The section outlines the basic concepts and concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable development, gives the definition, principles, organizational and legal basis for the sustainable development of tourism, considers the concepts and content of "quality" and "safety" in the field of tourism, as the necessary conditions its sustainable development, an assessment of tourism development trends in the world and Russia is given and analyzed modern technologies and indicators to ensure sustainable development. Social tourism is considered as an essential factor in the improvement of the population of Russia, an economic mechanism for the sustainable development of tourist destinations in accordance with the principles of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism and the criteria for sustainable development of tourist destinations.

The concept of sustainable development. The concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable development

In the second half of the 20th century, the environmental crisis that was becoming a reality caused the growing concern of all mankind and international organizations with environmental problems and the recognition of the need for fundamental changes in the world community. Views on the development of civilization were radically revised. The paradigm of development changed from the indisputability of the idea of ​​conquering nature, infinity natural resources and the possibility of quantitative growth, until the realization of the existence of growth limits, the irreplaceability of many lost natural benefits and the need to develop programs for the transition to the sustainable development of human civilization.

In 1968, an Italian entrepreneur and public figure Aurelio Peccei founded the non-governmental international organization, called the "Club of Rome", which brought together scientists, representatives of political and business circles from different countries peace. The direction of the club's activity was an attempt to answer questions about whether humanity could achieve a mature society that would wisely manage and reasonably dispose of its earthly environment, whether this new society could create a truly global, stable civilization.

At the end of the 60s of the XX century, the Club of Rome set a goal to investigate the immediate and long-term consequences of large-scale decisions related to the development paths chosen by mankind. The publications and reports of scientists to the "Club of Rome" were stunning - they showed for the first time that humanity has reached the limits beyond which disaster awaits it if it continues the existing trends in the development of scientific and technological progress.

In 1972, the first world conference but the environment, where a special United Nations organization on the environment (UNEP) was created.

In 1983, the United Nations (UN) created the World Commission on Environment and Development. In 1987, this commission publishes the report "Our Common Future", where the term "sustainable development" was first used.

Philosophically, “sustainable development” meant the development of mankind that would meet the needs of the present generation of people and at the same time would not jeopardize the ability of future human generations to meet their needs.

In a short time, this concept has become the most commonly used in the context of discussions of the future of civilization. There are a great many interpretations of the definition of sustainable development. Traditionally, following the Brundtland Commission, it is defined as development in which the vital needs of present generations are met without depriving future generations of such an opportunity.

In 1992, the UN Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro. The result of the conference in Rio were 5 documents.

• 1. Declaration on the environment and development, defining the rights and obligations of countries in ensuring the development and well-being of people.
• 2. Agenda for the 21st century - a program for the transition to sustainable development from a social, economic and environmental point of view.
• 3. Statement of principles concerning the management, protection and sustainable use of all types of forests, which play an invaluable role in maintaining the ecological balance of the planet.
• 4. Convention on Biodiversity.
• 5. Framework Convention on Climate Change, the implementation of which requires the restructuring of socio-economic relations and technologies.

As a result of the actions taken, the theoretical basis for the transition of society to the path of sustainable development was created for the first time.

The basis of the concept of sustainable development is the need to harmonize the functioning of the supersystem nature-society. This implies a change in the course of processes and properties of the components of the socio-economic subsystem in such a way that they do not disrupt the functioning of the natural subsystem and do not lead to irreversible changes in its components. Preserving the structure of the natural subsystem is important from the point of view of maintaining the comfort of the human environment and the possibility of satisfying vital material and spiritual needs. Here the interests of not only the survival and development of civilization coincide with the interests of environmental protection. The steps taken in this direction should meet the interests of the development of both subsystems. Since the leading condition for the transition to sustainable development is the adjustment of the social order, particular importance acquire research and consideration of social processes in the context of environmental problems.

