined-arms unit, assigned to support it or remain at hand to the division commander, and when leaving the battle and retreating, it can be included in the cover or march guard units.

A fire platoon (gun) usually operates as part of a battery (platoon).

In order to mislead the enemy about the composition of artillery, its location and the system of fire, according to the plan of the senior commander, an artillery battery (platoon, gun) can act as a nomadic battery.

The mortar battery usually remains directly subordinate to the battalion commander and performs tasks at his direction. In some cases, it can be attached to a company or platoon companies of the first echelon.

79. The artillery battalion (battery) is usually assigned the main, one or two spare, and, if necessary, temporary areas of firing positions. In the area of ​​the firing positions of the division, two or three firing positions are prepared for each battery. The firing positions of the batteries are chosen, as a rule, in tank-hazardous directions in such a way that in the event of a breakthrough of enemy tanks (infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers) into the depth of defense, the batteries could destroy them with direct fire.

The firing positions of the mortar battery, as a rule, are assigned behind the second trench in the folds of the terrain. She can also be assigned to the main, reserve and temporary firing positions.

80. An anti-tank artillery battalion (anti-tank battery) in defense, as a rule, constitutes an anti-tank reserve or is part of it and performs the following tasks: destroys enemy tanks and armored vehicles that have broken through into the depths of the defense; covers gaps in the defense formed as a result of enemy fire and nuclear strikes, gaps between combined arms subunits and open flanks of a combined arms formation (unit); covers the advancement and deployment of the second echelon (combined arms reserve) to the firing line and to conduct a counterattack. In addition, during the battle, a division (battery) can be involved in the destruction of an enemy airborne assault.

An anti-tank artillery battalion (anti-tank battery) performs assigned tasks, as a rule, in close cooperation with a mobile detachment of obstacles of a combined arms formation (unit), a helicopter unit, anti-tank weapons of motorized rifle units, tanks (infantry fighting vehicles) of the second echelons and artillery located on closed fire positions.

An anti-tank artillery battalion (anti-tank battery) in the most tank-prone areas is assigned a main, one or two spare concentration areas and deployment lines. Concentration areas, deployment lines and maneuver routes are chosen in the absence of direct contact with the enemy and prepared in advance.

An anti-tank platoon (squad) of a battalion (company), as a rule, remains directly subordinate to the battalion (company) commander. On closed and rough terrain, an anti-tank platoon (squad) of a battalion (company) can be attached to first-echelon companies.

Firing positions of guns allocated for direct fire (anti-tank missile systems) are selected and equipped with the calculation of firing in the designated sectors of fire. The location of guns (anti-tank missile systems) should provide mutual fire communication with neighboring fire weapons.

81. A reconnaissance artillery battalion (artillery reconnaissance battery) operates as part of an artillery unit (group). A separate reconnaissance artillery battalion is directly subordinate to the senior commander. Part of the artillery reconnaissance subunits (assets) of reconnaissance artillery battalions (artillery reconnaissance batteries), by decision of the senior commander (chief), may be attached to artillery subunits or assigned to them to serve firing.

To ensure the continuity of reconnaissance in the defense, reserve deployment lines and positions of artillery reconnaissance assets are prepared in advance, which are selected in the depths of the defense in accordance with the tactical tasks being solved by the combined arms subunits.

2. Preparation of hostilities

82. The preparation of combat operations of a division (battery) can be carried out when our troops go on the defensive in conditions of direct contact and outside contact with the enemy.

During the transition to defense under conditions direct contact with the enemy clarification of the mission, assessment of the situation, and development of a plan (proposals) for combat operations occurs in the course of organizing the capture by a combined-arms subunit of the line indicated by the senior commander. In the course of supporting actions while securing combined arms units at the indicated line, the division (battery) commander completes the development of an idea (proposals to the combined arms commander) for the combat use of the division (battery), gives the units preliminary combat orders, completes the decision, sets tasks for the units, gives instructions on interaction with combined-arms (reconnaissance) units, comprehensive support, management and organization of engineering equipment for elements of the combat order of the division (batteries).

Subsequently, the battalion (battery) commander specifies tasks for subordinate commanders on the ground.

On the defensive out of contact with the enemy the division (battery) commander, upon receiving the task, makes a decision on the map, brings it to his deputies, unit commanders, participates in reconnaissance conducted by the senior artillery commander (combined arms commander), issues a combat order, organizes interaction (participates in organizing interaction), comprehensive combat operations and control. Then he carries out the withdrawal of the division (battery) to the area of ​​​​firing positions (area of ​​concentration, deployment line, positions) and the preparation of units for combat operations.

83. Fire planning is carried out in accordance with the tactical tasks performed by the combined arms subunit (unit) and includes: clarification of fire tasks; clarification on the ground of the position and size of the observed targets (sections, lines); distribution of fire missions between batteries in accordance with their fire capabilities, location and observation conditions; determination of additional fire missions that can be performed by a division (battery) in the interests of a combined arms unit; determination of the method of shelling targets and the procedure for performing fire missions.

The battalion prepares fire in advance at reconnoitered targets, knots, bridges and crossings on probable enemy advance routes, the lines of his deployment in pre-battle and combat formations, in front of the forward position, the forward edge, prepared positions in the depth of defense, in the intervals between strong points, on the flanks and directions of counterattacks, based on the probable nature of the enemy's actions, taking into account the conditions of the terrain.

84. During the reconnaissance , carried out by the senior artillery commander (chief), the commander of a combined arms unit (unit), the division (battery) commander, assistant battalion commander for artillery on the ground specifies:

position of the enemy, tank-dangerous and most probable directions of his offensive, possible lines of deployment;

inscription leading edge defense, defense area (strong point), demarcation lines and combat missions of combined arms units;

tasks performed by the means of the senior commander and other fire means;

directions and lines of deployment for counterattacks;

tasks performed by the division (battery);

places of deployment of command and observation posts (lines of deployment of positions of artillery reconnaissance units (means));

studies the areas of firing positions (concentration areas and deployment lines) and maneuver routes, the sequence and timing of the engineering equipment of elements of the battle order.

methods of target designation, the procedure for maintaining communication, call signals, transfer and ceasefire.

