The problems of the book business have always been in the sphere of professional interests of the scientific, bibliographic and statistical services of the Russian Book Chamber (RKP). With the transition to market relations, some of the emphasis in its developments has changed, but in general, traditional priorities have been preserved.

The book business, including both book publishing and the book trade, in its form and content is not only an economic phenomenon, but also the most important indicator and effective factor in the development of culture, science, education and enlightenment, therefore it requires special attention and constant support from society and the state, including legal and administrative methods.

That is why the specialists of the Russian Book Chamber strive to follow the changes in demand and supply in the book market as quickly and as fully as possible, the dynamics of the development of book publishing and book trade, innovations in information and bibliographic support of the main branches of the book business. The main results of developments in this area in recent years are presented in the review material published below, timed to coincide with the 90th anniversary of the Russian Book Chamber.

Book business refers to a complex of interrelated branches of activity that combines book publishing, bookselling, librarianship and information support for the processes of bringing a book from the author to the reader.

Today in Russia there is a progressive development of the national book business as a whole. About 6,000 publishers are active (in the USSR there were no more than 250), new forms of book trade (including Internet technologies) are being introduced, the concept of "book shortage" has disappeared. The country's library network is still quite powerful (about 130,000 library institutions of all types and types). At the same time, there are many problems in the organization of the book business, adequate to the requirements of the time, especially in the field of publishing and distributing socially significant literature.

World experience suggests that a way out of the crisis should be sought, first of all, by modernizing the entire system of book distribution (and this is a wholesale link, consisting of large central and regional databases, a retail link, including bookselling networks and independent trade enterprises, library collectors, book -mail" and other centers for processing and distributing orders from collective and individual users), as well as comprehensive and accurate information systems.

At present, there are no more than 4,500 enterprises in the country that call themselves bookstores. Actually and at least partially, no more than 3 thousand of these organizations work with a book assortment, which, in terms of the size of the Russian population, is the proportion: 1 store for 40–45 thousand people. This figure is 3-4 times lower than in most countries in Europe and North America. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the great unevenness in the distribution of the bookselling network throughout the country. More than half of the bookstores are concentrated in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and other "millionaire" cities, and the vast majority of cities with a population of 100,000 or less have no such bookstores at all. If we also take into account the chronic shortage of retail space and the desire of booksellers to make a trading profit, it becomes understandable that the offered book assortment is almost universally limited to the most popular goods, which cannot be attributed to any socially significant book.

As a result, ordinary buyers of such books in the regions today can only rely on the mail and parcel book trade, which, of course, requires its special organizational and informational support.

It is necessary to strive to implement such a model of reference and information support for the book business, when not only any subject of the book market, but also any potential buyer of the book could use a nationwide system with a uniform and accurate description of the book (including the names of authors, title, information about publishers, place and year of publication, circulation, etc.), uniform or convertible communication formats and classification schemes for ordering and receiving it in a store, library or at home. It is clear that for this it is necessary to develop Internet technologies and the mail-order book trade, as well as to use the potential and resources of already operating information systems and technologies, but without integrating them into a single whole. It is on the basis of their cooperation and association that one can proceed to the integration of the Russian book market itself. Today it is extremely heterogeneous and segmented according to regional, assortment and price characteristics. This is largely due not only to insufficient information support, but also to the low solvency of collective users represented by public and school libraries (abroad they serve as a guaranteed distribution channel for at least 30-40% of the circulation of a book by a domestic author), as well as the destruction of the wholesale book trade system and weak competitiveness of retail booksellers in comparison with other trading enterprises (their average profitability is 5 and 20%, respectively). The decline in the prestige of books and reading in our society also plays a role, combined with the limited purchasing power of the main contingent of book consumers - students and teachers of all forms of education, engineering and technical workers and retirees. There is a growing need for a long-term and well-thought-out state socio-economic and regulatory-legislative book policy aimed at supporting the constitutional right of citizens to access priority book information, which is especially necessary for the development of culture, science, education and enlightenment in all regions.

The development of market relations in the book business has both positive and negative consequences. Over the past five years, there has been an increase in the number of book titles (a record figure - more than 102 thousand titles in 2006), with a simultaneous decrease in their total circulation, a decrease in the average circulation of a book, and as a result, an increase in book prices.

To replace the collapsed in the late 1980s. centralized system ("Soyuzkniga" - republican wholesale base - wholesale booksellers in the regions and territories of the USSR) came small, chaotically scattered wholesale bookselling companies (about 150 in total). Created by the largest publishing houses (almost all of them specialize in popular, entertaining literature: detective stories, mysticism, romance and pseudo-historical novels), wholesale and retail sales channels allow the sale of no more than 8-10 thousand titles in an average metropolitan or regional store and are mainly focused only on the publisher's own products. The average independent bookseller or library assembler has little choice: either dealing directly with hundreds, if not thousands, of publishers and booksellers, or with a few intermediaries, each offering a limited range of books while driving up publisher markups. At the same time, publishing and bookselling information is far from the requirements of libraries that choose one or another book novelty. As a result, the average Russian in the regions is cut off from the book assortment or has to make great efforts to find an order and obtain at inflated prices at least a part of those books that should form the core of traditional Russian book culture.

The experience of foreign countries suggests the optimal solution: the creation of a state-corporate (taking into account all interested subjects of the book market) nationwide wholesale center with autonomous bases in the centers of federal districts, which, in turn, have representative offices in the country's largest book centers. The principle of state order in the organization of an effective wholesale link will ensure the much-needed completeness of the bookselling assortment with an emphasis on socially significant literature, as well as extend the period of sale of books, the shortness of which today forces many publishers to artificially reduce circulation and, accordingly, increase the cost and prices of their products.

Equally necessary is state participation in the improvement information work in the book market. A common problem for its information support is an undoubted bias towards information about the available assortment of mass entertainment literature, a lack of attention to promising, i.e., aimed at future novelties, information and the complete absence of retrospective information (about already sold out editions). As a result, it is impossible to speak about either the integrity or the representativeness of the reference and information support of the market in relation to the entire community of publishers and distributors, to business entities and users (libraries and individuals).

The book community increasingly feels the importance and need to improve the current situation. Active measures are taken here by the national bibliographic center - the Russian Book Chamber, which has the experience and resources to serve the information needs of publishers, booksellers and libraries.

The Russian Book Chamber has created and operates the National Information System “Books in Stock and Printing” (“Books in Print”). The main task of the system is to provide all readers and subjects of the Russian book market with bibliographic information about promising and published book editions. The Russian “Books in print”, although it is an analogue of the systems generally accepted in the world, has some differences from them. The first difference is that information about books is provided not only by publishers (as in international systems), but also booksellers. This is due to the fact that our publishers do not give a fixed price for the book, their price is negotiable. In this regard, the Russian Books in Print contains information from book distributors about the prices of books and places of sale. The second important difference of this system is the provision of information about books that are being prepared for publication. The third difference is that information from publishers comes on a voluntary basis and is placed free of charge in the Books in Print system, while publishers abroad are obliged to supply it, since they may be deprived of any benefits and privileges, and even pay for its placement.

The volume of the data bank is more than 250 thousand bibliographic records from 3 thousand publishers.

On the basis of the data bank, catalogs "Books in print" are issued. A convenient and fairly simple interface allows you to perform a direct and complex search by various parameters, such as ISBN, title, author, publisher, as well as subject and special purpose publications, which is an additional degree of freedom for the user and increases the variability of selection.

The difference between the system "Books in stock and print" from various price lists is not only the number of entries, but also a capacious form of presentation of data about the publication. Each book has a short bibliographic record. BIF (bibliographic publishing form), created on the basis of a unified bibliographic description in accordance with GOST 7.1–2003 “Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and rules for drafting. According to this GOST, books and brochures are described in the Russian Book Chamber and a data bank "National Bibliography" is being created. The description of the book contains the following elements: author, title, publisher, year of issue, volume, binding, format, circulation or remainder, LBC or UDC classification indices, retail price, wholesale price, packaging standard, book distributor, brief annotation, ISBN (international standard book number).

It is this system that allows non-commercial publishers and distributors of socially significant literature to announce their products in a timely manner and hope that it will find its reader and buyer.

Particular attention should be paid not only to the preservation, but also to improving the efficiency of federal and regional support programs for book publishing. In particular, it is necessary to prohibit the arbitrary establishment of retail margins for products manufactured under these programs - otherwise it turns out that the consumer pays twice for such products: when the state subsidizes its production (with the help of taxes and other deductions to the budget) and when the buyer gives money for a book, the retail price of which is "wound up" by wholesalers-dealers. Due to trade markups, such a “state-supported” book is often more expensive at retail than the average publication released without any support. Unfortunately, today there is no price control in the country.