The Declaration adopted at the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro repeatedly emphasizes that the center of sustainable development is a person, and its main task is to improve the quality of life, which includes increasing prosperity, cultural development and ensuring a high quality of the environment. A figurative definition of sustainable development is quite common as development carried out at the expense of available capital, and not at the expense of spending the capital itself. This provision applies more often to natural capital, which includes various natural resources and conditions, as well as the ability to renew them and preserve the quality of the environment, which is lost with a change in the natural subsystem. In addition to natural, the so-called artificial or produced capital - finance, fixed assets, consumer goods, etc. AT traditional economy this type of capital is taken into account almost exclusively as a measure of the development of society (GDP). Human capital includes the level of education, health, nutrition; social- organizational social structures, cultural accumulations, etc. Sustainable development implies a stable amount of capital of all kinds per capita. Besides, great importance has the problem of the interchangeability of capital and their quantitative assessment. These areas have not yet been sufficiently explored.

Summing up the results of the decade of the Conference in Rio de Janeiro, in Johannesburg, from August 26 to September 4, 2002, the World Summit on Sustainable Development was held. The main outcome of the Summit was the adoption of two documents. "Political Declaration" and "Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development". These documents do not carry such a fundamental load as the "Agenda for the 21st Century" adopted in Rio, but are the basis for the implementation of the principles proclaimed in it. The Johannesburg Summit reaffirmed that sustainable development remains at the center of the international agenda and gave new impetus to global action to fight poverty and protect the environment. As a result of the Summit, the understanding of sustainable development was expanded and strengthened, especially the importance of the relationship between poverty, the environment and the use of natural resources.

In 2012 took place international Conference under the auspices of the UN "Rio+20". AT early XXI century, humanity found itself at a historical break - in a period of change in world civilizations. The 200-year-old industrial civilization is going through a phase of decline, which was marked by a cluster of global crises - energy-ecological and food, demographic and migration, technological and economic, geopolitical and socio-cultural. The 1992, 2000 and 2002 summits adopted a sustainable development strategy. But it is becoming more and more obvious that over the past 20 years, especially at the beginning of the 21st century, world development has become more unstable, chaotic, turbulent, bringing suffering to hundreds of millions of families. A significant part of the younger generation found itself without a future. These dangerous trends were called upon to assess and develop a strategy to overcome them by world leaders at the Rio + 20 Conference. Despite a lot of work on the preparation and holding of the Conference on Sustainable Development "RIO + 20", these hopes did not come true. The expansive RIO+20 outcome document (283 points) lacks evidence-based long-term strategy and basic innovations to meet the challenges of the 21st century.

Since the Rio 92 Conference and the Johannesburg Summit in Russia, there has been a sharp increase in scientific research and publications on the issues of sustainable development, which to a large extent go back to the ideas of noospheric development by V. I. Vernadsky.

The first state document on sustainable development adopted in Russia was the Decree of the President issued in 1994 “On the State Strategy Russian Federation on environmental protection and sustainable development”. Then, on April 1, 1996, it was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 440 "The concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable development." The concept was developed in pursuance of policy documents adopted at the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992).

The concept included the following sections.

• 1. Sustainable development is an objective requirement of the time.
• 2. Russia on the threshold of the XXI century.
• 3. Tasks, directions and conditions for the transition to sustainable development.
• 4. Regional aspect of sustainable development.
• 5. Decision-making criteria and indicators of sustainable development.
• 6. Russia and the transition to sustainable development of the world community.
• 7. Stages of Russia's transition to sustainable development.

In accordance with the Decree of the President, the Government was instructed to take into account the provisions of the Concept when developing forecasts and programs for social economic development, preparation of normative legal acts, decision-making.

The ideas of sustainable development meet the objective requirements of the time and can decisively influence the future of Russia, play an important role in determining government priorities, strategies for socio-economic development and prospects for further reforming the country. The new strategy for the development of civilization has already determined the position of the world community - to unite efforts in the name of the survival of mankind, continuous development and conservation of the biosphere. Russia, which signed the documents of the UN Conference, assumed serious obligations to implement the program of worldwide cooperation adopted by consensus.

In the transition to sustainable development, Russia has a number of features (first of all, we mean a high intellectual potential and the presence of territories little affected by economic activity, which make up more than 60% of the entire territory of the country), thanks to which it can play the role of a leader in the transition to a new civilizational development model . At present, it is important to get out of the systemic crisis, to find a relatively stable and safe state, from which one can start the transition to the trajectory of sustainable development in the least painful way.

