Our blog about the fate of the combat group of the 92nd separate mechanized Chuguyevo-Ropshinsky brigade of the armed forces of Ukraine (the brigade is stationed near Chuguev in Kharkiv region), which was almost completely destroyed in the Starobeshev area (Donetsk region) literally on the second day after arriving in the ATO zone on August 27, 2014.

An interesting pogrom of the combat group (for some reason called "company-tactical", although its number was about 2500 people) of the 92nd mechanized brigade gave in www.facebook.com notorious Ukrainian propagandist and adviser to the President of Ukraine, Chief Editor resource "Censor.net" Yuri Butusov. Although the presentation is presented in the spirit typical of Ukrainian propaganda, with an indispensable battle with "Russian troops", nevertheless, it gives an impressive picture of the event, vividly reminiscent of similar moments in the summer of 1941, and in general clearly characterizes the state of the Ukrainian army.

Destroyed at the end of August 2014, the equipment of the Ukrainian army near Starobeshevo (Donetsk region) (c) lostarmour.info

The death of the company tactical group of the 92nd brigade in battle with Russian troops near Starobeshev - tragic mistakes

Soldiers and commanders of the armed forces of Ukraine regularly contact me to discuss the tactics of combat use. Alas, my repeated appeals to the leadership of the General Staff and to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief to carry out information and analytical work to generalize combat experience and disseminating it among the troops, organizing meetings of officers and sergeants of units and groups of troops for the exchange of experience do not receive any support. And the level of theoretical knowledge and combat training of the reserve staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the National Guard is very uneven. In the same unit, there are commanders and subunits with sharply different levels of competence.

When exchanging information with participants in hostilities, I try to analyze mistakes from which lessons must be learned. One of such resonant tragedies is the death of the company tactical group of the 92nd Kharkov mechanized brigade.

On August 27, in view of the dramatic development of the situation near Ilovaisk, I actively supported Semyon Semenchenko's call for a rally under the presidential administration. I informed the advisers of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief about the reasons and the real situation - and in sector "B" and sector "D" I had personal contact with the military personnel of most Ukrainian units. They organized a meeting for me with the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, I informed Pyotr Alekseevich about the situation. I asked him for an order for the immediate withdrawal of troops from Ilovaisk, and a breakthrough from the ring. I knew that our command was pulling units of the 72nd mechanized brigade to the battlefield, but only the company-tactical group from the 92nd mechanized brigade was in full readiness for the attack. August 25-26 superior forces Russian troops defeated the battalion-tactical group of the 51st mechanized brigade in the area of ​​Kuteynikovo-Starobeshevo. Information was received about heavy losses, heroic resistance, and this made it possible to assess the level and concentration of the enemy. It was obvious that scattered attacks without coordination and massive artillery support would not yield results. The President said that the ATO command assures him that there are forces to break through the corridor. There is no need to withdraw troops from Ilovaisk. I said that, according to my information, the deblockade and the creation of a corridor in the conditions of the numerical superiority of the Russian troops are unreasonable - we must use our forces to strike towards the encircled grouping only when it makes a breakthrough. A breakthrough is needed immediately. my advice. in this case. are not something from the supernatural or especially far-sighted - these are actually elementary and necessary solutions. if you have objective information. every competent commander should have accepted them.

When I spoke about the impossibility of releasing Ilovaisk, I proceeded, among other things, from an understanding of the real state of the troops. The 92nd mechanized brigade during the Yanukovych era was one of the weakest units in terms of combat training. Its staff was only 550 people. Therefore, the replenishment of the brigade during mobilization did not lead to a sharp increase in the brigade's combat capability. Although it should be noted that a significant core of competent and motivated officers and soldiers appeared in the brigade. Unfortunately, the command of the brigade was unable to place competent and patriotic officers and soldiers in all command positions in the company tactical group, which was advanced to the Starobeshevo area.

