United Nations (UN) - universal international organization, created in order to maintain peace and international security and develop cooperation between states. The UN Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 at the San Francisco Conference and entered into force on October 24, 1945.

The UN Charter is the only international instrument whose provisions are binding on all states. On the basis of the UN Charter, an extensive system of multilateral treaties and agreements concluded within the UN has emerged.

The founding document of the UN (UN Charter) is a universal international treaty and establishes the foundations of the modern international legal order.

The UN has the following goals:

1) maintain international peace and security and, to this end, take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace and suppress acts of aggression;

2) develop friendly relations between states on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples;

3) exercise the international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and in promoting respect for human rights;

4) to be the center for coordinating the actions of states in achieving these common goals.

To achieve these goals, the UN acts in accordance with the following principles:

1) sovereign equality of UN members;

2) conscientious fulfillment of obligations under the UN Charter;

3) resolution of international disputes by peaceful means;

4) renunciation of the threat or use of force against territorial integrity or political independence, or in any manner inconsistent with the UN Charter;

5) non-interference in the internal affairs of states;

6) rendering assistance to the UN in all actions taken under the Charter, ensuring by the Organization such a position that states that are not members of the UN act in accordance with the principles set forth in the Charter (Article 2), and a number of other principles.

At the same time, if the obligations of UN members under the Charter are in conflict with their obligations under any other international agreement, the obligations under the UN Charter shall prevail (Article 103 of the Charter).

The original members of the UN are the states that, having taken part in the San Francisco conference on the creation of the UN or having previously signed the Declaration of the United Nations of January 1, 1942, signed and ratified the UN Charter.

Any peace-loving state that accepts the obligations contained in the Charter and which, in the judgment of the UN, is able and willing to fulfill these obligations, can be a member of the UN. Admission to the UN membership is made by a decision of the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

In the event that the Security Council takes coercive measures against any member of the UN, the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Security Council, has the right to suspend the exercise of the rights and privileges arising from membership in the UN. A state that systematically violates the principles of the Charter may be expelled from the UN by a decision of the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

At present, the UN continues to be the main instrument for maintaining international peace and security; within the UN, a large number of international treaties, decisions are made to unblock international conflicts and ensuring the rule of law and the rule of law in international relations.

The Charter of the United Nations reflected most of the ideals and some of the structures of the League of Nations. The ideals of peace, social and economic progress remained the main goals of the new world organization. However, they have been redesigned to accommodate the new and more complex post-war world.

The United Nations has been described as a universal international organization established for the purpose of maintaining peace and international security and development of cooperation between countries.

The UN does not have state power, nor is it a world government. Initially, this organization was created as a body of cooperation between states in various fields of international relations.

The UN "has the right to conclude treaties with states and other international organizations and demand their strict observance." These international legal acts regulate the foundations of international relations.

All concluded international agreements are based on the purposes, principles and other prescriptions of the UN, which, in turn, became the basis of the current international law.

It is obvious that the UN Charter occupies the highest position in the hierarchy of international legal norms governing various aspects international life.

The UN has its own goals and principles, which confirms that this organization has an independent will.

The purposes and principles of the UN are enshrined in Chapter I of the UN Charter, which is called "The Purposes and Principles".

In accordance with Article 1 of the Charter, the United Nations pursues the Goals:

Maintain international peace and security and, to this end, take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to the peace and suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to pursue by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, the settlement or resolution of international disputes or situations which may lead to a breach of the peace;

Develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, as well as take other appropriate measures to strengthen world peace;

To carry out international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and in promoting and developing respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion;

To be a center for coordinating the actions of nations in the pursuit of these common goals.

Thus, as the analysis of the purposes of the UN testifies, the main purpose of the Organization's activity is the maintenance of international peace and security. Peace negotiations are the means to achieve this goal.

The next important goal is to ensure international economic and social cooperation. The Council for Economic and Social Development together with General Assembly and various international special agencies in this area, which are created by the governments of member countries and work together with the UN (Articles 62-66 of the UN Charter).