The specifics of Russia's transition to sustainable development, in addition to what was said above about the need for its noospheric orientation, is due to the fact that this transition coincides in historical time scales with the transition to market relations and democracy. It is important that further reforms and government decisions be guided by the country's sustainable development strategy. The future of our country is connected with the formation of a post-industrial society - the main path along which all mankind, including Russia, goes. In essence, this means that our country must reorient its development strategy in accordance with the needs of post-industrial modernization, which implies:

• ? changing the structure of the economy, reorienting the economy to modern science-intensive industries, as well as to areas of production related to meeting the needs of people;
• ? the creation of a market, that is, a competitive, antimonopoly economic mechanism that would encourage an enterprise to introduce novelties of scientific and technical thought into production, to make a profit by reducing costs, and not by monopolistic price gouging or inflation;
• ? formation of a personal and social model of resource-saving consumption that contributes to the development modern man;
• ? the turn of the whole society and public policy in the direction of culture, the development of education, the retraining of people in new professions, the creation in society of such an atmosphere in which most people would have their own need to learn, mastering new specialties;
• ? the development of personal and collective initiative, the formation of a new type of worker capable of self-organization and self-discipline, a change in the type of thinking among the most active people who can become subjects of post-industrial modernization, which requires the development of democracy, including economic.

Russia has good starting conditions for advancement in the post-industrial direction. 58% of the world's coal reserves, 58% of oil reserves, 41% - iron ore, 25% forest, etc. Over the past 100 years, the country has reached high degree development of the industrial method of production. And now, after the departure of about 200 thousand scientists from the country, Russia has 12% of the world's scientists, of which a third are under the age of 40.

The universal guidelines for sustainable development are the same, but every nation, every country goes its own way towards them, more and more subordinating their lives to the agreed norms and forms of world cohabitation of people. Such is Russia's path to its noospheric future, such is its path to a post-industrial society.

• Yakovets Yu. Prospects for the development of modern civilization (to the results of the conference "Rio + 20") electronic scientific publication "sustainable innovative development: design and management” www.rypravlenie.ru vol. 8 no. 3 (16), 2012, art. 2.

Relationship between ecotourism and other types of tourism

When Hector Ceballos-Laskurein introduced the term "ecotourism" in 1983, there were (and still are) more than 30 more or less related and interrelated concepts and terms. Here are some of the most famous of them.

nature tourism (nature tourism, nature-based or nature-oriented tourism) - any type of tourism that directly depends on the use of natural resources in their relatively unchanged state, including landscapes, landforms, waters, vegetation and wildlife (Healy, 1998). Unlike ecological tourism, the concept of "nature tourism" is based only on the motivation of tourists (rest in the wild, acquaintance with it) and the nature of their activities (rafting, trekking, etc.) and does not take into account the environmental, cultural and economic impact of such travel. Therefore, the use of natural resources in this type of tourism is far from always reasonable and sustainable (suffice it to mention such types of tourism as hunting, traveling by motor boats, etc.).
Ecotourism is a more comprehensive concept, involving sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity for future generations, planning and management of tourism activities; in addition to the interests of tourists, it implies the achievement of public goals (Ziffer, 1989). An integral component of ecotourism is the interaction with the local population, the creation of more favorable economic conditions in the areas visited.
Thus, the difference between tour operators offering "traditional" nature tours and organizers of ecological tours becomes clear. The former are not committed to nature conservation or natural area management, they simply offer clients the opportunity to visit exotic places and experience indigenous cultures "before they disappear." The latter establish partnerships with protected areas and local residents. They strive to ensure that their business makes a real contribution to the conservation of wildlife and the development of local settlements in the long term. They try to improve mutual understanding between tourists and locals (Wallace, 1992).
As a type of nature tourism is sometimes distinguished biotourism (wildlife tourism) and travel to wildlife (wilderness travel), the purpose of which can be any objects of wildlife, from certain types to communities and biocenoses.

nature tourism is not a concept, but specific types of tourism, the impact of which can be very different

* Ecotourism is often associated with adventure tourism (adventure tourism). However ecological tourism does not always imply an adventure component. On the other hand, not all adventure tours meet environmental criteria, especially in terms of sustainable use of resources. So, for example, sports and safari tours associated with the extraction of live trophies or the achievement of a sports result at any cost, for example, using cut down living trees for the construction of crossings, can be anti-environmental.