The Certification Center for Socially Significant Publications could contribute to the solution of these problems. The launch of certification into action will increase the degree of manageability of the processes of publishing and bookselling and successfully fight against distributors of counterfeit products.

Publications that have received a certification mark must enjoy some kind of privileges or preferential treatment for further distribution in the book trade network, as well as in the acquisition of library collections. In the future, it is possible to use the mechanism of fixed retail prices specifically for certified publications, marked with a kind of “publishing quality mark”.

As for library acquisition, with the exception of a dozen regions, our indicators are about 5 times worse than the world ones. Unless some drastic measures are taken, it is unlikely that the emerging trend of aging library collections will be reversed. Even today, more than 50% of book publications in libraries are 20 years old or more, which is unacceptable for reference, scientific, business and educational publications.

The situation only worsened with the adoption of a new tender system for purchasing literature from libraries.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 94 “On placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, provision of services for state and municipal needs” entered into force on January 1, 2006. In accordance with the new law, with the exception of “delivery ... of rare and valuable publications , manuscripts, archival documents, including copies of historical, artistic or other cultural significance, taken under protection by the state as monuments of history and culture and intended to replenish the state museum, library, archival funds, cinema, photo fund and other similar funds ", which are carried out in accordance with the procedure: “from a single source” (Article 55, paragraph 3), an order for the current acquisition of library collections of state libraries should be placed on a general basis.

This situation cannot satisfy neither pickers, nor publishers, nor book distributors. The tender leads to an increase in the cost of current acquisition, loss of efficiency, decrease in the quality of funds, loss of the image of a reliable and interesting partner for publishers and booksellers, and the creation of monopolists. Losses are borne by all participants in the process - publishers, bookselling organizations and, above all, libraries.

Ultimately, the introduction of a tender into the current acquisition technology can lead to an artificial impoverishment of library funds, a deterioration in the level of public service, a loss of interest in libraries and reading, and a decrease in the intellectual level of the nation.

Therefore, it is very important to ensure the priority development and funding of those systems of the Russian Book Chamber that can provide a basis for the fulfillment by Russia of its international obligations in the field of book exchanges, as well as for mutually beneficial association on a common information platform of the interests of the center and regions, publishers and booksellers, libraries and ordinary customers in our country and abroad. First of all, this refers to the National Information System "Books in Print", which covers the products of the vast majority of commercial publishers. However, today not all of them are interested in providing information on the prices of their products, which reduces the relevance of the system. When it is given the status of a nationwide one with appropriate financial support, one can count on a sharp increase in its effectiveness and the involvement of non-commercial, small and departmental publishers that are currently not covered by it. In the end, everyone wins, including library acquisition services. In addition to the universal, in the future it is possible to organize the preparation of thematic and targeted issues of "Books in Print" for collecting pre-orders for publications of socially significant literature (children's, reference, scientific, classics and contemporary domestic authors, especially national ones) in the wholesale section. Such resources of the RCP have long allowed the use of a single bibliographic description, communicative formats, and classification systems in the book trade, i.e., everything necessary to ensure the unity of the book trade space in the country. All these developments were successfully completed within the framework of the "Unified Information Platform in the Book Business" project together with the largest bookselling and library organizations back in 2001, but their implementation requires corporate actions of book market entities, as well as external investments to give the necessary scale and flexibility to this mechanism, which should easily adapt to the frequently and rapidly changing requirements of the state, society, the book market and ordinary users.

The increase in the status and prestige of the Books in Print system, combined with a sharp improvement in the quality and efficiency of information support for book business based on Internet technologies, will allow us to move to the state order for the production and distribution of socially priority literature, which is so in demand by our libraries and many book publishers. It is precisely the exact and full compliance with all the basic requirements for participation in the aforementioned system that will serve as one of the main criteria for selecting truly civilized publishers who are not afraid of the transparency of their activities to participate in competitions for the right to receive grants and government orders.

The implementation of the proposals expressed here would be greatly simplified and accelerated with the adoption in Russia of a federal law on the book business. The need for this law is obvious, since hopes for the market and for the unity of actions of its subjects are not justified, and current laws related to the book business (on copyright, media and legal deposit) do not allow solving the most urgent problems of such important industries as book publishing and book trade. The book business law could establish state requirements and principles for their observance in the areas of pricing and reporting, formulate definitions of the types and status of wholesale and retail book enterprises (today no one knows which enterprise has the right to call itself a bookstore) and their products, outline the scope and methods of state support for books and reading, as well as to stimulate the activities of producers and distributors of publications of socially significant literature, including in the languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation. The same law would allow talking about the protection of the fundamental rights of consumers of the above-mentioned book products in all regions, and especially in those far from the center. settlements and in places of compact residence of small peoples and nationalities of the Far North and the Far East.

The federal law should also determine the status of the book itself in our society - to clarify whether it will remain a matter of prime necessity (at least de jure, if not de facto). Depending on the status of the book in society, the fate of many areas of book publishing and book trade, as well as library acquisitions, will be decided. For example, it is possible to introduce norms in the regions for opening bookstores in terms of population, preferential tariffs for postal forwarding operations, establishing an assortment minimum of socially significant literature in municipal stores, etc.

The second-hand book trade deserves close attention. If the state believes that a socially significant book should be available to the main mass of readers, then it should use such a powerful lever as the second-hand book trade in order to influence prices and involve many millions of copies of books in demand by the population into repeated, and even multiple circulation, but lying dead weight on the bookshelves of their owners.

All these tasks cannot be solved without the priority development of a single and powerful reference and information complex serving the book business. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, fixing the main functions and responsibilities of this service, designed to balance and satisfy the priority information needs of our society and the state in the field of book business, to include the system in the priority national education program, in the federal program " Electronic Russia”, to make it available to every citizen of the country, putting, for example, it in every post office, which will make it possible not only to receive information about books, but also to order them immediately, since the system will allow this to be done through partner publishers and booksellers, which is extremely important for readers of remote regions of the country, residents of far and near abroad, where a socially significant book usually does not reach.

32. Current state publishing abroad. The United States has the most developed publishing system. Approximately half of all listed publishers are located in Europe, which corresponds to the role of this continent in the world book production. The UK has the largest publishing system in Europe, followed by Germany and France. Powerful publishing systems of the modern type also have large book publishing countries on other continents. Among Asian countries China, Japan. Among Latin American - Argentina and Brazil, in Africa - Nigeria and South Africa.

Top ten publishers (2009):

1. Pearson - €5,290m (UK)

2. Reed Elsevier – €5,024m (UK-Netherlands)

3. ThomsonReuters - €3,813m (Canada)

4. Wolters Kluwer - €3,425m (Netherlands)

5. Bertelsmann - €2,969m (Germany)

6. Hachette Livre – €2,273m (France)

7. Grupo Planeta – €1,804m (Spain)

8. McGraw–Hill Education – €1,666m (USA)

9. De Agostini Editore – €1,616m (Italy)

10. Holtzbrinck - no information provided (Germany)

The leaders of the country's book publishing are: the USA, Britain, Germany, the Netherlands,

From the lecture: out of 50 publishing houses, 10th place is Ashett (France), Holland, too + Ireland, there are large publishing houses on the list. There are Japanese publishing houses after the 25th place.

The monopoly of corporations. There are fewer family publishing houses, more publishing groups and associations, concerns.

Maximum concentration of production (especially in the USA). A publishing concern may own several printing houses and book distribution structures on a national scale, as well as magazine and newspaper publishing houses, television channels, information networks, etc. Thus, the Bertelsmann concern in Germany and abroad includes publishing houses and publishing associations: "Karl Bertelsmann ", "Goldmann", "Blanvalet", "Gabler", "Viveg", "Leksikotek" and others, the magazine association "Gruner + Yar", the associations "Plaza and Janes" in Spain and "Random House" in the USA, the network the largest book clubs around the world, the RTL television company, the BMG music company, etc. At one time, when creating such giant associations, it was thought that they would concentrate in one hand not only all stages of production and distribution of the book, but also comprehensively " exploit" the plot or work, i.e., release not only a book on it, but also, for example, a video or movie, audio cassette, CD

Building alliances instead of fierce competition.

