Character traits Tourism XXI century - sustainable and innovative development.

Source: Collection scientific articles Moscow Academy of Tourism and Hotel and Restaurant Business under the Government of Moscow., 2006

Description: The article identifies the main trends in the development of the tourism industry in recent years, which indicate that the further development of tourism will be carried out through the widespread introduction of innovations.

By the end of the 20th century, tourism took a leading place in international foreign economic relations, began to have a serious impact on the development of the economies of individual countries and the world economy as a whole, and its influence on the formation of gross domestic product increased. Therefore, tourism was called the "phenomenon of the twentieth century."

Despite the obstacles that arise (natural disasters, man-made disasters, terrorist attacks, etc.), tourism continues to develop actively at the present time. The forms and methods of organizing travel are changing, new types of tourism are emerging, conditions are being developed and created sustainable development tourism. Tourists, in connection with the expansion of opportunities for obtaining information, are increasingly beginning to intervene in the process of preparing a trip.

The trends that have been developing in the tourism industry in recent years indicate that the further development of tourism will be carried out through the widespread introduction of innovations. Further technical progress, the emergence and implementation of basic innovations (nanotechnologies, biotechnologies, etc.), and the widespread use of knowledge will have a significant impact.

This will be facilitated by the struggle for the sustainable development of world civilization, including tourism.

Sustainable tourism development

Sustainable development of tourism is the ability of tourism to maintain its quantitative and qualitative indicators for a long period of time, that is, to meet the expectations of residents and tourists, both in a short and long period, without damaging the environment of the territory that is interested in this phenomenon.

The document adopted by the General Assembly of the World Tourism Organization (1985) - “Tourism Charter and the Tourist Code” - put forward the position that “the local population, having the right to free access to tourism resources, must ensure, by their attitude and behavior, respect for the surrounding natural and cultural environment. It has the right to expect tourists to understand and respect their customs, religions and other aspects of their culture, which are part of the heritage of mankind.”

Tourists, realizing that they are guests of the host country, should show the greatest respect for the natural and cultural heritage of the place of stay and refrain from comparing the economic, social and cultural differences existing between them and the local population. Such behavior of tourists can be facilitated by preliminary (before the start of the trip) information: a) about the customs of the local population, its traditional and religious activities, local prohibitions and shrines; b) about artistic, archaeological and cultural values, about fauna, flora and other natural resources of the visited territory, which must be protected and preserved.

In April 1989, the Inter-Parliamentary Conference on Tourism adopted the Hague Declaration. The declaration emphasizes that “Given the deep relationship that exists between tourism and the environment, one should: Promote integrated tourism development planning based on the concept of “sustainable development”, which was endorsed by General Assembly UN; stimulate the development of alternative forms of tourism that promote closer contact and understanding between tourists and host populations, preserve cultural identity and offer diverse and original tourism products and facilities, as well as ensure the necessary cooperation between the public and private sectors in achieving these goals, both at the national, as well as internationally."

In 1992, at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, the concept of sustainable development received further confirmation. Delegations from 182 countries of the world took policy paper"Agenda 21" ("Agenda 21"). Tourism as a separate topic was not included in this document, however, its impact on the preservation of the environment, cultural and natural heritage and on the integration of the efforts of various organizations for sustainable development, was the reason for the development and adoption in 1995 by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) and the Earth Council (Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry).

This document defines sustainable tourism development as follows: “Sustainable tourism development meets the current needs of tourists and host regions while safeguarding and enhancing opportunities for the future. All resources must be managed in such a way as to meet economic, social and aesthetic needs while preserving cultural integrity, important ecological processes, biodiversity and life support systems. Sustainable tourism products are products that exist in harmony with the local environment, society, culture in such a way that it benefits, not detrimental to tourism development. Consequently, those types of tourism activities that have the highest total positive effect in terms of ecology, economy and social development are the most sustainable.

Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry states that there is ample evidence of excessive tourist influx, resorts losing their former glory, destruction of local culture, transport problems and growing resistance of the local population to the development of tourism. The tourism and travel industry has the potential to significantly improve the environmental and socio-economic situation in all the centers and countries in which the industry operates through a culture of sustainable tourism development. It is to replace the culture of intensive consumption with a culture of intelligent growth; balance the economic and environmental factors of development; find the common interests of tourists and the local population; distribute the benefits received among all members of society, and primarily among the poorest categories of the population.

The document outlines a specific program of action for state bodies responsible for the state of tourism and tourism companies to create conditions for the sustainable development of tourism. The important role of cooperation between authorities, economic sectors and tourism organizations is emphasized, and the enormous benefits of shifting the focus from “eco-tourism” to “sustainable tourism” are demonstrated. Sustainability in tourism implies a positive overall balance of the environmental, socio-cultural, and economic impacts of tourism, as well as the positive impact of visitors on each other.

"Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry" recommends nine priority areas for the authorities government controlled:
assessment of the existing regulatory, economic and voluntary framework in terms of sustainable tourism development;
assessment of the economic, social, cultural and environmental activities of the organization;
training, education and public awareness;
tourism sustainable development planning;
facilitating the exchange of information, skills and technologies related to the sustainable development of tourism between developed and developing countries;
ensure the participation of all public sectors;
development of new tourism products based on the principle of sustainability;
assessment of progress towards sustainable tourism development;
cooperation for sustainable development.

The tasks of tourism companies are: the development of systems and procedures for introducing ideas of sustainability into management and determining areas of activity for the implementation of the principles of sustainable tourism development. Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry emphasizes that consideration of economic, social, cultural criteria and environmental protection should be an integral part of all management decisions and should be given priority over the inclusion of new elements in existing programs. All company activities from marketing to sales should be influenced by programs to protect, preserve and restore the environment.

In recent years, there has been a gradual, but increasingly large-scale transition to the use by tourism companies and enterprises, especially accommodation facilities, special methods providing rational use ecological resources. Voluntary certification systems, environmental labels, awards for environmental performance, codes of conduct are increasingly being used and are becoming more popular.

In 2000, well-known tour operators, with the participation of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Commission (UNESCO) and the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), created a voluntary non-profit partnership "Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development". Among the participants of this partnership are such well-known companies as TUI Group (Germany), Hotelplan (Switzerland), First Choice (Great Britain), ACCOR (France) and others. This organization is open to all interested participants in the tourism sector, regardless of their size and geographical location.

The members of this initiative define sustainability as the foundation of their business activities and working together to promote practices and practices that are compatible with sustainable development. They pledged to strive in activities both within each organization and in business relations with partners, to the application of best practices regarding the responsible use of natural resources. To do this, companies will reduce and minimize waste, prevent environmental pollution; protect and conserve plants, animals, landscape, protected areas and ecological systems, biological diversity, cultural and natural heritage, respect the integrity of local cultures and avoid negative impact on social structures; collaborate with local communities and peoples; to use local products and skill of workers.

World tourism organization takes an active part in the implementation of the provisions for the sustainable development of tourism, which are set out in Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industries. The “Silk Road” campaign is being actively carried out, in which many interested countries participate, in August 2002, at the World Summit on Sustainable Tourism in Johannesburg, the UNWTO and UNCTAD joint program - “Sustainable Tourism - Eliminating Poverty” was approved — ST-EP). The program pursues two goals: the sustainable development of tourism and the eradication of poverty in order to increase their potential dependency and strengthen the role of the least developed and developing countries in sustainable development.