Undoubtedly, an important goal of the UN is to ensure respect for the human rights of all people on Earth. It is up to the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Development Council to ensure that this goal is met. The Council establishes special commissions on human rights and prepares recommendations on this issue.

Other objectives of the Organization include the development friendly relations among peoples, taking appropriate measures to promote peace, acting as a center of harmonization, pursuing a policy of tolerance and peaceful coexistence, establishing just and respected international laws.

As noted by a number of authors, "the goals of the UN, in turn, should be considered as the most important principles of its activities", "the goals of the UN are at the same time the basic principles of the organization, that is, the legal norms that establish the very foundations of the relationship of all its members."

However, the norms of the UN Charter do not consider the UN Goals to be the Principles at the same time, highlighting the latter in Article 2 of the Charter and pointing out that it is to achieve the goals specified in Article 1 of the Charter that the Organization and its Members act in accordance with the following Principles:

1. The Organization is founded on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members. The Declaration on the Principles of International Law, adopted in 1970 at the XXV session of the UN General Assembly, confirms this principle and endows it with the following elements: states are legally equal; each state enjoys the rights inherent in full sovereignty; each state is obliged to respect the legal personality of other states; the territorial integrity and political independence of the state are inviolable; every state has the right to freely choose and develop its political, social, economic and cultural systems; every state is obliged to fulfill fully and in good faith its international obligations and to live in peace with other states.

2. All Members of the United Nations shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed under this Charter in order to secure to them all in their entirety the rights and benefits arising from membership of the Members of the Organization.

This principle is the main source of the legal force of international law. It belongs to the category of necessary right (jus necessarium). The principle secured the agreement of states on the recognition of legal force for the norms of international law. For this principle retains its value general position that the only way to create legally binding norms for sovereign states is their agreement.

3. All Members of the United Nations shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner as not to endanger international peace and security and justice.

In accordance with this principle, states are obliged to resolve international disputes exclusively by peaceful means. The principle is enshrined in the UN Charter and in all international acts setting out the principles of international law. A number of resolutions of the General Assembly are specially devoted to it, among which the Manila Declaration on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes of 1982 occupies an important place.

4. All Members of the United Nations shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.

The principle of the non-use of force specifically stipulates the inadmissibility of violent actions that deprive the peoples fighting for liberation from colonial oppression of their right to independence. Also, the use of force cannot be justified by ensuring the rights of a certain group of people, since any armed action will lead to a massive violation of fundamental human rights, including the right to life.

5. All Members of the United Nations shall render its fullest assistance in all actions taken by it in accordance with this Charter and shall refrain from rendering assistance to any State against which the United Nations takes preventive or enforcement action.

6. The Organization shall ensure that non-Member States act in accordance with these Principles as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security.

7. The Charter in no way authorizes the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State, nor does it require the Members of the United Nations to submit such matters for resolution under this Charter; however, this principle does not affect the application of coercive measures based on Chapter VII Charter.

The UN Charter states that it does not give the organization the right to intervene in matters that are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state, and does not require member states to submit such cases for resolution under the Charter. Only one exception has been made: the principle does not apply to situations that openly endanger peace and security. That is, the principle of non-intervention does not prevent the application of coercive measures against the state by decision of the Security Council in the event of a threat to the peace, violations of the peace and acts of aggression.

Thus, the goals and principles enshrined in the UN Charter are not only the basis of existing international law, but, in turn, are reflected in the international agreements of the UN members. They play an essential role in legal regulation international relations.

In addition, the content of the purposes and principles of the UN Charter once again emphasizes the voluntariness of joining it and, at the same time, the implementation of its recommendations.

Structure and procedural issues of the activities of the General Assembly and the UN Security Council

The main organs of the United Nations are: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat.

That is, the General Assembly and the UN Security Council are one of the six main organs of the UN.

The General Assembly, established in 1945 in accordance with the UN Charter, occupies a central place as the main deliberative, policy-making and representative body of the Organization.

As follows from Article 9 of the UN Charter, the General Assembly consists of all Members of the Organization. Each Member of the Organization has no more than five representatives in the General Assembly.