Majority universal publishing houses. There are few highly specialized publishing houses, and these are, as a rule, small firms. Most medium and large publishing houses, even if they have a major specialization, have a profile close to universal. An educational publishing house, for example, will almost certainly publish children's, fiction, reference and encyclopedic literature, and practical guides; literary and artistic - historical, children's literature, literature on the humanities, art publications; publishing house of literature on art - books on history, nature, travel, publishing for children, etc.

The vast majority of publications are published in series. This is beneficial, you can offer the same series of different quality.

Growth in the output of e-mail. publications (CD, online). USA - 8% of turnover. Europe - 5%, Russia - 3%.

The reader and reader demand. Decreased interest in "bestsellers" and popular literature. General level education of the population, of course, increases, the total number of readers increases, but the proportion of "strong readers" who read several dozen books a year will decrease, since reading is still inferior to the position of the main form of leisure.

A change in the psychology of the book consumer: the "purposeful" reader gives way to the "butterfly" reader, "fluttering" from one thematic group to another. Publishers in this case will have to change quite dramatically, to adapt to the new, more diverse and fragmented tastes of the public.

Transition from a supply market to a demand market. Until recently, the book market was a supply market, that is, readers were forced to buy what publishers offered them. Now the situation is changing: demand begins to prevail over supply. This is a radical change for the publishing industry and its psychology (the "enlightenment" psychology has to be abandoned). Publishers will need a deeper study of the market, its individual segments and the publication of exactly what these segments of the readership need. Increasingly, the book publishing industry will apply marketing methods developed and applied in other industries. Ch. person is marketing manager.

A large number of paperback books of good quality, they are not disposable, but they are cheaper. Higher education textbooks abroad are issued in two versions, hard cover and soft cover, inside everything is the same. Paperback editions are the main ones abroad, and only bestsellers, elite buildings, library editions are in hardback.

The growing role of publications for children (accustom to the book, apparently).

More illustrations in the book, the growth of printing performance of editions.

Changing and growing role of the publisher. Development of ideas, search for authors to implement these ideas and organization of their materialization in the form of various information products - books, videos, television films, CDs, computer programs, databases, etc. When releasing, for example, an interactive multimedia CD the work of authors, programmers, directors, specialists in video information and specialists in the processing and storage of textual information, the producers themselves will have to be organized and coordinated by the publisher.

The important role of associations abroad. Defending the interests of the entire industry, lobbying their interests in front of legislators, developing watered. issues related to the industry, communication with the bookstore. and polygraph. associations, holding events to promote the book in society, conducting advertising campaigns, representing the interests of national book publishing in international societies.

Lit. agent as a feature of foreign book publishing (special institution).

34. World publishing system. The constant growth in the number of publishing houses in the world is a regularity of the end of the 20th century.

In the last century, the volume of book production in the world has been constantly increasing, and the rate of increase in production is still quite high and stable (now it’s xs: electronic publications, piracy and tablet fever have put a sickly pig on this pace).

World book publishing has a developed publishing system, currently numbering almost 500,000 publishing houses and other similar organizations. About a quarter of them are in the US. The UK (about 60,000), France (about 25,000), Germany (about 20,000), Japan (more than 20,000) and others have major publishing systems. the system is not only huge, but continues to maintain high growth rates. Over the past 10 years, the number of publishers has more than tripled. The rapid growth is explained by the fact that technological progress has greatly simplified the publishing process, and therefore, along with giant enterprises, a lot of small ones have appeared. Of course, the main release indicators belong to large publishing houses, but a huge number of small ones also force one to reckon with.

Because of rapid growth number of small publishers, the UNESCO statistical service has ceased to cope with a reliable accounting of output. since 1991 - the publication of data on world output has ceased (due to unreliability), only reports on individual countries have remained. The only source of data for global production is data from the International Publishers Association website. (those get them from national publishing associations)

Because there are many sources of release information and not all of them are reliable (in different countries different organizations are doing this and not all of them do it honestly, but somewhere they simply can’t mean enough, then the rating of world leaders is not necessarily 100% correct, but still

By the number of published titles, thousand

1 Brazil 50

2 UK 120

3 Germany 80

4 Italy 50

5 Spain 60

6 People's Republic of China 140

7 Russian Federation 60

9 France 50

10 Japan 70

In 1990, the output of the top 10 countries accounted for 60% of the world's estimated output. (all this is very approximate)

If we evaluate the state of world book publishing as a whole, then we can say that at the turn of the millennium a very reliable foundation was created for further movement forward. Despite the rapid development of new information and communication technologies, the book remains among the most preferred ways for a person to receive necessary knowledge and in the modern information age of the third millennium.

