Fundamentals of the military economy of the USSR Patriotic War demanded the immediate transfer of the Soviet economy to the rails of the military economy. In the decisions of the All-Union communist party(Bolsheviks), the Soviet government and the instructions of Comrade Stalin in the very first days

1. The tasks of military intelligence To study the enemy, to improve intelligence are the eyes and ears of the army, to remember that without this it is impossible to beat the enemy for sure. Order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief I.V. Stalin to front-line scouts, 1944. Military intelligence, or tactical

Organization of military intelligence All the questions that military intelligence agencies have to resolve ultimately boil down to the following: to obtain timely information about the enemy, the terrain, the population and local means; study them and organize them, and then

The basis of the successful actions of the raid group is stealth movement. The secrecy of the group's actions is ensured by strict observance of camouflage and secrecy measures, the choice of optimal routes of movement and options for building a combat (marching) order, the skillful use of tracking, constant analysis of the situation and timely adoption of the necessary measures when it changes.

Movement routes (advancement to the reconnaissance area and movement of the group (patrols) in the reconnaissance area) are selected from the map, aerial photographs and specified during reconnaissance. Reconnaissance of reconnaissance routes can be carried out from a helicopter (in advance by a specially assigned reconnaissance group or during withdrawal), as well as directly upon the group's arrival in the combat mission area.

Advance to the reconnaissance area and all movements in the reconnaissance area (reconnaissance by search, change of observation sites, and in other cases) should be carried out at night or in conditions of limited visibility. The movement of the raid group during the day is not recommended and is allowed only if there are forces and means of direct fire support for its actions. Direct fire support of the reconnaissance group can be carried out by artillery, armored group and support units in firing positions, combat helicopters and actions of the VPShG, as well as a subgroup (group) of support specially allocated from the raid group (detachment). When a support subgroup is separated from the raid group, machine gunners, a sniper, and, if available, heavy weapons crews are assigned to its composition.

Raid actions involve the active movement of a group in the reconnaissance area for the group to sequentially inspect areas of the terrain in order to detect the enemy. During the raid Special attention pay attention to stealth and security of your movements.

In the course of performing the assigned task, the raid group can act under the guise of carrying out economic activity by own troops (subdivisions of other types and types of troops), local (civilian) population or enemy units. At the same time, technical and other vehicles (armored vehicles, cars, motorcycles, snowmobiles, various watercraft, horse-drawn vehicles, pack and riding animals, etc.) can be used to withdraw the group to the reconnaissance area and during the raid.

Choice order of battle groups when advancing to the reconnaissance area and movement in it depends on:

combat mission and numerical strength groups;

the ability to effectively manage the unit;

relief, protective properties location, time of year and day;

prospective directions of detection of the enemy or his attack;

mine environment.

who (your troops or the enemy) controls the airspace.

A reconnaissance detachment may move in a general battle order or in separate groups. A reconnaissance group of up to 12-14 people, as a rule, moves in a common battle order (interacting patrols, subgroups, three-member crews or pairs). In any order of battle, assign head and rear patrols, and in some cases side patrols. Instead of a rear patrol, 1-2 observers can be assigned to the rear.

The battle order in a column one at a time (two at a time - “snake”) is the main option for moving a group on almost any terrain. The distance between the elements of the battle formation and individual scouts is determined by the group commander in each specific case.

The most acceptable battle formation is "trefoil" and "ring" if it is necessary to conduct all-round fire by the group. When retreating after a clash with the enemy, pursuing a group by the enemy, or in an area of ​​​​special attention, build your battle formation in a “ring” or “shamrock”. In a forest (mountain-forest) area, the distance between scouts should be 4-8 meters during the day and 3-6 meters at night, and in open areas up to 10-12 meters.

The battle formation line is used for a detailed systematic inspection of the area, the advancement of a group (sub-group) to the firing line, in case of a frontal threat to the enemy, etc. Movement in line can be carried out by the entire group at the same time, by part of the group with its direct fire support by specially assigned scouts (see figure) or by the successive movement of individual scouts, pairs and trio crews. In sequential movement, the principle of short dashes is used with constant alignment of the line, but the personnel of the group move at a pace that is usual for reconnaissance.

In any variant of the group’s battle formation, the distance between the scouts in the patrol (subgroup, race-four-triple or pair) should ensure their visual control of each other, but not exceed 10-12 meters, and when moving through open areas of the terrain and examining local objects, the distance between them can reach up to 20 meters or more. The distance between the patrols and subgroups must also ensure their reliable mutual fire support, which is no more than 100-200 meters on medium-rough terrain, and up to 30-50 meters in the forest.

Patrols detached from the group (reconnaissance, head, rear or side) move at a distance of visual communication and fire support small arms. The order of battle of the patrol must provide the possibility of all-round observation and firing. The main task of the watch is the timely detection of the enemy

one by one in a column

"hare trail"

The head patrol has the task of conducting reconnaissance of the area along the route of the group's movement and preventing a sudden enemy attack on the group.

The "intermediate" head patrol is intended for fire support of the actions of the head patrol or its reinforcement in certain areas of the terrain. He moves behind the head patrol in front of the core (sub-control group) of the reconnaissance group. It includes machine gunners, grenade launchers (anti-tank and underbarrel grenade launchers) and a sniper.