For the sustainable development of tourism, it is necessary that all actors involved in this process, and at all levels, responsibly and with mutual respect fulfill their role - only such tourism can be sustainable. Hence the emergence of a new type of tourism - socially responsible tourism. Its philosophy is to exchange cultural traditions, so that the peoples of the world are consolidated on the basis of national identity, in order to acquaint tourists with the life of local residents, their customs and customs.

The main problem in organizing such trips is that it is necessary to teach tourists to behave like guests who have been kindly allowed to live in the house, and not masters who everyone around should serve. On the other hand, local residents should stop treating tourists as annoying intruders and understand that visitors contribute to the improvement of the economic and social situation in their homeland.

An example of the development of responsible tourism is the activity of a non-profit organization - the Italian Association for Responsible Tourism (AITR), organized in May 1998. Currently, members of the association are more than 60 organizations representing various areas of the tourism business.

According to latest edition of the charter, approved in October 2005, this association is a second-level association, i.e. only organizations can be members of it. The association involves societies that carry out activities aimed at disseminating the principles set out in the documents on the sustainable development of tourism based on the criteria of justice, respect for human rights, concern for the economic and social sustainability of the environment, transparency in financial transactions, institutional and operational structures.

The charter of the association determines that responsible tourism is carried out on the basis of social and economic justice and in full respect for the environment and cultures. Responsible tourism recognizes the dominant role of local communities that host tourists, their right to be participants in the development of sustainable tourism and bear social responsibility for their own territory.

Responsible tourism activities contribute to the successful interaction between the tourism business, local communities and travelers. Initially, the concept of this new style of travel meant that the tourist chooses the excursion route, the way to move around the country and the place to stay for the night. Many began to use this type of travel because of the desire to save money, since the payment of intermediary services was excluded from the costs, and housing was rented directly from local residents. However, in recent years, the concept has changed, which has affected the availability of "responsible voyages". Since responsible tourism the association took over, the intermediary function was transferred from the tourism companies to the AITR association.

Activities to ensure the sustainable development of tourism involve not only tourism enterprises and associations, but government and many non-governmental organizations.

In November 2003, the Australian Government, with the aim of sustainable development of the country's tourism industry and to better position tourism against possible future shocks, adopted the White Paper "Supporting a long-term strategy for tourism" (Tourism White Paper). The white paper provides for the creation of a framework for cooperation between government bodies authorities different levels and the tourism industry, encourages the improvement of technological development in the tourism sector and the quality of tourism products, the practice of sustainable development of the tourism business in the field of ecology and culture.
The Swedish Environment Agency has developed and adopted the "Ten Principles for Sustainable Tourism":

sustainable use of natural resources that do not allow their depletion;
reducing excess consumption and waste;
ensuring the conservation of natural, social and cultural diversity;
careful planning, A complex approach, integration of ecological tourism into regional development plans;
support for local economies;
participation of the local population in the development of tourism and their participation in the financial and other benefits from this activity;
consultation of interested persons and the public;
training;
responsible tourism marketing.

The International Socio-Ecological Union (ISEU), established in the USSR in 1998, which includes more than 10 thousand people from 17 countries, in 2005 included in its program of activities the project “Development of sustainable tourism in the ISSEU member countries”.

Currently, a number of international programs are being implemented to introduce sustainable tourism. One such program is the Integrated Coastal Zone Management program. The program has the status of a code and is accepted by most European countries, is being intensively developed in America, and is also relevant for Russia. The program is dedicated to the zones of sea coasts, as the most attractive areas of the biosphere for intensive socio-economic human activity and, above all, for the development of tourism. The purpose of this program is, taking into account the specific social and natural conditions of the sea coasts, attractive for various areas of human activity, to learn how to live on the coasts, to be able to manage them. One of the methods for introducing this area of ​​activity is the development of computer training programs. The European Training Program for Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Coastlern) is funded by the European Union as part of a program of cooperation and assistance to the CIS countries and Russia.

Russia also hosts various events aimed at the sustainable development of tourism. In the Kaliningrad region, a "Charter for the Development of Sustainable Tourism" was adopted, which provides for the implementation of 15 projects in 2002-2006 in order to create conditions for the sustainable development of tourism in the region. Among these projects: restoration of the old postal route on the Curonian Spit; revival folk traditions and crafts; organization of the tour "Rafting on the rivers of the Kaliningrad region"; organization of a center for the development of rural tourism in the Guryevsky district and others.

In the annual message Legislative Assembly Tver region in 2005, the governor set the task of introducing a social and economic model of tourism development in the region. This model, designed for the medium term, involves a set of measures, including active advertising and information activities to create an image of the region that is favorable both for tourism and investment in tourism in general. The result of the project implementation should be an increase in the total number of tourists by at least a third, an increase in the profitability of the tourism industry by 3-4 times and a significant increase in the number of people employed in tourism activities.

Similar programs are available in the Oryol, Pskov, Tyumen Omsk regions and other regions Russian Federation.

The World Tourism Organization in 2004 in the conceptual definition of sustainable tourism development stated that “the norms and practices of sustainable tourism development management can be applied to all types of tourism and to all types of destinations, including mass tourism and various niche tourism segments. The principles of sustainability relate to the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development and an appropriate balance must be struck between these three aspects in order to guarantee the long-term sustainability of tourism. Sustainable tourism must also maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction by leveraging the diverse experiences of tourists, raising their awareness of the sustainability of outcomes, and promoting sustainable tourism practices among them.”

Thus, the sustainable development of tourism should:

1) ensure the optimal use of environmental resources, which are a key element in the development of tourism, supporting basic ecological processes and helping to preserve natural heritage and biological diversity.

2) respect the unique socio-cultural characteristics of the host communities, preserving their inherent created and established cultural heritage and traditional customs, and contribute to the mutual understanding of different cultures and tolerance for their perception.

3) to ensure the viability of long-term economic processes, taking into account their benefits to all stakeholders who impartially disseminate them, including permanent employment and opportunities for income generation and social services for host communities and a contribution to poverty reduction.

The development and implementation of innovations can greatly contribute to the process of maintaining the sustainable development of tourism. Sustainable development and innovation processes in tourism activities are interrelated. This is evidenced by the holding in November 2005 in Moscow, under the auspices of the UNESCO Office for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and the Russian Federation, international conference"Innovative policy in the field of preservation of cultural heritage and development of cultural and educational tourism." The conference discussed the issues of creating an effective system of interaction between the state, business and society for the preservation of heritage and the development of tourism; innovative projects in the field of preservation of world cultural heritage sites and development of cultural and educational tourism.

Innovative development of tourism

Tourism is an industry whose constituent components are determined at the time of consumption of services or goods by visitors. The visitor consumes a whole package of services that are produced by a large number of suppliers. Tourism service providers compete with each other. However, they are forced to cooperate to a certain extent when the consumer needs additional services or a package of services. Therefore, new tourism structures are generated between competition and cooperation of providers.

Instead of traditional tourism, new forms of tourism are emerging, including more innovative, specialized, “immirgan”, bespoke and experiential forms. In addition, the development of tourist demand caused by the awareness of tourists, and at the same time demographic changes (population aging), accelerate the segmentation and creation of new types of tourism products.