35. Features of publishing systems in major book publishing countries. Processes of concentration of production in book business. Development of small and medium business in the book business.
The concentration of I. d. is reflected in the degree of development of book publishing, not only in decomp. regions of the world, but also at the level of Country It is estimated that if in 1980 in the five largest book publishing countries (former USSR; China, Great Britain; Germany; USA, according to the 1990 rating), more than a third (35.7%) of the entire world book was published. products by number of names, in the countries of the top ten - St. half (55.1%), and the top twenty - more than two-thirds (68.8%), then in 1990 these figures increased to 36.7, 58.4 and 71.8%. An important indicator of the development of world book publishing is the constantly growing output of translated literature. According to UNESCO, in 1985 the number of translated publications amounted to 57.4 thousand titles, in 1986 - 61.5 thousand, at the beginning. 90s - St. 65 thousand names, i.e., annually. The increase during this period amounted to approx. 7%. Naib, number of books translated into English. lang. (32.2 thousand titles, or approx. 50% of the total number of translated publications), then - in French. lang. (6.7 thousand), Russian. lang. (6.6 thousand), German. lang. (5.1 thousand names). The countries where the most actively produced convertible liters are Great Britain (over 15 thousand), Germany (8.7 thousand names in 1992), Spain (5.3 thousand), the Netherlands (3.4 thousand), Japan (about 3 thousand), as well as Norway, France, Sweden, Brazil, Mexico; in Russia, a high rate of the number of transfers (approx. 4 thousand) reflects Ch. arr. trend of translation of books into Russian. lang. from the languages ​​of other peoples of Russia. Publishing volume. activities in the department country and in the world as a whole is characterized not only by the number of produced titles, but also by circulation. However, the statistical UNESCO collections provide information on the number of copies of books and brochures only fragmentarily, for some countries (in particular, data on circulations in China are systematically published, but data on other large book publishing countries are not provided at all). Nevertheless, calculations show that at present, at least 15-16 billion copies are produced annually in the world. books and brochures. Scales and volumes of I. D. at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. indicate that the "prophecies" of the canad. sociologist M. McLuhan about the decline of the “Gutenberg galaxy” and the end of the “era of the typographical man” turned out to be erroneous. The impact on a person of electronic QMS, according to McLuhan, was to eliminate the dominance of visual-one-sided perception that prevailed over him (meaning the book of culture) and return him to the knowledge of mythological. imagery. However, instead of the book being supplanted by electronic means of communication, these two informants interpenetrated. directions within the global informatization process. Not coincidentally, as can be seen from Table. 4, I. D. is developing more intensively in those countries that determine the scale of world informatization, where the number of electronic databases and data banks is constantly growing, modern. communication networks using satellite, fiber optic and other latest means of communication. The use of modern information technologies in I. D. made it possible not only to speed up and improve the preparation of publications. of the original, but also almost completely transfer prepress processes to the publishing house, avoiding the need for proofreading exchange. In a number of cases, when the circulation of the future edition is small and the requirements for the polygraph, design are quite moderate, modern. equipment and technologies make it possible to produce a print run in the publishing house itself on a laser printer or using high-performance. copiers. In the process of integration I. d. and electronic information. funds appear fundamentally new, "mixed" types of information. products that combine the advantages of a book and a processor - the so-called. electronic books. These include both software products associated with the preparation of conventional publications using desktop publishing. systems, and independent, information carriers. arrays - audio and video cassettes, optical. disks, etc. Mn. electronic editions have analogues in traditional. printed form, for example. Encyclopedia Americana, Books in Print catalogs, Chemical Abstracts abstract databases. On processes in modern I. d. influence not only tehnol. factors, but also social and economic. situation, including further segmentation of the book. market due to the emergence of ever smaller and professionally specialized. groups of readers that form a kind of marketing niches, which are guided by newly emerging publishing houses, especially small ones. This leads to a constant increase in the number of names. and at the same time to reduce the cf. circulation of one name. At the same time, the requirements for the marketing services of the publishing house are increasing, regarding the search for new distribution channels. Along with the traditional forms of distribution of books through the wholesale and retail link of the book. trade are widely developed parcel trade on individual orders, sale of book editions. clubs, as well as the development of dec. types of special sales through non-bookstores, associations and societies, etc. The marketing situation in publishing houses makes publishers look for new solutions in those areas that are associated with the material design of publications. The revolution in the world of books was called by R. Escarpa the widespread distribution of publications in a soft boom. cover (the so-called "paperback"), designed due to its cheapness "to satisfy the book. Hunger." Book. hardcover editions (they were identified with the word "book") and paperback books represented, as it were, two poles in the reader's world. Modern technology. polygraph, production and the use of new materials made it possible to start issuing on a large scale high-strength paperback books using seamless binding, a new standard called "trade paperback". Wed the price level for hardcover books in the US in 1990 was $43.1, t. trade paperback - 17.5 dollars and paperback - 4.5 dollars. Approximately the same ratio of prices is observed in other large book publishing countries. The release of books and brochures is carried out by publishing houses, as well as decomp. org-tions, for which the publication of books and brochures is not the basic form of business activity (religious, societies, org-tions, various funds, associations of citizens, etc.). In addition, specific work in the field of publishing. businesses are run by packagers. Often modern. publishing houses, even large ones, are part of the giant media associations, to-rye received the name. multi-media corporations (from English, multy-media, that is, an organization that uses various forms of influence on readers and viewers - cinema, television, the press); many of these structures operate on transnat. level - "AG Bertelsman", "Reed Elsevier", "Achette", "Mondadori" and others. There are also cases when a particular publishing house becomes part of the industrial, commercial. or finance. structures, edge by genus, but is a conglomerate, i.e., an association under a common organization. and finance. the management of pr-ty specializing in various areas of business activity in order to increase profits, for example. Amer. corporation "Gulf and Western" (Gulf and Western), where the film industry coexists, publisher. business, hotel business, the largest US publishing house "Simon and Schuster", which thanks to finance. support of the "parental home" only in 1983-87 itself annexed approx. 30 other publishing houses, including such a powerful one as "Prentice-Hall" (Prentice-Hall). The totality of publishing houses and other pr-ty and org-tion, one way or another involved in the work of publishing books and brochures, other printed materials, is publishing house. a system characterized in con. 20th century high development dynamics. If produced annually by the publishing house "Zaur" (K. G. Saur, Germany) commissioned by the International. agencies ISBN "International. Publishing Index" contained in 1986 a list of addresses of 150 thousand publishing houses from 61 countries, then in 1996 - St. 350 thousand publishing house from 210 countries. Approximately half of all publishing houses are located in Europe, which corresponds to the role of this continent in the world book. release. So, in Great Britain - more than 40 thousand publishing houses, in Germany - St. 20 thousand, in France - approx. 18 thousand for Europe. On the continent, there is also a distinct stratification between giant enterprises and a huge mass of small and medium-sized publishing houses, many of which often do not even have their own. office. In Germany, for example, there are only 15 publishing houses. corporations, the annual turnover of which exceeds 100 million marks, among them - the already mentioned concern "AG Bertelsman" with its famous book. club with more than 20 million members. In the UK, along with Reed Elsevier, the leading position is occupied by transnats. company "Pearson", in France - "Group de la Cité" and "Achette", in the Netherlands osn. the release of books is concentrated in 6 powerful publishing houses. concerns. In the USA in ser. 1980s 57.7% of book sales. products accounted for 15 leading publishing houses, including the 5 largest of them - more than 35% of all sales. More than two-thirds of all hardcover book sales come from just 11 hardcover publishers, and 95% of all mass-market paperback books come from just 13 publishers. Developed publishing houses. modern systems. other countries also have a type: Canada - 18 thousand publishing houses, Australia - approx. 13 thousand, Russia - St. 10 thousand, Japan - 7400 ed., Yuzh. Korea - ok. 3700, India - St. 3000, Argentina - St. 2700, Brazil - St. 2000, Nigeria - c. 1700, South Africa - c. 1200. Mandatory. forms of labor organization in publishing houses do not exist, there is practically no firm, the structure of which would exactly repeat the structure of the other, but there are several. typical constructions, to-rye cover almost the entire variety of organizations. publishing schemes. etc. all over the world. Publishing and the State. In a democratic environment watered, systems and market economy publishing houses operate independently of the state-va.

36. Characteristics of publishing products of foreign publishers. Specific problems of book publishing development in developing countries especially in African countries

Of the 34 countries on the continent, only 20 have national bibliographic records based on the relevant legal norms, some of which have been preserved since the colonial regime and do not meet modern requirements. So, in Mozambique, which became independent in 1975, there is a law on the national library, adopted in 1961 by the governor-general of this province of Portugal and considering the national library only as a repository of all publications issued in the metropolis.

Seven countries in Africa (Guinea, Zambia, Lesotho, Seychelles, Togo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia) have national libraries but no legislation on them. Seven countries (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Djibouti, Cape Verde, Mauritius, Niger, Sudan) do not have a national library at all. A feature of the national bibliography of the Maghreb countries (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco) is the reflection of documents both in Arabic and in French, since the ties between the peoples of these countries and French culture are still strong. This also explains the partial use by the bibliographic agency of Algeria of the old French standard for bibliographic description. All national bibliographic agencies in this region use the Arabic version of the ISBD and the Universal Decimal Classification in their practice. All types of printed publications, photographs and sound recordings (except Morocco) are subject to registration in the current indexes.
Among the countries of the West African region, states with a relatively high development of TNB stand out. These are Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal. The official languages ​​in these countries are English and French, although local African languages ​​are also common. Only in Nigeria more than a hundred ethnic-linguistic groups use 350-400 languages ​​and dialects. Despite this circumstance and all the ensuing difficulties. The National Library of Nigeria is successfully acting as the National Bibliographic Agency, producing monthly editions of the National Bibliography of Nigeria with semi-annual and annual cumulation. In addition, it publishes sets of printed cards, assigns to everyone book editions ISBN, prepares forward-looking bibliographic information in accordance with the CIP program. The publications of the National Library of Nigeria reflect a wide range of documents: publications published in the country, including publications in all languages: foreign publications about Nigeria; foreign editions of Nigerian authors; cards; notes; dissertations defended at universities in Nigeria: audiovisual materials. The bibliographic agencies of other states of this region also prepare and issue editions of the TNB, but without cumulation and with a smaller coverage of the reflected documents. They do not have CIP services. It is also characteristic that in English-speaking countries the Dewey Decimal Classification is used for systematization, and in French-speaking countries - UDC.

The countries of East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Mozambique) differ significantly both in the level of development of cultural and educational institutions and in the language situation. In general, the degree of development of the NB (national bibliography) in this region is lower than in North and West Africa. The most prosperous state is distinguished by the NL of Kenya, where the functions of the national bibliographic agency are performed by two institutions at once: the National Library Service of Kenya and the National Reference and Bibliographic Department. The annual editions of the TNB reflect various types of documents: books, first issues of new serials, dissertations, proceedings of scientific and professional conferences, standards, patents, exhibition catalogs, posters, audiovisual materials. The principle of reflecting documents is territorial, in addition, publications about Kenya and publications of works by Kenyan authors published abroad are registered. Bibliographic descriptions are compiled on the basis of the Anglo-American cataloging rules and ISBD.
At about the same level is the National Bank of Tanzania, whose national agency is also represented by two institutions:
National Central Library and Tanzanian National Bibliographic Agency. TNB indexes are published monthly, have annual summaries and are based on the territorial principle of document selection.
In Ethiopia and Sudan, TNB indexes are issued irregularly, and the main provisions of the ISBD are just beginning to be used in national bibliographic standards. Uganda, Somalia and Mozambique have national libraries and legal deposit laws. But at the same time, TNB publications are not issued.
General characteristics of the development of NB in ​​countries Central Africa reveals similar phenomena and trends. The emerging trends “to expand the objects of accounting, extend legal deposit laws to non-traditional information carriers, and create national bibliographic services (in some cases these are specially created centers, in others - national or university libraries, national archives) should be considered positive. The frequency of publications of TNB is different, the most common are yearbooks.
Realizing the need for further development of NB, African countries in 1980 set about creating the Pan-African Documentation and Information System (PADIS), which also includes NB issues. At present, the directions for improving the TNB have been determined: the creation of a legal framework and the adoption of relevant legislation, the strengthening of the material base of national bibliographic agencies, the strengthening of control over compliance with laws, the unification and standardization of bibliographic methods, the gradual release from the influence of the expansionist activities of foreign news agencies, the desire of specialists for a comprehensive solution problems, taking into account world and national experience, training and education of qualified specialists.