The General Assembly currently consists of 191 members of the United Nations and serves as a forum for multilateral discussion of the full range of international affairs reflected in the Charter.

The Assembly meets in regular session from September to December and thereafter as needed.

The General Assembly may establish subsidiary bodies as necessary for the exercise of its functions.

By legal status, such bodies are grouped into the following:

1. bodies that are international organizations by their status;

2. permanent bodies;

3. temporary organs.

The General Assembly authorized the establishment of working groups to consider important issues, including the Open-ended Ad Hoc Working Group on Causes of Conflict and the Promotion of Lasting Peace and sustainable development in Africa and the Ad Hoc Working Group on Integrated and Coordinated Implementation and Follow-up to Major United Nations Conferences and Summits in the Economic and Social Fields, which have completed their work.

In addition, various informal regional groups have sprung up in the General Assembly as mechanisms for consultation and assistance on procedural matters. These are groups of African states, Asian states, Eastern European states, Latin American states and Caribbean, Western European and other states. Turkey, which for election purposes is a member of the Group of Western European and Other States, is also a member of the Group of Asian States. Representatives of these regional groups alternate in the office of President of the General Assembly.

To fulfill the goals and objectives of the UN activities, the General Assembly meets at annual (ordinary), special and emergency sessions.

The General Assembly meets for its annual session on the third Tuesday of September. On the recommendation of the General Committee at the beginning of each session General Secretary The Assembly sets the closing date of the regular session.

Special sessions are convened within 15 days from the date of receipt General Secretary a demand from the Security Council or from a majority of the Members of the United Nations to convene such a session, or a communication from a majority of the Members of the United Nations to accede to the demand to convene.

Emergency sessions may also be called. The term for their convocation is 24 hours from the moment the Secretary General receives the relevant demand from the Security Council and supported by the votes of any nine members of the Council, or the demand of the majority of the UN members, expressed by voting in the Intersessional Committee.

At its sessions, the General Assembly adopts resolutions, decisions and recommendations.

A regulation is an act adopted by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

Under the UN Charter, the Security Council has the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. It is organized in such a way that it can function continuously, for this purpose each of its members must be represented at the Headquarters of the United Nations at all times.

The Security Council consists of 15 members of the Organization, of which 5 are permanent: Russia, China, France, Great Britain and Northern Ireland, USA. The General Assembly elects 10 other UN members as non-permanent members.

The non-permanent members of the Security Council are elected for a two-year term. At the first election of the non-permanent members, after the enlargement of the Security Council from eleven to fifteen, two of the four additional members shall be elected for a term of one year. An outgoing member of the Security Council is not eligible for immediate re-election.

Each member of the Security Council has one representative.

The Security Council is organized in such a way that it can function continuously. For this purpose, each member of the Security Council must be represented at all times at the seat of the United Nations.

This organ of the United Nations meets at periodic meetings, at which each of its members may, at will, be represented either by a member of the government or by some other specially designated representative.

Meetings of the Security Council may take place not only at the seat of the Organization, but also at any other place which, in the opinion of the Council, is more conducive to its work.

The Security Council takes decisions on issues of warning about threats to peace, various measures to control and resolve conflicts, and mobilize regional and international support for these actions.

Meetings of the Security Council, with the exception of periodic meetings, are convened by the President at any time when the latter considers it necessary. However, the interval between meetings must be at least 14 days.

Decisions on procedural matters are considered adopted if they are voted for by any nine members of the Council. Requires at least nine votes, including the concurring votes of all permanent members, to take decisions on all other matters. This means that it is enough for one or more permanent members of the Security Council to vote against any decision - and it is considered rejected. In this case, one speaks of a veto by a permanent member.

Abstinence permanent member or his non-participation in voting according to the generally accepted rule is not considered as a veto.

In accordance with the UN Charter, the Security Council has exceptionally great powers in the matter of preventing war and creating conditions for peaceful and fruitful cooperation between states.

The Security Council can adopt legal acts of two kinds: recommendations, that is, acts providing for certain methods and procedures with which the state is invited to conform its actions, and legally binding decisions, the implementation of which is ensured by the coercive power of all UN member states.