Tourism innovation brings new ideas, services and products to markets. Innovation not only involves the adaptation of the tourism industry to the changing nature of tourism through the application of new marketing strategies, but the environment surrounding tourism is conducive to the emergence of new and innovative services, products and processes. Therefore, tourism innovation must be seen as a permanent, global and dynamic process.

The nature and structure of tourism is changing. New technologies make it possible to flexibly and segmentally organize a vacation that is competitive with a mass, standard offer. The “mass, standardized and necessarily complex” tourism is being replaced by the new kind tourism, made to order, based on the demand of tourists.

The practice of new tourism is interrelated with factors such as demographic changes, lifestyle, nature of work and holidays. In many countries, the population is aging. The older generation of tourists (“third age”) is beginning to play an ever-increasing role in shaping tourism activities. It is noted that older tourists spend on average more money than other categories of travelers. This also leads to innovation in the tourism market.

In the tourism market space significant changes take place at the initiative of the tourists themselves, who are constantly looking for non-standard travel experiences. Growing consumer awareness is driving tourism businesses to innovate and improve their operations based on tourists' personal perceptions of the environment. In this field of activity, most of the products in which innovation can be based have their own niches in the market space, such as ecological and adventure (extreme) tourism.

As you know, the tourism product is different from other manufactured products. Its specific characteristics often create problems and act as a deterrent to product growth through innovation.

Therefore, for the tourism industry to offer new products and services that increase profitability everywhere and contribute to the development of the attractiveness and competitiveness of the destination and / or enterprise, is a challenge. For destinations or large enterprises, the solution to this problem may be to diversify tourism products, but it needs a wide range of product quality in order to cater to the diverse demand of customers and their tendency to change. Experience-based tourism, sustainable tourism and cultural tourism are today strategies that are the source of many innovative products. Experience-based tourism is generated from numerous small, random encounters and interactions of tourists with various people working in the tourism industry. The creation and production of new tourism experiences can be seen as an important innovation.

Cultural tourism is also an important and growing sector, attracting relatively wealthy and educated visitors. Some countries are taking active measures to reposition their cultural and natural heritage and develop tourism diversification in the country.

Spain's tourism industry, which is currently heavily dependent on the attractiveness of seaside resorts, is trying to improve the use of the national cultural resources by making efforts to change the tourist offer. A good example of the use of culture and historical heritage is the country's established system of hotels Paradores ("inns"), which has no analogues anywhere else in the world. Of the 86 such accommodation facilities, almost half are located in former monasteries, ancient castles, and palaces of Spanish grandees. In terms of service and maintenance, most of them can be compared with the best hotels in Europe. On the basis of accommodation in such hotels developed interesting routes, which allow you to get acquainted with the history, customs and cuisine of various regions of the country.

Tourism enterprises have always been active supporters of the introduction of new technologies, including global distribution systems. Modern achievements in the fields of telecommunications, networking, database creation and processing, and e-marketing provide new opportunities for the tourism business and have a significant impact on traditional business models. Therefore, the main area of ​​change and innovation in tourism is related to the use of information and communication technologies - ICT (information and communication technologies - ICT). Information and communication technologies give a different value to tourism products and support the development of chains and clusters. Information technologies cover all the space significant for tourism (information about destinations, accommodation, transport, package tours and services) and actively monitor the availability of such services.

The widespread development of ICT is changing the role played in tourism by travel agents, tour operators, conference organizers, sales agents, etc. On the one hand, information and communication technology systems, by providing the latest detailed information on the availability of products and prices for these products, affect sales and income. On the other hand, the widespread use of the latest information technologies facilitates the establishment of direct links between producers (hotels, air carriers) and consumers. Consumers are increasingly using ICT to prepare their travels. They are looking for specialized and easily accessible products and want to communicate directly with service providers. For the tourism industry, this can lead to a reduction in transaction costs, to the process of transferring financial resources to the unorganized market. As a result, tourism companies must inevitably apply innovative methods to ensure the growth of their competitiveness. The application of ICT in the tourism industry inevitably leads to the process of reducing traditional intermediation and promotes industry reorganization and innovation.

Implementation the latest technologies in the field of tourism has led to the emergence of new concepts, such as tourist information systems, e-tourism (e-tourism) and e-travel (e-travel).

E-tourism is an online service that is a platform that enables direct sales, easy payment for services by the end user, business development between the manufacturer, travel agents and intermediaries (b2b).

E-travel is an online service that contains travel news, information and advice on issues that may arise when planning a trip. By the way, in many countries they do not distinguish between e-tourism and e-travel - these two services, sometimes copying each other in many respects.

Tourist information systems (Tourism Information Systems - TIS) - new model a business that serves and provides information support to organizations that are engaged in e-tourism and e-travel. The information obtained from these sources can serve as a starting point for many tasks, including travel planning, price comparisons, and the creation of dynamic package tours.

Dynamic packaging of the tour or dynamic package tour (Dynamic Packaging) makes it possible in real time to compose, at the request of the consumer or the agent selling the services, various combinations of trip components, with a single price for the entire package of services included in the tour. New information obtained in the process of solving dynamic problems can significantly change the customer's decision to include certain services in the travel program. Using the principles of dynamic tour layout, travelers can design their trip by combining their preferences for flights, car rentals, hotels, and leisure activities, paying for the entire package of services booked at one time. The buyer can specify a set of his preferences. For example, when a tourist requests a five-day stay in Rome, a real-time functional system will access and query information sources in order to find items such as air fares, car rental conditions, and leisure opportunities that satisfy the customer.

The ability to create package tours on order has led to the emergence of a trend of constant growth in sales of services combined into one package. In 2004, the share of online buyers who used the dynamic package tour technology reached 33%. At the same time, the number of online travel consumers who bought prepackaged package tours fell to 13 percent.

Currently, the Travel Industry`s Leading Specifications Publication Organization (OTA) alliance operates in the world, which includes 150 organizations from all sectors of the tourism industry. The Alliance is a non-profit organization that is working to create a single electronic dictionary for use in the exchange of tourist information. Recently, the OTA alliance entered into an agreement with the World Tourism Organization to join forces to strengthen the common language for interaction in electronic travel around the world.

The use of dynamic tour layout is an innovative solution for the future development of the tourism industry.

During the restructuring, a systematic approach to the development of tourism was also manifested - the main destinations become.

Destinations are usually systems that are characterized by the presence of a significant number of subsystems and a number of fragmented inclusions. The definition of this concept can be formulated as follows.

Destination - a place (territory) of visiting, attracting tourists with its specific natural and recreational resources, sights, historical and cultural heritage.

Geographically, destinations can be of various sizes, ranging from the entire country to a small town or village (Veliky Ustyug is the birthplace of Father Frost).

At the destination level, the tourism industry is very fragmented with many different providers. In many cases, the services offered by destinations are public goods or public resources, such as protected landscapes, or reserves of land for agricultural use. local feature gives them a pronounced attraction, and specific attractions and products are the offer that distinguishes destinations, makes them unique. New destinations are emerging in the global tourism market that benefit from untapped or, in any case, underused resources and from favorable economic conditions, including low incomes and non-convertible currencies.

Travelers choose the destination that, in their opinion, is the most suitable to meet their needs. They are willing to pay for the benefits provided by the destinations, and the willingness to pay increases with the uniqueness of the destination.

