Questions to be solved in the study of clothing. Issues to be resolved in the study of traces of vehicles. Issues resolved by portrait examination

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1. Are the traces found traces of clothing?
2. What is the mechanism of interaction between an object and clothing (traces of friction, imprint, etc.)?
3. What was the relative position of the person and the object on which traces of his clothes were left?
4. Are traces left by patches of clothing of a particular person?
5. What marks and damage are there on the clothes?
6. What is the mechanism of damage formation on clothes?
7. What type of tool (object) caused damage?
8. Are there marks and damages on the clothes by the items presented?
3. DECISION ON THE APPOINTMENT OF A TRACELOGICAL EXAMINATION OF HACKING TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS

expertise document instrument hacking

RESOLUTION

on the appointment of trace evidence forensic examination

(which one)

(place of compilation)

Investigator ORPTO OP-5 Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the city of Ensk st. lieutenant of justice (position of investigator (interrogating officer), class rank or rank, surname, initials)

Ivanitsky I.I.

Having considered the materials of criminal case No. 123456,

SET UP:

November 28, 2016 in daytime unknown perpetrator by hacking front door
(the grounds for the appointment of a forensic examination are stated)

penetrated into the apartment of Mr. Vasin, located on the street. Dekabristov, 145-203 in the city of Ensk, from where he secretly stole the personal property of the victim in the amount of more than 50,000 rubles.

During the inspection of the place on the casing of the front door, two three-dimensional traces of a burglary tool were found, from which casts were made with the help of paste "K". During a search at the suspect Losev P.P. a chisel was found and seized, the dimensions of the canvas of which coincide with the dimensions of the traces seized during the inspection of the scene. In addition, during the inspection, the lock from the front door was seized. To establish the circumstances to be proved, listed in Art. 73 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, special knowledge is required.

Based on the aforesaid and guided by Article. 195 (196) and 199 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation,

RESOLVED:

1. To appoint a traceological (what kind) forensic examination, the production of which is entrusted to the ECC of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the city of Ensk
(surname, name, patronymic of the expert or the name of the expert institution)
2. Put questions to the expert:
1. Are the seized traces of hacking tools suitable for identification?
2. If applicable, what is the mechanism and time of breaking?
3. Are there traces of burglary tools found during the inspection of the scene of the incident, a chisel found and seized during a search from the suspect Losev P.P. or another item(s)?
4. If the traces are left by another object (objects), then what are characteristics hacking tools that left traces, as well as height, sex, age, physical strength, professional skills, functional features of the person who hacked?
5. Was the lock unlocked only with keys specially designed for this lock or also with other keys (objects)?
3. Provide the expert with the following materials: this resolution, (what kind of) chisel found during a search at Mr. Losev P.P., two casts from the traces of burglary tools found during the inspection of the scene.
4. To entrust: Head of the ECC of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the city of Ensk
(to whom exactly)

explain to the expert the rights and obligations under Art. 57 Code of Criminal Procedure, and warn him of criminal liability in accordance with Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for giving a knowingly false conclusion.

Investigator (investigator) Ivanovitsky

(signature)

Rights and obligations under Art. 57 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, “____” was explained to me ___________ 20___

At the same time, I was warned about criminal liability in accordance with Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for giving a knowingly false conclusion.

1. Questions to be solved in the study of food products:

Has lost its power;

Whether the product belongs to children's or diabetic nutrition;

Is the product a food additive?

Does the quality of the product submitted for research comply with the safety certificate;

Whether the product is a natural product or falsified and by what indicators;

2. Issues to be resolved in the study of alcoholic beverages:

3. Issues addressed in the study of tobacco and tobacco products:

Determine whether this product is tobacco waste or smoking tobacco;

Determine the mass fraction of tobacco fractions, impurities and dust;

5. Questions to be solved in the study of chemical compounds:

Has lost its power;

Does the substance contain ethyl alcohol and denaturing additives;

What is the specific radioactivity of the substance;

Is the substance corrosive, flammable, explosive;

Is the substance a narcotic drug, if so, which one;

Whether the substance is psychotropic, potent or poisonous, if so, which ones;

6. Issues to be resolved in the study of alcohol-containing liquids:

Has lost its power;

Does the liquid contain denaturing additives, if so, which ones and in what concentration;

7. Issues to be resolved in the study of paints and varnishes:

Determine the chemical composition and belonging of the goods to paints and varnishes;

Has lost its power;

What is the type and type paintwork material submitted for research.