I. Introduction……………………………………………………………………….3

1. general characteristics international organizations…………...3

2. Purposes and functions of international organizations…………………..4

II. The role of the UN in solving contemporary global problems……………..6

1. The concept of a problem and a global problem …………………… ..6

2. Global problems of our time………………………........ 7

2.1 Combating terrorism………………………………………..7

2.2 Demographic problem ……………………………..….7

2.3 World food problem…………………......9

2.4 Ecological problem ……………………………….......10

3. The role of the UN in solving contemporary global problems .................... 12

3.1 Objectives, principles, structure of the UN………………………......12

3.2 UN actions to address reported issues…………13

III. The principle of regionalism in the UN Charter and regional international

Organizations…………………………………………………………….……19

1. The principle of regionalism in the UN Charter……………………………19

2. Regional organizations…………………………………...…....19

2.1 Requirements for a regional organization..19

2.2 Council of Europe ………………………………………………...21

2.2.1 Objectives of the Council of Europe………………………………...21

2.2.2 Structure of the Council of Europe………………………….23

IV. Conclusion………………………………………………………………..25

List of used literature………………………………………..26

I. INTRODUCTION

1. General characteristics of international organizations

International organizations are among the most developed and diverse mechanisms for streamlining international life. A noticeable increase in the activity of international organizations, as well as a significant increase in their total number, is one of the remarkable phenomena of modern international development. At present, in the period of rapid development of scientific and technological progress, the existence of states without their interaction is impossible. Their interaction can be carried out both through economic and political relations. AT modern world It is with the help of international organizations that cooperation between states is carried out. International organizations not only regulate interstate relations, but also make decisions on global issues of our time.

As subjects of international relations, international organizations can enter into interstate relations on their own behalf. own name and at the same time on behalf of all the states that are members of them. The number of international organizations is constantly growing. International organizations, as a rule, are divided into two main groups.

Interstate (intergovernmental) organizations are established on the basis of an international treaty by a group of states; within the framework of these organizations, the interaction of the member countries is carried out, and their functioning is based on the reduction to a certain common denominator of the foreign policy of the participants on those issues that are the subject of the activity of the corresponding organization.

International non-governmental organizations do not arise on the basis of an agreement between states, but by combining individuals and / or legal entities whose activities are carried out outside the framework of the official foreign policy of states. International non-governmental organizations do not include structures that aim at making profit (transnational corporations). According to the Union of International Associations, in 1998. there were 6020 international organizations; over the past two decades they total number more than doubled.

2. Purposes and functions of international organizations

The purpose of creating any international organization is to unite the efforts of states in a particular area: political (OSCE), military (NATO), economic (EU), monetary (IMF) and others. But such an organization as the UN should coordinate the activities of states in almost all areas. In this case, the international organization acts as an intermediary between member states. Sometimes states refer the most complex issues of international relations to organizations for discussion and resolution.

In a situation where the role of regulation of international relations at the multilateral level is growing, the participation of international organizations in such regulation is becoming more and more diverse.

On the present stage international organizations have become centers for combining the efforts of states to develop new forms of cooperation in the economic sphere. In addition, they are the institutional basis for the multilateral regulation of international economic relations, and perform important functions aimed at ensuring the free circulation of goods, services, capital, resolving international economic disputes, and making decisions in various forms and with varying degrees binding on member states. In the context of globalization, states are forced to transfer a significant part of the powers to regulate foreign economic activity, previously carried out by the states themselves, to international organizations.

International organizations perform certain functions: rule-making, advisory, mediation, operational. Although, for example, V. Morawiecki singled out three main types of functions of international organizations: regulatory, control and operational.

Today, one of the main functions of any international organization is the information function. It is carried out in two aspects: firstly, each organization publishes a series of documents directly related to its structure, goals and main activities; secondly, the organization publishes special materials: reports, reviews, abstracts on topical issues of international relations, the preparation of which serves as one of the activities of the organization to guide the international cooperation of states in specific areas.