Green rural tourism , or agritourism (agrotourism), especially popular in the United States and Western Europe, is a vacation in the countryside (in villages, on farms, in comfortable peasant houses). Tourists for some time lead a rural lifestyle among nature, get acquainted with the values ​​of folk culture, applied arts, national songs and dances, local customs, take part in traditional rural labor, folk holidays and festivals.
* "Green" tourism (green tourism) implies the use of environmentally friendly methods and technologies in the tourism industry. In German-speaking countries, the adjective "environmental" is used very rarely, and is practically not used in definitions of "green" tourism industries. There, the most widely used term "soft tourism" ("Sanfter Tourismus"), or "environmentally and socially responsible tourism". This term, as an alternative to industrialized mass tourism, was proposed in 1980 by R. Jungk. Typically, soft tourism is opposed to hard tourism, the main goal of which is to maximize profits, according to key principles that indicate that soft tourism prioritizes not only a successful business, but also concern for the cultural well-being of tourist regions, the sparing use and reproduction of their resources, and minimizing environmental damage. environment.

9.5. Principles of sustainable tourism development

Scientific, technical and socio-economic progress has led to the accelerated development of tourism. Because of this, in places massively visited by tourists, serious problems in the field of ecology, culture and social development. The uncontrolled growth of tourism, driven by the desire to quickly make a profit, often leads to negative consequences - damage to the environment and local communities. This forces humanity to take care of the preservation of natural, historical and cultural values. The principles of protecting the biosphere on a global scale were enshrined in 1992 by the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, which was attended by government delegations from 179 countries of the world, numerous international and non-governmental organizations. The conference approved policy paper"Agenda 21" and adopted the Declaration on Environment and Development.

The adoption of this document was the beginning of the introduction of a radical innovation in the field of tourism - the principle of sustainable tourism development, which was proposed by the UNWTO. This radical innovation forces tourism workers and tourists to change their views on tourism, on the relationship of its participants.

In 1995, the joint efforts of the World Tourism Organization, the World Travel and Tourism Council and the Earth Council developed the document "Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry" (Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry).

This paper analyzes the strategic and economic importance tourism, there are numerous reports of over-tourist influx, some resorts losing their former glory, destruction of local culture, traffic problems and growing resistance from the local population to the influx of tourists.

The document outlined a specific program of action for government departments, national tourism administrations (NTA), industry organizations and tourism companies for the sustainable development of tourism. The following priority areas have been identified for government departments:

Assessment of the existing regulatory, economic and voluntary framework in terms of sustainable tourism;
- assessment of the economic, social, cultural and environmental activities national organization;
- training, education and public awareness; sustainable tourism planning;
- promoting the exchange of information, experience and technology; ensuring the participation of all public sectors in the development of sustainable tourism;
- development of new tourism products; cooperation for the development of sustainable tourism.

The tasks of tourism companies are to develop and determine areas of activity for the development of sustainable tourism. Priority areas of activity should be the preservation and restoration of the environment: minimizing waste; involvement of staff, customers and the public in solving environmental issues. Consideration of economic, social, cultural criteria and environmental protection should be integral part all management decisions, including the inclusion of new elements in existing programs.