The commander of an anti-tank battalion (batteries) additionally specifies on the ground: lines of fire for batteries (platoons), additional sectors of fire; the lines of opening fire and the lines of the beginning of lighting.

If necessary, the division (battery) commander conducts reconnaissance with the commanders of subordinate units.

85. When organizing interaction by the commander of a combined-arms subunit (unit), the commander of the division (battery) coordinates: the actions of artillery subunits with combined-arms subunits defending in the supply zone, at the forward position (combat outpost position), operating in fire ambushes, when the enemy is hit during his advance and deployment, repulsing his attack, wedging into the defense, on the flanks, in the gaps and at the junctions with neighboring units, as well as when the second echelon (combined arms reserve) enters the firing lines and during counterattacks; clarifies the procedure for maintaining communication with the commander of a combined arms unit (unit), methods of target designation, control and interaction signals.

The commander of the anti-tank artillery battalion (battery), appointed by the commander of the anti-tank reserve, coordinates the procedure for interaction with the mobile detachment of obstacles and with other units performing tasks to combat tanks and other armored vehicles of the enemy. When coordinating actions with the mobile obstacle detachment, he clarifies the mining lines of the mobile obstacle detachment, the routes and procedure for its advancement to the mining lines, understands the places of passages in the obstacles and their designation, coordinates the places of command and observation posts, the procedure for maintaining communication, control and interaction signals.

86. The deployment of a division (battery, platoon) into battle formation is carried out covertly, usually in a short time. The battalion (battery, platoon) occupies the area of ​​firing positions (concentration area, deployment line, positions), prepares fire at the indicated areas, lines (reconnaissance) and provides engineering equipment for the area of ​​firing positions (deployment lines, positions).

During the transition to the defense in conditions of direct contact with the enemy, the occupation of the firing position area (concentration area, deployment line, positions) is carried out, as a rule, after the combined arms subunit is fixed on the captured line. First of all, measures are taken to quickly organize fire engagement (reconnaissance) of the enemy in the probable direction of attack of his main forces.

In all cases, when a division (battery, platoon) occupies a firing position area (area of ​​concentration, deployment line, positions), it must be ready for fire engagement (reconnaissance) of the enemy.

87. When preparing for combat operations at night, the commander of an artillery battalion (battery) is obliged to: organize the preparation of command posts, firing positions of batteries for work at night; clarify the sequence of actions of combined-arms subunits and the procedure for performing fire missions by a division (battery); to clarify the areas and lines of illumination of the terrain, the lines of blinding of observation posts and enemy fire weapons, light reference points (crossroads); clarify the procedure and duration of illumination (blinding) of each district (section, line); if necessary, move advanced observation posts closer to the forward edge; distribute lighting and smoke ammunition; to clarify the procedure for interaction with anti-tank artillery units when illuminating attacking enemy tanks and other armored vehicles.

At the firing positions of the batteries, in preparation for work at night, night aiming points are set, lighting projectiles and means of illuminating the approaches to the firing position are prepared, guns are pointed and ammunition is prepared for barrage fire in front of the front line of defense.

The commander of an anti-tank artillery battalion (battery), when preparing for combat operations at night, establishes contact with the commander of the unit assigned for illumination, in the interests of action anti-tank units, clarifies to him the boundaries of the beginning and the procedure for covering targets (lines), and also clarifies to the unit commanders the procedure for performing tasks.

88. The engineering equipment of the elements of the combat order of the division (batteries, platoon) can begin before or after their occupation. It includes: checking the area for the presence of mines and demining; fortification equipment for areas of firing positions (concentration areas, deployment lines, positions), deployment sites for command and observation posts; locations of subdivisions technical support and rear; installation of engineering barriers; preparation of maneuver routes; implementation of engineering measures for protection and camouflage.

The nature, sequence and timing of the engineering equipment of the elements of the combat order of the division (batteries, platoon) are determined by the senior commander.

First of all, the following are being equipped: firing positions of guns (anti-tank missile systems, positions of SNAR stations, ARC complexes, sound reconnaissance posts), command and observation posts; blocked slots for personnel; measures are being taken to camouflage weapons and military equipment, ways of advance and ways of maneuver are being prepared. Secondly, the additional equipment of the area of ​​firing positions (concentration areas, deployment lines, positions, posts), command and observation posts is carried out; false firing positions are being set up.

Concealment of areas of firing positions (concentration areas, deployment lines, positions) is carried out continuously.

89. Monitoring the fulfillment of assigned tasks, in addition to the usual issues, includes checking: the timeliness and correctness of the division (battery, platoon) occupying the area of ​​​​firing positions (concentration area, deployment line, positions, posts) and their readiness for firing (reconnaissance), especially at night and in other conditions of limited visibility; the readiness of the fortification equipment of the elements of battle order and the degree of camouflage; readiness of the control system.

By monitoring the readiness for firing, the division (battery) commander checks: the knowledge by the division commanders of the firing tasks of batteries (platoons) and the procedure for their implementation; the completeness and quality of the implementation of measures for the preparation of firing and fire control the correctness of the determination of installations for firing at planned targets

90. In order to ensure the constant readiness of subordinate units for combat operations, the division (battery, platoon) commander additionally determines (specifies): the order of duty in units and especially at command and observation posts; the procedure for the destruction of detected individual enemy groups and their fire weapons; the procedure for admission to the units of persons who arrived from the senior chief and from neighbors; ways and order of movement in the area of ​​firing positions (concentration area, deployment line, position); the order of transition from daytime to nighttime activities and from nighttime to daytime; the number of ammunition and their stock in the subdivisions; time and order of meals; the procedure for carrying out sanitary and hygienic measures; time and procedure for carrying out comprehensive support measures.

3. Warfare

91. Prior to the start of the enemy offensive, the division (battery, platoon) is in combat formations in constant readiness for combat operations, improves the engineering equipment of the elements of the combat formation and takes measures to prepare for combat operations, as well as measures to improve the morale and psychological state of the personnel.