37. The role of UNESCO in the elimination of illiteracy and the creation of a publishing infrastructure in the countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America.

UNESCO (UNESCO- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. November 16, 1945. The goal is to give arr. everyone, at all levels and throughout life, because education plays a major role in the formation and development of a person's personality, economic growth and strengthening social ties. At the same time, it is an important tool in the fight against poverty and one of the foundations of sustainable development.

About 68% of the illiterate live in East and South Asia, in the Arab countries and North Africa, the illiterate make up about 37%. In addition, hundreds of millions of children receive fragile knowledge in overcrowded educational institutions, after school only a few maintain the acquired knowledge, therefore, after a while they may be among the illiterate.

The 33rd session of the UNESCO General Conference launched the Literacy Initiative for Empowerment (LIFE) to help achieve the goals of the United Nations Literacy Decade (2003-2012). The initiative provides for 3 stages for a period of 10 years: in 2006. in the first group of countries (Bangladesh, Haiti, Egypt, Yemen, Mali, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan and Senegal), then in 2008 and 2010. - respectively in the second and third group of countries. In 2012-2015 the results of the previous stages will be considered.

Goals (set out in a document adopted at the World Education Forum in Dakar in 2000): 1) expanding and improving comprehensive measures for the care and upbringing of young children; 2) provision of free and compulsory primary education; 3) meeting the educational needs of young people and adults; 4) a 50% increase in adult literacy; 5) closing the gap between boys and girls in primary and secondary education; 6) improving the quality of education in all its aspects.

In addition, these goals are consistent with the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.

LIFE participants (objects) - 35 states, where approximately 85% of all illiterates live. Participants: (subjects) - governments, non-governmental organizations, private sector, civil society.

Publishing Infrastructure

Another problem is the formation of a national publishing business and overcoming those phenomena and factors that determined book publishing in the colonial period, and the national book market was formed only through book exports by the former metropolitan countries. Modern development national book publishing is going quite slowly: according to UNESCO, only one fourth of the world's book production is produced in the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

In the countries of Asia, Latin America, and especially on the African continent, the satisfaction of the population's demand for book production of its own production lags far behind the figures achieved in Europe and North America. Efforts
UNESCO and other organizations, including the International Association of Publishers, in the field of strengthening publishing in Africa and developing countries on other continents have not yet yielded tangible results. In most African countries, for example, the number of published books and brochures is measured in tens, at best - hundreds, and only in two countries - Nigeria and South Africa - this figure exceeds a thousand titles.

The number of titles produced per 1 million inhabitants in Europe is more than twenty times higher than in the countries of the African continent. Quite seriously behind the world average and other countries in the developing world.

In Asia, the number of publications per 1 million people has remained virtually the same for 35 years. Growth during this time amounted to only 9.37%. This is due to the high rate of population growth. Book publishing has not kept pace with it. (Despite China, Japan and South Korea). China leader. For 13 years, the total circulation increased by 23.4%. South Korea -102,9%.

Reasons for the formation: strengthening of national identity, independence.

Elements ed. infrastructure: publishing houses, national bibliographic centers and national libraries, for the development of information and bibliographic activities.

General trends: 1) The emergence of national libraries. Currently, NB in ​​the countries of South and Southeast Asia is, as a rule, of a nationwide nature, which is confirmed by the existence of the necessary legislation and financial assistance from the government. 2) Mandatory copies and their control, 3) creation of single regional bibliographic centers, 4) the beginning of the use of international rules for bibliographic description (ISBD) and international formats (UNIMARC), 5) expanding the coverage of the produced liter, 6) introducing the universal. decimal classification, 7) automation tools (since 1979 in Singapore, since 1977 in the Philippines).

countries of Latin America and Africa.

The fourth largest book publisher in the world is South America. Growth over 36 years was only 55.0%. Up to 1985, there was a steady increase, but recently the figures have gone down sharply.

Afrik.strany gained independence somewhere in the 50s. per 1 million population - only 20 publications published annually, that is, 40 times less than in Europe. In 1955-1975. the mentioned indicator gradually increased here, reaching a maximum - 27 - in 1975. And then a decline began, which continues today. In 1991, Africa produced almost as many books per capita as back in 1960. And this despite various UNESCO programs to stimulate publishing activities in developing countries.

The emergence of NB in ​​some countries of Latin America dates back to the end of the 19th century, in most countries and Africa - to the 50-80s, in some countries this process is just beginning.

Trends: 1) national bibliographic control is based on the relevant legal norms only in some countries, 2) Seven African countries (Guinea, Zambia, Lesotho, Seychelles, Togo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia) have national libraries, but there are no legislative acts on them . 3) there are few national libraries. Seven countries (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Djibouti, Cape Verde, Mauritius, Niger, Sudan) do not have a national library at all. Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco write documents in both Arabic and French. This also explains the partial use by the bibliographic agency of Algeria of the old French standard for bibliographic description. 4) All national bibliographic agencies in this region use the Arabic version of the ISBD and the Universal Decimal Classification in their practice. All types of printed publications, photographs and sound recordings (except Morocco) are subject to registration in the current indexes.

38. Development international cooperation in book business. The leading book markets by country are concentrated mainly in the regions that are leaders in book publishing, which is primarily due to the low share of exports of the world's leading publishers (with the exception of English-language publishers).

The strongest is the influence of the US and the UK. It is these countries that bring new book series ideas and technical innovations to the market. China is the "book factory of the world", while Germany, France and Spain set the fashion in countries that speak their national language. Despite the 5.8% share of Russia in book publishing in terms of the number of titles, its share in the book market is only 1.8%. This is due, first of all, to the much lower average price of a book in Russia (3-5 times) than in developed countries.

Everything is about to merge. The company is buying each other because of this, a bunch of mega-publishers of the world scale. The transition to hybrid (digital + paper) book publishing and digital distribution requires the consolidation of financial and organizational efforts. In the last 4-5 years, the book industry has intensified the processes of integration through mergers and acquisitions. This results in an average annual reduction in the number of publishing organizations of approximately 2.5%.

In 2011, Bertelsmann (global giant, center_Germany) parted ways with book clubs in the US, UK and France, which led to a drop in the publishing giant's revenue. But this is only the first stage of the general reorganization of the business, which began in 2008. The next step was the merger of Random House (USA), Bertelsmann's publishing arm, with Penguin (England), owned by Pearson.

The US Antimonopoly Committee has already given permission for a deal (February 2013), under which Random House will own 53% of the shares of the combined Penguin Random House structure. If the EC approves the merger of two of the big six publishers, the new mega-publisher, with $3.75 billion in revenue and roughly $262 million in revenue, would control more than 25% of the global book market. It is possible that this deal will launch a new wave of mergers, the most obvious of which experts call HarperCollins and Simon & Schuster.

In 2009, global publisher revenues fell about 2% and it took the industry about 4 years to recover to 2008 levels, making 2012 the best year in a decade. Growth was provided by strong sales of world bestsellers:

2) the world's bestsellers are sold everywhere! That is, integration in the distribution of the Harry Potter series of novels by British author J.K. Rowling, the Twilight sagas by Stephenie Meyer, the detective thriller Millennium by Stieg Larsson, whose continued popularity was ensured by the Hollywood film adaptation, as well as the Hunger Games trilogy (2008-2010). The opening of samizdat - the trilogy "50 Shades" by E. L. James - brought trade more than $60 million 2011) and the UK (since 2012).

3) still the leadership of Europe. She directs everything. Among all the media and entertainment industries, book publishing is the only sector dominated by European companies with a share of about 40% of the global figure, while the North American continent is responsible for 30% of the market and slightly less - 26% is accounted for by Southeast Asia. Four out of five publishing corporations are registered in Europe, including two majors in the sector of educational literature: British Pearson and Dutch Wolters Kluwer and two general publishers Bertelsman and Hachette. However, in the future, the European book market will shrink with a redistribution of its share in favor of the North and Latin Americas.

4) growth in sales of e-books. Segment fiction for adults is growing due to sales of e-books, while in paper it is falling rapidly (about 15% in 2012). In the Children's and Youth Fiction category, paper sales are on the decline (-3%), while the e-content market for children has almost doubled, not least due to strong sales of the Hunger Games trilogy (Scholastic) in electronic format that dominated the bestseller list throughout the year. The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins dominated the bestseller lists and in paper format, and together with E.L. James's 50 Shades of Grey, generated 4% of the traditional trade's revenue (

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Introduction 3

Chapter I. Modern publishing system in Russia 6

Chapter II. Publishing in the process of democratization of society 14

Chapter III. Modern publishing houses in Russia 18

Conclusion 26

References 28

Introduction.