In 2004, the World Tourism Organization formulated the concept of sustainable tourism development (we quote):

"The norms and practices of managing sustainable tourism development can be applied to all types of tourism and to all types of destinations, including mass tourism and various niche tourism segments. The principles of sustainability refer to environmental protection, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development and between these three aspects an appropriate balance must be struck to ensure the long-term sustainability of tourism.Sustainable tourism must therefore:

1) ensure the optimal use of environmental resources, which constitute a key element in the development of tourism, supporting basic ecological processes and helping to preserve natural heritage and biological diversity;
2) respect the unique socio-cultural characteristics of the host communities, preserving their inherent created and established cultural heritage and traditional customs, and contribute to the mutual understanding of different cultures and tolerance towards their perception;
3) to ensure the viability of long-term economic processes, taking into account their benefits to all stakeholders who impartially disseminate them, including permanent employment and opportunities for income generation and social services for host communities and a contribution to poverty reduction.

Sustainable tourism development requires the competent participation of all relevant stakeholders and equally strong political leadership in order to ensure broad participation and consensus building. Achieving sustainable tourism is a continuous process that requires constant monitoring of environmental impacts, introducing, if necessary, appropriate preventive and/or corrective measures.

Sustainable tourism must also maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction by tapping into the multifaceted demands of tourists, raising their awareness of sustainable outcomes, and promoting sustainable tourism practices among them."

The main difference between the models of mass (traditional) and sustainable tourism (Table 9.1) is that part of the benefits received in the case of sustainable development of tourism is directed to the restoration of the resource base and the improvement of technologies for the production of services.

Table 9.1.

The main differences between sustainable tourism and mass (traditional) tourism

In 2000, well-known tour operators, together with UNEP (United Nations Environmental Protection Program), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Commission (UNESCO) and the World tourism organization created a voluntary non-profit partnership "Tour Operators Sustainable Tourism Initiative" (TOI), open to all new members. Members of this partnership define sustainability as the core of their business activities and work together to promote practices and practices that are compatible with sustainable development. They strive to prevent environmental pollution; preserve plants, animals, ecological systems, biodiversity; protect and preserve the landscape, cultural and natural heritage, respect the integrity of local cultures and avoid negative impact on social structures; collaborate with local communities and peoples; use local products and the skills of local workers. In 2002, UNWTO, together with UNCTAD, developed the Sustainable Tourism for Poverty Eradication (ST-EP) programme.

Currently, a number of international programs are being implemented to introduce sustainable tourism. One of them is the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Program, which has the status of a code and is accepted by most European countries, is being intensively developed in America, and is relevant for Russia. The purpose of this program is to take into account the specific social and natural conditions of the sea coasts in the organization of life and management of coastal zones. European Curriculum integrated management coastal zones is funded by the European Union.

The Government of the Republic of Belarus adopted a decision (No. 573 dated May 30, 2005) to create 27 tourist zones in the country, create favorable conditions for economic development and attract domestic and foreign investments in the tourism industry while preserving and rationally using the natural potential and historical - cultural heritage.

The International Socio-Ecological Union (ISEU), established in Russia in 1998 and numbering more than 10 thousand people from 17 countries, in 2005 included in its program of activities the project "Development of sustainable tourism in the countries - members of the ISEU". In July 2006, ISEC held a special session in Irkutsk dedicated to the development of sustainable tourism in Baikal.

In 2005, a "Round table on tourism, environmental education and management of specially protected natural areas" was held, dedicated to the conservation of bioresources.

The Charter for the Development of Sustainable Tourism has been adopted in the Kaliningrad Region. It provides for the implementation of 15 pilot projects, including the restoration of the old postal route on curonian spit, revival folk traditions and crafts on the Pineker estate, the organization of centers for the development of rural tourism in the Guryevsky and Nesterovsky districts on the basis of a peasant economy, etc.

In November 2005, under the auspices of UNESCO, an international conference "Innovative Policy in the Sphere of Cultural Heritage Preservation and Development of Cultural and Educational Tourism" was held in Moscow. The participants discussed the role of the state in creating an effective system of interaction between all stakeholders (state, business, society), in the preservation of world cultural heritage sites and the development of cultural and educational tourism.

AT recent times began to develop the so-called non-traditional types of tourism - ecological, rural, extreme, adventure, socially responsible.