An anti-tank artillery battalion (anti-tank battery), as a rule, is located in the main area of ​​​​concentration in readiness to advance to the deployment lines.

92. When the enemy goes on the offensive with advancement from the depth, the division (battery) attached (assigned to support) to the combined arms unit operating in the supply zone or at the forward position strikes the advancing enemy, starting from the maximum range, together with the combined arms units, repels the attack of the enemy’s advanced units, supports subunits during combat in position, does not allow them to bypass and envelop, covers the exit from the battle and the withdrawal of subunits to the next position.

Fire missions to defeat the enemy are carried out from temporary firing positions, which are selected and prepared in advance.

Covering the withdrawal of combined-arms subunits from one position to another, the division usually changes firing positions by battery, command and observation posts move together with the commanders of combined-arms subunits. A division (battery) performs a maneuver at the command (signal) or with the permission of the senior artillery commander (chief), and a division (battery) attached to a combined arms unit, with the permission of the commander of this unit.

After completing the tasks of supporting combined arms units in the support zone, the division (battery) moves to the main area of ​​​​firing positions. The passage of a division (battery) operating in the support zone is carried out through the abandoned passages in the engineering barriers in front of the front line of defense under the cover of fire from the artillery of the main forces and other fire weapons.

93. During the period artillery preparation to repel an offensive of the main enemy forces, the division (battery) strikes artillery and mortar batteries, enemy columns during the advance, tank and motorized infantry units at the deployment lines, and command posts.

During artillery support of the defending troops a division (battery) with concentrated fire, fire at an individual target, mobile and stationary barrage fire defeats tanks and other armored vehicles, upsets the enemy’s battle formations and creates favorable conditions for destroying him with anti-tank fire. As the enemy approaches the front line of the defense, the fire of the subunits is brought to the highest tension. In front of the front line of defense, the battalion (battery) cuts off the infantry from the tanks and destroys it with stationary barrage fire, together with the defending subunits.

In the event of the enemy penetrating into the defense, the division (battery) with concentrated fire and fire at individual targets inflicts defeat on the wedged enemy, barrage fire prevents the enemy from spreading in depth, covers open flanks, and prevents the approach of enemy reserves.

When counterattacking As a combined-arms subunit, a battalion (battery) destroys and suppresses anti-tank and other fire weapons, tanks and manpower of the enemy in the direction of the counterattack, as well as newly identified artillery and mortar batteries.

Artillery support of a counterattack combined-arms unit is carried out, as a rule, by concentrated fire and fire at individual targets.

After the counterattack by the combined arms unit and the restoration of the situation, the division commander sets the task for the batteries to prepare fire to secure the captured line, organizes a change in the area of ​​​​firing positions, as well as replenishment of the units with ammunition.

94. A division (battery) performs a maneuver to a new area of ​​firing positions during a defensive battle on command (a signal) or with the permission of a senior artillery commander (chief), and a division attached to a combined arms unit, with the permission of the commander of this unit.

Depending on the conditions of the situation, the battalion is moved by all batteries simultaneously or by battery. During the movement, the division (battery) must be ready to deploy to unprepared firing positions.

95. An anti-tank artillery battalion (battery) in the course of a battle, at the command (signal) of a senior commander (chief), quickly advances to a specified prepared or unprepared line, deploys in battle formation and destroys advancing enemy tanks and other armored vehicles.

After repulsing an attack by tanks (infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers) of the enemy, the anti-tank division (battery) must be ready to repel repeated attacks from the same line, or to move to a new line of deployment or to a concentration area. In order to repulse repeated attacks by enemy tanks from the occupied line, an anti-tank artillery battalion (battery), as a rule, carries out a partial change in the firing positions of batteries (platoons, guns, anti-tank missile systems).

To carry out tasks, artillery subunits and units are deployed in battle formation. The main elements of the combat formation of artillery units are firing positions and observation posts. For example, the battle formation of a battery consists of guns (mortars, combat vehicles) located at a firing position and observation posts.

Artillery order of battle

To carry out tasks, artillery subunits and units are deployed in battle formation. The main elements of the combat formation of artillery units are firing positions and observation posts. For example, the battle formation of a battery consists of guns (mortars, combat vehicles) located at a firing position and observation posts.

Observation posts according to their purpose can be main, auxiliary(front and side) and spare. The area where the observation points are located is called the area of ​​observation points.

A firing position is a piece of terrain occupied or prepared for occupation by guns, mortars, combat vehicles for firing.

According to their purpose, firing positions can be main, temporary and spare. In order to mislead the enemy, they can be equipped false observation posts and firing positions.

Depending on the degree of cover from enemy ground observation, firing positions can be closed, semi-closed and open. An open firing position is intended for direct fire; In such a position, the materiel is not hidden from enemy ground observation or, being camouflaged, becomes visible when firing is opened. In a semi-closed firing position, the material part is hidden from enemy ground observation, but when firing, it reveals itself with the brilliance of shots, smoke and dust. A closed firing position covers the material part from ground observation of the enemy, and also hides the smoke, dust and glare of shots when firing.

Guns and mortars in a closed firing position are usually installed in the order of their numbers from right to left, taking into account the convenience of location and camouflage. The intervals between guns (mortars, combat vehicles) are 15-20 m, for guns of large and special power 60-150 m.

Traction means are located behind the firing position, to the right or left of it at a distance that provides communication with the guns and their quick supply to the guns. The limbers of the guns and the wheels of the mortars are located hidden in the firing positions.

An observation post is set up to monitor the approaches to firing positions, conduct radiation and chemical reconnaissance, and also provide timely notification of the appearance of enemy infantry, tanks, and aircraft.

Firing positions and observation posts are equipped in engineering terms and carefully camouflaged. At firing positions, firing sectors are cleared, trenches for guns, shelters for personnel and cellars for ammunition are arranged.

Order of battle of divisions optical intelligence includes observation posts, processing posts and vehicle locations. From the observation posts, the battlefield is monitored and landmarks, benchmarks and targets are marked. At the processing point, the coordinates of points detected from observation points are determined.