MILITARY THOUGHT No. 7/1993, pp. 55-62

ColonelV.E. SHULGIN ,

candidate of military sciences

ColonelYu.L. FESENKO ,

Doctor of Technical Sciences

MILITARY conflicts recent decades, despite the local nature, made it possible to discover what is usually carefully hidden by all the armies of the world - new military equipment. In addition, they marked new stage in the development of means of armed struggle, since a creative understanding of the experience of military operations was a powerful impetus to continue research and improve weapons. In this respect, the war in the Persian Gulf zone is no exception. A number of publications in the domestic and foreign press are devoted to the analysis of its results. In this case, special attention, as a rule, is paid to the actual side of military operations, as well as to the forecast of changes in the forms and methods of their conduct. Without denying the importance of such an approach to the study of foreign combat experience, we consider it necessary to dwell on the main trends in the development of operational and tactical intelligence which were most clearly manifested during this military conflict.

The choice of this issue is not accidental, since the success of Operation Desert Storm and the subsequent offensive actions of the MNF was predetermined by the fact that they had modern means reconnaissance, its skillful organization and conduct in difficult conditions. The Iraqi side paid much attention to operational and tactical camouflage measures, using new ones along with traditional means - inflatable mock-ups of aircraft, tanks, launchers coated with metallized paint and equipped with thermal emitters. The use by the Iraqis of the camouflage properties of the terrain, various structures (tunnels, bridges, overpasses, etc.), standard camouflage coverings, the creation of a system of false positions and trenches, and imitation of combat activity significantly complicated the collection of intelligence data by the MNF. For example, Iraq managed to hide the location of air defense systems not only from US reconnaissance satellites, but also from reconnaissance aircraft of the Ministry of Forces, whose command was subsequently forced to admit that “up to 50% of attacks on air defense facilities were decoys". Nevertheless, the military leadership of the MNF was able to obtain fairly complete data on the plan of action, the composition of the groupings of troops, the construction of the defense and the nature of its engineering equipment, as well as to establish the location of fire weapons, command posts and enemy rear facilities. This became possible thanks to the integrated use of space, air, ground, sea, special reconnaissance and ensured the effectiveness of fire strikes and troop actions. It is no coincidence that a high level of operational and tactical intelligence is attributed by US military experts to the main components of victory in the war. And vice versa, the lack of long-range (space and air) reconnaissance assets on the Iraqi side, as well as its weak organization, did not allow timely revealing the directions of the main attacks of the MNF and doomed the artillery group, which was superior in number, equipped with long-range systems, to inactivity, which was one of the most important reasons for the defeat .

The role of fire damage, especially in modern operations, can hardly be overestimated. Constituting the main content of hostilities, it has long acquired a complex character. Its main task was to defeat enemy groupings, destroy nuclear attack weapons, gain fire superiority and provide continuous fire support for troop actions in solving operational and tactical tasks.

The results of the combat use of the latest high-precision weapons and electronic warfare during the war in the Persian Gulf were so impressive that they made it possible to conclude Othe possibility of achieving operational-strategic goals without the invasion of ground forces into enemy territory. That is why, in the domestic and foreign press, the period of the war in the Persian Gulf zone before the start of offensive operations by ground forces was called the electronic fire phase, or electronic fire operation.

The steady increase in the role of fire damage, the expansion of the range of tasks it solves, a significant increase in the firepower of weapons of destruction (range and accuracy of fire, rate of fire, power of ammunition) led to an increase in the importance intelligence data mined in order to plan and carry out fire engagement, their shares in the total volume of tasks performed by operational and tactical intelligence.

However, the development of operational and tactical intelligence within the framework of the so-called vertical integration was determined primarily by the needs of a particular type of armed forces (arms of service). Only for reconnaissance means directly integrated with means of destruction was the task of obtaining reconnaissance data, the reliability, timeliness and accuracy of which would ensure the possibility of their use to destroy detected objects, considered as the main one. This facilitated the management of reconnaissance means, limited the flow of information to the volumes necessary for planning and command and control. In the development of other reconnaissance means, the requirement to obtain data that could be directly used in the interests of enemy fire engagement was by no means always presented. Thus, the main purpose of radio reconnaissance equipment usually consisted in intercepting enemy radio communications, and the task of determining the location of his radio stations, if any, was usually limited to determining their areas of location, which excluded the possibility of using the received data in interests of fire damage control points. Relapses of this approach have not been eliminated even now, when, for example, in the development of tools electronic intelligence are limited to information that, at best, allows clarifying the type and organizational affiliation of the detected radars, which practically excludes the possibility of their fire damage.

Such an approach does not correspond to the general trend of increasing the role of fire damage in armed struggle. When preparing an electronic fire operation, the main thing is not so much obtaining information for a general operational-tactical assessment of the situation as obtaining data, the timeliness, reliability, accuracy and completeness of which would ensure the delivery of effective fire strikes using conventional and high-precision weapons, as well as electronic suppression of enemy troop and weapon control systems.

Calculations show that in modern operations more than 85% of intelligence information is obtained by the technical means of radio-electronic systems located on ground, air and space carriers, therefore it is they who must ensure the receipt of data in the interests of fire damage. Such a requirement in the armies of a number of states has become the main one in the creation of technical reconnaissance equipment, regardless of their organizational affiliation.

A good example is an electronic system aerial reconnaissance ground targets and Gistars strike control. The capabilities of this system are not limited to determining the coordinates of detected targets. Its most important task is to guide weapons and determine meeting points for firing field artillery at moving objects. Consequently, "Jistars", along with the actual reconnaissance function, includes shock system elements, which significantly expands its capabilities.

Thus, obtaining data in the interests of fire damage (electronic suppression) and bringing them to headquarters and fire weapons (electronic warfare equipment) on a time scale close to real is put forward as the main requirements for reconnaissance technical means (systems), regardless of their organizational affiliation. Along with this, in recent years, they have been increasingly assigned the task of aiming weapons at detected targets.