Relevance:

In the past century, the volume of book production in the world has constantly increased, and the rate of increase in production remains to this day quite high and stable.

World book publishing has a developed publishing system, currently numbering almost 500,000 publishing houses and other organizations performing functions similar in content. About a quarter of them are in the US. Large publishing systems are located in Great Britain (about 60,000), France (about 25,000), Germany (about 20,000), Japan (more than 20,000), and others. The world publishing system is distinguished not only by its size; but also high growth rates. Over the past 10 years, the number of publishers has more than tripled. This growth of publishing structures is based mainly on the inclusion in this field of activity of medium and especially small enterprises, along with which giant associations operate in each country, producing the lion's share of products.

Today, few people like to read. After all, information can be obtained via the Internet by entering the desired query into the search engine. And emotions and impressions are provided by numerous television series, action films and thrillers. And yet the readers did not stop.

While the number of readers has declined, the number of writers has risen sharply. The writing profession is experiencing a peak in popularity. The broad masses succumbed to the writers - students and businessmen, housewives and bankers. What explains such popularity, it is not easy to say. Of course, the human desire to get rich easily plays a big role in this phenomenon - the example of the author of Harry Potter haunts many.

Prose is the leader in the publishing and writing market, with the best chances for authors of science fiction, fantasy and detective stories, as well as sentimental romance novels. Of course, in order to publish not at your own expense and even earn something, you need to have a light pen, a lively style, imagination and write on popular topics.

In a word, the state of the domestic book market practically corresponds to global trends, including those that worry all publishers without exception. For example, the progressive decline in interest in reading and the introduction of digital media of text (the so-called digital libraries) poison the lives of not only our book printers, but also their foreign colleagues. However, as usual, we also have our own, exclusively national difficulties, which allowed experts to assess the state of Russian book publishing, if not as a crisis, then as being in stagnation. The main problems of the industry: the threat of overproduction, attempts to monopolize the market, reduced circulation.

The object is modern publishing houses in Russia.

The subject is the role of publishing houses in shaping the cultural space of the country.

The goal is to study the modern publishing system in Russia.

Scientific research methods:

1. Method of analysis of published sources.

Knowledge:

This topic has been studied for a long time, since publishing activity arose with the invention of writing. Particular interest in the study of the topic arises at the beginning of the twentieth century.

The chronological framework of the bibliography covers the period from the beginning of the 1980s to the present day.

Articles are the predominant type of publication. The authors of the articles have been published in professional periodicals.

Periodicals are presented - magazines "Knizhnoe delo", "Knizhny biznes", "Showcase" and "Library". These periodicals contain articles by I. Danshina, B. Kuznetsov, Yu. Maisuradze.

All publications can be divided into 2 groups. The first includes articles on the modern publishing system in Russia. Here are the names of such authors as Alenichev V., Ilnitsky A.M. , Lensky B.V. , Poroikova, O. . To the second group - articles about modern publishing houses in Russia, these are Komarov E.I., Maisuradze Yu. Solovyov V. .

Based on the study, you can go to the structure of this work:

Introduction, which describes the relevance, purpose and objectives of the course work;

Chapter I. Modern publishing system in Russia;

Chapter II. Publishing in the process of democratization of society;

Chapter III. Modern publishing houses of Russia;

Conclusion, which summarizes the results of the course work;

Bibliography.

Chapter I. Modern publishing system in Russia.

Despite the fact that book printing began to develop in Russia almost a century after the invention of Johannes Gutenberg (the first precisely dated Russian printed book, The Apostle, was published in Moscow in 1564), our country quickly moved into the ranks of world book leaders. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, it occupied the second place in the world, second only to Germany and ahead of other countries.

The modern publishing system has developed in the country in the last decade of the last century. Its structure and features of functioning were influenced by big influence a variety of internal and external factors, the most important of which is the change in the socio-political conditions for the development of society on the basis of the democratization of various spheres of its life. The legal basis for the formation of a new publishing system was key provisions Law of the Russian Federation "On the Mass Media", adopted by the Russian Parliament in December 1991 and replacing the Law of the USSR "On the Press and Other Mass Media" (1990), which lost its force after the collapse Soviet Union. The democratization of the sphere of mass media and book publishing took place against the backdrop of the inevitable economic processes associated with it, which ensured the transition to the rails of a market economy, when the publishing houses that were formed in these conditions immediately became independent economic entities of the emerging book market.

a serious factor The development of the publishing business during this period was the increasing development and application of new information technologies. The legal and economic aspects of the book business received a scientific and technological basis, which made it possible in just a few years to cover a path that would previously have taken decades to overcome.

Finally, the formation of a new publishing system in Russia was largely facilitated by the globalization of the information space, the integration of domestic book publishing into the world publishing community. This made it possible to study rich international experience and use it more productively in domestic practice.

As a result of the mentioned laws, the opportunities for establishing new media and publishing houses have significantly expanded, in connection with which, over the past decade, there has been a constant increase in the number of publishing structures. To date, the number of organizations that have passed the relevant registration has reached almost 20 thousand. This is quite comparable with the publishing systems of the leading book publishing countries of the world. However, for Russia this is an unprecedented fact, which never had a place in the past due to the fact that the implementation of constant total state, church, and later - party (CPSU) control over the spiritual life of society and its individual strata led to the desire to have a closed system of ideological organizations, including book business.

Of course, as in other countries, not all registered publishing structures are equally active in the book publishing business. If we take as a criterion for the inclusion of an organization in the publishing system the fulfillment by it of the requirements of the Federal Law "On the legal deposit of documents" on the submission to the Russian Book Chamber of the established number of legal copies of each published publication, then it turns out that vigorous activity 5-6 thousand publishing houses annually operate in the country's book market.

If we take into account that until recently a little more than 100 publishing houses functioned in the Russian Federation as part of the USSR, then it can be argued that the number of actually operating publishing structures in the country has increased many times over over 10 years. The topography of their placement has seriously changed. The number of cities in which one or another book publishing structure operates today is more than 300, and in many of them there are several dozen publishing organizations.

At the same time, it should be pointed out that the overwhelming majority of this abundance of publishing organizations are medium-sized and, mainly, small enterprises, which, generally speaking, is a reflection of a more general trend in the development of modern entrepreneurship, which concerns not only the book business and not only our country. All over the world, there is a transition from mass marketing, focused on the homogenization of demand, to group marketing and from it to individual marketing, which in book publishing, for example, is embodied in technologies such as book-on-demand (manufacturing books on demand).

It should be borne in mind, however, that along with the growth in the number of small publishing houses and their constant rotation, the opposite trend is clearly manifested in the concentration of book production in several large structures that determine the main directions of the book business. Several dozen publishing houses today concentrate the bulk of book production and, of course, book distribution, and their share in both assortment and circulation is constantly growing. In terms of titles, it exceeds 30%, and in terms of circulation it makes up more than two-thirds of all book production. For example, according to official data, the total circulation of books and brochures published by only five publishing houses - AST, Drofa, Olma-Press, Enlightenment and Eksmo-Press - is about a third of the total circulation in the country. If we add seven more publishing houses to them (Rosmen, INFRA-M, Flamingo, Vagrius, Panorama, Raduga, Ripol Classic), then this dozen will account for almost half of all books published in the country.

In the development of the modern publishing system in Russia, a long-standing trend is clearly traced, which is inherited from the pre-revolutionary past. Despite the negative nature that she wears, she still cannot be overcome. We are talking about the attraction of the entire book business to the central regions of Russia and the high concentration of publishing entrepreneurial activity here. The share of publishing houses located in the Central and Northwestern Federal Districts (mainly in Moscow and St. Petersburg) in the total volume of book production in Russia in 2002 amounted to about 75% in terms of the number of titles, and in terms of circulation of books and brochures produced, it exceeded 90% . It is clear that such a situation hinders the functioning of the book market, makes it difficult to effectively provide the population with books, and also hinders the development of regional book publishing, including the publication of books in the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia.