The battle formation of sound reconnaissance units consists of sound posts, a central point, one or two warning posts, and a meteorological post. Sound posts are located at a distance of 1.5-4 km from the front edge of their troops, at a distance of 1-1.5 km from one another. The warning post is located ahead of the sound posts. At the central point there is a recording device, a processing point and a communication center. The meteorological post carries out its work in the vicinity of the central point.

Artillery movement

During a march, artillery subunits may move independently or as part of columns of combined arms subunits and units. The division, when making a march, independently moves in a marching formation in a column. At the head of the column are division control units, then batteries and vehicles of service units.

The distances between cars (trains) are 25-50 m, between batteries - 100 m. On steep slopes, as well as when driving on dusty ground, during snowfall, ice, the distances between cars (trains) increase, and when driving at night they decrease.

Units on mixed traction with different cruising speeds (caterpillar tractors, cars) in the march formation are divided into two or three columns in depth. The first column is made up of command and control units, following on vehicles, the second column is fire platoons of batteries, following on tractor traction. The vehicles of the service units can follow in the second column or form the third column.

In anticipation of a collision with the enemy, the first column moves in leaps, not breaking away from the second at a distance set by the subunit commander in accordance with the situation.

Artillery tasks and methods for their implementation

Due to the large range of fire and the power of fire, artillery can perform very diverse fire missions, for example, suppress or destroy manpower, fire weapons, artillery, tanks, self-propelled artillery installations and other types of enemy military equipment; destroy various defensive structures; forbid the enemy to maneuver, carry out defensive work or restore destroyed objects.

Suppression aims to bring the enemy into a state in which he temporarily loses combat capability or is deprived of the opportunity to maneuver. In order to suppress the enemy, it is necessary to achieve a certain degree of defeat, that is, to disable a certain part of his manpower and equipment. This defeat can be very different. As the experience of the war showed, in order to suppress the manpower and firepower of the enemy, it is necessary to inflict losses on them in a short time, amounting to 25-35%.

The destruction of the enemy consists in inflicting such a defeat on him, in which he completely loses his combat capability. When performing such a task, shells need to be spent much more than when suppressing the enemy.

To inflict a certain degree of defeat on the enemy, as well as for his moral shock, an appropriate suppression density and artillery fire density.

Suppression density is commonly understood as the total number of projectiles expended per 1 hectare of the area on which the enemy is located. The density of artillery fire is the number of shells per 1 hectare of the target area or 100 m of its front in 1 minute. The higher the density of artillery fire, the more effective its action. You can refer to the fighting of rocket artillery during the Great Patriotic War. This artillery, firing in volleys, provided a high degree of destruction and moral shock to the enemy in a short time.

As a result of the generalization of combat experience and the conducted research, certain methods have been developed for performing various tasks artillery. Let's look at some of these methods.

The suppression of small groups of infantry (squads, platoons), the destruction of individual trenches with fire weapons, tanks, armored personnel carriers and the destruction of defensive structures is usually carried out by fire at individual targets from closed firing positions and direct fire.

When firing direct fire, the gun is aimed directly at the target, which increases the accuracy of fire and reduces the consumption of shells and time to complete the task. Practice has established that in the destruction of defensive structures by direct fire in conditions of limited visibility, an average of 20 shells is required to receive I-2 hits. When destroying a moving tank, it is most advantageous to shoot at a direct shot range, i.e., such shooting, in which the trajectory does not rise above the target throughout its entire length. The range of a direct shot is not the same for all guns. For example, when firing at tanks from howitzers, it is 600-700 m, and when firing from cannons - 900-1000 m or more.

Tanks located in the trenches and fortifications, in which the floor wall rises slightly above the ground (less than 1.5 m), are destroyed (destroyed) by shooting from closed firing positions. A direct hit is usually required to destroy a target. As a result, firing is carried out with methodical fire at a pace that allows you to observe each gap or control series. To destroy targets such as a tank in a trench, a dugout or an armored cap, 1-3 direct hits are required. However, due to dispersion during firing, the total consumption of shells and mines, and, consequently, the time to complete the task, depending on the firing range, the size of the target, and the state of the gun (mortar) involved in the destruction, can be very significant. For example, to destroy a dugout when firing from a 122-mm howitzer at a distance of 2 km, 40 shells are required, and when firing at a distance of 5 km, 120 shells are required.

In conditions where it is not possible to observe each gap or control series of gaps, fire is carried out to hit the target at three sight settings and at one goniometer setting. With this method of destroying the target, the consumption of shells increases significantly. For example, when firing from a 122-mm howitzer at a distance of 2 km and with full preparation of the initial data, more than 150 shells are required to destroy the dugout.

In addition to fire on individual targets, the following types of fire can be used: concentrated fire (CO), sequential concentration of fire (PSO) and barrage fire.

When concentrating fire, several batteries or divisions simultaneously fire at one target or at a group of targets located on limited area(plot).

The density of enemy suppression by concentrated fire mainly depends on the nature of the targets, the caliber of the guns, the firing range, the size of the areas under fire, and the method of preparing the initial data. The nature of the suppressed targets most strongly affects the consumption of shells. For example, 20 122-mm shells per 1 ha may be sufficient to reliably suppress the observed openly located manpower. If the manpower is covered, then 100-200 shells per 1 ha may be required to reliably suppress it.

Sequential concentration of fire can be used to suppress enemy manpower, fire weapons, and combat equipment in the course of artillery support for tank and infantry offensives. With successive concentrations of fire, artillery successively transfers fire from one sector to another. Areas for suppressing the enemy in this case are outlined in front of the front and on the flanks of the advancing tanks and infantry.