The experience of the war in the Persian Gulf shows that not all of the reconnaissance assets of the MNF made it possible to effectively solve the listed tasks. I had to make adjustments already in the course of combat operations. In this regard, the experience of using the launch detection system is indicative. ballistic missiles Imeus (USA). Initially, it was intended for preliminary notification of the command posts of the Patriot air defense system and target designation of strike aviation groups of the MNF about missile launch sites, but this was not enough to deliver timely strikes against Iraqi mobile missile systems, who had time to leave the starting positions before the appearance of strike groups. The prompt introduction of changes in the procedure for receiving and processing the information received by the system significantly increased the timeliness and, consequently, the effectiveness of target designation for strike aircraft. Similar tasks were set before reconnaissance means before, and they were often considered the main ones, for example, for reconnaissance means of RV and A of the ground forces. Moreover, it was they who determined the need for vertical integration of reconnaissance and destruction means, when each military formation was equipped with its own reconnaissance means, which, along with giving them a certain tactical independence, made it possible to significantly reduce the time for transmitting information to means of destruction.

The vertical integration of reconnaissance and destruction assets also had negative sides. The point is that when developing them, as a rule, only the needs of the type of armed forces (arms or formation) in whose interests these funds were created were taken into account. This led to an unjustified dissipation of finances, an increase in the cost of development and production of weapons. There were also shortcomings in the use of intelligence information, when only those that were determined by the needs of the corresponding type of armed forces (type of troops or formation) were taken into account from their total volume, while part of the intelligence information could be lost or come to headquarters too late. In the event of overlapping reconnaissance lanes (zones, sectors), some of the data obtained by reconnaissance assets of various formations duplicated each other, while important objects located outside the reconnaissance lanes could turn out to be unexplored. All this confirms the experience of using heterogeneous weapons in the Persian Gulf zone. As noted in the Pentagon report to the US Congress, “due to the imperfection of the technical means of reconnaissance of the ground forces, the Air Force and the Navy, as well as the unsatisfactory coordination of their efforts during Operation Desert Storm, numerous cases were noted when, for example, naval aviation struck at previously hit targets, bypassing those that, according to intelligence, were considered destroyed. Similar facts took place in the actions of the means of destruction of the ground forces, the Air Force, which also repeatedly struck at previously struck (destroyed) targets.

The above facts confirm an important regularity that is manifested in the development of weapons on present stage: the more destructive power and independence in solving fire missions increases, the more the effectiveness of their use depends on the timeliness, reliability, accuracy and completeness of intelligence data. Nevertheless, the development of reconnaissance equipment, even when creating reconnaissance-strike complexes, abroad was originally supposed to be carried out on the basis of vertical integration. For example, the first sample of the Assolt Breaker RUK was focused on its own means of reconnaissance and target designation - the Pave Mover radar station, placed on an air carrier. In the promising Djisak RUK, which is being developed in two versions (for the ground forces and the Air Force), it is also planned to have independent reconnaissance assets: in ground forces it was supposed to use the OV-1D Mohawk aircraft as the carrier of the side-looking radar, and the Air Force - TR-1 and C-18 aircraft. Subsequently, it was decided to use in both versions of the RUK a radar system for aerial reconnaissance of ground targets and control of the Gistars strike. This meant, if not a rejection of the traditional form of vertical integration of reconnaissance and destruction means, then at least a transition to the creation of reconnaissance systems in the interests of several branches of the armed forces. The combination of reconnaissance and strike capabilities in the Gestars system contributed to the improvement of the management of heterogeneous weapons.

The new concept of using the Gistars radar system provides for its use not only in the interests of the RUK, but also in planning fire engagement in army corps and divisions. Its use during the war in the Persian Gulf (to track Iraqi reserves and detect batteries at ranges exceeding the capabilities of the radar reconnaissance of the American divisions' counter-battery systems) confirmed that the horizontal integration of reconnaissance and destruction, along with vertical, significantly increases the effectiveness of the use of reconnaissance information and capabilities of weapons. This allows us to take a significant step in solving one of the urgent problems of intelligence - increasing the reliability of intelligence information in the interests of fire damage. Since most of the most important targets (launchers, batteries self-propelled guns, MLRS, etc.) are mobile, their effective defeat is possible only if it is carried out immediately after detection, when it is difficult or practically absent to confirm the reliability of data about them. According to foreign military experts, the solution to this problem lies in the horizontal integration of reconnaissance assets of formations (formations) based on the creation of reconnaissance control systems. An example is an automated system for processing and analyzing intelligence data air army(army corps, division) ASAS. Deepest Integration various kinds intelligence achieved in the divisional level (see table).

Automated system for processing and analyzing intelligence data of the ACAS division

Radio reconnaissance (interception and direction finding points of the Trailerblazer radio intelligence complex, Quick-Fix helicopter complex) and radio engineering (Timpeks ground-based radio intelligence complex, Maltyuz helicopter complex) reconnaissance transmit information to interfacing posts with reconnaissance equipment ASAS system, from where, after primary processing, it enters the division's technical intelligence and electronic warfare center, where one of the centers of this system is located. Here, intelligence is processed, analyzed and transmitted to a similar center located at the divisional combat operations control center (TsUBD). It also receives decoded radar reconnaissance data from the radar reconnaissance of moving targets (AN / TPQ-58), the Firefinder counter-battery radar system (radar AN / TPQ-36 and AN / TPQ -37), sound reconnaissance, optoelectronic means of advanced artillery observers (PAN), as well as from the Jistars air reconnaissance system, air surveillance equipment, etc. In the TsUBD, the received data is processed and combined into a single overall picture of the object situation with the recognition of subunits, units and formations. The final information is issued in the form of an electronic map of the current objective situation, which facilitates its operational-tactical assessment, revealing the enemy's action plan, and developing recommendations for fire engagement. However, the main thing is that Comparison of intelligence information received from various sources makes it possible to significantly increase its reliability and, consequently, the effectiveness of the use of weapons. In addition, automatic duplication of intelligence data bases available at each of the intelligence control points in the division, army corps and air army (connection of these points to each other) makes it possible to use all available reconnaissance means to fill in the missing information in the interests of any fire control authority. The ability to include a reconnaissance asset in the system at the request of command instances (including the TsUBD) is a significant step in improving the management of operational and tactical intelligence, as it allows you to manage all reconnaissance assets of a formation (connection) from a single center, which significantly increases its capabilities when solving the problems of an electronic fire operation.