The philosophy of socially responsible tourism is to exchange cultural traditions, consolidate on the basis of national identity, getting acquainted with the life of local residents, their customs and customs. Here it is important that tourists behave like guests who have been kindly allowed to live in the house, and not like hosts who everyone around should serve. At the same time, local residents should not treat tourists as annoying intruders whose presence must be endured, they should understand that visitors contribute to the improvement of the economic and social situation in their homeland. The management scheme for socially responsible tourism is shown in fig. 9.1.

Rice. 9.1. Management scheme for socially responsible tourism

Socially responsible tourism recognizes the dominant role of local communities, their social responsibility for their own territory.

"The concept of sustainable development of tourism"

natural recreational resource tourism

It was accepted in 1996.

The main document is the development of tourism "Agenda 21" "Aqenda 21 for travel and tourism industry".

This program was adopted by the United Nations in 1992. It contains the following provisions:

• 1. The tourism and travel industry is interested in the protection of natural resources, natural and cultural natural resources.
• 2. The government and non-governmental organizations should coordinate their activities to create urgency and long-term development.

In the development of tourism it is necessary to use the following principles:

• 1. Travel and tourism should help people to be in harmony with nature.
• 2. Travel and tourism must contribute to the conservation, protection and restoration of ecosystems.
• 3. Environmental protection should be an essential part of the tourism development process.
• 4. The problem of tourism development should be solved with the participation of local residents, taking into account decisions made at the local level.
• 5. States should warn each other about natural disasters that may affect the tourism industry.
• 6. Tourism should help create jobs for local people.
• 7. Tourism development should support the culture and interests of local people.
• 8. The development of tourism should take into account the legislative provisions in the field of environmental protection.

This document served as the basis for the creation of various programs. On its basis, tourism development programs were adopted in each country and, in accordance with this, the main programs of travel companies were formulated.

Ten tasks of travel companies.

• 1. Minimization, reuse and recycling of the processes of using natural, tourism resources.
• 2. Saving and managing the energy used.
• 3. Management of fresh water resources.
• 4. Waste water management.
• 5. Management of hazardous substances.
• 6. Management of transport and transportation.
• 7. Planning and management of the land used.
• 8. Involvement of employees, customers, local residents in solving environmental problems.
• 9. Development of sustainable development projects.
• 10. Partnership for sustainable development.

In this regard, it is necessary to develop the tourism infrastructure in accordance with the tasks set.

One way is to use ecological taxes on environmental protection.

Advertising plays an important role in the sustainable development of tourism, so films about the nature of the countries where flights are sent to and about the rules for protecting the environment are shown on airplanes and airports, and articles are published in travel magazines.

The principles of sustainable tourism development formed the basis of the Global Ethnic Tourism Code. The problems of sustainable development are especially relevant for unique natural objects and for natural reserves involved in tourism. This is typical for mountain areas.

2002 - International Year tourism.

Tourism affects the environment both positively and negatively. This impact can be direct or indirect.

Direct - manifested by the inclusion of territories in economic activity, extermination of representatives of flora and fauna, destruction of natural habitats, breeding of animals and plants in artificial conditions not inherent this species spread of infections through human waste products.

Indirect influence: global anthropogenic impact on the biosphere, the creation of animals and plants with desired properties.

Management of the impact of tourism on the environment can also be direct and indirect.

direct- limiting the number of visitors according to the maximum allowable tourist load on natural complexes. The use of special technologies that minimize environmental pollution, fines for violations, passes to visit protected areas.

indirect - about based on changing tourist behavior.

At the same time, tourism, if properly planned, has a positive impact on the environment and social development of many regions.

Jobs are being created for the local population in the tourism industry and related areas, profitable sectors of the local economy (registry, public transport) are being developed, foreign exchange is being stimulated, agricultural, food industry, the work of housing and communal services is improving, the investment of rationally used tourist resources, including specially protected natural areas, the protection of local cultural and natural heritage is being stimulated, and recreational complexes are being developed.