The fate of destinations depends on a huge number of independent variables that neither the private nor the public sector can influence. They include the location and potential of market resources, as well as accessibility, which is determined by the availability of transport links and the level of price fluctuation depending on the season. In addition, these independent variables largely determine the nature of product innovation. The possibilities for product innovation are limited because some of them cannot be produced without being included in the common good of destinations. Because of this, it is a major challenge for local entrepreneurs to create new added value products for consumers. This requires significant investments in research and development of know-how, in the training of personnel, as well as the optimal use of the opportunities offered by internal development.

A destination and its components have a life cycle similar to other products and it is not always possible to extend this life cycle by simply rejuvenating products and services. A typical example of the innovation life cycle is the decline of tourism in the Alps. In due time to take free time tourists, many sports began to develop that adapted to the special needs of visitors. An example is downhill skiing, which, due to its origins, has become a complex tourism industry. The Alps had a very significant advantage during the economic boom after the Second World War and became one of the two major tourist areas in Europe. This sector had a high growth rate until the 1980s. However, due to the replacement of competition, the life cycle of downhill skiing is almost completed. The development of new market niches, such as the introduction of snowboards, has turned ski slopes into new version for a new generation of snow lovers. The loss of a significant market share was also influenced by the emergence of new, modernly equipped winter recreation centers, as well as the fact that nowadays a tourist can choose between winter sports in the Alps and swimming and diving in the Southern Hemisphere.

In all traditional tourist regions, there is a trend towards the concentration of tourist destinations near the most developed industrial and cultural centers. This negatively affects the development of other territories. The latter are content to exploit market niches that, due to persistent economies of scale, are out of the interest of major destinations.

Therefore, the future of traditional, and not only, destinations will largely depend on the innovation-oriented tourism policy. Such a policy should help extend the life cycle of tourism products and services and achieve consistent growth rates.

Innovation research attributes increases in growth and productivity to long business cycle waves. These Kondratiev waves are related to the so-called basic innovations that lead to significant changes and bring many so-called applied innovations that are widely used in tourism activities.

It should be noted that the impact of innovation cycles on tourism development has been ignored for a long time. Traditional tourism countries have spent the last 50 years developing industrial methods to cope with growing tourist demand. The measures taken by states to promote tourism contributed to the preservation of structures whose chances of survival in the long term were unpromising. Therefore, they were caught off guard by the internationalization of tourist demand and the emergence of new competitive regions.

As a conclusion. Travel and tourism affect people's lifestyle on a daily basis. This is also noticeable in our modern society. Tourism innovation is no longer a matter of giant leaps forward. Innovation very often consists of a series of small steps that lead to gradual development and are a feedback process. One innovation inevitably leads to another.

In leading tourism companies, innovation is routine. It is no longer a question of a fluke or a sudden act of genius—innovation is enterprise-programmed and is a standard part of corporate decision-making about resource allocation. Companies reserve a significant portion of their total budget for research and development. To be on the safe side, lest they be caught off guard by unexpected innovations in the marketplace, modern companies have made innovation part of their daily planning. Innovation becomes a predictable and controlled bureaucratic process, which is now an objective additional factor of production.

For the development of tourism big influence provides motivation and interests of consumers of services. They are increasingly characterized by a more careful selection of places that tourists want to visit during their trips, greater attention to the most diverse aspects of tourist services and its quality, as well as environmental issues, traditional cultures and the lives of the local population in the places they visit. This leads to greater market segmentation, the development of new forms of tourism, especially those related to nature, rural areas and cultural heritage, and the incorporation of new elements into traditional tourist travel programmes.

For the rational use of the resources available in each region, with the aim of sustainable development of tourism, it is of great importance to develop medium-term and long-term programs as an integral part of the integrated socio-economic development of the region, and to plan the development of the tourism sector based on a systematic approach, taking into account cultural and natural features region, the need to preserve the cultural and historical heritage and the possibility of introducing innovations.

At the same time, it is not necessary to adjust local conditions to the desires and ambitions to achieve a lot in a short time, but a reasonable and balanced action plan to create a popular tourist product, to develop a system for its implementation aimed at promoting the tourist product, primarily in the domestic market. Practice shows that an interesting and attractive tourist product developed for domestic tourism is becoming popular with foreign tourists.

Sustainable and innovative tourism development requires the competent participation of all relevant stakeholders and strong political leadership in order to ensure broad participation and consensus building. Achieving sustainable tourism development is an ongoing process that requires constant monitoring of the impact on environment introducing, if necessary, appropriate preventive or corrective measures.

Looking back at history, it becomes clear that the tourism industry has always been open to the introduction of various innovations and is committed to innovation. Now is the time to get active innovative development. You should listen to the opinion of the chairman of the board of directors of IBM S. J. Palmisano: “Prosperity in modern world can only be achieved through innovation – in technology, strategy, business models.” There is no other way for tourism.

,
Member of the Presidium of the International Tourism Academy.

By the end of the 20th century, tourism took a leading place in international foreign economic relations, began to have a serious impact on the development of the economies of individual countries and the world economy as a whole, and its influence on the formation of gross domestic product increased. Therefore, tourism was called the "phenomenon of the twentieth century."

Despite the obstacles that arise (natural disasters, man-made disasters, terrorist attacks, etc.), tourism continues to develop actively at the present time. The forms and methods of organizing travel are changing, new types of tourism are emerging, conditions for the sustainable development of tourism are being developed and created. Tourists, in connection with the expansion of opportunities for obtaining information, are increasingly beginning to intervene in the process of preparing a trip.

The trends that have been developing in the tourism industry in recent years indicate that the further development of tourism will be carried out through the widespread introduction of innovations. Further technical progress, the emergence and implementation of basic innovations (nanotechnologies, biotechnologies, etc.), and the widespread use of knowledge will have a significant impact.

This will be facilitated by the struggle for the sustainable development of world civilization, including tourism.

Sustainable tourism development

Sustainable development of tourism is the ability of tourism to maintain its quantitative and qualitative indicators for a long period of time, that is, to meet the expectations of residents and tourists, both in a short and long period, without damaging the environment of the territory that is interested in this phenomenon.

The document adopted by the General Assembly of the World Tourism Organization (1985) - "Tourism Charter and the Tourist Code" - put forward the position that "the local population, having the right to free access to tourism resources, must ensure, by their attitude and behavior, respect for the surrounding natural and cultural environment. It has the right to expect tourists to understand and respect their customs, religions and other aspects of their culture, which are part of the heritage of mankind.”

Tourists, realizing that they are guests of the host country, should show the greatest respect for the natural and cultural heritage of the place of stay and refrain from comparing the economic, social and cultural differences existing between them and the local population. Such behavior of tourists can be facilitated by preliminary (before the start of the trip) information: a) about the customs of the local population, its traditional and religious activities, local prohibitions and shrines; b) about artistic, archaeological and cultural values, about fauna, flora and other natural resources of the visited territory, which must be protected and preserved.

In April 1989, the Inter-Parliamentary Conference on Tourism adopted the Hague Declaration. The declaration emphasizes that “given the deep relationship that exists between tourism and the environment, one should: promote integrated tourism development planning based on the concept of “sustainable development”, which was approved by the UN General Assembly; stimulate the development of alternative forms of tourism that promote closer contact and understanding between tourists and host populations, preserve cultural identity and offer diverse and original tourism products and facilities, as well as ensure the necessary cooperation between the public and private sectors in achieving these goals, both at the national, as well as internationally."