Note that, forming large-scale horizontal structures, automated systems intelligence departments do not exclude their already existing vertical integration. Being structured into such formations as RUK, ROK, field artillery units and subunits, reconnaissance assets, as before, will support their combat activities. At the same time, their integration into the reconnaissance system of a formation (connection) increases the reliability of reconnaissance information received by command and control authorities, where direct planning of fire engagement is carried out, ensuring clear coordination of the actions of various means of destruction.

Consequently, the creation of intelligence management systems based on both horizontal and vertical integration of intelligence assets of a formation (combination) makes it possible to use their combat capabilities more effectively and increase the reliability of intelligence information. In addition, their inclusion in the overall system combat control and interfacing with subsystems of weapons of destruction provides operational and tactical reconnaissance with the required activity and purposefulness when obtaining data in the interests of planning and implementing an electronic fire operation, it facilitates the achievement of clear and coordinated actions in it by heterogeneous means of destruction and electronic suppression.

An analysis of the capabilities of the ASAS system makes it possible to reveal another important trend in the improvement of operational and tactical intelligence - providing various command authorities with reconnaissance information about objects located at distances significantly exceeding the reach of the fire weapons at their disposal. When implementing the concept of an air-ground operation, this will make it possible to conduct effective reconnaissance in the zone of a potential threat of consolidation (linkage), provide an opportunity to reveal the intentions of the opposite side in a timely manner, plan preemptive fire strikes in advance, seize the initiative and achieve defeat of the enemy in parts. More greater value acquires the availability of intelligence data in the context of a reduction in the number of armed forces, when a decrease in the number of troops on the battlefield will lead to the absence of a clearly defined line of contact between them. Besides, an increase in the reconnaissance range will make it possible to track objects (targets) long before they appear in the range of weapons. The possibility of a retrospective review of the objective situation provides a more complete assessment of the reliability of intelligence data. Search, detection, recognition, determination of coordinates and other characteristics of objects, as well as the transfer of these data to the appropriate command instances, are accompanied by certain time costs that characterize the "inertia" of intelligence. The creation of intelligence management systems will make it possible to practically solve this problem. According to calculations by US military experts, the reconnaissance equipment with which divisions and army corps should be equipped by the mid-1990s, during the most intense periods of hostilities, will be able to create flows of reconnaissance information (each with tens of thousands of targets) with an intensity of about 80-110 messages. in a minute. Therefore, they rightly believe that timely processing of intelligence information is possible only in automatic or semi-automatic mode. This is how it will be possible to ensure the “inertia-free” intelligence, to bring all intelligence information into a single picture of the objective situation on a time scale close to real. It is quite obvious that reducing the time for planning an operation (by automating the processes of command and control of troops and weapons) loses its meaning if the collection and processing of intelligence information about the enemy continues to be carried out for several hours.

The resolution of this contradiction consists in the introduction of cybernetic methods and elements into the technology of searching, detecting, recognizing targets and determining their coordinates, collecting and processing intelligence information. artificial intelligence". The use of standard sets of objective signs of various targets, electronic "templates" for recognizing the type and determining the organizational affiliation of detected electronic means, self- and cross-correlation methods for identifying individual and group targets, as well as assessing their reliability, machine synthesis of a general picture of the object situation based on sets of individual and group targets - this is a far from complete list of methods for automating the processes of detection, recognition, and location of objects developed in the interests of creating the ASAS system, as well as other reconnaissance systems.

Undoubtedly, the widespread introduction of methods for automating intelligence management processes was determined by the needs of practice, but the technological base of modern technical means played a significant role in this. Exactly radio-electronic complexes, which are currently the basis of technical means of reconnaissance, turned out to be the most suitable for the perception of cybernetic methods for automating the processes of processing signals-carriers of reconnaissance information. This accelerated the technical implementation of the tasks of accurately determining the coordinates of stationary and moving targets, as well as the automation of calculations related to predicting their location for aiming weapons and delivering fire strikes.

It should be noted that these methods for decoding intelligence information carrier signals, recognizing targets and determining their coordinates are universal and can be used in systems and devices, regardless of their belonging to one or another type of armed forces (arms of service) and the purpose of reconnaissance means. This will allow, in order to create them, to combine the efforts of research and production institutions of various departments, which will undoubtedly contribute to a significant reduction in financial costs and time for creating new technology.

Consequently, the transition from individual assets and reconnaissance complexes to automated reconnaissance systems and reconnaissance control systems, which represent the highest degree of integration of reconnaissance assets in the interests of operational and combat support for the actions of troops in an electronic fire operation, is the essence of the most important trend in improving operational and tactical reconnaissance.

In connection with the widespread introduction of various automated reconnaissance systems, it is appropriate to note that they are only elements of the general reconnaissance and fire system of formations and formations, which ensures their integrated use.

