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Literacy is an essential need for many people. Every year in our country total dictation. Important officials and people of other professions in dozens of cities are diligently thinking about how to write this or that word correctly, where to put a comma, dash, etc. There is something to think about, because Russian is not such a simple language. And it is impossible to write accurately on it without knowing the rules.

The issue of spelling is especially acute for schoolchildren. After all, dictations for them are not held once a year. They write verification work almost weekly on various subjects. Therefore, they should know not only the rules given in this article, but also others. For example, to be able to write correctly the English suffixes of adjectives. Or to know when some famous figure was born and died ...

Suffixes -chiv, -liv, -iv, -ev. Exception words

They say that you have to climb into the water to learn how to swim, and to learn how to write without mistakes, you need to train, develop the skill of competent writing.

The choice of vowels in a given morpheme depends on several factors: stress, hardness or softness of the preceding sound, meaning. And even the origin Stress and literate writing are related to each other due to the fact that only stressed vowels are clearly audible in the flow of our speech, but it is more difficult with unstressed letters. And if you don't know the rules, mistakes will appear.

Remember! If you are in doubt which adjective suffixes to write, put the stress: -iv-- if and shock, and -ev-- if e is unstressed (playful, false, but key); -chiv-, -liv- are derived from -iv, so that they are written and (assiduous, noisy). Exception: holy fool, merciful.

Now check yourself: zero ... howl, caring ... howl, play ... howl, merciful ... howl, howl ... howl, arrogant ... howl, trusting ... howl. (Answers: e, and, and, and, e, and, and).

Suffixes -ov, -ovat and -ev, -evat

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov did not like ugly discordant sounds and in every possible way avoided the use of hissing and whistling. Our spelling cannot do without them.

Over the spelling of suffixes - ov -, - ev- after the unloved classic w, w, ts are often thought. The letters o and ё that sound the same are confusing. And everything is simple: about- shock, and without stress - e(kumachovy, penny, plush).

And if the stress falls on the root or prefix? In this case, adjective suffixes become dangerous for an illiterate person. Here you need to remember the rules! The last letter of the stem Suffixes should be written -ov-, -ovat-, -ovit-(rough). And if a soft consonant, hissing or c, then -ev-, -evat-, -evit- (key, glossy, apple-tree, blind-sighted).

And now let's check the knowledge gained: gift ... twisted, demanding ... watchman ... howl, floor ... howl, blue ... wadded, canvas ... vyy, young ... wadded. (Answers: o, o, e, e, e, o, e).

Suffixes -onk and -enk

It is impossible not to be surprised by the possibilities of the Russian language. To change the meaning of a word, it is enough to replace the suffix in it. And now the fat one turns into a plump one, and the thin one into a thin one. Expresses a completely different attitude to the subject of speech. Shades of sympathy, flattery, irony, neglect, as well as a real reduction give words the adjective suffixes -onk- and -enk-. Only have the ability to use these shaping tools.

Adjectives with diminutive formed by the suffix -enko and -onk(blue, plump).

After the letters g, k, x, and -onk and -enk(light and light).

Check yourself! Bad ... cue, round ... cue, beautiful ... cue, good ... cue (oh, e, e, e).

Show attitude to what they say, help and -okhonk, -yohonk, -usenk, -yusenk(squishy, ​​tiny, thin).

Suffixes -ensk, -insk. Exceptions

Adjectives are formed not only from common nouns, but also from proper nouns and place names. Morphemes -insk- and - ensk- used to form such words. Unstressed adjective suffixes sound indistinct. There are such speech situations when it is necessary to write and use the word in oral speech. An improperly formed shape cuts the ear. Do not want to make mistakes - remember the rule.

Suffix -insk- serves to form nouns with final -a, -я, -и. (Yalta - Yalta, Mytishchi - Mytishchi, Ekaterina - Ekaterininsky). In other cases, the suffix is ​​used -ensk-(Grozny - Grozny, Grodno - Grodno).

The Russian language is beautiful. And he does not tolerate cacophony, so there are exceptions to the rules that are worth learning. These are Presnensky (from Presnya), Penza (from Penza), Kolomna (from Kolomna), etc.

It is impossible to remember exceptions to all rules, and it is not necessary. In case of difficulty, you should refer to dictionaries and reference books.

Spelling of adjectives formed from nouns with -shka, the words "wind" and "oil"

Nouns with final -shka(frog, cat) form adjectives, the spelling of which you need to know the following: both “frog” and “frog”, feline - feline are written. Both spellings are correct. Only the accent is different.