As already mentioned, the publishing system operating today in Russia was formed from the very beginning as a market one, focused mainly on the fact that its equal participants are independent business entities operating on the basis of uniform rules determined by civil law legislation. This fundamentally distinguishes it from the publishing system of the Soviet period, which was based on an administrative-command resource and in which the publishing house itself was mainly an ideological institution that carried out the party-state order for the release of a certain information product with the specified properties of impact on a potential reader and the expected feedback. The state took upon itself the problems of selling these products, providing the corresponding working capital to the state booksellers for centralized buying up and subsequent distribution of published literature.

Under these conditions, the publishing system itself was nothing more than a state entity. The nationalization of book publishing, which began at the end of the 20s of the last century, led by the end of the century to the establishment of total party-state administration and control over the activities of the entire publishing business in the country. Therefore, the most important component of reforming book publishing on a democratic, market basis was its denationalization, that is, its transformation from a completely state-owned to a predominantly non-state one. At present, it is non-state structures that form the basis of the country's publishing system.

The share of state publishing houses in 2002 accounted for only about 3% of the number of titles of books and pamphlets (excluding departmental, non-market printed matter) and slightly more than 10% of the total circulation. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the vast majority of these books are textbooks published by the state publishing house Prosveshcheniye.

Work description

The goal is to study the modern publishing system in Russia.
Tasks:
To study the modern publishing system in Russia.
To reveal the place of book business in the process of democratization of society.
Consider the largest book publishers in Russia.

Against the backdrop of ever-growing volumes of book production both in Russia and around the world, the role of publishing houses in the structure of the book business is constantly increasing, the number of publishing organizations is growing, their influence on the size and range of the repertoire of books and brochures produced, and on the quality of published products.

With the use of new means, the technology of production and sale of books is changing. For more than 60 years, the essence of the book publishing process in our country has been reduced mainly to the political and ideological assessment of the manuscript submitted by the authors, that is, to the so-called editorial analysis, as well as to the technical processing and preparation of the publishing original for production. The problems of selling the book - the main link in publishing in world practice - the state took upon itself, providing the appropriate amount of working capital to the state bookstore for centralized purchase of published literature and its subsequent distribution to all regions of the country.

In modern social practice, publishing is understood as a form of business activity associated with the production and distribution of various publications, that is, more broadly than just the process of book production. Since the terms "press" and "periodical press" are usually used to collectively designate newspaper and magazine business, and in recent years - "printed mass media", in Russian book science, publishing is traditionally called mainly book publishing or simply book publishing as part of a more general the concept of book publishing. Publishing is considered to be the production and distribution of books and pamphlets, other types of non-periodical publications, and those types of serial or continuing publications that are in the form of books and pamphlets.

It is at the stage of publishing that all the main creative processes characteristic of creating a book are concentrated - the formation of an idea for a publication, the search for an author who is able to most effectively bring this idea to life, the creation and organization of the work of the entire creative team (artist, designer, translator, etc.). d.), ensuring the appropriate printing performance of the circulation, and, last but not least, the implementation of a complete marketing program aimed at ensuring that the book finds its reader/buyer.

From an economic point of view, publishing is one of the forms of entrepreneurship based on the principles of book marketing. And in this regard, publishing can be called the leading direction of the book business, since it is the publisher who assumes all the risk of releasing a book as a commodity, that is, an item intended for sale and designed to satisfy the needs of a certain group of readers.

Transformed as a result of the evolution of publishing production from an intermediary between the author and the printing house into an intermediary between the author and the reader, the publisher more and more often becomes, to a certain extent, the "proto-author" of the future publication, often planning not only the form in which the author's works are clothed, but also the work. An important distinguishing feature of the publishing business is the fact that each published book, even an ordinary reprint, is, in fact, a new project, a production and economic reality, a new creative solution and a new marketing. It is the publishing project that is the main product of any modern book publishing structure in its main, creative incarnation, and it is no coincidence that the publishing name (title) is the leading indicator of the activity of the publishing house, the predominant form of statistical accounting in the world book business.

No matter how strong its spiritual aspects and cultural component are in the book, publishing is, first of all, entrepreneurship. When investing its own or borrowed funds in publications, the publisher-investor has to plan the investment of capital in other publications so that the resulting line in the balance sheet of income and expenses allows not only to cover possible losses, but also to make a profit. Many publishers from around the world share the point of view of the philosopher of the book business, vice president and editor-in-chief of the American publishing house Doubleday Publishing Company Samuel Vaughan, who argued that “without a moderate profit, the publisher will not do anything. If you do not publish books that can be sold, but pay rent and pay wages with the proceeds, the publishing house will not be able to publish books at all - neither serious literature, nor reading matter.

The organic combination of creative and entrepreneurial functions give grounds to consider the publisher as the leading figure in the entire structure of the book business. In terms of the number of books published per year, Russia ranks 3rd behind China and the United States.

The peculiarity of the Russian book market: accounting (statistics) is not established; trade network is not developed; the marketing aspect is not shown enough => overstocking.

High profitability, i.e., large markups on books, most of which are the costs of materials.

The system is centralized: Moscow and St. Petersburg, where Russian book publishing is concentrated. Moscow - 50%, St. Petersburg - 15-20%. The number of publishing houses varies from 6,000 to 8,000. The Book Chamber controls all publishing houses in the country and gives ISBNs to all publishing houses.

Novosibirsk is the center of scientific literature.

Saratov, Rostov, Krasnoyarsk, Yekaterinburg - do not exceed 2-3% of the total book publishing.

Private publishing houses of St. Petersburg - Amphora, ABC, St. Petersburg, Profession.

Industry literature:

Universal publishing houses (Eksmo, AST):

Non-artistic (educational, scientific literature).

highly specialized (by individual industries): medical; scientific (Science); educational (Enlightenment, Bustard); for universities (higher school, at educational institutions).

There are publishing houses that publish only translated literature.

There are major publishing houses that are leaders in certain areas.

Publishing houses that produce one type of literature do not always compete with each other. They divide the market, focusing on a different target audience, different quality, different authors. One of the most popular segments is philosophy, psychology, religion, esotericism. The most profitable are the business and legal spheres (economics, law, business, finance).

Negative aspirations in Russia:

striving for a reprint, not a new one;

low profitability when laying high rates.

Despite the fact that book printing began to develop in Russia almost a century after the invention of Johannes Gutenberg (the first precisely dated Russian printed book, The Apostle, was published in Moscow in 1564), our country quickly moved into the ranks of world book leaders. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, it occupied the second place in the world, second only to Germany and ahead of other countries.

The modern publishing system has developed in the country in the last decade of the last century. Its structure and features of functioning were greatly influenced by a variety of internal and external factors, the most important of which is the change in the socio-political conditions for the development of society based on the democratization of various spheres of its life. The legal basis for the formation of the new publishing system was the most important provisions of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Mass Media", adopted by the Russian Parliament in December 1991 and replaced the Law of the USSR "On the Press and Other Mass Media" (1990), which lost its force after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The democratization of the sphere of mass media and book publishing took place against the backdrop of the inevitable economic processes associated with it, which ensured the transition to the rails of a market economy, when publishing houses formed under these conditions immediately became independent economic entities of the emerging book market. The pluralism of forms of ownership in the book publishing sector of the economy has led not only to the intensification of commodity-money relations, but also to a variety of ways and methods of intra-publishing management, to the widespread use of marketing and other economic mechanisms of the market plan.

A serious factor in the development of the publishing business during this period was the increasing development and application of new information technologies. The legal and economic aspects of the book business received a scientific and technological basis, which made it possible in just a few years to cover a path that would previously have taken decades to overcome.

Finally, the formation of a new publishing system in Russia was largely facilitated by the globalization of the information space, the integration of domestic book publishing into the world publishing community. This made it possible to study rich international experience and use it more productively in domestic practice.

As a result of the mentioned laws, the opportunities for establishing new media and publishing houses have significantly expanded, in connection with which, over the past decade, there has been a constant increase in the number of publishing structures. To date, the number of organizations that have passed the relevant registration has reached almost 20 thousand. This is quite comparable with the publishing systems of the leading book publishing countries of the world. However, for Russia this is an unprecedented fact, which never had a place in the past due to the fact that the implementation of constant total state, church, and later - party (CPSU) control over the spiritual life of society and its individual strata led to the desire to have a closed system of ideological organizations, including book business.

Of course, as in other countries, not all registered publishing structures are equally active in the book publishing business. If we accept as a criterion for the inclusion of an organization in the publishing system the fulfillment by it of the requirements of the Federal Law "On the Legal Deposit of Documents" on the submission to the Russian Book Chamber of the established number of legal copies of each published publication, then it turns out that the country's book market is active every year. 5-6 thousand publishing houses.

