"History and goals of the UN"

• Historical summary
• summary
• UN goals
• Human rights
• Economic Development and Humanitarian Aid
• A few more words about the UN

The United Nations (UN) is represented as an intergovernmental system of association, in order to create comfortable international communication. Became a replacement for the ineffective League of Nations. This formation began to exist October 24, 1945, in order to prevent the repetition of such an incident as a world-wide war. Its composition is slightly less than 200 states.

The location of the headquarters of the interethnic association settled in Manhattan. Other important consulates are located in Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna. The budget is financed from the resources of the participating states. Contributions are both mandatory and voluntary. The objectives of this association are to promote world harmony and security, respect for human rights, help social and economic development, nature conservation, as well as provide humanitarian support in the event of famine, natural disasters and armed conflicts.

During World War II, Roosevelt initiated negotiations for a successor to the League of Nations. The charter of the new body was developed at a meeting in April-June 1945. This charter came into force on October 24, 1945, and the UN came into existence. United Nations Mission for World Peace was a difficult task in the first decades. A cold war broke out in the world between the USSR and the USA and their allies, respectively.
The organization received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its officials and institutions have also been awarded the prize. Other assessments of the UN's performance have been mixed. Some commentators believe that the organization is an important factor in peace and human development, while others call the organization inefficient, corrupt.

Historical summary
Prior to the creation of the UN, a number of international institutions and conferences were formed to resolve conflicts between countries: the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Hague Convention of 1899 and 1907, respectively. After the catastrophic loss of life in World War I, the Paris Peace Conference created the League of Nations to maintain harmony between nations. However, the League lacked representation for the colonial peoples (then half the world's population) and significant participation from several major powers, including the US, USSR, Germany, and Japan. The body could not produce restrictions for the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, the Japanese invasion of China, to stop the German plans of Adolf Hitler, which ended in World War II.

United Nations Declaration
The initial organizational plan for the newly minted international association began under the auspices of the US State Department in 1939. Roosevelt became the author of the "Declaration of the United Nations", together with Churchill and Hopkins. During a meeting at the White House on December 29, 1941, the Soviet proposals were included, but there was no role left for France. Roosevelt became the founder of the term United Nations.

UN goals
Operations to maintain peace and security.
The UN, after approval by the Security Council, sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflicts have recently ceased or have paused. This was done in order to ensure compliance with the terms of the peace agreements and prevent the resumption of hostilities. The world association does not have a personal army at its disposal. Peacekeeping operations are carried out by borrowing from states within the represented community.

Human rights.
The UN is considered the main community that sets as its goals the promotion and development of respect for human rights, excluding various kinds of discrimination. Member States are required to take decisions, both general and individual, in order to protect their people's rights.
In 1948, the General Assembly established the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, prepared by a committee headed by Franklin D. Roosevelt's widow-Eleanor and the French jurist Cassin. The document proclaims basic civil, political and economic rights common to all people, although its effectiveness in achieving these goals has been debated since its inception. The Declaration serves as a common standard for all peoples and all countries.

In 1979, the General Assembly established the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against the Weaker Sex, followed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989.
With the end of the Cold War, the impetus for human rights action received a new impetus. Human Law was established in 1993 to oversee human rights issues.

Economic development and humanitarian aid.
Another main goal of the UN is to control and organize cooperation between states and solve their problems among themselves. Numerous bodies have been set up to work towards this goal. In 2000, 192 Member States of the United Nations agreed to achieve the eight Millennium Development Goals by 2015.

The United Nations Development Program (UNDP), a grant-based technical assistance organization founded in 1945, is one of the leading bodies in the field of interethnic formation. The organization also monitors the Human Opportunity Index, a comparative measure of how countries rank in poverty, literacy, education, medium duration life and other factors. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), also founded in 1945, promotes agriculture and food security. UNICEF is founded in 1946 to help European children after the end of hostilities. The Foundation has increased its mission to help worldwide and support the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Assistance between the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, is an independent, specialized agency and plays the role of an observer, according to the text of the 1947 agreement. They were originally formed separately from the UN through the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944. The World Bank provides loans for world development, and in parallel, the IMF helps to strengthen interethnic cooperation in the economy and gives emergency loans to debtor countries.
Within the framework of interethnic cooperation, there is an association related to the health of the population. In which key importance is given to international health problems and the elimination of diseases. It is one of the largest UN agencies. In 1980, the agency announced that smallpox eradication was complete. In the following decades, the WHO largely eradicated polio and leprosy. The Unified Interethnic Community Project on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), launched in 1996, coordinates the issue of the AIDS epidemic.