International tourism organizations were formulated 10 commandments of an ecotourist:

• 1. Be aware of the vulnerability of the earth.
• 2. Leave only traces, take away only photographs.
• 3. To learn the world in which he got, the culture of the people, geography.
• 4. Respect the locals.
• 5. Do not buy products from manufacturers that endanger the environment.
• 6. Always follow well-trodden paths.
• 7. Support programs to protect the environment.
• 8. Where it is possible to use environmental conservation methods.
• 9. Support organizations that promote environmental protection.
• 10. Travel with companies that support the principles of ecotourism.

It is possible to single out the active and passive impact of tourists on the preservation of the environment.

In ecotourism main value is nature.

If it is impossible to fulfill all the commandments, then the travel company must refuse such tours. The preservation of this system implies both the behavior of tourists, and participation in activities to protect the environment.

Ecotourism has some drawbacks, because it does not fully take into account the interests of local residents, does not preserve ecosystems, and therefore its further development is necessary.

There are currently 4 types:

Scientific ecotourism. Under it, various studies of nature are carried out, field observations are conducted. The objects of scientific ecotourism are reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, natural monuments. Scientific ecotourism includes field practices of students.

Nature history tours. This is a journey that is associated with the knowledge of the environment and local culture. Usually these are educational, popular science and thematic excursions. Held in national parks(school trips).

Adventure tourism. They include mountaineering, rock climbing, caving tourism, hiking, mountain, water, etc. Many of them are considered extreme. The most profitable, fastest growing sports tourism.

Journey to natural reservations(in a specially protected natural area).

The conceptual foundations of sustainable development were started by our compatriot. IN AND. Vernadsky, who considered the theory of sustainable development as a doctrine of the noosphere - "the stage of evolution of the biosphere. The earth, on which, as a result of those victories of the collective human mind the harmonious development of both a person as an individual, and a united society, and, accordingly, the environment changed by a person will begin "An important role in the development and implementation of the concept of sustainable development was played. Conference. UN in Rio de Janeiro (1992), at which they adopted" Agenda days of the 21st century", and. The Johannesburg Summit was held in 2002 in PA.R. Internationally ratified documents defined sustainable development (Sustainable Development - eng) as socio-ecological and economic development modern generation, does not threaten the activities of their future generations. Unfortunately, the answer to the question "how can you make processes permanent and so that they continue?" or balanced) development. AT general view the process of transition to sustainable development can be seen as a movement from a certain state of instability to some ideal state, which is called "sustainable development" (Fig. 31). The impossibility of harmonizing the development of mankind and the idea of ​​what it should be is due to the fact that: 1) ideal values ​​are an abstraction that is used in all sciences as one of the methodological approaches for research, but is not observed in everyday life, 2) does not yet have clear parameters for measuring "ideal sustainable development", therefore, the existing "gap" of instability cannot be determined or calculated, 8) the development of mankind will certainly lead to changes in technology, level, living conditions and other components of development, change the idea development; 4) the development of mankind about the dozhuvatim impact on the natural environment, 5) many of these changes are irreversible and cannot be predicted, which also causes the emergence of a gap between real development and its desired development of the gap between the real development of that yoga bazhanim camp.

Figure 31 . Trajectory towards sustainable development

Considering the possibilities of implementing the postulates of sustainable development, they talk about the parameters for achieving sustainability, but sometimes it is easier to single out and define indicators of the "instability" of the situation1. If it is assumed that processes are considered unsteady when they reduce the environmental, social and productive resources on which the processes at the chosen level directly depend, then this will be primary instability; if processes at other levels depend on them - secondary instability (Fig. 32b (Fig. 3.2).

Figure 32 . Levels of unsustainable development

The concept of "sustainable development of tourism" and its basic principles defined. World tourism organization late 1980s

In the process of considering a holistic approach to the development of tourism (from the English whole - whole), the needs of other industries should be taken into account, ensuring their interconnection and interdependence. Despite enough t long time development of this concept, researchers have not come to a consensus on the definition of sustainable tourism. Today, the most common of them are:

1) sustainable development of tourism is all forms of development and management of tourism that do not contradict the natural, social, economic unity and well-being of established societies in an indefinite period (World Federation of Natural and national parks, 1992)

2) the sustainable development of tourism is ensured within the limits of environmental sustainability, allows you to effectively restore the productivity of natural resources, takes into account the contribution of local communities to the recreation of tourists; rebalancing the rights of the local population to the economic benefits of tourism; puts the wishes and needs of the receptive side first (Tourist Concern

3) the sustainable development of tourism allows the modern inhabitants of the planet to satisfy their own needs for recreation and recreation without the threat of loss of this opportunity by future generations (UNDP, Production and consumption branch, 1998.