8. Issues to be resolved in the study of polymeric materials and products from them:

9. Issues to be resolved in the study of paper and paper products:

Has lost its power;

Identify paper by physical and chemical parameters;

Determine the composition of the coating and the basis of the product;

10. Questions to be solved in the study of textile materials and textile products:

Has lost its power;

Determine the breaking load and linear density of chemical threads;

Identify the polymer base of chemical threads;

Determine the linear density and cross-sectional size of the monofilament;

Determine the content of textured polyester yarns and artificial complex yarns in fabrics;

11. Issues to be resolved in the study of precious metals, alloys and products from them:

Does the product contain precious metals and which ones;

Is the object under study a currency value;

What is the percentage precious metal what sample it belongs to;

The main questions to be solved in the study of weapons

1. What type and sample (model) does this fire belong to?

firearms?

2. Is the weapon in good working order and is it suitable for shooting?

3. What is the caliber of this firearm?

4. What type and type (model) of firearms is this part (magazine, bolt, revolver drum axle, pistol grip cheek, trigger, etc.)?

5. Is the part presented for research a part of this weapon?

When resolving this issue, it is necessary to take into account the number on the part, traces of it on other parts of the weapon, and vice versa. If only a part of the detail is examined, and another part of it has been preserved in the alleged weapon, then the question is reduced to establishing the whole from the part.

6. Could this weapon be fired without pulling the trigger under certain circumstances (for example, as a result of the weapon falling to the floor)?

7. Is it possible to shoot from this weapon cartridges define

divided caliber?

8. Has the bore been lubricated since the last shot, and if so, with what kind?

9. Are the markings on the defined

fixed parts of the weapon, and if so, which ones?

10. Was a shot fired from this weapon after

next cleaning?

11. What kind of gunpowder (type, brand) was the cartridge equipped with

called for the last shot from this weapon?

12. Has the last shot been fired from this shotgun?

th gun with a bullet?

This can be established, for example, in cases where bullets are fired from choke-drilled barrels. Signs can be lead strips that draw the leading edges of the bullet on the walls of the bore. They can be observed from the side of the muzzle.

13. How long has it been since the last shot?

14. Is this item a weapon?

15. What is the cause of a shotgun barrel rupture?

To do this, the expert must present the gun, samples of the cartridges used for shooting, and objects that, according to the assumption, were in the barrel before the shot.

16. Was this cover (holster) used to store the weapons submitted for research?

This issue can be resolved in some cases, when the signs of a certain weapon are sufficiently fully displayed on the internal surfaces of the case in the form of scuffs, dents, dirt, traces of metallization, oil, etc.

The main issues to be resolved in the study of fired bullets, shot, buckshot, wads

1. What type of weapon (system, sample, model) is fired from

lena bullet found at the scene?

2. Is the bullet fired from the presented weapon?

3. Were the bullets fired from the same weapon?

4. What type and sample is the cartridge, part of which is a bullet found at the scene?

5. Whether the bullet was fired from an inappropriate weapon

6. Is it possible to use the cartridge, of which the bullet submitted for examination is a part, for firing from this weapon?

7. Is a piece of metal part of a bullet, and if so, what type and pattern does it belong to?

8. Did the bullet presented in the study ricochet?

9. What are the reasons for the deformation (or rupture) of the bullet?

10. Is the bullet deformed for a certain reason (on-

example, as a result of passing through one or another obstacle)?