The spelling of some adjectives is related to their lexical meaning. From the word "wind" and "oil" you can form word forms that have different adjective suffixes. Examples of such words: anemone - windmill, oily - oily. There are no errors here.

Worth remembering! 1. Windy (with the meaning “wind” in direct and figurative meaning. Wind on the street (direct) and wind in the head (trans.) 2. Windy (with the meaning “sets in motion by the power of the wind”) 3. Chicken pox ( from spoken word"chickenpox"). 4. Oil (consists of any oil). 5. Oiled (oiled, impregnated, oiled). 6. Oily eyes (figurative). 7. Maslenitsa - Maslenitsa week.

Suffixes -sk and -k. Exceptions

“It’s not a shame not to know, it’s a shame not to learn,” says folk wisdom. And it is worth constantly replenishing knowledge. Often the spelling of adjective suffixes is difficult. In the words "sharp" and "sailor" the end of the word sounds the same. How to choose the correct spelling? We reason like this. Since adjectives are formed from the basis of the noun, then we select this basis and see which letter is the last (weaver - weaver). If a k, h, c- feel free to substitute a suffix -to. Alternation may occur. it normal phenomenon. Are there no such letters? Form from the form. Happened? Then boldly write the suffix -to.

At the end of the base k, h, c(giant - giant), and it is impossible to form a short form - feel free to write the suffix -sk.

Remember: b before -sk- only written after l, and also in the words: day-day, the names of the months, but we write “January” without a soft sign.

Adjectives in -aty: suffixes -chat, -chat

Mikhail Sholokhov said that the language of the people has been accumulating treasures of thought and experience for thousands of years. Formed from nouns with the suffix - chat-, -chat- words, as if from the depths of centuries, brought mystery and charm (iridescent, log, patterned). indicate the presence of in large numbers what is expressed by the base (clumpy).

The spelling of adjective suffixes depends on the letters in front. There is an alternation, this changes the composition of the morpheme, the sound.

An error may appear while writing.

Dosch-at-th (from the board sk / w).

Smoke-chat-th (from the smoke).

Bar-chat-k-a (from bar).

Tiles-chat-th (tiles-a c / t).

Adjectives with such suffixes are widely used in professional and terminological vocabulary.

not formed from verbs

“The old abandoned garden was beautiful in its picturesque desolation,” we read from the classic. But in order to excel in literacy in dictation, you need to remember the rule of how to choose suffixes for adjectives and participles. The difficulty is that it is impossible to determine by ear, "n" or "nn" choose.

Remember the rule! If you forgot, take a look at the manual. Next, we analyze how this word was formed (picture n th - based on -n, but a suffix was added -n- here is the double "n").

"Nn" it is also written when the adjective appeared with the help of the suffix -onn-, -enn- (excursion-onn-th, craft-enn-th).

The letter "n" in adjective suffixes is written if in the word -in-, -an-, -yan-(os-in-th, skin-an-th).

Exceptions:

1) glass, tin, wood;

2) young, green, pig, spicy, drunken, windy, crimson.

Spelling "n", "nn" in adjective suffixes, it makes you break your head if you don’t know the rules. Therefore, they are worth learning.

Spelling "n" and "nn" in nouns and adverbs in -o, formed from non-verbal adjectives. Words to remember the spelling

The vocabulary of our language is constantly growing. One of the ways of replenishment is the formation of new names of objects and phenomena from adjectives. "n", "nn" in adjective suffixes determines the number of letters in formed nouns. Examples: living room - hotel, related - relative, wood - woodcutter, equestrian - cavalry.

Adverbs can also be formed from adjectives with a final -about. Interestingly, the suffixes of adverbs and adjectives are the same. The number of "n" is also the same. You can check the spelling of "n", "nn" in adverbs by choosing the full adjective from which the adverb is formed. Write as many of these letters as in the original adjective. Examples: courageous - courageous, magnificent - magnificent, excited - excited.

Remember the spelling of the following words: welcome, smart, uninvited guest, named brother, unseen, unheard, etc.