The purpose of this work is not only to consider the concepts and goals of international organizations, but to consider in more detail such international organizations as the UN. Based on the analysis of the Charter of this organization, its goals and principles, we will try to show how the UN contributes to the solution of global problems, consider the concept of a global problem and some of them in more detail. Let's give the concept of a regional organization, consider the principles of their activities, the requirements for them. Let us touch upon the activities of the Council of Europe in more detail.

II. The role of the UN in solving contemporary global problems

1. The concept of a problem and a global problem

The problem is complex theoretical question or a practical situation characterized by the impossibility under given conditions to solve the problem and obtain the desired result. By making a management decision, this discrepancy is overcome.

Problems always have a certain content (what?); associated with a specific place (where?); time of occurrence, frequency of occurrence (when?); quantitative parameters (how many "?); circle of persons involved in one way or another in them (who"?). The latter can be the culprits of the problem, initiators or participants in the resolution, show interest in its preservation.

The global problems of our time are a set of the most acute world problems, the solution of which requires mass reflection and the unification of the efforts of all peoples and states. Their peculiarity lies in the fact that each of these problems is complex, due to the growing integrity of the world.

The group of global problems includes as the main ones:

Finding ways to sustainable economic development due to the fact that modern technological structures have reached the limit

Problems of war and peace, ensuring international security, disarmament and conversion, building confidence in cooperation between peoples

Ecological problems that put mankind before the threat of ecological collapse, comparable to the consequences of a nuclear missile disaster

The problem of man, including the measurement of social progress and observance of social, economic and individual rights and freedoms of the individual, the fight against international crime and terrorism, the humanization of international relations.

Demographic problem, problems of poverty and unemployment.

2. Global problems of our time

Let's take a closer look at some global problems.

One of the most global problems today, in my opinion, is terrorism.

2.1 Terrorism in any form of its manifestation has become one of the socio-political and moral problems dangerous in terms of its scale, unpredictability and consequences, with which humanity is entering the 21st century. Terrorism and extremism in all their manifestations increasingly threaten the security of many countries and their citizens, entail huge political, economic and moral losses, exert strong psychological pressure on large masses of people, the further, the more innocent people are killed. . Terrorism has already acquired an international, global character. Until relatively recently, terrorism could be spoken of as a local phenomenon. In the 80-90s. In the twentieth century, it has already become a universal phenomenon.

Totally agree recent times human and material losses in connection with terrorist acts were recorded in Northern Ireland, the USA, Russia, Kenya, Tanzania, Japan, Argentina, India, Pakistan, Algeria, Israel, Egypt, Turkey, Albania, Yugoslavia, Colombia, Iran and a number of other countries .

2.2. The demographic problem has the following main components. First of all, we are talking about the birth rate and the dynamics of the population of both the world as a whole and individual countries and regions, which largely depends on it.

Questions: 1. The history of the formation of the concept international legal regionalism. 2. The concept and types of regional MMPO. 3. The concept of regional international integration organizations (RIOI or supranational international organizations). 4. Legal status of individual groups of regional MMPOs.

1. The history of the formation of the concept of international legal regionalism. Regionalization of MPs, i.e. its isolated development in different regions the globe, was typical for ancient world and partly this state was preserved until the late Middle Ages. Predecessors of modern MMPO -international conferences in Europe (European concert) and administrative unions arose as European ones, i.e. essentially regional organizations. For the first time in the Statute of the League of Nations, the m-p concept of regionalism was formulated. Art. 21 of the LN Statute: "International obligations, such as treaties of arbitration, and agreements limited to known areas, such as the Monroe Doctrine, which ensure the preservation of peace, shall not be considered inconsistent with any of the provisions of this Statute." The struggle around the concept of regionalism in the development of the UN Charter. Regional agreements under the head of the UN Charter (Art. 52-54). Clause 1, Art. 52: "This Statute shall in no way preclude the existence of regional arrangements or bodies..".