Reforming the Russian Armed Forces requires clear guidelines. Therefore, today it is especially important to deeply study the main patterns and trends in the development and combat use weapons and military equipment. The experience of the war in the Persian Gulf once again confirmed that victory in the armed struggle in modern conditions possible only with high degree awareness of the intentions and actions of the enemy, which can be achieved only by equipping the troops with highly effective reconnaissance equipment, their skillful and comprehensive use. Very promising in this regard, especially in the context of a sharp reduction in appropriations for the creation of weapons and military equipment, is the trend of horizontal integration of reconnaissance means through the development and implementation of reconnaissance systems in the interests of several types (arms) of the Armed Forces. Along with a significant increase in the efficiency of reconnaissance, the reliability of the data obtained by it and the accuracy of determining the coordinates of the objects (targets) being struck, this promises a significant reduction in the financial and time costs for the creation of new equipment. In addition, the development and implementation of automated reconnaissance and reconnaissance control systems facilitates the creation of unified reconnaissance, electronic warfare and fire control centers, which fully corresponds to their role in an electronic fire operation. The results of the use of diverse forces and means of destruction in MNF operations have shown that it is necessary to integrate reconnaissance systems and means of destruction based on modern means of control into a single technological reconnaissance and fire control system for fire damage, electronic countermeasures and intelligence, and this requires a clear coordination of the work of various institutions and departments in the creation of promising types of weapons.

This path does not contradict the scientific and technical policy of Russia, aimed at increasing the firepower of formations and formations by increasing the quality parameters of weapons and military equipment.

military thought. - 1991. - No. 5. - P.65.

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Fundamentals of military intelligence

Military intelligence is a set of measures taken by the military command of all levels to obtain and study information about an active or potential enemy, as well as terrain and weather.

Combat training 55

Tactical reconnaissance is carried out in the interests of the successful conduct of combat by the forces and means of Subdivisions, units and formations. It is divided into military, artillery, radar, radio and radio engineering, engineering, chemical and air.

Military reconnaissance is conducted by regular or temporarily created subunits (groups). The purpose of military intelligence is to exclude the surprise of enemy actions, to provide the commander and headquarters with data for the timely and effective use of their forces and means.

Achieving the set goals is carried out by solving a number of complex and versatile tasks to obtain intelligence information about numerous enemy targets.

Troop intelligence must establish the location and nature of the enemy's actions, his strength and composition, the numbering of units and subunits, their combat effectiveness and intentions. This task is permanent and is typical for all types of combat operations. Without its solution, not only the successful conduct of the battle is impossible, but also its organization and planning. Commanders of all levels are primarily interested in: where is the enemy, what are his strengths and what is he doing, what and where are his strengths and weaknesses, what are his plans for the upcoming military operations.

The primary task of military intelligence is to identify enemy weapons of mass destruction and high-precision weapons. To solve this problem will be directed her main effort.

For successful combat, it is important to know where field artillery, tanks, anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons, machine gun firing positions, observation posts and enemy control posts are located. Therefore, revealing the areas of their location (firing positions) is also one of the tasks of military intelligence.

Recently, in the conduct of hostilities, electronic warfare means have become widely used. Proceeding from this, such a task of military intelligence arose as the identification of areas (positions) for the deployment of enemy electronic warfare systems.

In connection with the development of aviation, the regulations of the US Army provide for the creation of the so-called air echelon of combat operations, and modern combat is considered as air-ground. As a result, the opening of airfields and enemy aviation bases, establishing the number and type of aircraft and helicopters on them became the Task of military intelligence,

ab headII,

Of no small importance is such a task of military reconnaissance as determining the nature and degree of engineering equipment for enemy positions and areas of location of enemy subunits and units, the system of his obstacles, and the degree of terrain passability. The need to solve this problem stems from the desire of commanders and staffs to most effectively use their weapons, use the weaknesses of the enemy's engineering support, and minimize possible losses from the applied engineering obstacles.

The most important task facing military intelligence has always been and remains the task of identifying new means of armed struggle, methods and methods of conducting combat operations. This task is particularly relevant at the present time, when the very nature of combined arms combat precludes stereotyping in its conduct, necessitates constant improvement in the methods of combat use of equipment and weapons.

The listed tasks are the main ones, in each individual case they will be specified by the commander and headquarters, depending on the prevailing situation, the nature of the combat mission of the subunit (unit, formation), enemy actions, the nature of the terrain, etc. During the battle, other tasks may arise, completely new, the implementation of which will require the allocation of additional forces and means of reconnaissance, transfer her major efforts from one direction to another.

The essence of military intelligence is expressed by its basic principles, which, in turn, are intelligence requirements. These requirements include: purposefulness, continuity, activity, timeliness and efficiency, secrecy, reliability, accuracy of determining coordinates.

Purposefulness lies in the strict subordination of all reconnaissance measures to the interests of ensuring the preparation and successful conduct of combat and the solution of specific tasks at one stage or another of combat.

Continuity of reconnaissance consists in its constant conduct: in preparation and in the course of combat, day and night, in any conditions of the situation, terrain and in any weather.

Reconnaissance activity consists in the persistent striving of the commanders and staffs organizing reconnaissance, as well as the subunits (bodies) conducting it, under any conditions and by all possible means to obtain the necessary intelligence information.

The timeliness and efficiency of reconnaissance consists in obtaining the necessary reconnaissance

Boepap preparation 57

information and bringing it to commanders, headquarters and troops by a precisely set deadline, quick analysis and evaluation for immediate use in decision-making. The most valuable and hard-won information can lose its value if it is transmitted late, Not by the set time. All intelligence information has value only for a certain time, after which it becomes obsolete and unusable.

Secrecy of reconnaissance consists in keeping secret all reconnaissance measures, disorienting the enemy regarding the location and nature of the actions of its forces and means.

Reliability of intelligence consists in obtaining intelligence data that fully corresponds to the actual situation, identifying and correctly assessing the true, demonstrative and false intentions, actions and objects of the enemy.