In 1992, at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, the concept of sustainable development received further confirmation. Delegations from 182 countries of the world adopted the program document "Agenda for the XXI century" ("Agenda 21"). Tourism as a separate topic was not included in this document, however, its impact on the preservation of the environment, cultural and natural heritage and on the integration of the efforts of various organizations for sustainable development, was the reason for the development and adoption in 1995 by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) and the Earth Council (Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry).

This document defines sustainable tourism development as follows: “Sustainable tourism development meets the current needs of tourists and host regions while safeguarding and enhancing opportunities for the future. All resources must be managed in such a way as to meet economic, social and aesthetic needs while preserving cultural integrity, important ecological processes, biodiversity and life support systems. Sustainable tourism products are products that exist in harmony with the local environment, society, culture in such a way that it benefits and does not harm tourism development. Consequently, those types of tourism activities that have the highest total positive effect in terms of ecology, economy and social development are the most sustainable.

Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry states that there is ample evidence of excessive tourist influx, resorts losing their former glory, destruction of local culture, transport problems and growing resistance of the local population to the development of tourism. The tourism and travel industry has the potential to significantly improve the environmental and socio-economic situation in all the centers and countries in which the industry operates through a culture of sustainable tourism development. It is to replace the culture of intensive consumption with a culture of intelligent growth; balance the economic and environmental factors of development; find the common interests of tourists and the local population; distribute the benefits received among all members of society, and primarily among the poorest categories of the population.

The document outlines a specific program of action for state bodies responsible for the state of tourism and tourism companies to create conditions for the sustainable development of tourism. The important role of cooperation between authorities, economic sectors and tourism organizations is emphasized, and the enormous benefits of shifting the focus from “eco-tourism” to “sustainable tourism” are demonstrated. Tourism sustainability implies a positive overall balance environmental, socio-cultural, and economic impacts of tourism, as well as the positive impact of visitors on each other.

Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry recommends nine priority areas for government action:

1. assessment of the existing regulatory, economic and voluntary framework in terms of sustainable tourism development;
2. assessment of the economic, social, cultural and environmental activities of the organization;
3. training, education and public awareness;
4. tourism sustainable development planning;
5. promoting the exchange of information, skills and technologies related to the sustainable development of tourism between developed and developing countries;
6. ensure the participation of all public sectors;
7. development of new tourism products based on the principle of sustainability;
8. assessment of progress towards sustainable tourism development;
9. cooperation for sustainable development.

The tasks of tourism companies are: the development of systems and procedures for introducing ideas of sustainability into management and determining areas of activity for the implementation of the principles of sustainable tourism development. Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry emphasizes that consideration of economic, social, cultural criteria and environmental protection should be an integral part of all management decisions and should be given priority over the inclusion of new elements in existing programs. All company activities from marketing to sales should be influenced by programs to protect, preserve and restore the environment.

In recent years, there has been a gradual, but increasingly large-scale transition to the use by tourist companies and enterprises, especially accommodation facilities, of special methods that ensure the rational use of environmental resources. Voluntary certification systems, environmental labels, awards for environmental performance, codes of conduct are increasingly being used and are becoming more popular.

In 2000, well-known tour operators, with the participation of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Commission (UNESCO) and the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), created a voluntary non-profit partnership "Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development". Among the participants of this partnership are such well-known companies as TUI Group (Germany), Hotelplan (Switzerland), First Choice (Great Britain), ACCOR (France) and others. This organization is open to all interested participants in the tourism sector, regardless of their size and geographical location.

The members of this initiative define sustainability as the foundation of their business activities and working together to promote practices and practices that are compatible with sustainable development. They committed themselves to striving, both within each organization and in business relationships with partners, to apply the best practices regarding the responsible use of natural resources. To do this, companies will reduce and minimize waste, prevent environmental pollution; protect and conserve plants, animals, landscape, protected areas and ecological systems, biological diversity, cultural and natural heritage, respect the integrity of local cultures and avoid negative impact on social structures; collaborate with local communities and peoples; to use local products and skill of workers.

The World Tourism Organization is actively involved in the implementation of the provisions for the sustainable development of tourism, which are set out in Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industries. The "Silk Road" campaign is being actively carried out, in which many interested countries participate, in August 2002, at the World Summit on Sustainable Tourism in Johannesburg, the UNWTO and UNCTAD joint program - "Sustainable Tourism - Eliminating Poverty" was approved - ST-EP). The program pursues two goals: the sustainable development of tourism and the eradication of poverty in order to increase their potential dependency and strengthen the role of the least developed and developing countries in sustainable development.

For the sustainable development of tourism, it is necessary that all actors involved in this process, and at all levels, responsibly and with mutual respect fulfill their role - only such tourism can be sustainable. Hence the emergence of a new type of tourism - socially responsible tourism. Its philosophy is to exchange cultural traditions, so that the peoples of the world are consolidated on the basis of national identity, in order to acquaint tourists with the life of local residents, their customs and customs.

The main problem in organizing such trips is that it is necessary to teach tourists to behave like guests who have been kindly allowed to live in the house, and not masters who everyone around should serve. On the other hand, local residents should stop treating tourists as annoying intruders and understand that visitors contribute to the improvement of the economic and social situation in their homeland.

An example of the development of responsible tourism is the activity of a non-profit organization - the Italian Association for Responsible Tourism (AITR), organized in May 1998. Currently, members of the association are more than 60 organizations representing various areas of the tourism business.

According to the latest version of the charter, approved in October 2005, this association is a second-level association, i.e. only organizations can be members of it. The association involves societies that carry out activities aimed at disseminating the principles set out in the documents on the sustainable development of tourism based on the criteria of justice, respect for human rights, concern for the economic and social sustainability of the environment, transparency in financial transactions, institutional and operational structures.

The charter of the association determines that responsible tourism is carried out on the basis of social and economic justice and in full respect for the environment and cultures. Responsible tourism recognizes the dominant role of local communities that host tourists, their right to be participants in the development of sustainable tourism and bear social responsibility for their own territory.

Responsible tourism activities contribute to the successful interaction between the tourism business, local communities and travelers. Initially, the concept of this new style of travel meant that the tourist chooses the excursion route, the way to move around the country and the place to stay for the night. Many began to use this type of travel because of the desire to save money, since the payment of intermediary services was excluded from the costs, and housing was rented directly from local residents. However, in recent years, the concept has changed, which has affected the availability of "responsible voyages". Since the association took over responsible tourism, the function of intermediary has shifted from tourism companies to the AITR association.

Activities to ensure the sustainable development of tourism involve not only tourism enterprises and associations, but government and many non-governmental organizations.

In November 2003, the Australian Government, with the aim of sustainable development of the country's tourism industry and to better position tourism against possible future shocks, adopted the White Paper "Supporting a long-term strategy for tourism" (Tourism White Paper). The White Paper provides for the creation of a framework for cooperation between government authorities at various levels and the tourism industry, encourages the improvement of technological development in the tourism sector and the quality of tourism products, the practice of sustainable development of the tourism business in the field of ecology and culture.