According to the "Order of the Day for the 21st Century", the principles of sustainable tourism development are as follows:

1) assistance in the approval of a full and healthy lifestyle human life in harmony with nature;

2) contribution to the conservation, protection and restoration of ecosystems. Earth;

3) development and application of sustainable production and consumption patterns as a basis for travel and tourism;

4) cooperation of peoples in the field of an open economic system;

5) the abolition of protectionist tendencies in the provision of tourism services;

6) mandatory environmental protection as an integral part of the tourism development process, respect for relevant laws;

7) the participation of citizens of the country in solving problems related to the development of tourism, including those directly related to them;

8) ensuring the local nature of decision-making on the planning of tourism activities;

9) exchange of experience and introduction of effective tourism technologies;

10) taking into account the interests of the local population

On the present stage the essence of sustainable tourism development is seen as the most important factor sustainable development of society as a whole. This position is clearly stated in Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, adopted. STO in 1999. It proclaims the obligation of all participants in the tourism process to preserve the natural environment for sustainable and balanced development. An important place belongs to the role of the body of its central, regional and local authorities, which should support the most favorable for natural environment forms of tourism. In order to change negative impact large tourist flows, measures should be taken to evenly distribute tourists and visitors, thus reducing the effect of the seasonality factor. The planning of new tourist infrastructure facilities should be carried out taking into account the peculiarities of the area, to ensure the preservation of the habitual way of life of the population. The sustainable development of territories involved in tourism activities is ensured by creating tourism infrastructure facilities, organizing new jobs, and attracting the local population to new activities in the field of tourism services. As a result, the standard of living of the inhabitants of the peripheral regions rises. Gion, there is their fixing in the historical territory of residence. The environmental nature of tourism background lies in the obligation to preserve the biodiversity of recreational areas and centers. For this, environmental technologies, practical developments, recommendations of fundamental and applied sciences are used. Of great importance in the protection and restoration of recreational areas are also schemes for financing and lending to environmental activities within their boundaries.

A significant role in this context is played by the formation of the ecological worldview of both the population of recreational regions and tourists. First, to realize the recreational attractiveness of the natural landscape, its ecological and aesthetic value, which can bring economic benefits, and therefore the need for protection and careful attitude to recreational resources, the understanding of the local population that the predatory use of resources will lead to the fact that their territory will remain behind outside of recreational use, can be a significant incentive for careful and rational use resources. As for tourists, they should also understand the need to accept the rules that nature dictates, that is, to comply with resource restrictions. This means ensuring an appropriate level of awareness of the conditions of stay. Tourists are required to: agree to give up a certain amount of their comfort; preference for products produced in this region; interest in and respect for local habits, traditions and the accepted way of life; consent to use only public transport; enthusiasm for active protection of the environment, minimizing the negative effects of recreational activities, increasing the time spent on the answer to the chink by reducing the frequency of travel. So, for the sustainable development of tourism, all recreational resources are used and directed in such a way as to satisfy economic, social and aesthetic needs while maintaining cultural identity, ecological balance, biological diversity and life support systems of the recreation region.

Ukraine, although it has ratified international documents on issues of environmental safety, but does not have significant achievements in the field of practical application of the principles of sustainable development. In our opinion, first of all, it is necessary to apply the following measures to intensify work in this direction:

1) approval at the state level of the provisions of sustainable development, in particular for tourism;

2) cooperation and exchange of experience with the international community on the theory and practice of sustainable development, adaptation of their methods and tools for Ukraine;

3) raising the level of environmental consciousness of the population, dissemination of information about the quality of the environment and methods of its protection;

4) economic and legal support for environmental protection activities;

5) stimulation of environmental initiatives of the population by supporting non-governmental organizations