The accuracy of determining the coordinates of reconnaissance objects (targets) consists in establishing their position with the minimum allowable errors that ensure the effective use of weapons. It is achieved by using the most advanced technical means and methods of reconnaissance, by highly trained reconnaissance personnel. Data on the location of nuclear and high-precision weapons, command and control posts, and other important enemy targets must be especially high in accuracy.

Intelligence information about a reconnaissance object must contain:

Time of discovery and source of information;

Name (type) of the object;

Dimensions (front and depth or column length);

The coordinates of the center of the object or its main elements Comrade(for columns, the coordinates of the head of the column);

Nature of activity, direction of movement, degree of protection.

Intelligence information is understood to mean all information that, to any extent, characterizes an active or potential enemy, as well as the terrain and weather in the area of ​​forthcoming operations. Meaningful information based on the collected, evaluated and correctly interpreted facts, presented in a certain order and giving a clear idea on a particular issue, constitutes intelligence data. Both of these terms are but Syat is the name of intelligence information.

58 Chapter II

The frequently encountered expression “reconnaissance forces and means” should be understood as follows: forces are units that include personnel, and means are military equipment, instruments, equipment, i.e., everything with which the personnel perform reconnaissance tasks .

For the direct conduct of military reconnaissance, reconnaissance, tank, motorized rifle, paratrooper and air assault units are created reconnaissance bodies.

intelligence agency- this is a full-time or temporarily created unit (group) with the necessary means, designed to perform certain reconnaissance tasks. 1< разведывательным органам войско­вой разведки относятся наблюдатели, наблюдательные посты, дозорные отделения (танки), разведывательные, боевые раз­ведывательные, отдельные разведывательные, офицерские разведывательные дозоры, разведывательные отряды, разве­дывательные группы, группы для проведения поисков, засад, подразделения для проведения разведки боем.

Observers are military personnel performing a combat mission of conducting reconnaissance by observation in a given sector or a specific specified object (a piece of terrain, a local object). Observers are assigned one per platoon, one squad, and one or two in each company. They are located secretly and are provided with surveillance devices, means of communication, and seasonal uniforms. The commander of the subunit from which he is appointed sets the combat mission for the observer.

An observation post is a group of military personnel assigned for observation with personal weapons, observation devices, necessary documents and means of communication. It is designed to conduct reconnaissance of the enemy in the specified sector (band). To conduct reconnaissance at night and in conditions of limited visibility, a radar station for reconnaissance of ground moving targets can be deployed on the OP.

Observation posts are assigned in defense and in preparation for an offensive. They are located, as a rule, at the forefront in the combat formations of subunits or on the flanks. An observation post (OP) consists of 2-3 observers, one of which is appointed as a senior.

The task for the senior observer is set by the chief of intelligence or the chief of staff of the unit (subunit) and is recorded in the observation log.

A patrol squad (tank) is sent from subunits (bodies) conducting reconnaissance and subunits performing combat missions in isolation from their main forces for timely detection of the enemy and reconnaissance

Combat training 09

terrain. It operates at a distance that provides observation of it and fire support. The patrol squad performs its task by observation, moving in a regular combat vehicle, other vehicles, as well as on foot. For a direct inspection of the area and individual local items, sentinels are sent out on foot from the sentinel squad.

A reconnaissance patrol (RD), up to a platoon, is sent from the reconnaissance detachment. It performs tasks by surveillance, eavesdropping, and ambushes. For reconnaissance of the enemy and the terrain, patrol squads (tanks) or foot patrols are sent from the RD.

The Combat Reconnaissance Patrol (BRD), up to a platoon, is sent out during the course of the battle and in the absence of direct contact with the enemy from combined arms battalions (companies). It is designed to identify fire weapons, ambushes, enemy obstacles and reconnaissance of the area in front of the front and on the flanks of your unit. The BRD performs tasks by observation, ambushes and combat. He carries out an inspection of the area with the whole composition or allocates a sentinel squad (tank) for this.

A separate reconnaissance patrol (ORD) is sent to conduct reconnaissance in all types of combat and on the march. He is assigned to a reinforced platoon. In the course of carrying out the task, the independent reconnaissance patrol conducts reconnaissance by observation, ambushes and raids. For direct guarding and inspection of the area in the direction of reconnaissance, and, if necessary, also to the side of the route of movement, the reconnaissance patrol sends patrol squads (tanks) or foot patrols.

An officer reconnaissance patrol (OfRD) is sent by the commander of a formation (unit) to clarify the most important information. Depending on the assigned task, it may include one or two officers with the necessary forces and means of reconnaissance and communications. OFRD moves on an infantry fighting vehicle, a tank, a helicopter and other vehicles.

The reconnaissance detachment (RO) is sent to conduct reconnaissance in the most important direction. He is usually appointed as part of a company. Sometimes a motorized rifle, infantry or tank battalion can be assigned to a reconnaissance detachment. To conduct reconnaissance, reconnaissance patrols and patrol squads (tanks) are sent from the reconnaissance detachment. The RO performs its tasks by observation, ambushes, raids, and, if necessary, fight.

The reconnaissance group (RG) is created from specially trained reconnaissance personnel

60 Chapter II

of a military intelligence unit, as a rule, as part of a squad. The reconnaissance group is designed to operate behind enemy lines to open objects of nuclear and chemical attack, high-precision weapons, command posts, reserves, airfields and other objects. During the day, she can scout 1-2 objects or an area up to 100 square meters. km. The RG is sent behind enemy lines by helicopters (aircraft) with landing by parachute or landing method, on combat vehicles and other vehicles, on foot, and in coastal areas, by means of the fleet. The main method of conducting reconnaissance by a reconnaissance group is observation.