2. The concept and types of regional MMPO. A) Two trends in the development of international relations and international relations: 1st trend - the desire to form a single international community for all sovereign states, i.e., the tendency to universalize international relations. The 2nd trend confirms the continuing heterogeneity of the modern world order, the desire of states to develop mutual relations at the regional level, i.e. trend towards regionalism. B) The concept of regional MMPO. In the UN Charter, regionalism in chapter YIII (art. "Regional arrangements"): "this Charter shall in no way preclude the existence of regional arrangements or bodies for the settlement of such matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security as are appropriate for regional action, subject to provided that such agreements or bodies and their activities are compatible with the purposes and principles of the Organization" (paragraph 1 of Article 52 of the Charter).

The concept and types of regional MMPOs So, according to Article 52 of the UN Charter, regional IOs include those that: 1. Are created to resolve issues related to the maintenance of peace and security; 2. They are suitable for regional action, i.e. their scope is a certain region, but the very concept of a region remained outside the brackets of this definition, which subsequently opened up a wide arena for various interpretations (members of one region, or actions in one region are different things, etc.). 3. They themselves and their activities must be compatible with the purposes and principles of the UN. 4. It is noteworthy that, as in the case of LN, the negative formula of consent "The UN Charter does not prevent existence" is chosen. Comparison of the concept of RMMPO according to the Statute of the LN and the UN Charter.

Concept and types regional organizations. Beginning in 1945, the UN (especially its head, US) contributed to the emergence of new regional organizations, brought to life by the processes of decolonization (OAU) and regional economic integration (EEC, ASEAN, CAOR, etc.). This expansion in the number of regional MMPOs has led to their further diversification, i.e. the emergence of political, ideological, economic, cultural, religious, etc. Thus, today there are 2 main types of RMPPO: 1) RMPPO within the meaning of the head of the UN Charter (in the narrow sense) and 2) other RMPPO (regional MMPO in the broad sense ). For this reason, most Western jurists define regional organizations based on criteria other than geographic contiguity. Emphasis on the fact that regional organizations represent the unity of some common interests of a group of states, geographical proximity is not determining.

The concept and types of regional organizations. The concept of RMMPO in a broad sense: -Compared with universal MMPOs, the scope of the RMMPO always extends to the geographically limited sphere of international relations (a sign of a territorially limited scope). -They represent communities of interests, limited by a certain number of states, characterized by common similarities at various levels (a criterion for the formation of their own legal order). -Their founding treaties (Article 1 of the CoE Statute, Article 2 of the Arab League Treaty, Article 1, paragraph "c", 5 paragraph "f" and 20 of the OAS Charter) establish the principles of relations with the UN (coordination or subordination). At the same time, the UN Charter also provides for similar principles (Articles 52, 53 and 103). (criteria for interaction with the UN). -Political and economic differences in the world serve to strengthen them (a sign of stability, resilience).

Types of regional MMPO Classification of RMMPO: A) by geographical criterion: RMMPO latu sensu (in the broad sense) is any MO that is not related to the universal MO, for example, the British Commonwealth of Nations, the CIS, the OECD, etc.; RMMPO stricto sensu (in the narrow sense) - whose members are characterized by geographical proximity and proximity. B) competence criterion: RMMPO of general competence (CE, LAS, OAS, AC, etc.); RMMPO of special competence - SU LAG, etc. C) criterion of goals: RMMPO focused on maintaining peace and security (NATO, CSTO, Rio Treaty); RMMPO cooperation in political and other spheres (technical, cultural, economic) – EU, ASEAN, CIS, SCO, etc. D) teleological criterion (relations with member states): RMMPO cooperation and RMO integration.

3. The concept of integration RIOs (supranational RIOs) The concept of international integration organizations (Supranational IOs): In the second half of the 20th century, IOs appeared on the international scene, which aimed at integrating member states in any area, primarily economic. They operate on the principle of transferring the powers of member states to the bodies of such IOs, which allows them, under certain circumstances, to adopt acts that have direct and immediate effect in national legal orders. In other words, the principle of legal subordination is replacing the principle of coordination. The main features of IGO integration: The nature of powers: They receive their powers on the basis of the provisions of the founding agreement, so they are delegated and special in nature, like other MMPOs;