Along with the international association - the Red Cross, the UN often represents the main significance in the implementation of emergency assistance, in extreme situations. The World Food Program (WFP), founded in the early 1960s, provides a food support, as a result of "hungry" times, natural disasters and contradictions of a military nature. The association reports that it feeds an average of 90 million inhabitants in 80 states during each year. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), established in 1950, works to protect those in need within the authority of the Office. The activities of UNHCR and WFP are funded through voluntary donations from governments, corporations and individuals, although UNHCR's administrative costs are covered by the UN's core budget.

A few more words about the UN
Since the creation of the UN, more than 80 colonies have gained independence. The UN is working towards decolonization.

Since its inception, the UN programs have been directed towards the protection and improvement of the environment. The UN is looking after environmental issues. Initially, this program was not very successful. In the late 1980s, UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) became another part of the UN. The WOM evaluates research reports related to global warming.
The General Assembly fixes the amount of the regular contribution. This amount is based on each country's capacity (GNI), adjusted for external debt and low per capita income. That is, for each individual state, the amount of contributions varies. The biennial budget for 2012-13 was $5.512 billion in total.

The Assembly established the principle that the UN should not be overly dependent on any one member to fund its activities. Thus, there is a "ceiling" rule, the maximum amount that any member can allocate to the regular budget. In December 2000, the Assembly revised the scale of assessments in response to pressure from the United States. As part of this revision, the budget ceiling was lowered from 25% to 22%. For Least Developed Countries (LDCs), a maximum rate of 0.01% applies.

A significant part of the UN's spending is on its core mission of peace and security, and this budget is estimated separately from the main one. Maintaining a peaceful existence cost $ 827 billion in 2015-16 financial years.

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945 and headquartered in New York. The UN was created by the victorious Allied Powers after the end of World War II. Its tasks are defined by the UN Charter: “To maintain international peace and security and for this purpose to take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace ... To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples ... to ensure cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and to promote in every possible way the development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.”

There is no evidence to suggest that the fall of the Berlin Wall changed the fundamental values ​​of the UN mandate, but this milestone has transformed – both internationally and nationally – models of social organization and social structures bringing them into line with the dynamics of the development of the international situation. As a result, the contradictions that the UN had previously encountered (between the principle of sovereignty and the right of peoples to self-determination, between human rights and democracy) have aggravated. The statement that the main goals of the UN are peace, progress and democracy implies the interdependence of these values, from which the following conclusion follows: peace is a prerequisite, and democracy is the most important condition for sustainable development. Half a century after the creation of the UN and the collapse of the bipolar world, globalization is becoming an actual reality, which requires a fundamental revision of the concept of statehood, since sovereignty is now inseparable from global cooperation. Indeed, over the past decade, during the collapse of multi-ethnic states, inter-ethnic conflicts have repeatedly erupted. Preventing them has become a much more difficult task, as they increasingly occur within states, rather than between them. It is becoming increasingly difficult for the UN to maintain a proper balance between respect for the sovereignty of states and the right to intervene in their affairs - whether this concerns civil wars or tribal clashes. At the same time, in the process of strengthening global interdependence, the trend towards democratization and respect for human rights is increasing, as global liberalism makes transparent the inequality of the market potential of partner nations. That is why state sovereignty, as the fundamental concept of the ideology of government, is increasingly correlated with the concept of legality.

Origins, purposes, membership and languages

The international organizations that were created during the 19th century mainly dealt with individual tasks, such as, in particular, the establishment of a postal service, a health care system, and means of communication. The real roots of the United Nations are found in the 19th century. in such a diplomatic formation as the "Concert of Europe" - the first attempt to unite states with the aim of achieving political goals primarily by diplomatic rather than military means. The Concert of Europe made a significant contribution to the formation of the concept of international law, including the rules of warfare, international arbitration and the question of disarmament. But it was only after the First World War that a multi-purpose organization with a clear focus on ensuring peace, security and international cooperation was created - the League of Nations.