1. Sustainable tourism. The main directions of transition to sustainable tourism2. Characteristics of event tourism in the world. Geography of the largest carnivals and festivalsList of references 1.Sustainable tourism. Main directions of transition to sustainable tourism Sustainable tourism is tourism that meets the needs of modern tourists and the local population and at the same time preserves and increases opportunities for the future. Sustainable tourism implies the possibility of creating long-term conditions for the development of both tourism itself and the preservation of natural resources, social and cultural values ​​of society. At the same time, its goal is to achieve a higher standard of living for the population through economic growth and the preservation of environmental benefits, natural capital for future generations. This approach fits into the global tourism trends that determine the formation of a new tourist brand, when the high preservation of natural and cultural complexes is an indispensable condition for sustainable development. Sustainable tourism is the youngest concept of environmentally safe tourism. It is inherently a private application of the concept of sustainable development, which implies the integration of social, economic and environmental aspects in decision-making and practical activities. Developed in 1987, the concept of sustainable development became the central idea of ​​the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) and was recognized as an effective development model by the vast majority of countries whose representatives signed a number of international documents directly related to practical implementation of the concept of sustainable development. The need for sustainable development of tourism is becoming more and more noticeable every year, as the negative aspects of the influence of the tourism sector are becoming more and more obvious, and the positive effects are not as significant as they were before. The development of tourism around the world has a significant impact on the state of the natural environment. From the visual impact of the architecture of hotels and resorts to noise and air pollution from increased traffic, pollution of water sources and loss of natural habitats. Now and for the foreseeable future, a new mindset with a focus on sustainable development is being formed in society, which has already led to the emergence new motivations in tourism, due to the need to acquire such a tourism experience that would be environmentally and socially responsible. Only in this case, tourism establishments have a chance for long-term success. Thus, the transformation of thinking in society determines evolutionary development tourism, which was reflected in the formation of not only nature-oriented types of tourism, but also contributed to the emergence of a new direction in tourism that ensures sustainability in this sector of the economy. The authoritative actor in the field of sustainable tourism is the WTO. She formulated the principles of sustainable tourism already in 1988. According to the WTO, sustainable tourism is “a direction in the development of tourism that allows you to meet the needs of tourists now, taking into account the interests of the host region and allowing you to save this opportunity in the future. This provides for the management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs are met while maintaining cultural and ecological integrity, without harming biological diversity and life support systems. The principles of sustainability in tourism come down to environmental, cultural, economic sustainability, and sustainability for local communities. In practice, this means that all tourism companies must implement the proposed activities in order to achieve long-term sustainable development.2. Characteristics of event tourism in the world. Geography of the largest carnivals and festivalsEvery day in different parts of the world there is a huge variety of interesting and exciting events that we can witness and participate in. If we want to see the carnival in Rio or Venice with our own eyes, parade through New York on Halloween, taste Irish green beer on St. Patrick's Day, meet a Buddhist New Year in Thailand or celebrate the queen's birthday in Amsterdam - please! All this is quite affordable and is called "event tourism". This is a wonderful invention for people who are mobile, enthusiastic, easy-going and at the same time suffering from an eternal lack of time. You can just fly to, say, Iceland for a couple of days, look at the northern lights, or watch the migration of whales in South Africa, and the impressions will last for a long time. Until the next interesting event. Event tourism is a fairly young type of tourism. Event tourism is an extremely interesting activity, and is developing quite rapidly in recent times. The main difference between event tourism is that the purpose of the trip is timed to some event - an event. Many tourists who are fond of event tourism are guided in their travels by local holidays, fairs and festivals. Visits to football matches and celebrity concerts have recently become a particularly popular direction of event tourism. Event tourism is mostly an individual form of recreation that is filled with a constant holiday atmosphere. People going on such a trip will undoubtedly experience many bright unforgettable moments that they will remember for a lifetime. All event tourism can be divided into several categories, which are selected according to the scale of the event. On this basis, national and international events are distinguished. Also in event tourism, there are several areas that are divided depending on the topics: national festivals, film and theater festivals, theatrical shows, fashion shows, gastronomic festivals, music festivals, etc. Today, event tourism is developing dynamically in Russia. Forbes magazine published a list of the largest parties and festivals in the world for 2008. Among them are the Brazilian Carnival, Mardi Gras Carnival, Oktoberfest and Love Parade. Any festival or carnival from Forbes list may be of interest to both all lovers of entertainment and avid tourists. Carnival in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Held in February and is one of the most popular in the world. Brazil, carnival and dancing - for many, this means fun and a bright holiday. The Rio Carnival attracts about 700 thousand tourists every year. Mardi Gras, New Orleans (USA) Mardi Gras is held from February 2 to 5. This is one of the largest festivals with the participation of jazz bands and large-scale carnivals and balls. Oktoberfest, Munich (Germany) Date - from September 20 to October 5. This is a real feast for lovers of beer, Bavarian sausages, grilled meats, carousels and German culture. Every year, tourists from many countries of the world come to Munich to Oktoberfest. New Year's Eve in Las Vegas (USA) is celebrated on the night of December 31 to January 1. On this night, a record price for a bottle of champagne was set: in Las Vegas, the cost reaches $1,000 per bottle. Held from 6 to 14 July in Pamplona (Spain). A real event for fans of extreme sports and bullfighting. The Burning Man Festival, Black Rock, Nevada (USA) is celebrated annually from August 25 to September 1. The tradition of the Burning Man fire festival began in 1985, when actors and spectators of a street show from San Francisco burned a wooden figure about 2.5 meters high on the beach. Since that time, the height of the wooden giant has increased, the show has become more and more enchanting, acquiring new pranks and objects for burning, scenarios and traditions. Bastille Day, Paris (France) Traditionally celebrated on July 14th. Dedicated to the Great French Revolution, namely the day of the capture of the Bastille fortress, which took place in 1789. It is one of the favorite holidays in France. Love Parade, Dortmund (Germany) In 2007, the Love Parade was held in the city of Essen. The festival annually gathers millions of fans of national dances and dance music from all over the world. Bremen Carnival (January, annually) Most people cannot even imagine what a carnival in Bremen can be like. Northern Germany is not known for its emotionality and short temper, but the carnival proves that the city knows how to have fun. During the carnival, various parades, concerts and much more are organized. Berlin International Film Festival (February, annually) The Berlin International Film Festival is the largest event in Germany and one of the most important in Europe. The Berlin International Film Festival traces its history back to 1951 and is currently one of the world's central film festivals, along with Cannes and Venice. The Berlin Festival has always been distinguished by good taste and sophistication. Initially, "elite" films, the so-called "non-grossing films", but highly artistic and highly spiritual were selected for the competition. List of literature used 1. Buylenko V.F. Tourism. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, Neoglory, 2008.2. Tourism Geography: Textbook. - M.: KnoRus, 2009.3. Gulyaev V.G., Selivanov I.A. Tourism. Economics, management, sustainable development. - M.: Soviet sport, 2008.4. Carnivals. Holidays. - M.: World of Encyclopedias, 2005.5. Kachmarek J., Stasyak A., Vlodarczyk B. Tourist product. - M.: Unity-Dana, 2008.6. Konstantinova N. Carnival Country. - M.: Nauka, 2009.7. Lukyanova N.S. Geography of tourism. Tourist regions of the world and Russia. - M.: KnoRus, 2009.