11. Are the bullet and case submitted for examination part of the same cartridge?

12. Which of the presented bullets was fired first?

This issue can be resolved by the features of the marks on the bullet that was fired first, as well as traces of grease around the bullet damage on the object.

13. A bullet is made in a factory or homemade way

(shot, buckshot)?

14. Is a home-made projectile (shot, buckshot) made?

with help this instrument?

15. Were the projectiles transferred earlier (shot, buckshot, bullets) a single mass and were they not manufactured under the same production conditions?

16. Is the chemical composition of a home-made projectile submitted for examination (home-made bullet, shot, buckshot) and a piece of metal seized from a suspect during a search?

17. Are this shot (buckshot) and the presented sample homogeneous in terms of number, method of manufacture and chemical composition?

18. Did the object under study serve as a homemade test

19. What material is the wad made of?

20. Are the materials of the wad and the sample, represented by

for comparison?

21. Is the wad material part of the item?

(sheet of paper, piece of cloth)?

22. Are these wads (pads) made from the same items (the same sheet of paper, cardboard, piece of felt)?

23. Is the wad made by the presented tool (on-

example, cutting)?

24. How is the wad made (using die-cutting,

cutting, pressing cork chips, etc.)?

25. Are these wads (pads) made with the same tools?

26. Are the wads submitted for examination homogeneous (by type of material, color, size, shape, method of manufacture, etc.)?

27. Were the parts of the wad from the scene of the incident and the wads in the cartridge previously one whole?

28. What kind of gunpowder (type, brand) was the cartridge equipped with, judging by the soot and unburned powders on the damaged barrier?

29. Were the raw materials of this designated purpose(alloy grade, paper type, felt grade)?

The main issues to be solved in the study of sleeves

1. What type of weapon, sample (model) was fired from this

nay sleeve?

2. Is the cartridge case part of the cartridge used to fire this weapon?

3. Are the cartridge cases presented fired from one eq-

weapon specimen?

4. Are these sleeves homogeneous, and if so, for what reasons?

5. What type and sample is the cartridge, part of which is the cartridge case found at the scene?

6. Are the bullet and case shown part of the same

leg cartridge?

7. Is the cartridge case fired from an inappropriate weapon?

(larger or smaller) caliber?

8. Is this sleeve reused?

9. Whether the cartridge case was loaded with a device seized from a certain person.

10. What kind of gunpowder (type, brand) was the cartridge equipped with, of which this cartridge case is a part?

11. Approximately how much time has passed since the shot,

judging by the sleeve?

The correct solution of these issues helps to identify the shells found at the crime scene and the shells obtained by shooting from a specific weapon, which ultimately allows you to identify the desired copy.

The main issues to be resolved in the study of ammunition

1. Are these cartridges in good condition and suitable for shooting?

2. What type and sample does the one presented for use belong to?

following cartridge?

3. Do the presented cartridges belong to the same release batch?

In some cases, this can be established by the following signs:

a) the type and sample of the bullet, cartridge case;

b) marking on the sleeve (if the lot number is indicated in the marking), etc.

4. Are the shot cartridges found at the crime scene and the cartridges found during a search in the possession of a certain person homogeneous in terms of the structure and composition of the ammunition (cartridges, wads, shot)?

5. Capsules were equipped with one or different devices

ammo provided by me?

6. Is the cartridge equipped with a primer using this

7. Was the equipment of the presented ammunition made?

passes under the same production conditions?

Examinations and expert studies of weapons, ammunition and traces of their use help to establish circumstances that are important for the case. Their results are used to build and test versions, to search for and expose criminals.

Literature:

Akhanov V.S. Forensic examination of firearms and traces of their use. Volgograd, 1979.

Gusarov V.P. Ballistics. Forensic examination rifled hunting rifles and ammunition. Khabarovsk, 1997.

Podshibyakin A.S. Steel arms. Forensic school

nie. M., 1997.