In order to defeat the attacking enemy tanks and infantry, barrage fire can be used, which consists in creating a curtain of fire at the intended lines. Barrage fire can be mobile (PZO) and fixed (ISO). Mobile barrage fire is used to repel the advance of enemy tanks and infantry with the aim of inflicting defeat on them before approaching the front line of friendly troops. In the zone of a tank-hazardous direction, there may be several lines of mobile barrage fire. Removal of the nearest line from the front line of friendly troops - 300-400 m. Stationary barrage fire is used to repel attacks and counterattacks of enemy infantry and tanks at the intended line. The removal of the nearest line (section) of a fixed barrage from own infantry in shelters must be at least 200 m for rifled guns and 300 m for mortars; in the case of an open location of infantry - within 200-400 m (depending on the caliber, gun system and fuse setting). When firing rocket artillery, this distance should be at least 600 m.

The right to call barrage fire in front of the front of their unit is granted to all commanders from the battalion (division) commander and above - when calling a mobile barrage fire and from the company (battery) commander and above - when calling a fixed barrage fire.

When performing tasks, artillery, depending on the situation, uses not only different types of fire, but also different firing orders, namely:

- single fire guns (mortar);

- methodical fire- fire indicating the number of shells per gun or mines per mortar and the rate of fire (the time interval between two successive shots);

- fire in separate bursts of a battery (platoon)- each gun (mortar) of a battery or platoon fires one projectile at a rate of fire of one second shot;

- rapid fire- fire from maximum speed, but without violating the fire regime established for this system and not to the detriment of aiming accuracy, with or without indicating the number of shells per gun or mortar;

Volley fire - fire in which shots are fired simultaneously by all guns or mortars of a battery or platoon.

The tasks of artillery are set in accordance with its fire capabilities. Fire capabilities express the volume of tasks that can be performed by a certain composition of artillery in a corresponding specific situation.

The main factors determining the fire capabilities of artillery are: the nature of the task and the types of fire used; the caliber and number of guns (mortars) involved in the task; mode of fire of guns and mortars; the amount of ammunition issued; the conditions under which the task is performed (time, firing range, method of preparing the initial settings for firing, conditions for monitoring the results of firing, etc.).

Under the mode of fire is understood the number of shots that can be fired from a given gun or mortar in a certain period of time. The mode of fire is determined by the possibility of using the material part of the gun without significant damage to it and the capabilities of the gun crew when firing.

Let's see how the calculation of the fire capabilities of an artillery unit is carried out to conduct concentrated fire. Let us assume that a 12-gun battalion of 122-mm howitzers is involved in the suppression of the enemy's sheltered manpower. The suppression density is 150 shells per 1 ha (determined taking into account the nature of the target, the firing range and the method of preparing the initial data). The time to complete the task is 30 minutes. According to the technical regime, one howitzer in 30 minutes (in this particular situation) can fire 75 shots. It is required to determine the size of the area of ​​the concentrated fire area that can be assigned to the division for suppression, i.e., to determine the fire capabilities of the division. We reason like this: a division can fire 900 shots (75 X 12) in 30 minutes; therefore, the area of ​​the site that can suppress a division with the above density will be 6 hectares (900: 150).

The fire capabilities of artillery subunits when conducting barrage fire can be determined based on the length of the area assigned to one gun or mortar. The length of the area of ​​fixed barrage fire is determined at the rate of 40-50 m per gun or mortar. The width of the mobile barrage area for an artillery unit is determined at the rate of 25 m per rifled gun. Mortar subunits of independent sectors do not receive mobile barrage fire, but fire overhead at the sectors of cannon and howitzer subunits; the width of the area for such units is determined in accordance with the norms of a fixed barrage.

Artillery control

Management of artillery subunits consists of preparing subunits for the fulfillment of their assigned tasks, organizing their combat operations, constantly directing artillery subunits and providing them with material support during the battle.

The commanders of rifle (tank) and artillery subunits manage their subordinate artillery subunits by setting tactical (combat) and fire missions, as well as by issuing commands.

When setting tactical tasks, an artillery unit is usually given the conditional names of local objects and landmarks; information about the enemy; combat mission infantry and tanks; the task of the artillery unit and the main direction of fire; firing positions and observation posts; time of readiness to open fire; consumption, ammunition. The main direction of fire, as a rule, is indicated by the senior artillery commander with a directional angle rounded to 1-00. In preparation for firing, the guns and instruments located at the observation post are oriented in a given main direction. Subsequently, the main direction is used for target designation and for issuing commands to turn the guns in the direction of the target.

Guns that perform the task of direct fire are assigned the main and additional sectors of fire. The boundaries of the firing sector are established according to local objects or are indicated by specially set landmarks. Within the specified sector of fire, the gun must always be ready to open fire.

One of the most important measures for the management of artillery subunits is artillery fire control, which includes: preparation of fire or preliminary preparation of firing, determination of means and methods for fulfilling the assigned fire mission, setting fire missions for artillery subunits and monitoring their implementation.

When determining the means and methods for fulfilling a fire mission, the number of subunits involved, the consumption of ammunition, and the method for solving the fire mission (type and order of firing, duration of firing at a target, etc.) are established. The order of setting fire missions, depending on the chosen means and methods, can be very different. For example, to suppress a target, an artillery unit needs to indicate: the nature of the target and its number, the coordinates of the center of the target, the front and depth of the target in meters, the consumption of shells and the duration of firing, the time of opening fire (readiness).

Fire control is usually carried out from observation posts, where, in addition to the commander of an artillery unit, there may be commanders of command and control units, reconnaissance observers, computers and signalmen.

For the convenience of fire control, improvised subunits are assigned. For example, a division commander can assign one of his subordinate batteries as an assistant. In this case, the observation post of the commander of the battery at hand should be located next to the observation post of the battalion commander at a distance that allows the transfer of target designation and commands of the battalion commander by voice.

A very significant measure in the management of artillery units is the organization and implementation of the interaction of artillery with infantry and tanks. At the same time, the fire and movement of artillery subunits must be coordinated in terms of purpose, time and place with the fire and maneuver of infantry and tanks, and their constant mutual assistance in battle must also be ensured.

The interaction of artillery with infantry and tanks is organized by the commanders of rifle (tank) subunits and carried out by the commanders of artillery subunits.