Despite these lofty ideals, the League of Nations, like the interstate unions that preceded it, was the product of European political thought and was primarily oriented toward Europe (and the West in general). It reflected the perspective of the development of the colonial powers and their allies, largely leaving in the background the interests of the vast lands and impoverished populations of the countries of Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America, most of which were still under colonial oppression.

Ultimately, the League of Nations was unable to prevent the outbreak of World War II and formally ceased to exist in 1946 (see also LEAGUE OF NATIONS). During the war years, the major Allied Powers—the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, France, and China—took steps towards the creation of a new international organization based on the platform of their opposition to the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan. Adopted on June 12, 1941, at the height of the war, the Inter-Allied Declaration called for post-war international cooperation. The Atlantic Charter, signed on August 14, 1941, by US President F. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister W. Churchill, was the first sign of the intentions of Great Britain and the United States to create a new international organization immediately after the restoration of peace. The term "united nations" first appeared on January 1, 1942 in the Declaration of the United Nations, signed by 26 representatives of states in Washington, DC. The Moscow and Teheran Conferences in October and December 1943 laid the foundation for this new organization, and the Dumbarton Oaks Villa Conference in Washington (August 21-October 7, 1944) was the first meeting specially organized to discuss its structure. In Dumbarton Oaks, Proposals were prepared for the creation of a General International Organization, which were approved by the USA, China, Great Britain and the USSR. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the Big Five powers - the United States, Britain, France, the Soviet Union and China - worked out a formula for resolving disputes.

The UN was formally established at the Conference on International Organization held April 25-June 26, 1945 in San Francisco. On June 26, representatives of 50 countries unanimously adopted the Charter of the United Nations. The Charter entered into force on October 24, after the majority of representatives of the signatory countries confirmed their authority to ratify this document; since then, this date has been celebrated annually as United Nations Day. Poland, not represented at the Conference, later signed the Charter and became the 51st member of the original UN.

The creation of the UN, like many other diplomatic undertakings, was a reflection of intersecting and sometimes polar interests. The major powers, when creating the new organization, expected that they would be able to maintain after the Second World War the global power that they had established, relying on their military might, as victors. However, the Cold War, which began soon after, began to put limits on the powers of the new organization.

The UN Charter intended to turn the Organization into a "center for coordinating the actions of nations" on the path to achieving international peace. Its members pledged to support the UN in any action it undertakes and to refrain from the use of force against other nations except in self-defence.

New members are admitted to the UN on the recommendation of the Security Council, and at least two-thirds of the participants in the General Assembly must vote for their entry into the ranks of the Organization. Most of the 51 states that originally signed the Charter were Western nations. In 1955, 16 new members were admitted to the UN, including several non-Western states, and in 1960, another 17 African countries. As a result of the processes of gradual decolonization, the representation of the United Nations has become increasingly broad and diverse. By 1993, about two dozen new states had entered the UN, which emerged as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union and some countries of Eastern Europe, and the number of member states reached 182. Membership in the UN became almost universal. And only a very small number of countries (Switzerland among them) are not members of the UN.

In the 1970s and 1980s, US officials, including President Ronald Reagan, began to show contempt for the UN. US membership dues were delayed, and the country's position, especially given the growth in the number of non-Western states, was characterized by growing isolation. The United States withdrew from UNESCO, expressing dissatisfaction with the "politicization" of this educational organization UN. However, in 1988, the former US representative to the UN, George W. Bush, was elected American president, who eventually restored the country's status as the main member of the Organization and repaid part of the contribution debts.

The new involvement in UN affairs allowed the United States in 1990 to reach a consensus among the great powers on a Security Council resolution authorizing military action to restore the statehood of Kuwait, occupied by Iraq. On January 16, 1991, a coalition led by the United States took military action against Iraq under the auspices of the UN.