Rusakov N.N. Forensic investigation of weapons and traces of their use: Textbook. Omsk, 1981.

Forensic ballistics and forensic ballistics:

Textbook. / Ed. A.G. Egorova. Saratov, 1998.

Tikhonov E.N. Forensic examination of cold weapons

zhiya: Textbook. Barnaul, 1987.

Let us list the main issues to be solved in the study of weapons.

1. What type and model (model) does this firearm belong to?

2. Is the weapon in good working order and is it suitable for shooting?

3. What is the caliber of this firearm?

4. What type and type (model) of firearms is this part (magazine, bolt, revolver drum axis, pistol grip cheek, trigger, etc.)?

5. Is the part presented for research a part of this weapon?

When resolving this issue, it is necessary to take into account the number on the part, traces of it on other parts of the weapon, and vice versa. If only a part of the detail is being examined, and another part of it has been preserved in the alleged weapon, then the question is reduced to establishing the whole in part.

6. Could this weapon be fired without pulling the trigger under certain circumstances (for example, as a result of the weapon falling to the floor)?

7. Is it possible to shoot from this weapon with cartridges of a certain caliber?

8. Has the bore been lubricated since the last shot, and if so, with what kind?

9. Are markings on certain parts of the weapon destroyed, and if so, which ones?

10. Has this weapon been fired since the last cleaning?

11. What kind of gunpowder (type, brand) was the cartridge used for the last shot from this weapon equipped with?

12. Was the last shot fired from this shotgun by a bullet?

13. How long has it been since the last shot?

14. Is this item a weapon?

15. What is the cause of a shotgun barrel rupture?

To do this, the expert must present the gun, samples of the cartridges used for shooting, and objects that, according to the assumption, were in the barrel before the shot.

16. Was this case (holster) used to store the weapons submitted for research?

The main issues to be resolved in the study of fired bullets, shot, buckshot, wads

1. What type of weapon (system, model, model) was used to fire the bullet found at the scene?

2. Is the bullet fired from the presented weapon?

3. Were the bullets fired from the same weapon?

4. What type and sample is the cartridge, part of which is a bullet found at the scene?

5. Is the bullet fired from a weapon of the wrong (larger or smaller) caliber?

6. Is it possible to use the cartridge, of which the bullet submitted for examination is a part, for firing from this weapon?

7. Is a piece of metal part of a bullet, and if so, what type and pattern does it belong to?

8. Did the bullet submitted for examination not ricochet?

9. What are the reasons for the deformation (or rupture) of the bullet?

10. Is the bullet deformed for some reason (for example, as a result of passing through this or that obstacle)?

11. Are the bullet and case submitted for examination part of the same cartridge?

12. Which of the presented bullets was fired first?

This issue can be resolved by the features of the marks on the bullet that was fired first, as well as traces of grease around the bullet damage on the object.

13. Is the bullet (shot, buckshot) made by the factory or home-made?

14. Is a home-made projectile (shot, buckshot) made using this tool?

15. Were the previously transferred projectiles (shot, buckshot, bullets) a single mass and were they not manufactured under the same production conditions?

16. Is the chemical composition of a home-made projectile submitted for examination (home-made bullet, shot, buckshot) and a piece of metal seized from a suspect during a search?

17. Are they homogeneous in number, method of manufacture and chemical composition the given fraction (buckshot) and the presented sample?

18. Did the object under study serve as a homemade wad?

19. What material is the wad made of?

20. Are the materials of the wad and the sample submitted for comparison not homogeneous?

21. Is the material of the wad a part of this object (sheet of paper, piece of cloth)?

22. Are these wads (pads) made from the same items (the same sheet of paper, cardboard, piece of felt)?

23. Is the wad made by the presented tool (for example, punching)?

24. How is the wad made (by cutting, cutting, pressing cork chips, etc.)?

25. Are these wads (pads) made with the same tools?

26. Are the wads submitted for examination homogeneous (by type of material, color, size, shape, manufacturing method, etc.)?