Globalization and increasing incomes of the population have created favorable conditions for the rapid growth of the tourism sector. In the light of the new 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, great attention is being paid to the development of tourism, which contributes to the realization of all three pillars of sustainable development.

Starting from world conference on sustainable tourism in Lanzarote in 1995, the concepts of "sustainable tourism development" and "sustainable tourism" have continuously appeared on the political agenda of the United Nations and the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), resulting in significant declarations, guiding documents and initiatives and becoming, in essence, a priority for the UNWTO. At the same time, in UNWTO documents, the mentioned concepts often began to be used as synonyms.

In general, recommendations for the development of sustainable tourism and sustainable development management practices are applicable to all forms of tourism in all types of tourist destinations, including various segments of tourism, including mass tourism. The principles of sustainability relate to the environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and a balance must be struck between these three dimensions to ensure long-term sustainability.

Thus, sustainable tourism should:

1) ensure the optimal use of natural resources, which are the main element of tourism development, supporting essential ecological processes and helping to preserve natural resources and biodiversity;

2) respect the sociocultural characteristics of the host communities, preserve their cultural heritage and traditional values ​​and promote intercultural understanding and tolerance;

3) Guarantee viable, long-term economic operations by providing and equitably distributing social and economic benefits for all participants - sustainable employment and income-generating opportunities, social security in host communities, thereby contributing to poverty reduction.

The development of sustainable tourism requires both the informed participation of all relevant stakeholders and strong political leadership to expand participation and build consensus. Ensuring sustainable development

tourism is a continuous process and requires constant monitoring of its impacts in order to take preventive and/or corrective measures whenever necessary.

Sustainable tourism must also maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction and ensure that they gain a meaningful experience by raising awareness of sustainability issues and promoting sustainable tourism practices.

The Twelve Goals of Sustainable Tourism (UNWTO)

UNWTO has formulated the following priority goals sustainable development of tourism.

1. Economic viability - to ensure the viability and competitiveness of tourism destinations and businesses so that they are able to continue to thrive and generate profit in the long term.

2. Local prosperity - to maximize the contribution of tourism to the prosperity of destinations, including maintaining the proportions of the tourist load on the region.

3. Quality of employment - to increase the quantity and quality of local jobs created and supported by tourism, including the level of wages, conditions of service and accessibility to all without discrimination based on gender, race, disability or other reasons.

4. Social equity - to promote the principle of sharing the economic and social benefits of tourism throughout the host community, including improved opportunities, income and services available to the poor.

5. Accessible tourism - to provide safe and comfortable tourism for all visitors regardless of gender, race, physical abilities, etc.

6. Local control - involve local communities in planning and empower them to make decisions about the management and future development of tourism in the area (after consultation with other stakeholders).

7. Community well-being - to maintain and enhance the quality of life in local communities, including social structures and access to resources, amenities and life support systems, avoiding any form of social degradation or exploitation.

8. Cultural wealth - to respect and enhance the historical heritage, authentic culture, traditions and characteristics of the host communities.

9. Physical integrity - to preserve and improve both urban and natural landscapes, to prevent their visual or physical destruction.

10. Biodiversity - support the conservation of natural areas, habitats and wildlife and minimize damage to them.

11. Resource efficiency - to minimize the use of scarce and non-renewable resources in tourism development and tourism activities.

12. Ecological cleanliness - to minimize the production of waste and pollution of air, water and land by tourism enterprises and visitors.

These goals allow us to formulate the problem and the subject of research and development, to take the necessary measures for the sustainable development of tourism. They also help to maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction and sustainability awareness. The goals are a confirmation that the main objective of sustainable tourism is to achieve a balance between the host, the tourist and the environment. However, finding a balance to protect and conserve resources, taking into account the needs of all actors (current and future) is a complex task.

Economic importance of tourism

Unlike few other sectors, tourism has experienced continuous expansion and diversification over the past six decades, growing into one of the largest and fastest growing economic sectors in the world. Over the past seven years, the tourism sector has grown by an average of 4%. International tourist arrivals are increasing from year to year: in 2016 their increase was about 46 million, which is 4% more than in 2015. If in 2012 the number of international tourist arrivals was 1.035 billion, then in 2016 this figure reached 1.235 billion. According to UNWTO forecasts, 1.8 billion international tourist arrivals are expected by 2030. As of 2015, France (84.5 million tourists), USA (77.5 million), Spain (68.5 million), China (56.9 million) and Italy (50.7 million) are the most popular among international travelers. million). After Europe, the most visited region is the Asia-Pacific region, which received 303 million international tourists last year. By 2030, their number, according to UNWTO forecasts, will increase to 535 million.

In the period 2010–2030 arrivals to emerging destinations (+4.4% p.a. growth) are expected to double the rate of growth in the advanced economy (+2.2% p.a.). By 2030, Northeast Asia will be the most visited region in the world. In line with the substantial growth in arrivals, international tourism revenues have grown steadily over the past decades, making it the fourth most important export sector worldwide (after fuels, chemicals and automotive products) with a value of $1 trillion a year. Thus, tourism accounts for 30% of the world's exports of commercial services, or 7% of exports in general. Taking into account all direct, indirect and caused effects, the tourism economy represents 10% of global GDP. This contributes to the achievement of 8.7% of full employment (261 million employees). It is believed that one workplace in the core tourism sector creates approximately one and a half additional or indirect jobs in the tourism-related economy.

The growth of tourism has a huge economic importance for the least developed countries. In about half of these countries, tourism accounts for more than 40% of GDP and is the most important source of foreign exchange. In addition to providing foreign exchange for destinations and job creation, the tourism sector has other positive direct and indirect impacts on world economy such as providing incentives for trade of small, medium and micro enterprises, income growth and entrepreneurship (especially in the service sector). This activity also causes the creation of new public infrastructure, preserves and finances the conservation of natural and cultural heritage. Practical flagship projects around the world demonstrate the positive change that can be achieved through sustainable tourism practices, making tourism a model sector for a green economy. The greening of the tourism sector strengthens its employment potential with increased hiring of local staff and increased opportunities in tourism focused on local culture and the natural environment.

Impact of tourism

In addition to the positive aspects of tourism growth, there are significant risks in terms of deteriorating the socio-cultural, economic and environmental assets of destinations around the world. Tourism development and tourism activities have contributed to the depletion of natural resources in a number of regions, leading to water scarcity, biodiversity loss, land degradation and pollution, among other impacts. The contribution of tourism to global warming is estimated at 5% of the total world carbon dioxide emissions.

In addition, some host countries have suffered from culture clashes, overexploitation, crime or human rights violations associated with the tourism sector. In the economic realm, tourism may also be responsible for price increases, economic instability or dependency, and may lead to excessive leakage from host economies.

Trends and forecasts indicate that with the continued expansion of the sector, these possible negative effects will only increase in the coming years. Emerging destinations may also be affected by direct and indirect environmental impacts.

Business as usual (without emission reductions) by 2050, tourism growth will imply an increase in energy consumption (154%), greenhouse gas emissions (131%), water consumption (152%) and solid waste management (251%). Changes in tourism practices and policies may, however, reduce these negative impacts and lead to benefits by stimulating change towards greater sustainability within the tourism supply chain and in other sectors. On the other hand, according to the report Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, tourism is one of the most promising growth engines for the global economy.