Although business is conducted in six different languages ​​(English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese, Russian, French), only English and French are official languages ​​of the UN.

Structure of the United Nations

In accordance with the UN Charter, six main bodies of the new world organization were established: the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Secretariat, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, and the International Court of Justice. In addition, the Charter allowed that, with the consent of the General Assembly, other self-governing organizations acting as specialized agencies of the UN could be established; it was this point that made it possible for the Security Council to create a peacekeeping force.

United Nations- is the largest - universal in terms of the problems considered and worldwide in terms of territorial coverage.

The name was proposed during World War II by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Created by 50 countries on October 24, 1945, By 2005, the UN united 191 countries.

In accordance with the UN Charter, its main objectives are:

• maintaining international peace and security;
• development of friendly relations between nations on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples;
• implementation of cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and observance of human rights;
• coordination of actions of nations in achieving common goals.

The main principles of the UN activities are: sovereign equality of all members, conscientious fulfillment of the obligations assumed, peaceful settlement of international disputes, refraining from the threat of force. The UN Charter does not give the right to intervene in matters within the domestic jurisdiction of an individual state.

The UN system has a complex organizational structure:

1. The main organs of the UN (the UN itself).
2. UN programs and bodies.
3. Specialized agencies and other independent organizations within the UN system.
4. Other organizations, committees and related bodies.
5. Organizations outside the UN system, but associated with it by cooperation agreements.

UNPO bodies

Charter established six principal organs of the United Nations: General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat.

General Assembly(GA) is the main deliberative body of the UN. She is consists of representatives of all member countries having one vote. Decisions on issues of peace and security, the admission of new members, and budget issues are taken by a two-thirds majority. For other matters, a simple majority vote is sufficient. The sessions of the General Assembly are held annually, usually in September. Each time a new chairman, 21 vice-chairmen, chairmen of the six main committees of the Assembly are elected. The first committee deals with questions of disarmament and international security, the second with economy and finance, the third with social and humanitarian problems, the fourth with special political questions and decolonization, the fifth with administrative and budgetary questions, the sixth with legal matters. The post of chairman of the Assembly is occupied in turn by representatives of African, Asian, Eastern European, Latin American (including the Caribbean), Western European states. GA decisions are not binding legal force. They express the world public opinion on one issue or another.

Security Council(SC) is responsible for maintenance of international peace. It investigates and recommends methods for settling disputes, including calling on UN members to apply economic sanctions to prevent aggression; takes military action against the aggressor; plans arms regulation; recommends the admission of new members; provides guardianship in strategic areas. The Council consists of five permanent members - China, France, the Russian Federation (successor to the USSR), Great Britain and the United States of America - and ten members elected by General Assembly and for a period of two years. A decision on procedural issues is considered adopted if at least 9 out of 15 votes (two thirds) voted for it. When voting on substantive issues, it is necessary that out of 9 votes "for" all five permanent members of the Security Council vote - the rule of "unanimity of the great powers."

If a permanent member does not agree with the decision, then it can impose a veto (prohibition). If a permanent member does not want to block the decision, then it may abstain from voting.

Economic and Social Council coordinates Relevant issues and specialized agencies and institutions, known as the "family" of UN agencies. These bodies are connected with the UN by special agreements, submit reports to the Economic and Social Council and (or) the General Assembly.

The subsidiary mechanism of ECOSOC includes:

• nine functional commissions (Commission for Social Development, etc.);
• five regional commissions (Economic Commission for Africa, etc.);
• four standing committees: Committee for Program and Coordination, Commission on Human Settlements, Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, Committee for Negotiations with Intergovernmental Organizations;
• a number of expert bodies;
• executive committees and councils of various UN bodies: the UN Development Program, the World Food Program, etc.

Guardian Council supervises the trust territories and promotes the development of their self-government. The Council consists of five permanent members of the Security Council. In 1994, the Security Council terminated the Trusteeship Agreement, since all 11 of the original Trust Territories gained political independence or joined neighboring states.

international Court, located in The Hague (Netherlands), resolves legal disputes between states that are parties to its Statute, which automatically includes all members of the UN. Individuals cannot apply to the International Court of Justice. According to the Statute (the provision on rights and obligations), the Court uses international conventions; international custom as evidence of universal practice; general principles of law recognized by nations; judgments of the most qualified specialists different countries. The Court consists of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council, who vote independently. They are elected on the basis of qualifications, not citizenship. No two nationals from the same country may serve on the Court.