A search group may be assigned as part of a reconnaissance, motorized rifle, airborne and air assault platoon, which is reinforced by sappers with engineering reconnaissance and demining equipment. The actions of the group, if necessary, are supported by the fire of tanks, artillery and other fire weapons. From the composition of the group, subgroups of capture, barrage and fire support are assigned to conduct the search.

A group for setting up an ambush with a force up to a platoon is used in all types of combat, on any terrain, in various meteorological conditions and at any time of the day. It can operate in the depths of the enemy's position, on his front line, in front of the front line and in the disposition of our troops. To conduct an ambush, observers, subgroups of capture and fire support are assigned from the group.

When operating as part of reconnaissance bodies behind enemy lines, a squad during a raid can be assigned to subgroups for the destruction (removal) of enemy guards, attacks or fire support, as well as perform a combat mission in relation to the offensive.

A subunit for conducting reconnaissance in combat is assigned from a formation as part of a reinforced motorized rifle or tank battalion (company). Separate reconnaissance patrols, reconnaissance artillerymen and reconnaissance sappers can operate in its combat formations to capture prisoners, documents, weapons and equipment.

Reconnaissance squad (BRM-1k crew) when performing independent combat missions, it can act as a patrol squad and conduct reconnaissance at an observation post. The reconnaissance squad can set up ambushes. In the course of reconnaissance in combat, it usually forms a group to capture prisoners, documents, weapons and equipment. When conducting a search, the department deist-

Combat training 61

voet as one of the platoon groups (capture, support or barrier).

Reconnaissance Platoon can act in a reconnaissance (separate reconnaissance) patrol, conduct searches, raids, and set up ambushes.

The actions of intelligence agencies to obtain intelligence information are carried out in various ways. Way reconnaissance is a technique (method) of actions of forces and means of reconnaissance in order to obtain intelligence information. The main methods of military intelligence are:

surveillance, eavesdropping, search, raid, ambush, interrogation of prisoners, defectors, interviewing local residents, reconnaissance fight.

Surveillance as a method of reconnaissance has existed throughout the history of wars and has occupied a prominent place in the reconnaissance activities of troops. Under present-day conditions, the scope of surveillance has been greatly expanded and its capabilities for obtaining intelligence information have increased.

If earlier surveillance was carried out mainly for the purpose of reconnaissance of enemy manpower, then at the present time, when on powerful means of destruction appeared on the battlefield (nuclear and high-precision weapons), surveillance received additional tasks for reconnaissance of these means.

No less important influence on the change in the content of this method was the emergence of new, modern technical means of reconnaissance: optical, optoelectronic, radar, etc., which greatly expanded the possibilities of this reconnaissance method.

Observation is the main method of reconnaissance; it is organized and conducted in all types of combat activities of troops continuously, day and night, at any time of the year and in any situation. Observation is carried out personally by commanders from all command, observation and command and observation posts, as well as observation posts and other military intelligence agencies.

Eavesdropping is used in direct contact with the enemy, as well as during the actions of reconnaissance units in his rear. It is carried out at any time of the day, especially at night and in conditions of limited visibility. Eavesdropping reconnaissance can be conducted by ear or by using technical means. Eavesdropping complements surveillance and is used in conjunction with it.

Eavesdropping reconnaissance is carried out by observers of subunits and observation posts, personnel of other reconnaissance agencies. Eavesdropping posts can also be created separately, consisting of two or three people,

up head II

shnh x; "It is good to navigate in conditions of limited visibility, having excellent hearing and being able to recognize enemy actions by sound unmasking signs.

Search is a method of reconnaissance, which consists in a covert approach of a group (subunit) to a pre-planned and studied object, a surprise attack on it in order to capture prisoners, documents, weapons and equipment, and a quick retreat to the location of its troops.

In the last war, search was the most common and effective method of reconnaissance to capture prisoners. So, according to reports on intelligence activities of formations and units of five fronts in 1943 and 1944. 10630 various reconnaissance activities were carried out related to the capture of prisoners and documents, of which 6171 searches, i.e. e. 60%. Moreover, the search captured about 60% of prisoners and documents obtained in other ways.

The search is usually organized in conditions of direct contact with the enemy. It is most widely used in preparation for an offensive and in defense.

A raid consists in a surprise attack; "on a pre-selected (designated) enemy object in order to capture prisoners, documents, weapons and military equipment, as well as to disable (destroy) nuclear attack weapons, command posts, radio and radio equipment and other In contrast to the search, which is carried out as silently as possible, the basis of the actions of scouts during a raid is a skillful combination of fire, surprise and a swift strike, ending, as a rule, in a short hand-to-hand fight. In a number of cases, it can be carried out in the area of ​​the forward edge by a subunit (group) consisting of reconnaissance, motorized rifle, tank, airborne and air assault units.

An ambush as a reconnaissance method consists in the advance and covert location of a subunit (group) on the expected or probable enemy movement routes for a surprise attack on him in order to capture prisoners, documents, weapons, military equipment and equipment. Ambushes are arranged in all types of combat, on any terrain, at any time of the year, day and night and in various meteorological conditions, in front of the front, on the flanks of the enemy and in his rear. This method is widely used both by units conducting reconnaissance and performing other tasks.

Combat training 63

Important information can be obtained by interrogating prisoners, defectors, and interviewing local residents. However, you should be aware that the information obtained in this way must be double-checked and clarified. The interrogation of prisoners and defectors, the questioning of local residents is carried out briefly, as a rule, in the interests of fulfilling the assigned task, and in such a way as not to reveal the main purpose of intelligence. Prisoners captured during the search, ambush and raid are delivered to the headquarters of the unit by bodies specially allocated for this purpose and interrogated there. In a battalion (company), interrogation and interrogation are carried out only in the interests of obtaining the information that the subunit needs to conduct combat. The data obtained are reported to the senior commander, and prisoners of war, defectors are sent to the headquarters of the unit, then to the headquarters of the formation or to the assembly point of prisoners of war.