The concept of MPO integration in the field of subject competence, they are vested with powers that regulate issues traditionally assigned to the state; the functions they perform outwardly resemble the functions independent states(executive, legislative and judicial), which distinguishes them from traditional IMPOs; Organizational structure: Differs in originality, tk. includes, along with intergovernmental, the so-called supranational bodies (executive and judicial) and bodies of popular representation (parliaments), which ensure greater independence of the IGO integration in relation to the governments of the member states; Decision-making mechanism by IGO integration bodies: decisions in intergovernmental bodies are taken by majority vote;

The concept of IGO integration Legal force and effect of acts of IGO integration bodies: adopt acts of a general nature binding on member states; Acts of IGO integration bodies can be directly applied in each Member State; This allows them to form their own legal order, different from the international and domestic law. Financial self-sufficiency: Exist from their own resources, not contributions from Member States. International legal personality: participate on their own behalf in international relations, having their own sphere of competence, limiting the participation of member states, i.e. their unilateral actions.

4. The legal status of individual groups of regional IMPOs Europe The idea of ​​“European unity” dates back to the times ancient rome and the empire of Charlemagne. RMMPO EUROPE of general competence: CE: CE statute signed in London by 10 states; Objectives: Created to protect and further the implementation of the principles that are the basis of every true democracy; Structure - the Committee of Ministers - the highest body of the Council of Europe; PACE, Branch Ministerial Meetings, Secretariat, seat - Strasbourg. OSCE - The Final Act of the CSCE was signed in Helsinki - The Charter of Paris for a New Europe - it was announced the transformation of the CSCE into the OSCE - a regional agreement in the sense of the head of the UN Charter. Objectives: To promote improvement mutual relations, as well as creating conditions for ensuring a lasting peace. CIS-established (Minsk Agreement), Alma-Ata Declaration on accession to the CIS 12 states former USSR. The charter was signed by Mr.

Regional MMPOs of the Western Hemisphere 1. RMMPOs of general competence - OAS - established d. Goals: strengthening peace and security on the continent, - affirming the principles of democracy as the main condition for stability, peace, cooperation, etc. Structure- General Assembly, Councils ( permanent council, Inter-American Economic and Social Council, Inter-American Council for Education, Science and Culture), Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Inter-American Judicial Committee, General Secretariat. Specialized conferences. Specialized institutions. Caribbean Community - RMMPO of special competence: (LAES, ALADI, Andean Community, Mercosur, KOR).

Regional IMPOs in Asia and the Middle East Asia: ASEAN - Founded in 1967 Goals - Accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint efforts. Members: 10 states. Structure - Meeting of Heads of Government; Conference of Ministers of Foreign Affairs; Standing Committee; Special and Standing Committees (5) Conference of Ministers of Economy, Labor and Social Affairs, Education and Information. The secretary - the general secretary is elected for 2 years, the staff of the standing committee - for 3 years. high council for the peaceful settlement of disputes - from representatives of states at the ministerial level.

Regional IMPOs of Asia and the Middle East Middle East: Arab League - founded in 1945 7 Arab states.. The goals are to strengthen the ties between the member states in various industries. Members - 22 states, including Palestine. Structure: LAS Council, Committees, General Secretariat, headquarters - Cairo. Institutions and organizations: Council for Economic Affairs, Joint Defense Council, Permanent Military Commission. Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) - the 1st conference of heads of state and government of Muslim countries in Rabat in 1969, in 1972, at the 3rd conference of foreign ministers of Muslim countries in Jeddah, the Charter of the OIC was adopted. Objectives: Strengthen Islamic solidarity among member states. Structure: Conference of Heads of State and Government; Conference of Ministers of Foreign Affairs; General Secretariat.

Regional MMPO Africa OAU in Addis Ababa. 30 states have signed the OAU Charter. At the OAU summit in Lome (), the Act on the Establishment of the African Union (AU) was adopted. Entered into force on May 26, 2001. The goals of the AU are to achieve greater unity and cohesion between African countries and the peoples of Africa, etc. Members - 53 states, since 1982 SADR, Morocco - withdrew. Structure: The Assembly of the Union is the supreme body, from the heads of state and government, the Executive Council (ministries of in-x affairs), the Pan-African Parliament, the Court, the Commission (Union Secretariat), the Committee of Permanent Representatives, the Specialized Technical Committees (total 7-on agricultural and agricultural issues, etc.), Economic, social and cultural Council - an advisory body, financial institutions (ACB, AVF, AIB).