If we take into account that until recently a little more than 100 publishing houses functioned in the Russian Federation as part of the USSR, then it can be argued that the number of actually operating publishing structures in the country has increased many times over over 10 years. The topography of their placement has seriously changed. The number of cities in which one or another book publishing structure operates today is more than 300, and in many of them there are several dozen publishing organizations.

At the same time, it should be pointed out that the overwhelming majority of this abundance of publishing organizations are medium-sized and, mainly, small enterprises, which, generally speaking, is a reflection of a more general trend in the development of modern entrepreneurship, which concerns not only the book business and not only our country. All over the world, there is a transition from mass marketing, focused on the homogenization of demand, to group marketing and from it to individual marketing, which in book publishing, for example, is embodied in technologies such as book-on-demand (manufacturing books on demand).

It should be borne in mind, however, that along with the growth in the number of small publishing houses and their constant rotation, the opposite trend is clearly manifested in the concentration of book production in several large structures that determine the main directions of the book business. Several dozen publishing houses today concentrate the bulk of book production and, of course, book distribution, and their share in both assortment and circulation is constantly growing. In terms of titles, it exceeds 30%, and in terms of circulation it makes up more than two-thirds of all book production. For example, according to official data, the total circulation of books and brochures published by only five publishing houses - AST, Drofa, Olma-Press, Enlightenment and Eksmo-Press - is about a third of the total circulation in the country. If we add seven more publishing houses to them (Rosmen, INFRA-M, Flamingo, Vagrius, Panorama, Raduga, Ripol Classic), then this dozen will account for almost half of all books published in the country.

In the development of the modern publishing system in Russia, a long-standing trend is clearly traced, which is inherited from the pre-revolutionary past. Despite the negative nature that she wears, she still cannot be overcome. We are talking about the attraction of the entire book business to the central regions of Russia and the high concentration of publishing entrepreneurial activity here. The share of publishing houses located in the Central and Northwestern Federal Districts (mainly in Moscow and St. Petersburg) in the total volume of book production in Russia in 2002 amounted to about 75% in terms of the number of titles, and in terms of circulation of books and brochures produced, it exceeded 90% . It is clear that such a situation slows down the functioning of the book market, makes it difficult to effectively provide the population with books, and also hinders the development of regional book publishing, including the publication of books in the languages ​​of the peoples of Russia.

As already mentioned, the publishing system operating today in Russia was formed from the very beginning as a market one, focused mainly on the fact that its equal participants are independent business entities operating on the basis of uniform rules determined by civil law legislation. This fundamentally distinguishes it from the publishing system of the Soviet period, which was based on an administrative-command resource and in which the publishing house itself was mainly an ideological institution that carried out the party-state order for the release of a certain information product with the specified properties of impact on a potential reader and the expected feedback. The state took upon itself the problems of selling these products, providing the corresponding working capital to the state bookstore for centralized buying up and subsequent distribution of published literature.
Under these conditions, the publishing system itself was nothing more than a state entity. The nationalization of book publishing, which began at the end of the 20s of the last century, led by the end of the century to the establishment of total party-state administration and control over the activities of the entire publishing business in the country. Therefore, the most important component of reforming book publishing on a democratic, market basis was its denationalization, that is, its transformation from a completely state-owned to a predominantly non-state one. At present, it is non-state structures that form the basis of the country's publishing system.

The share of state publishing houses in 2002 accounted for only about 3% of the number of titles of books and pamphlets (excluding departmental, non-market printed matter) and slightly more than 10% of the total circulation. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the vast majority of these books are textbooks published by the state publishing house Prosveshcheniye.
Statistical data testify to the significant advantages that are inherent in the new publishing system in Russia. According to experts, the capacity of the Russian book market currently exceeds 1 billion US dollars (retail sales). At the same time, the range of bookselling offered to a potential buyer is constantly growing. The countdown dates back to 1992, from the time when the new publishing system modern Russia for the first time earned on its own basis. By that moment, the drop in book production, which, as is well known, began back in perestroika times, reached its lowest limit - 28.7 thousand titles, that is, it was less than the pre-revolutionary level. However, as early as next year, the situation began to improve, and this process was based on the restructuring of the publishing repertoire, adapting to the new, market situation, as well as effective state support for book publishing. On this base, despite the default of 1998, the number of titles was constantly growing and in subsequent years not only reached the pre-crisis level (approximately 50,000 titles), but also significantly surpassed it. The number of titles published in 2001 was 2.5 times higher than in 1992 and almost 30% higher than in 1977 (55,657 titles - the highest achievement of Russian book publishing within the publishing system of the USSR).

Assistance from the state to the media, book publishing structures, and the development of culture as a whole is carried out in two forms: in the form of direct financial support for individual projects and programs and in the form of various benefits and preferences of tax, customs and other nature (the so-called indirect support ). In modern Russia, both of these species are actively used.

Thus, in accordance with the “Federal Target Program for the Support of Printing and Book Publishing in Russia”, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, in 1996-2001, about 300 million rubles were allocated and spent to support 2.5 thousand socially significant publications. (approximately 10 million US dollars). Since 2002, the subprogram "Support for Printing and Book Publishing in Russia (2002-2005)" began to operate as part of the federal target program "Culture of Russia".

Indirect support to publishing houses is carried out on the basis of the Federal Law "On State Support for Mass Media and Book Publishing in the Russian Federation" (1995). The law provides for a number of benefits for tax, customs, currency and other types of financial and economic regulation of editorial, publishing and printing activities for the production of books related to education, science and culture. The most important of these measures was the exemption of these activities from value added tax, which together was a powerful stimulus for the growth of book production and played a dominant role in the fact that publishers managed to avoid the catastrophic consequences of the 1998 default.

At the same time, the introduction of the value added tax in 2002 (although it was halved compared to VAT on other goods) had a negative impact on the dynamics of the processes taking place in Russian book publishing. The growth rates of quantitative indicators characterizing the production of books and brochures in 2002 were lower than those obtained in the previous 2001:
by number of titles

• 99.2% (2001 - 70332) by circulation
• 109.0% (2001 - 542.3 million copies) in terms of printed mass
• 114.7% (2001 - 7.7 billion print sheets)

Assessing these results, it should first of all be noted that for the first time in the last ten years in 2002 there was a decrease in the number of titles of published books and brochures. And although the absolute decrease was only about 600 titles (0.8%) and, generally speaking, is within the limits of statistical error, nevertheless, this fact deserves special attention. Firstly, because the number of titles is a universal international indicator of the development of book publishing in the country. It is by this indicator that the rating of the leading book publishing countries of the world is determined. Secondly, because this indicates a certain decrease in the growth rate of book production in the Russian Federation. In recent years, the number of titles has grown extremely rapidly: in 2000, compared with 1999, the number of published publications increased by almost 25%, in 2001, compared with 2000, by 18%, and reached an all-time high level Russian book publishing. Thirdly, the drop in the growth in the number of titles had an impact on the dynamics of other indicators. Thus, although the circulation of published publications in 2002 increased in comparison with the previous year, its growth rate was lower than in 2001, when it amounted to more than 15 percent.

Analysis of the results of 2002 shows that, on the one hand, the new system of Russian book publishing that took shape in the post-Soviet years is gradually acquiring new integrative qualities that allow it to maintain balance and avoid breakdowns and falls even in difficult situations. But, on the other hand, to ensure the necessary dynamics of book production, especially in the field of socially significant types of literature, in modern conditions is possible only with the implementation of reliable and effective state support as a means of increasing the availability of books for a wider population, which will contribute to the development of reading, increasing the role of books in the information society and, of course, the activation of the book market.
If we talk about the structure of published books and brochures, then we should note the balance, the balance of the repertoire of the Russian book publishing recent years, the constant growth in the share of socially significant publications, which deprives skeptics of grounds for asserting the dominance of mass-cultural reading in the publishing assortment. Russian book publishing is traditionally multinational. For example, in 2002, books and brochures were published in 85 languages, including the languages ​​of the peoples inhabiting the Russian Federation, the peoples of the Commonwealth countries independent states(CIS), in the main world languages.
The output of translated literature also reaches significant volumes.

In 2003 Russia participates in the International Book Fair in Frankfurt as a guest of honor. Russian book publishing comes to this significant event in the book world with worthy results: by the end of the year, book production is expected to grow to 73-75 thousand titles with a total circulation close to 600 million copies.

CEO Russian Book Chamber, Professor B.V. LENSKY