When spelling adjective suffixes, several types of rules can be distinguished:

• 1) spelling of vowels in adjective suffixes;
• 2) spelling of consonants in adjective suffixes;
• 3) spelling н and нн in adjectives not formed from verbs;

Spelling of vowels in adjective suffixes:

a) suffixes -chiv-, liv- are written with a vowel and:

arrogant, caring;

b) the suffix -iv- is written under stress:

lazy;

suffix -ev- - in unstressed position:

Exceptions: merciful, foolish;

c) suffixes -ov-, -ovat- are written after solid consonants:

age-old, guilty;

suffixes -ev-, -evat- are written after soft consonants, hissing and c:

lilac, pimpled.

d) the suffix -onk- is written after g, k, x:

light, quiet;

suffix -enk- - after all other letters:

dove.

e) usually in adjectives formed from geographical names, the suffix -ensk- is written:

Grozny, Frunze;

the suffix -insk- is written in the following cases:

If the adjective is formed from place names ending in -а, -я:

Yalta > Yalta, Yelnya > Elninsky.

Exceptions: Penza, Presnensky;

If the adjective is formed from geographical names in -i, -ы:

Khimki > Khimki;

e) in adjectives in -chi, formed from nouns in -shka, before h:

In an unstressed position, e is written:

frog > frog;

Under stress - a:

frog > frog.

g) two adjectives can be formed from the noun wind - with the suffix -en- (windy) and with the suffix -yan- (windy).

The adjective windy has the meaning "with the wind" in direct or in figuratively(cf .: windy day - a day with the wind; windy man > anemone, anemone - a man with a wind in his head).

The adjective windy has the meaning "with the help of the wind" (windmill - set in motion with the help of the wind; chicken pox - spreads through the air with the help of the wind);

h) two adjectives can be formed from the noun oil - with the suffix -en- (oily) and with the suffix -yan- (oily).

The adjective oily has the meaning "soaked, oiled, stained with oil" in the literal and figurative sense (cf .: oily pancake, oily porridge, oily trousers - oily eyes, oily week > Shrovetide).

The adjective oil has the meaning "from oil, in oil, for oil" (oil stain - oil stain, oil paints - paints in oil, from oil, oil pump - a pump running on oil);

i) the adjective today is written with the vowel i.

Spelling of consonants in adjective suffixes:

a) the suffix -sk- is written in relative adjectives:

Abkhazians > Abkhazian;

suffix -k- is written:

AT quality adjectives(such adjectives have a short form): low (low);

In relative adjectives formed from nouns with c: german > german; In relative adjectives formed from nouns with k, h, if k, h alternate with c; Cossack > Cossack, weaver > weaver.

b) when spelling adjectives with the suffix -sk-, remember:

If the stem of the generating noun ends in s, then two letters s are written in the adjective: Belorus > Belarusian.

If the stem of the generating noun ends with two letters c, then one of them is omitted and two letters c are also written in the adjective: Odessa > Odessa.

If the stem of a foreign generating word ends in sk, then the final k in the adjective is omitted and two letters c are also written in the adjective: Damascus > Damascus.

Exception: Basque > Basque.

Russians geographical names on -sk form adjectives without the suffix -sk- (therefore, one s is written in them): Kursk > Kursk.

If the stem ends in -n, -r, then the suffix -sk- is not written before the suffix: Horse > horse, January > January.

The exception is adjectives formed from the names of the months (except for January): november > november; december > december, as well as some geographical names (in accordance with the pronunciation: Tien Shan, Gdyn) and the expression day-to-day;

• c) in adjectives in -aty it is written:
  • -schat-, if the word is formed from a noun with final root consonants sk (sk alternates with u);

Board-a > boardwalk.

Chat-, if the word is formed from a noun with a final -k- (-ok-) - suffix (k alternates with h);

Bar-ok > block-shaped; freckle-to-a > freckled.

Before the suffix -chat-, the final c of the generating stem alternates with t.

Krupits-a > granular.

Spelling n and nn in adjectives not formed from verbs

In adjectives not formed from verbs, one n is written:

• 1. In adjectives without a suffix: green, blue, ruddy, swine, young.
• 2. In adjectives formed from nouns with suffixes -an-, -yan-, -in-: leather, linen, duck.

Exceptions: pewter, wood, glass

• 3. In non-prefixed adjectives windy, oily.
• 4. In words: zealous, rye, drunk, spicy.

Two letters n:

• 1. In adjectives formed from nouns ending in n, using the suffix -n-: autumn > autumn-n-y; length-a > long-n-th.
• 2. In adjectives formed from nouns with suffixes -enn-, -yonn-, -onn-: editorial, artificial.

Exceptions: smart, windy, oily

• 3. In prefix adjectives with the root -wind-, -oil- and the suffix -enn-: windless, leeward, oiled, oiled
• 4. In words formed from dissimilar nouns in -mya: temporary, tribal, stirrup, nameless.