UN Secretariat has the most diverse functions. This is a permanent body that handles the entire document flow, including translations from one language to another, organization of international conferences, communication with the press, etc. The Secretariat staff consists of about 9,000 people from around the world. The UN Secretary General, the chief administrative officer, is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year term and may be re-elected for a new term. Kofi Annan (Ghana) took office on January 1, 1997. On January 1, 2007, a new Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon ( former head MFA South Korea). He spoke in favor of reforming the UN for the sake of the future of this organization. Authority Secretary General essential for the implementation of preventive diplomacy in order to prevent the outbreak of international conflicts. All staff of the Secretariat have the status of international civil servants and take an oath, pledging not to follow instructions from any states or organizations other than the United Nations.

UN budget

The regular budget of the UN, excluding the specialized agencies and programs of the UN, is approved by the GA for a period of two years. The main source of funds are Member State contributions, which are calculated based on the solvency of the country, in particular according to criteria such as share in and per country. The assessment scale of contributions established by the Assembly is subject to change from 25% of the budget to 0.001%. Shared budget contributions are: USA - 25%, Japan - 18%, Germany - 9.6%, France - 6.5%, Italy - 5.4%, UK - 5.1%, RF - 2.9% , Spain - 2.6%, Ukraine - 1.7%, China - 0.9%. States that are not members of the UN, but participating in a number of its activities, can participate in the costs of the UN in the following ratio: Switzerland - 1.2%, Vatican - 0.001%. The revenue part of the budget fluctuates on average around 2.5 billion US dollars. Of the 13 expenditure items, more than 50% of the expenditure is for General policy implementation, leadership and coordination; general support and provision service; regional cooperation for development .

UN programs

However, the UN "family" or the UN system of agencies is wider. She covers 15 institutions and several programs and bodies. These are the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), as well as such a specialized organization as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). These bodies are connected with the UN by special agreements, submit reports to the Economic and Social Council and (or) the General Assembly. They have their own budgets and governing bodies.

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD). It was established in 1964 as the main body of the GA on these issues, primarily to accelerate the commercial and economic development, which, having gained political independence, have significant problems in self-affirmation in world markets. UNCTAD has 188 member states. The Russian Federation and other countries are members of this organization. The annual operating budget, financed from the UN regular budget, is about $50 million. The headquarters is located in Geneva (Switzerland).

Organizational structure of UNCTAD

UNCTAD conference- the highest governing body. Conference sessions are held every four years at ministerial level to determine the main directions of work.

Trade and Development Board — executive agency, which ensures the continuity of work between sessions. Working groups on medium-term planning and program financing. Joint Advisory Group on the activities of the International Trade Center UNCTAD - WTO.

Standing Committees and Temporary Working Groups. Four standing committees have been established: on commodities; to reduce poverty; on economic cooperation between developed countries; on Development, as well as the Special Committee on Preferences and the Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Restrictive Business Practices.

Secretariat is part of the UN Secretariat. It consists of policy coordination and external relations services, nine departments(commodities, service development and trade efficiency, economic cooperation between developing countries and special programmes, global interdependence, and , science and technology, least developed countries, program management and operations services) and joint units working with the regional commissions. Secretariat serves two subsidiary bodies of ECOSOC— The Commission on International Investment and Transnational Corporations and the Commission on Science and Technology for Development.

Under the auspices of UNCTAD, a number of international commodity agreements have been concluded, research groups on commodities have been established with the participation of producing and consuming countries, the Common Fund for Commodities has been established, and dozens of conventions and agreements have been signed.