With the right investment, it can continue to grow steadily in the coming decades, contributing to much-needed economic growth, employment and development.

10YFP Sustainable Tourism Program

At the UN Conference on Sustainable Development "RIO+20" in June 2012, heads of state recognized that "well-planned and managed tourism activities can make a significant contribution to all three pillars of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental), closely linked to other sectors and can create decent jobs and trade opportunities.”

During this Conference, UN member countries adopted the “10 Year Framework Program for Sustainable Consumption and Production” (10 Year Framework Program - 10YFP). 10YFP is a global framework for action programs to enhance international cooperation to accelerate change towards better sustainable consumption and production (SCP) practices in both developed and developing countries.

Due to the increasing economic importance of tourism for developing and developed countries, sustainable tourism (including eco-tourism) has been recognized by world leaders as a key enabler for sustainable development and has been identified by UNWTO and the United Nations Environment Program ( United Nations Environment Program - UNEP) as one of the five initial programs in the 10YFP structure. As noted above, in addition to positive economic effects, tourism can also play an important role in enhancing and funding the conservation of natural and cultural heritage, as well as in promoting the socio-economic development of tourist destinations. However, despite its positive potential, the growth of the sector can often have negative impacts on the natural, socio-cultural and economic environment of destinations. The essential dependence of tourism on an intact social, cultural and environmental environment has generated a strong strategic interest in promoting sustainable development in a holistic way.

Over the past 20 years, there has been a significant increase in the overall interest and commitment of key player groups in sustainable tourism policies and practices. Now Available a large number of research, methods, tools, recommendations for sustainable tourism. The main focus of the 10YFP Sustainable Tourism Program is to harness the high potential of tourism to contribute to sustainable development by accelerating the adoption of sustainable patterns of consumption and production within the sector. The main objective is to achieve change by increasing the net profit from the sector at the global, regional and national levels within 10 years and reducing social and environmental impacts.

The contribution of tourism to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals

One of the most important global events in 2015 was the adoption by the UN General Assembly of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the approval of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets for their implementation. The development of tourism is indicated in three SDGs: promoting steady, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all (SDG 8); ensuring rational patterns of consumption and production (SDG No. 12); conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development (SDG 14). However, the contribution of tourism is not limited to these three goals, as it can directly or indirectly contribute to the achievement of all other SDGs.

At the same time, it should be taken into account that the contribution of tourism to the economic development of countries, the creation of jobs and the strengthening of institutional capacity is not automatic, but depends on many factors, including:

Degrees of integration of the tourism sector into the national economy through direct and feedback links with other industries, as well as in regional and global value chains;

The extent to which tourism revenues are used to finance infrastructure development, support local businesses, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, and develop the skills and institutions needed to build a vibrant local economy;

Policies and strategies adopted by national governments and how they encourage domestic and foreign investment in tourism, transfer of technology and know-how, promote labour-intensive activities and support areas where the poor live and work;

National efforts to ensure the development of sustainable tourism.

Governments need to take these linkages into account in order to maximize the potential of the tourism sector for economic growth and poverty reduction. Special attention should be given, in particular, to the creation of new jobs, including in rural areas and trade in services, the construction of roads, port and airport facilities.

Based on the materials of UNWTO and UNCTAD, an overview of the goals, objectives and prospects for sustainable tourism development in modern conditions clearly demonstrates the importance of this priority. The tourism sector can contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and should be effectively used to drive economic growth and reduce poverty. At the same time, it is necessary to minimize the adverse impact of tourism, including on the environment and cultural heritage.

Alexey Seselkin - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor of the Russian State Social University

Scientific, technical and socio-economic progress has led to the accelerated development of tourism. Because of this, in places massively visited by tourists, serious problems in the field of ecology, culture and social development. The uncontrolled growth of tourism, driven by the desire to quickly make a profit, often leads to negative consequences - damage to the environment and local communities. This forces humanity to take care of the preservation of natural, historical and cultural values. The principles of protecting the biosphere on a global scale were enshrined in 1992 by the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, which was attended by government delegations from 179 countries of the world, numerous international and non-governmental organizations. The conference approved the policy document "Agenda 21" ("Agenda 21") and adopted the Declaration on Environment and Development.

The adoption of this document was the beginning of the introduction of a radical innovation in the field of tourism - the principle of sustainable tourism development, which was proposed by the UNWTO. This radical innovation forces tourism workers and tourists to change their views on tourism, on the relationship of its participants.

In 1995, the joint efforts of the World Tourism Organization, the World Travel and Tourism Council and the Earth Council developed the document "Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry" (Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry).

This paper analyzes the strategic and economic importance tourism, there are numerous reports of over-tourism, some resorts losing their former glory, destruction of local culture, traffic problems and growing resistance from the local population to the influx of tourists.

The document outlined a specific program of action for government departments, national tourism administrations (NTA), industry organizations and tourism companies for the sustainable development of tourism. The following priority areas have been identified for government departments:

Assessment of the existing regulatory, economic and voluntary framework in terms of sustainable tourism;
- evaluation of economic, social, cultural and environmental activities national organization;
- training, education and public awareness; sustainable tourism planning;
- promoting the exchange of information, experience and technology; ensuring the participation of all public sectors in the development of sustainable tourism;
- development of new tourism products; cooperation for the development of sustainable tourism.

The tasks of tourism companies are to develop and determine areas of activity for the development of sustainable tourism. Priority areas of activity should be the preservation and restoration of the environment: minimizing waste; involvement of staff, customers and the public in solving environmental issues. Consideration of economic, social, cultural criteria and environmental protection should be an integral part of all management decisions, including the inclusion of new elements in existing programs.

In 2004, the World Tourism Organization formulated the concept of sustainable tourism development (we quote):

"The norms and practices of managing sustainable tourism development can be applied to all types of tourism and to all types of destinations, including mass tourism and various niche tourism segments. The principles of sustainability refer to environmental protection, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development and between these three aspects an appropriate balance must be struck to ensure the long-term sustainability of tourism.Sustainable tourism must therefore:

1) ensure the optimal use of environmental resources, which are a key element in the development of tourism, supporting basic ecological processes and helping to preserve natural heritage and biological diversity;
2) respect the unique socio-cultural characteristics of the host communities, preserving their inherent created and established cultural heritage and traditional customs, and contribute to the mutual understanding of different cultures and tolerance for their perception;
3) to ensure the viability of long-term economic processes, taking into account their benefits to all stakeholders who impartially disseminate them, including permanent employment and opportunities for income generation and social services for host communities and a contribution to poverty reduction.

Sustainable tourism development requires the competent participation of all relevant stakeholders and equally strong political leadership in order to ensure broad participation and consensus building. Achieving sustainable tourism is a continuous process that requires constant monitoring of environmental impacts, introducing, if necessary, appropriate preventive and/or corrective measures.

Sustainable tourism must also maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction by tapping into the multifaceted demands of tourists, raising their awareness of sustainable outcomes, and promoting sustainable tourism practices among them."

The main difference between the models of mass (traditional) and sustainable tourism (Table 9.1) is that part of the benefits received in the case of sustainable development of tourism is directed to the restoration of the resource base and the improvement of technologies for the production of services.

Table 9.1.

The main differences between sustainable tourism and mass (traditional) tourism