27. Were the parts of the wad from the scene of the incident and the wads in the cartridge previously one whole?

28. What kind of gunpowder (type, brand) was the cartridge equipped with, judging by the soot and unburned powders on the damaged barrier?

29. Were raw materials of this special purpose used for the manufacture of projectiles, wads, gaskets (alloy grade, paper type, felt grade)?

The main issues to be solved in the study of sleeves

1. What type of weapon, sample (model) was this cartridge case fired from?

2. Is the cartridge case part of the cartridge used to fire this weapon?

3. Were the cartridge cases shown fired from the same weapon?

4. Are these shells homogeneous, and if so, on what grounds?

5. What type and sample is the cartridge, part of which is the cartridge case found at the scene?

6. Are the bullet and case shown part of the same cartridge?

7. Was the cartridge case fired from a weapon of the wrong (larger or smaller) caliber?

8. Is this sleeve reused?

9. Whether the cartridge case was loaded with a device seized from a certain person.

10. What kind of gunpowder (type, brand) was the cartridge equipped with, of which this cartridge case is a part?

11. Approximately how much time has passed since the shot, judging by the sleeve?

The correct solution of these issues helps to identify the shells found at the crime scene and the shells obtained by shooting from a particular weapon, which ultimately allows you to identify the desired copy.

The main questions to be solved in the study of ammunition

1. Are these cartridges in good condition and suitable for shooting?

2. What type and sample does the cartridge submitted for examination belong to?

3. Do the presented cartridges belong to the same release batch?

In some cases, this can be established by the following signs:

a) the type and sample of the bullet, cartridge case;

b) marking on the sleeve (if the lot number is indicated in the marking), etc.

4. Are the shot cartridges found at the scene of the incident and the cartridges found during a search of a certain person homogeneous in terms of the device and composition of the ammunition (cartridges, wads, shot)?

5. Were the presented cartridges equipped with primers with one or different devices?

6. Is the cartridge loaded with a primer using this device?

7. Was the loading of the presented ammunition manufactured under the same production conditions?

Topic 4. The concept and classification of firearms limited defeat

Firearms of limited destruction - short-barreled weapons and barrelless weapons intended for mechanical destruction of a living target at a distance by a traumatic cartridge projectile, receiving directed movement due to the energy of a powder or other charge, and not intended to cause death to a person.

The main difference between a combat pistol and a short-barreled weapon that fires traumatic bullets is that the bullet combat pistol is capable of killing or injuring a person at a distance of several hundred meters, and above this range inflicting a non-lethal defeat, and a rubber bullet is capable of killing or inflicting a penetrating wound at a distance of 2-3 meters, and above this distance - inflicting a traumatic effect, which reduces to zero in the next 10 -15 meters.

Since the distance of fire contact is a dynamic value, which is very difficult to control, the effectiveness of the use of traumatic weapons is difficult to predict.

Action military weapons is based on the fact that a certain amount of bullet energy necessary to disable the enemy (about 8 kgm or 78 J) is obviously exceeded - up to the amount that will ensure the defeat, taking into account the expected range and other conditions (including target security, etc.) .P.). Therefore, the muzzle energy of bullets of combat pistols and revolvers (more precisely, ammunition for them) is in the range of 300 - 500 J, with a practical firing range of 25 - 50 meters.
When designing non-lethal ammunition, they seem to move in the "reverse" direction: the specific energy of the bullet, the excess of which leads to a penetrating wound, is reduced to possibly guarantee the non-lethality of the ammunition. This is done in combination with the use of special materials for the manufacture of bullets (elastic rubber, plastic, etc.), which additionally contribute to reducing the penetrating ability of the bullet. A light projectile is characterized by a rapid loss of speed, and the energy of the projectile changes in proportion to the square of the speed (i.e. if the flight speed is halved, the energy of the bullet will decrease by a factor of four, etc.).
On average, according to the standards adopted in forensic ballistics, the specific kinetic energy at which a deep penetrating wound of a person is possible for a spherical projectile is about 0.5 J per square millimeter of its cross-sectional area (for pointed projectiles it can be even less). It is this factor that explains the permission for free circulation pneumatic weapon 4.5 mm caliber with a muzzle energy not exceeding 7.5 J. Magnum-class pneumatics are prohibited for free sale.