Artillery commanders, first of all, should be involved in organizing interaction by the commanders of rifle and tank subunits, who indicate to the commanders of artillery subunits the tasks of infantry and tanks and the procedure for their actions, as well as establish a unified orientation system, target designation methods, signals for calling, transferring and ceasefire and to mark the lines reached by infantry and tanks. The most common targeting methods are: pointing the device at the target, from a landmark (local object), in rectangular coordinates, shell bursts, as well as missiles or tracer bullets (shells). In order to ensure stable interaction, it is advisable for the commanders of artillery and rifle subunits to be deployed at observation posts together.

When interacting during a battle, artillery commanders must ensure timely impact of artillery fire on the most important targets at the moment, without waiting for the demands of the commanders of rifle and tank subunits. In order to constantly know the situation and position of their infantry and tanks, the commanders of rifle (tank) and artillery subunits continuously conduct reconnaissance and exchange information received. The presence of uninterrupted communications is one of the most important conditions for ensuring the continuous interaction of artillery with infantry and tanks.

The procedure for giving target designation

Target designation methods	The work of the giver of target designation	Examples
Target designation aiming the device at the target	Points the crosshair of the device at the target and indicates to the recipient the signs	"Machine gun under a bush - suppress"
Target designation from a landmark (local item)	Determines and transmits to the recipient: 1) the horizontal angle between the target and the nearest reference point to it (“to the right (left) so much”); 2) the difference between the distance to the target and the landmark (“farther (closer) so much”) or, if the recipient of the target designation is at the same point, the angular excess of the target over the landmark in divisions (“higher (lower) so much”)	1. “Landmark three. Right 20, closer 300, anti-tank gun on the southern edge of the grove - to suppress "; 2. "landmark five, right 30, above 3, machine gun in the yellow trench - suppress"
Target designation in rectangular coordinates	Determines the coordinates of the target from the map (scheme, aerial photograph) and transmits them to the receiver	"X 47500, y 38500 enemy machine gun - suppress"
Target designation of shell burst (min)	Indicates the area in which it is necessary to observe the gaps, warns the receiver about the opening of fire and gives the command to open fire. When target designation breaks high-explosive fragmentation projectiles the battery gives 2-4 shots with a rapid fire of a gun or mortar or a volley of batteries; target designation by bursts of smoke shells is carried out by single shots	“The hollow is “narrow”, in the area of ​​​​a smoke mine rupture, the accumulation of infantry is to be suppressed.” Then the target designator gives commands to the aiming battery and warns the receiver "Shot"
Target designation by missiles and tracer bullets (shells)	At the target they give short machine-gun bursts with tracer bullets (1-2 shots with tracer shells) or fire 2-3 rockets in the direction of the target. The order of queues and the color of the rockets are set in advance	Observer's report (example): "Landmark three, left 15, fall of tracks near the destroyed house"

Notes: I. The receiver, having accepted the target designation, reports: “I see the target”, if he has found the target on the ground; “I don’t see the target” if the target is not visible to him, but he has clarified its location; "Target misunderstood" if he did not understand the location of the target.

2. If the observation ranges of the giving and receiving target designation differ significantly from one another, multiply the angle between the target and the reference point by the removal factor (the ratio of the observation ranges from the points of giving and receiving target designation). The removal factor is calculated by the formula

Ku \u003d Dd / Dp

where Dd is the distance to the landmark from the one giving target designation;

Dp-range to the landmark from the receiving target designation.

SHOOTING ARTILLERY

Pre-shooting preparation

The successful fulfillment of fire missions by artillery largely depends on the preliminary preparation of firing. The main measures for the preliminary preparation of artillery firing are: reconnaissance of targets and study of the terrain in the enemy's disposition; preparation of instruments, guns and ammunition; clarification or selection of landmarks; determining the location of targets, firing positions and observation posts of own artillery, orienting guns and instruments in the main direction; determination of ballistic and meteorological conditions of firing; determination and refinement of the initial data for shooting.

Artillery reconnaissance is conducted from ground observation posts by officers and personnel of command and control units of artillery units, artillery fire, special artillery reconnaissance units, pilot-observers of corrective reconnaissance aviation and artillery reconnaissance groups.

During the preparation of tools and instruments, the serviceability of the material part is checked, and various mechanisms are reconciled and adjusted. At the firing position, before firing, sighting devices are checked. Ammunition is brought to the firing positions, where it is wiped from grease and dust and sorted into batches and weight marks. For the preparation of ammunition for firing at the firing position, a special place is allocated, no closer than 50 m from the gun trenches.

Determining the location of targets, firing positions and observation posts, as well as orienting guns and instruments in the main direction, is the main task of topographic preparation in artillery. Topographic preparation, depending on the situation and methods of its implementation, can be carried out on a full topographic (geodesic) basis or on a map (aerial image) The most accurate preparation is on a full topographical basis, but it requires much more time and money to produce.

When taking into account the ballistic conditions of firing, the deviation of the initial velocity is determined, associated with the wear of the gun barrels, the features of gunpowder in different batches of charges, as well as the deviation of the weight of the projectile from the table and the features of the shells themselves (type of fuse, the presence or absence of coloring of the shell bodies, etc.). ). Determining the deviation of the initial speed of the guns associated with the wear of the barrels is usually done by measuring the length of the charging chamber. If there is no data on the quality of the charges, it is necessary to shoot or shoot shells of different batches.

The meteorological conditions of firing are determined according to the data of meteorological bulletins, which are compiled by subdivisions of the artillery meteorological service. In the absence of bulletins, meteorological conditions are taken into account approximately or based on the results of previous shootings.

Preparation of initial data for firing includes: determination of topographic data (distance from the gun to the target, elevation angle of the target and direction to the target); selection of the type of trajectory, projectile, installation of a fuse and a fan (intervals between bursts of shells of neighboring guns); charge selection; introduction of corrections for the deviation of ballistic and meteorological conditions of firing from the tabular ones; determination of the initial settings of the main gun - sight, fuse, level, rotation from the main direction (firing compass, protractor, angle of fire transfer from the benchmark or sighted target).