The United Nations (UN) is a universal international organization created to maintain peace and international security and develop cooperation between states. The UN Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 at the San Francisco Conference and entered into force on October 24, 1945.

The UN Charter is the only international document whose provisions are binding on all states. On the basis of the UN Charter, an extensive system of multilateral treaties and agreements concluded within the UN has emerged.

The founding document of the UN (UN Charter) is a universal international treaty and establishes the foundations of the modern international legal order.

The UN has the following goals:

1) maintain international peace and security and, to this end, take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace and suppress acts of aggression;

2) develop friendly relations between states on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples;

3) to carry out international cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and in promoting respect for human rights;

4) to be the center for coordinating the actions of states in achieving these common goals.

To achieve these goals, the UN acts in accordance with the following principles:

1) sovereign equality of UN members;

2) conscientious fulfillment of obligations under the UN Charter;

3) resolution of international disputes by peaceful means;

4) renunciation of the threat or use of force against territorial integrity or political independence, or in any manner inconsistent with the UN Charter;

5) non-interference in the internal affairs of states;

6) rendering assistance to the UN in all actions taken under the Charter, ensuring by the Organization such a position that states that are not members of the UN act in accordance with the principles set forth in the Charter (Article 2), and a number of other principles.

At the same time, if the obligations of UN members under the Charter are in conflict with their obligations under any other international agreement, the obligations under the UN Charter shall prevail (Article 103 of the Charter).

The original members of the UN are the states that, having taken part in the San Francisco conference on the creation of the UN or having previously signed the Declaration of the United Nations of January 1, 1942, signed and ratified the UN Charter.

Any peace-loving state that accepts the obligations contained in the Charter and which, in the judgment of the UN, is able and willing to fulfill these obligations, can be a member of the UN. Admission to the UN membership is made by a decision of the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

In the event that the Security Council takes coercive measures against any member of the UN, the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Security Council, has the right to suspend the exercise of the rights and privileges arising from membership in the UN. A state that systematically violates the principles of the Charter may be expelled from the UN by a decision of the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

At present, the UN continues to be the main instrument for maintaining international peace and security; within the framework of the UN, a large number of international treaties are being developed, decisions are being made to unblock international conflicts and ensure law and order and legality in international relations.

27. UN General Assembly: composition: types of session, structure, working order, legal force decision. Examples.

There are six main organs of the UN: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat.

The General Assembly consists of all UN member states. The delegation of each UN member state consists of no more than five representatives and five substitutes.

The General Assembly is competent, within the framework of the UN Charter, to discuss any issues within the Charter, with the exception of those under consideration by the UN Security Council, to make recommendations to the members of the UN or to the Security Council on any such issues.

The General Assembly, in particular:

1) consider the principles of cooperation in the field of ensuring international peace and security;

2) elect non-permanent members of the UN Security Council, members of the Economic and Social Council;

4) jointly with the Security Council elects the members of the International Court of Justice;

5) coordinates international cooperation in the economic, social, cultural and humanitarian spheres;

6) exercise other powers provided for by the UN Charter.

The General Assembly works in session. Sessions of the General Assembly are held annually, in October - March. At the request of the Security Council or a majority of UN members, special or emergency sessions of the General Assembly may be convened. The work of the session takes place in the form of plenary sessions and meetings of committees and commissions.

There are seven main committees of the General Assembly, each of which represents all members of the UN: Committee on Political and Security Affairs (First Committee), Special Political Committee; Committee on Economic and Social Affairs (Second Committee); Committee on social, humanitarian issues(Third Committee); Trusteeship and Non-Self-Governing Territories Committee (Fourth Committee); Committee on Administration and Budget (Fifth Committee), Committee on Legal Affairs (Sixth Committee).

In addition to the main committees, the General Assembly has established a large number of subsidiary committees and commissions.