In our work, we will study only civilian samples of traumatic weapons, since law enforcement and security structures use traumatic cartridges for firearms (for example, for the KS-23 carbine).

Today, domestic and foreign industry offers the consumer not very many samples of such weapons, about 15 items. The power of these samples is significantly limited by the excessive, from the point of view of common sense, concern of the state for the health of the offender, often to the detriment of the health of the defender. As we have already noted, the minimum energy of a shot, which is guaranteed to disable a person, is 300-500 Joules. The initial speed of the traumatic projectile for the most powerful cartridge for the Osa complex is 121 m / s, the kinetic energy of the traumatic projectile is 87.8 J. The rest of the products are even weaker. The Law on Weapons establishes the following restrictions: limited civilian firearms with a muzzle energy over 91 J and service firearms with a muzzle energy over 150 J are prohibited;

Traumatic weapons can be divided into two large subgroups:

1) barrelless self-defense weapon ("Wasp", "Guardian");

2) gas weapons with the ability to fire cartridges with rubber bullets (“makarych”, “naganych”, “leader”, etc., etc.).

As already noted, one of the types of "non-lethal weapons" is a barrelless self-defense weapon. It was conceived as a tool devoid of disadvantages. gas weapons and at the same time surpassing it in efficiency, that is, a non-lethal alternative to short-barreled firearms.

A barrelless weapon is called a barrelless weapon because it does not have a barrel and is intended for shooting at short distances, considered self-defense distances. Self-defense weapons do not require a special range, so the opportunities provided by a barrelless weapon in terms of the aiming range of a shot are quite enough for the defender. In fact, the barrel in a barrelless weapon is the cartridge itself.

Barrelless traumatic weapon, like conventional firearms, is designed to mechanically hit a target at a distance with a projectile that receives directional movement due to the energy of a powder charge. But the main difference between barrelless traumatic and combat (as well as service) firearms lies in the fact that a barrelless weapon of self-defense should not cause injuries to living organisms that are not compatible with life (i.e., do not inflict penetrating wounds, but only cause a bruising effect).

We must immediately make a reservation that the use of even a tubeless weapon can lead to lethal outcome, but still for this class of weapons, this probability is minimized. Traumatic cartridges are equipped with bullets made of a fairly soft material (rubber, plastic), so these bullets do not have a high penetrating effect. The caliber of the weapon is such that a bullet hitting even parts of the body that are absolutely not vital for the body should temporarily disable the attacker. When hit, the bullet causes a sufficiently powerful shock sensation, which, in theory, should not allow the attacker to continue aggressive actions. In reality, everything is not so simple with a barrelless weapon and it cannot be called the optimal self-defense weapon. Currently, tubeless weapons on the Russian market are represented by a number of domestic models: PB-4 "Osa" and MP-461 "Guardian" (in fact, there are more than two actual models, because "Osa" is produced in several modifications, in including laser pointer). The barrelless pistol PB-4 "Osa" appeared on the Russian market in 2000, and over the few years that have passed since its appearance, this weapon has become quite popular among Russian citizens. A fairly rich experience has been accumulated in the use of "Wasp", and on this moment You can objectively judge all the pros and cons of this weapon. The complex was developed at the beginning of 1997 under the leadership of Candidate of Technical Sciences G.A. Bideev at the Research Institute of Applied Chemistry (Sergiev Posad, Moscow Region), where it has been mass-produced since 1999. Gunless four-shot "Wasp" caliber 18x45T. Left model PB-4M, right - PB4-1.