Depending on the conditions of the situation and the procedure for making calculations, the preparation of initial data can be complete, abbreviated, and visual.

With full preparation, the coordinates of the main gun are determined by binding on a topographic basis or with the help of instruments to the contour points of a map (aerial photograph) reliably identified on the ground at a scale of at least 1:50,000. Guns and instruments are most accurately oriented in the main direction. All necessary corrections for ballistic and meteorological conditions of firing are introduced.

The coordinates of the targets are determined using a range finder, from an aerial photograph, a notch from the points of conjugated observation and other means of artillery reconnaissance.

Due to the high accuracy of the calculations, full preparation itself is one of the ways to determine the settings for shooting to kill. In addition, it ensures the suddenness of the opening of fire.

With reduced preparation, topographic data is determined from a map (aerial photograph, tablet). The points of a firing position, an observation post, and a target can be plotted on the map by means of visual surveying. Corrections for ballistic and meteorological conditions of firing are taken from the graph of calculated corrections or approximately.

Visual preparation of initial data is used in conditions when it is not possible to use a map or rangefinder to determine the position of the target, and also in the absence of sufficient information about the position of the firing position. Corrections for ballistic and meteorological conditions of firing are not taken into account or are taken into account approximately. Eye preparation is performed by calculation or graphic method.

Consider the procedure for preparing the initial data in a graphical way (Fig. 22) under the conditions when shooting is carried out at a small and medium displacement with

closed firing position (offset correction less than 5-00).

a) Work on the ground:

Orient the periscope artillery compass (stereo tube) in

the main direction of fire;

Measure the angle between the main direction and the direction to the firing position;

Determine the value of the base ( distance from commander to firing position

in meters);

- measure the angle between the main direction and the direction of the target to

determine the range commander - target.

b) Work on a sheet of paper:

Mark the point of the observation point (K) and draw a straight line from it,

which will be the main direction line (KN);

At point K, construct the LCO angle ( angle between main direction and

direction to the firing position);

- from point K set aside in the direction of the firing position in an arbitrary

the taken scale value of the base (B);

At point K. construct the NCC angle (the angle between the main direction and the direction to the target);

Set aside on the line of observation (on the line the commander - the target) on the accepted scale the distance from the observation point to the target (Dk);

Connect the point O with the point C and, having measured the segment OC, determine the range of the gun - target (db);

From point O, draw a line of the main direction (OH);

Measure the angle of gun rotation from the main direction to the target - REC angle;

Determine the removal factor (Ku) according to the formula

Ku \u003d Dk / dB

if Ku is less than 0.3, then it is calculated with an accuracy of 0.05;

Determine the displacement correction (PS) by measuring the BCC angle for this,

Shu \u003d PS / 0, 01dB

Shu is defined with an accuracy of 0-01.

In a combat situation, the shooter may find himself in conditions that preclude the possibility of preparing the initial data by the indicated methods. At the same time, an immediate opening of fire will be required. In such cases, the preparation of the initial data for firing is carried out approximately, namely: the distance from the firing position to the target is determined by eye and the sight is assigned in such a way as to protect their troops from defeat; the direction is commanded according to the compass of the target, determined from the observation post without taking into account the correction for displacement or; and with its approximate accounting. The removal factor and goniometer step are also determined approximately and further refined by shooting,

Zeroing

None of the above methods of preparing initial data excludes random errors in determining the range and direction of fire. In this regard, on installations obtained as a result of preparing the initial data, the average trajectory will not always pass through the target. In order to combine the average trajectory with the target, zeroing is performed.

Zeroing consists in finding by firing installations suitable for shooting at a target by determining the deviation of breaks and introducing corrections into the installation of sighting devices based on these deviations. Depending on the situation and conditions of observation, they shoot either directly at the target, or at the benchmark for the subsequent transfer of fire from it to the target.

Two types of zeroing are used: zeroing by observing signs of breaks and zeroing by measured deviations.

When shooting by observing break marks determine only the angular deviation (Fig. 23) and the sign of the gap, i.e. overshoot or undershoot (Fig. 24), without measuring the magnitude of linear deviations.

This type of sighting can only be used on observed targets. The organization of zeroing to observe the signs of breaks is simple. It is made from one observation point using binoculars or other angle measuring instruments. Therefore, zeroing in on the observation of signs of breaks can be used in any case of a combat situation.

When zeroing in on the measured deviations, the deviations of the gaps from the target in range (Fig. 25) and in the lateral direction are determined, and on the basis of this, corrections are introduced into the settings of the sighting devices. Zeroing according to "measured deviations" requires fewer projectiles than zeroing by observing breaking marks; this is especially important when firing large-caliber projectiles. However, this type of zeroing requires special preliminary preparation and the use of various technical means, for example, a sound measuring station, a range finder, stereo tubes located at two observation posts, etc.

Both types of shooting, depending on the situation, can be carried out in different ways.

Consider the approximate order of zeroing in on the observation of signs of breaks by fork target capture at low and medium displacement.

At the beginning of zeroing, breaks are brought to the line of observation (line commander - target). To do this, measure the deviation of the gap from the target, multiply it by the removal factor (Ku) and command a turn towards the target: example: Ku = 0.6; deviation of the first gap from the target to the right by 0-20 (P20); In order to bring the projectile to the line of observation, it is necessary to turn the gun to the left by 0-12 (20-0.6 = 12).

Having received observation in range (plus, i.e. flight, or minus, i.e. undershoot), change the sight setting in jumps of several divisions towards the target until they receive a sign opposite to that which was received first. Obtaining undershot and overshoot in the process of shooting is the capture of the target in the fork. The sight settings at which the overshoot and undershoot are obtained are usually called the limits of the fork. The difference in the sight settings at which the fork was obtained, or the distance in meters between its limits, is called the width of the fork.

The width of the first fork, depending on the method of preparing the initial data, is taken equal to one to four narrow forks. A narrow fork is taken equal to two sight divisions (100 m), and with Vd (probable range deviation) equal to 40 m or more, four sight divisions (200 m).