From July 14 to July 18, 2004, Sao Paulo (Brazil) hosted the 11th session of the UNCTAD Conference - "Improving the coherence between national strategies and global economic processes in order, in particular, developing countries". showed their willingness to participate fully in international trade self-reliance, including through the expansion of South-South trade. Consolidation on the issue of agricultural subsidies used by developed countries allowed the "Group of 77" to express their joint position at the 6th WTO Conference. UNCTAD uses a group principle of work: member states are divided into groups according to socio-economic and geographical principles. Developing countries are united in the "Group of 77". As a result of the XI session, a document was adopted - the Sao Paulo Consensus, aimed at promoting adaptation national strategies development to the conditions of globalization and strengthening the capacity of developing countries. The start of the 3rd round of trade negotiations under the auspices of UNCTAD under the Global System of Trade Preferences (GSTP), which has been operating since 1971, has been announced. This system provides for the reduction or elimination of customs duties by all industrialized countries (IDCs) in trade with developing countries on on a non-reciprocal basis, i.e., without requiring counter trade and political concessions. In practice, many industrialized countries have achieved various exceptions (exceptions) from their preferential schemes. Nevertheless, the Global System of Trade Preferences promotes the expansion of exports of processed products from economically weak states.

Standalone UN agencies

To independent specialized agencies operating within the UN system include international organization labor(ILO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (IMF), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), United Nations Organization for industrial development(UNIDO), etc.

Widening gap between poor and rich countries, the increased danger of global conflicts (the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the United States) stimulate the search for solutions to the problems of regulation and financing of development throughout the world. In this context in 2002, two forums were held under the auspices of the UN: World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg (South Africa) - from August 26 to September 4 and the International Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey (Mexico) - from March 18 to 22. As a result of the meetings, the Johannesburg Declaration and the Monterrey Consensus were adopted respectively. Meeting in South Africa special emphasis was placed on the collective responsibility for socio-economic development, ecology at all levels from local to global. The need for cooperation in areas such as water supply and sanitation, energy, health, agriculture and biodiversity was noted. In Mexico, the problem of sustainable development of the world was considered from the point of view of its financing. It is recognized that there is a severe lack of resources needed to achieve the goals of overcoming poverty and inequality, as set out in the UN Millennium Declaration. Proposed corresponding to the liberal idea of ​​development, ways to solve the problem:

Mobilize the national financial resources of developing countries through increased efficiency and consistency and the fight against corruption at all levels.

Mobilization of international resources, including (FDI) and other private resources.

is the most important and often the only external source of development finance. The presence of serious trade imbalances caused by export subsidies from industrialized countries, the abuse of anti-dumping, technical, sanitary and phytosanitary measures is recognized. Developing countries (DCs) and countries with economies in transition (CITs) are concerned about tariff peaks and tariff escalation from industrialized countries (IDCs). It has been recognized as necessary to include in trade agreements effective and functional provisions for special and differential treatment for developing countries.

Increasing international financial and technical cooperation for development means increasing official development assistance (ODA). The Conference urged the CPs to make concrete efforts to reach the target of ODA allocation to developing countries of 0.7% of and 0.15-0.2% of their GNP of developed countries for the needs of the least developed countries.

It is an element of resource mobilization for public and private investment. It is recognized that debtors and creditors should be jointly responsible for preventing and managing unsustainable debt situations.

Perfection global economic governance systems involves expanding the circle of participants in the decision-making process on development issues and eliminating organizational gaps. It is necessary to strengthen the involvement of developing countries and countries with economies in transition in the decision-making process in and , in the Bank for International Settlements, the Basel Committee and the Financial Stability Forum

Critics of the Monterrey Consensus point out that, as in the case of the Washington Consensus, developed countries proceed from a liberal development model, emphasizing the need to find resources for development within developing countries and with the help of the private sector. The developed countries themselves do not make any clear commitments regarding the redistribution of resources. Accordingly, it is almost impossible to bridge the gap between poverty and wealth.

The issue of equitable representation in the Security Council and expansion of its composition, submitted for discussion by the UN General Assembly, was not resolved.

The Russian position is to support any expansion option, provided that a broad agreement is reached between all interested countries.

Thus, there are several mutually exclusive approaches to reforming the UN Security Council, which implies an indefinite duration of the reform process.