In the course of performing assigned tasks, the squad conducts reconnaissance by observation, eavesdropping and ambushes, the platoon uses all of the indicated reconnaissance methods.

Reconnaissance in force consists in a sudden attack by a predetermined and prepared half-division to seize a certain object in the enemy's disposition. Most often, it is carried out in the case when other methods of reconnaissance cannot provide command with the necessary data about the enemy or when it is not possible to obtain them by other means. Reconnaissance in force can be carried out in preparation for an offensive and in defense.

During the Great Patriotic War, reconnaissance in force was widely used and, as a rule, gave very positive results. It provided the most complete and reliable data on the location, forces, grouping and system of fire of the enemy, as well as on the nature of the terrain equipment in his location.

One of important factors facilitating the effectiveness of reconnaissance is the organization and maintenance of sustainable command and control of reconnaissance forces and assets. Management includes: maintaining reliable communications with intelligence agencies; timely receipt of data on their situation; implementation of constant control over the implementation of reconnaissance missions; fast reaction on change of environment; timely clarification of tasks.

To control the forces and means of reconnaissance, radio, wire and mobile means of communication are used: off-road vehicles, armored personnel carriers, helicopters, motorcycles and other means. The reconnaissance organs of military intelligence also use signal means of communication - missiles of various colors, colored smoke and

(54 ChapterII

lights, lanterns, signal matches, tracer bullets and shells, flags and pointers.

At observation posts, as a rule, wired and mobile means of communication are used. During the operations of a squad (BRM-1k crew) as part of reconnaissance bodies behind enemy lines, control within the reconnaissance body is organized mainly by signals, in some cases by radio, mobile and other means. The commander of the sentinel squad organizes communication within the squad by radio and signal means.

Thus, military intelligence in terms of the importance of the tasks to be solved, the resoluteness of the goals, the composition of forces and means, it occupies one of the leading places among other types of tactical intelligence. Operating on a large scale and using various methods of obtaining intelligence information, it, together with other types of intelligence, is called upon to ensure the successful conduct of combat operations by subunits and units.

Reconnaissance technical means

Various optical and optoelectronic devices, radar stations, equipment of military and reconnaissance vehicles are used to conduct military reconnaissance. The simplest means of reconnaissance are binoculars, periscopes, stereotubes and compasses. With their help, scouts can study the terrain at the location of the enemy, detect targets and monitor them, determine their position on the ground relative to landmarks by measuring horizontal and vertical angles, and determine the ranges to targets if their dimensions in height or width are known.

Binoculars(Fig. 3) can be six (B-6), eight (B-8, Bi-8), twelve (B-12) and fifteen (B-15) magnification. They have a mass of 0.6-0.9 kg. In all binoculars, an angle measuring grid is placed in the right tube to measure horizontal and vertical angles. Using the binocular reticle, you can measure angles with an accuracy of 0-03 and determine the distances to the observed targets with an accuracy of 3% of the measured range.

The Bi-8 binoculars are also designed to detect sources of infrared radiation. With the screen turned off (in the left eyepiece), it is used as a normal binocular.

In preparation for the operation of any optical device, eyepieces are adjusted according to the base of the observer's eyes and his visual acuity.

Rice. 3. Binoculars

Periscopes TR-4, TR-8 (Fig. 4) are designed for observation from trenches, from behind walls, trees, stones; "other shelters. They have a four- and ^^^ eightfold magnification, field A I ^ | 11 and 8 °, mass in the working /\ .and position 1 and 0.8 kg respectively. | |"|d Periscopicity (distance between the centers of the eyepiece and the lens) | R is equal to 403 and 405 mm. The angle measuring grid of periscopes is similar in design to that of binoculars.| ;

and provides the same measurement accuracy. During peri- 1 [ osprey held in the hand or fixed on a pole. 1|thI||<й ^

Stereo tube in its own way - ^ ^yy D stvu represents, as it were, a combination of | "nation of two periscopes, fastened 1, | nyh at the base on a common hinge axis. The troops use the TR-TR-8 large stereo tube and artillery - p „^ 4. Perp-cops Rii stereo tube (Fig. 5). The latter differs only in some design details and an angle measuring grid. The big stereo tube has

tenfold magnification, field of view 5°, periscopicity 325mm, weight in working position 11.5kg. It provides angle measurement accuracy up to 0-01.

Rice. 5. Stereo tubes:

a-artillery (LST); c - angle measuring grid AST; c - angle measurement "" BST grid; e - large (BST)

Periscopic artillery compass PAB-2A(Fig. 6) is the main device for target designation and data preparation for firing. With its help, you can solve all the tasks performed with binoculars, periscopes or stereo tubes, and, in addition, determine the magnetic azimuth on target. The PAB-2A compass has an eightfold magnification, a field of view of 5°, periscopicity (when using the supplied periscope) 350 mm, weight in working position 2.5 kg. When using the compass, they are guided by its individual documentation.

More modern optical and optoelectronic reconnaissance devices include night observation devices, laser rangefinders, thermal imaging devices and surveillance equipment with a stabilized field of view.

Artillery quantum rangefinder DAK-1(Fig. 7) is designed to measure the distance to fixed and moving targets, vertical and horizontal angles @ and

Rice. 6. Bussol PAB-2A:

rice.7. Artillery quantum rangefinder DAK-1