Having captured the target in the first (wide) fork, by successively halving it, they look for a narrow fork.

When bringing gaps to the line of observation and finding a fork (except for a narrow one), they fire with single shots of one gun. Making a jump with a sight to find a narrow fork, when firing with a battery (platoon), a battery (platoon) burst is assigned, and when firing with a gun, two shells are assigned.

Shooting is considered completed, if narrow

fork (at least one sign at each limit) or

covering group, i.e. when on the same installation

overshoot and undershoot (+ - or - +) will be obtained.

Go to shooting to kill:

a) upon receipt of a narrow fork - in its middle (example; on the sight 80 received a plus, on the sight 78 - minus; transition to defeat - on the sight 79);

b) when receiving a covering group - on the same sight, if the ratio of signs in the covering group is less than 3:1 (example: one plus and two minuses were obtained on the sight 80; the ratio of signs is 2: 1, i.e. less than 3: 1, therefore, you should switch to shooting to kill on the same sight);

c) with a different ratio of signs in the covering group, moving to defeat, change the range towards a smaller number of signs by 1-2 Vd (example: four pluses and one minus were obtained on the sight 80, i.e. the ratio of signs is 4: 1; in In this case, when switching to shooting to kill, the firing range must be reduced by 1 Vd).

If, during sighting, a hit is received on a target that requires several hits to hit, the hit is considered plus and minus and then continue firing on the same sight until the task is completed or until the sign ratio is greater than 3: 1. When the sign ratio is greater than than 3:1 do as above.

In conditions when zeroing is carried out in the presence of displacement, i.e. when the direction of the gun - the target passes to the right or left of the shooter, when the firing range changes, the breaks leave the line of observation. In this regard, during zeroing, when changing the sight, a direction correction is introduced in order to keep the gap in the line of observation. This correction is called the goniometer step (Shu). Doporot per goniometer step is made in the direction of the firing position (away from you) with an increase in firing range and in

side of the observation post (toward yourself) when it decreases (Fig. 26).

Example. Shu for a narrow fork (100 m) is 0-05; battery is on the right.

Undershoot (-) was received on the sight 80. We increase the range by 4 divisions of the sight (2 narrow forks). To keep the gap on the line of observation, we turn the gun to the right (towards the battery) by 0-10 - by a step of the goniometer, corresponding to a change in the sight by two narrow forks (5-2 = 10) (Fig. 27).

An example of shooting from a closed firing position by grabbing a target in a fork (Fig. 27)

Ku = 0.5; Shu for a narrow fork (100 m) is 0-08; battery - left rear

Teams	Gap No.	Observations	Explanations
“Along the trench, high-explosive fragmentation, high-explosive fuse, third charge, sight 60, level 30-02, main direction, to the right of 0-15, first, one shell, fire”	1	L40	The gap occurred to the left of the target at 0-40
"To the right 0-20, fire"	2	-	We multiply the received observation by Ku (40x0.5 = 20) and by turning the gun to the right we bring the gap to the line of observation
"Sight 64, to the left of 0.16, fire"	3	+	To find the first fork, increase the sight by 4 divisions. At the same time, we turn the gun to the left by 0-16 (Shu, corresponding to two narrow forks or 4 divisions of the sight
"Sight 62, to the right 0-08, two shells, runaway"	45	+-	We half the fork and turn the gun to the right to Shu, corresponding to one narrow fork.
"Four shells, runaway, fire"	6789	++++	Having received the covering group, we pass to defeat
"Sight 61, to the right 0-04, fire"	10111213	+zz-	Having received on the sight 62 the ratio of signs more than 4:1 (five pluses and one minus), we change the sight down by one division. We turn the gun to Shu, corresponding to half of the narrow fork

fire transfer

In combat, artillery units often have to fire from the same firing position at several targets located at different ranges and in different directions, and these targets may be unobservable.

In order to shorten the time for determining the installations for firing and to ensure the surprise of defeating the enemy, shifts of fire are widely used in artillery. When transferring fire, the initial settings are used, obtained when firing at the same targets or at specially selected points in the target area - benchmarks.

The benchmark can be real or fictitious. The actual benchmark can be a zeroed target or any well-observed local object whose coordinates are known. The fictitious benchmark is the center of the group of discontinuities, the coordinates of which are determined from the marks from the points of conjugated observation or by other means.

In addition to visual, several methods of transferring fire on a topographic basis are used.

In order to achieve suddenness of fire, installations for shooting to kill can be determined based on the use of sighting gun data. The essence of this method is as follows. From the composition of the artillery, for each caliber of guns performing tasks from closed firing positions, one gun is allocated, which produces an iris warmer of benchmarks. As a result of zeroing, the total correction for the meteorological conditions of the given moment is determined. The data received from sighting guns (mortars) are used to prepare the firing of other batteries,

Shooting direct fire

When firing direct fire, the same measures for its preparation are carried out as for firing from closed firing positions. In addition, a gun fire card is drawn up, on which the sectors of fire and landmarks are marked with an indication of the distance to them in divisions of the sight.

When hitting stationary observed targets, the gun for the first shot is aimed at the intended point on the target. Shooting is carried out in much the same way as zeroing by observing the signs of breaks by grabbing the target in a fork. However, since the observation of the gaps is carried out directly from the gun (no more than 15 m from it), the removal factor and the step of the goniometer when firing are not applied.

When firing at moving armored targets, lateral lead is introduced by moving the aiming point in the direction of the target's movement. The amount of lead depends on the direction and speed of the chain, as well as on the firing range.

Selection of the aiming point in the direction at the time of the shot at a target speed of up to 20 km / h

Note. When the target is facing or flanking at a speed of more than 20 km / h, the lead value for all ranges is increased by half a figure.

Having received a lateral deviation, the aiming point is changed by the amount of the received deviation in the direction opposite to the received deviation. When shooting with a panoramic sight, pr-and deviating more than one figure, the aiming point is not changed, but a correction is introduced into the goniometer.

The firing range is corrected by changing the aiming point in height (in the figures of the target with an accuracy of half a figure) or by changing the installation of the sight.