The United Nations is an organization of sovereign nations representing almost all of humanity. It has as its central goal the maintenance of international peace and security. Additionally, its purposes call for the development of friendly relations among nations based on equal rights and self-determination of peoples and, through international co-operation, the solution of problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature.
The United Nations is the meeting-place where representatives of all member states - great and small, rich and poor, with varying political views and social systems - have a voice and an equal vote in shaping a common course of action.
The United Nations has played, and continues to play, an active role in reducing tension in the world, preventing conflicts and putting an end to fighting already under way.
There are six main organs of the United Nations - the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the Secretariat and the International Court of Justice. The Court has its seat at the Hague, Netherlands. All other organs are based at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.
Members of the General Assembly talk to each other in many languages, but officially there are only six - Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
The Secretariat services the other organs of the United Nations and administers the programs and policies laid down by them. Over 20,000 men and women are employed by the United Nations with about one-third of them at the Headquarters and the other two-thirds stationed around the globe. Staff members are recruited primarily from member states and are drawn from more than 140 nations. As international civil servants, each takes an oath not to seek or receive instructions from any government or outside authority.
Working for the United Nations, mostly "behind the scenes" at the Headquarters, are linguists, econbmists, editors, social scientists, legal experts, librarians, journalists, statisticians, broadcasters, personnel officers, administrators and experts in all the varied fields of activity covered by the United Nations. They prepare the reports and studies requested by various bodies of the United Nations; they issue press releases and produce publications, broadcasts and films giving information about the United Nations; and they perform the administrative duties needed to implement resolutions adopted by the various organs. In addition, there are stenographers, clerks, engineers and technicians, tour guides and also a body of security officers in blue-grey uniforms who arc responsible for the security of the United Nations Headquarters. At the head of the Secretariat is the Secretary-General.
The main Headquarters of the United Nations are based in New York. The United Nations Organization Secretariat occupies the higher building. The General Assembly is held in the lower building.

The History of UN

The term "United Nations" was coined by Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II, to refer to the Allies. Its first formal use was in the January 1, 1942 Declaration by the United Nations, which committed the Allies to the principles of the Atlantic Charter and pledged them not to seek a separate peace with the Axis powers. Thereafter, the Allies used the term "United Nations Fighting Forces" to refer to their alliance.

The idea for the United Nations elaborate wasd in declarations signed at the wartime Allied conferences in Moscow, Cairo, and Tehran in 1943. From August to October 1944, representatives of France, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the USSR met to elaborate the plans in Washington, D.C. Those and later talks produced proposals outlining the purposes of the organization, its membership and organs, as well as arrangements to maintain international peace and security and international economic and social cooperation. These proposals were discussed and debated by governments and private citizens worldwide.

On April 25,1945, the United Nations Conference on International Organizations began in San Francisco. In addition to the Governments, a number-of non-government organizations were invited to assist in the drafting of the charter. The 50 nations represented at the conference signed the Charter of the United Nations two months later on June 26. Poland, which was not represented at the conference, but for which a place among the original signatories had been reserved, added its name later, bringing the total of original signatories to 51. The UN came into existence on October 24,1945, after the Charter had been ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council - Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States - and by a majority of the other 46 signatories.

The United Nations headquarters building was constructed in New York City in 1949 and 1950 beside the East River on land purchased by an 8.5 million dollar donation from John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and designed by architect Oscar Niemeyer. UN headquarters officially opened on January 9, 1951. While the principal headquarters of the UN are in New York, there are major agencies located in Geneva, The Hague, Vienna, Montreal, Bonn.

UN membership is open to all peace-loving states that accept the obligations of the UN Charter and, in the judgment of the organization, are able and willing to fulfill these obligations.

History of the United Nations (UN)

The term "United Nations Organization" (UN) was coined by Franklin Roosevelt in his addresses to the allies. The first formal use of the term took place on January 1, 1942. In a 1942 United Nations declaration, he bound the Allies to the principles of the Atlantic Treaty and committed them to achieving a separate peace with the Axis states. The Allies then used the term "United Nations Combat Force" to refer to their allies.