This is a rather unusual weapon in its design, designed to fire cartridges, the powder charge in which ignites under the action of an electric discharge. This electrical discharge is produced by pressing the trigger with a piezoelectric generator, which is an integral part of the design of the weapon itself.

The chamber block holds four 18x45 mm cartridges. Several types of cartridges are produced for the PB-4 "Osa": traumatic action with rubber bullets equipped with weighting steel cores; signal light cartridges; also sometimes you can find on sale and cartridges of light and sound action. The muzzle energy of a traumatic cartridge is currently 65 J and 87 J (at first, significantly more powerful cartridges with an energy of 120 J were produced, but then the production of these cartridges was stopped due to their rather high efficiency). The weapon is intended for self-defense at distances up to 10 meters, however, the real distances to be guided by are up to 5 meters: the already low initial energy of the bullet drops significantly with almost every meter of flight, and at a distance of 10 meters it decreases somewhere more than 1.5 times compared to the initial value; and it’s quite difficult to simply hit a person with a bullet from a barrelless weapon at such a distance.

The weapon is compact (its dimensions are 105x39x115 mm) and very light (only 320g.). Despite the small mass, the recoil when firing from this weapon is practically not felt. It should be noted that the main structural material from which the PB-4 is made is the AK-8M aluminum alloy, which, although considered one of the strongest aluminum-based alloys, still cannot provide the weapon with high strength. Therefore, "Wasp" is quite sensitive to mechanical damage, and its life resource is small and is limited to about five hundred shots.

You can buy a barrelless weapon in a gun store with an open license for the purchase of self-defense weapons. It is believed that a direct hit by the Wasp's rubber bullet in the attacker's torso should cause a tangible pain shock that prevents further illegal actions. But in reality, things are not so simple. There are quite a few cases of successful self-defense using a barrelless weapon, when a single well-aimed bullet fired at an attacker was enough to completely knock him out. But at the same time, many owners remained dissatisfied with the stopping effect of the Wasp, when even a few bullets that hit the attacker could not ensure his incapacitation. It must also be remembered that the effectiveness of traumatic cartridges is significantly reduced in winter, when people wear tight clothes. But although the ideology of tubeless weapons does not imply inflicting wounds on the attackers that are incompatible with life, a shot to the head from such weapons often ends in death. In order to increase the stopping effect for rubber bullet cartridges, too large caliber(18x45), which makes it impossible to create a pistol according to the classical scheme for such cartridges. "Strazhnik" is a barrelless self-defense weapon produced by Izhevsk mechanical plant. It appeared on the Russian market in 2002. The weapon is similar in principle to the PB-4 Osa and is designed to use the same cartridges. However, unlike the Wasp, the electric discharge that ignites the gunpowder in the Guardian's cartridge is generated not by the built-in piezo generator, but by a battery (type CR2032). "Guardian" - a two-shot weapon; cartridges are placed in a quick-release plastic cassette. Frame MP-461 is made of high-strength polymer material. For obvious reasons, the "Guardian" is even lighter than the "Wasp": its mass without cartridges does not exceed 200 g; its overall dimensions are 115x30x120 mm. Despite the fact that the main components of the MP-461 are made of plastic, the weapon is quite reliable and durable. Since the cartridges used for shooting from the "Guardian" are the same as for shooting from the "Wasp", the ballistic characteristics and stopping effect of these two models of tubeless weapons are the same.

Figure 49 Gunless weapon "Guardian"

Under the traumatic cartridge of caliber 380ME GUM, the barrelless revolver "Viking" manufactured by OAO VPMZ "Molot" and the barrelless revolver MMRT "Shershen" manufactured by OAO "Kirov Plant Mayak" are produced and sold in the Russian Federation. Despite the fact that the initial flight speed of the traumatic projectile for these samples is higher than for the Osa and Strazhnik complexes - 230 and 255 m / s, the kinetic energy of the projectile is lower - 18.5 and 22.8 J. Accordingly, and the traumatic effect of the projectile is lower, only about 0.30 J / mm.