The idea of ​​the United Nations was developed in the declarations signed during the war at the Allied conferences in Moscow, Cairo and Tehran in 1943. From August to October 1944, representatives of France, the Republic of China, Great Britain, the USA and the USSR met in Washington, DC
Colombia, to make plans. These, as well as subsequent negotiations and proposals, built the goals of the organization, its bodies and members of this organization, as well as agreements on maintaining peace and security, international economic and social cooperation. These proposals have been discussed and challenged by governments and individuals around the world.

On April 25, 1945, the United Nations conference began in San Francisco. In addition to governments, numerous non-governmental organizations were invited to draft the UN Charter. The fifty states present at the conference, two months later, on June 26, signed the UN Charter. Poland, which was not present at the conference, but for which a place among the founding countries was reserved, added its name later, thus bringing the number of founding countries to 51 states. The UN came into existence on October 24, 1945, after the ratification of the UN Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council - the Republic of China, the USSR, Great Britain, France and the USA - and most of the other founding countries.

The UN headquarters building was built in New York in 1949-50 near the East River on land purchased for $ 8.5 million donated by D. Rockefeller Jr. The building was designed by the architect Oscar Niemeyer. The headquarters officially opened on January 9, 1951. While the main headquarters of the UN is in New York, there are also main agencies in Geneva, The Hague, Vienna, Montreal, Bonn.

Membership in the UN is open to any peace-loving country that accepts the requirements of the Charter of the United Nations and, in the judgment of that organization, is able and willing to fulfill these obligations.

Questions:

1. Who coined the term "United Nations"?
2. When was the first formal use of the term "United Nations"?
3. When and where was the United Nations headquarters building constructed?
4. Who donated this construction?
5. Who designed the United Nations headquarters building?
6. How many nations were at the conference in San Francisco in 1945?
7. Why are there 51 founders of the UN instead of 50?
8. What country was not represented at the conference?

Vocabulary:

term - term
to coin - invent, invent, plot
to refer - to attribute (to smth.); to account for (something); to relate, relate; touch; refer, rely on (on someone / something, someone's words, etc. - to)
the Allies - allies
formal - relating to the outside (of a question, problem), formal; official
declaration - declaration, statement
to commit - commit (usually an action that goes beyond some limits, etc.); entrust, entrust; refer a bill to a parliamentary committee
principle - principle
Atlantic Charter - bld. North Atlantic Treaty
to pledge - make a solemn promise; promise, promise, swear
to seek (past time - sought; past time - sought) - to seek, to search; find out; strive, strive
separate peace - separate world
Axis powers - Axis powers (Germany with allies)
to elaborate - develop in detail, think over; refine, develop, refine
to sign - to sign, put a signature; approve
talks - negotiations
proposal - proposal; plan
to outline - draw an outline; outline; outline, outline
purpose - building goal
arrangement-arrangement, agreement; resolution (of a dispute); settlement; plural measure, action, preparation
to maintain - to support, protect, defend (law, theory, opinion, etc.); contain; support, support, support
to debate - to discuss, debate, argue; argue (about, on, upon - about smth.; with - with someone); ponder; consider (sth.); to think (about - about smth.), to ponder (over smth.)
worldwide - worldwide, all over the world
to assist - help, assist, promote, assist
to draft - write a draft, make an estimate, sketch; select, choose (an item from a number of similar ones)
to reserve - store, save, save, save, save, save; book, book in advance
existence - being, life; Existence
to ratify - ratify; approve, sanction; approve; to affix (with a signature, seal)
permanent - permanent, unchanged; long-term; permanent
majority - the majority
headquarters - headquarters; headquarters
to construct - build, construct; erect; construct (from/of/out of)
beside - next to; near, around
to purchase - purchase, buy; receive; deserve
donation - gift, gift, offering; donation (to)
to design - to conceive, invent, develop; plot; intend, intend (to do smth.)
to locate - determine the place, location; to be located in a certain place; designate a place (for construction, etc.); place, place
to accept - accept, take; agree; allow, admit; accept, reconcile
obligation - guarantee, obligation; duty; duty
the UN Charter
judgment - sentence, decision, conclusion of the court; criticism, evaluation; condemnation, censure (of, on, upon);
to will - to show will; wish, want; to bequeath, to refuse, to unsubscribe
to fulfill - fulfill; do, perform, carry out, perform; finish, finish, end