This information was known to me, and it seemed obvious that the forces of one company alone could not break through the ring. But someone reported differently, and the command made a different decision. Obviously, it was the ATO command. The President authorized me to convey to the people who had gathered under the Presidential Administration that help would come to those surrounded in Ilovaisk, and that he was in full possession of the information.

Already after I left the president’s office and talked to people on Bankova Street, fighters from the 92nd called me and said that it was during those hours when the president was talking about a breakthrough with reference to the commander of the ATO Muzhenko, their group encountered superior forces Russian troops, and was completely defeated. More than 30 armored vehicles and vehicles were lost. The enemy of our soldiers were units of the 8th motorized rifle brigade Russian Federation- about a tank company. motorized rifle company mortar and artillery batteries.

I asked one of the participants in the battle, a volunteer soldier, a true patriot, an active participant in the Kharkiv Euromaidan, to write a report on what happened. I bring to your attention fragments of this report.

"On August 25, the convoy moved along the railway to the ATO zone. On August 26, it unloaded at Chaplino station, Dnipropetrovsk region. After unloading, movement was started. commander (callsign Sam) and chief of staff were not assigned.

On the second day of the movement, 27.08, at about 19:45, mortar shelling of the column began. Immediately before the shelling, the command of the group, under the pretext of the need to speed up the movement, it was decided to remove the military guard of the column, and counter-ambushes were canceled (infantry fighting vehicles raids on the flanks). After the first explosions, panic began, control was lost, the convoy mixed up, the outposts were pushed back by a fuel truck that had burst forward. Further, the fuel truck ran into dagger machine-gun fire and was hit, gasoline spilled along the road, equipment began to burn. The enemy began shelling with heavy machine guns and BMD cannons.

In this situation, the tankers and gunners of self-propelled guns showed themselves in the best way. Tanks under the command of a tank platoon commander (Lieutenant Yaroslav Yarovoy, tank commanders - senior officer Nikolaev and foreman Bankovsky) suppressed several enemy firing points, destroyed 1 BMD (ammo explosion) and knocked out another enemy BMD. The tank under the command of Lieutenant Yarovoy withstood three hits, after the fourth hit the BC exploded, the crew in full force managed to evacuate, went to their own in Mariupol. The self-propelled guns went to work “direct fire”, worked on several firing points, were hit, the crews were evacuated (in the hospital). Battery commander lieutenant colonel Igor Metenko, senior officer captain Vladimir Tsarev, political officer major Fyodor Shevchenko, gun commanders Ivan Guzenko, Artem Zvonenko fired to the end, and fired until the enemy hit the car. Officers and sergeants were seriously injured, Artem Zvonenko and his crew went missing.

As a result of the clash, heavy losses were suffered in personnel (infantry), all the equipment of the column was lost. About 40 soldiers were killed. They went out in small groups, the main part of the personnel was withdrawn by a reconnaissance platoon.

Reasons for what happened:

● Both I and the direct participants in this situation see the main reason as the lack of knowledge and skills of movement in the column, the lack of a clear algorithm of actions and instructions in case of such a development of events. In turn, this was caused by the lack of time for training and for combat coordination. The brigade has never been trained to move in a column. The fighters spent most of their time restoring equipment that was inoperable - non-working hydraulic boosters of armored personnel carriers, rotted hoses, dead batteries. The fighters had to spend most of the two weeks allocated for training under equipment. For all the time, the machine gunners managed to shoot from the KPVT only once, 10 shots each. The remaining time that the fighters could spend on training, they went on guard and on patrol around the military camp. The question is, what are our priorities? Also, time was spent on formations with a check for the presence of OZK and gas masks. Shooting received minimal attention.

● One of the main reasons for the lack of time was the dilapidation and malfunction of equipment. The need for constant requests and “knocking out” spare parts, it took a lot of time. Extremely poor supply of spare parts and consumables. On the part of the rear service (consciously or stupidly), obstacles were constantly placed - every little thing had to be begged, listening that “there is nothing”, as well as words in the spirit of “you came here to earn money, and I new technology gave, now you restore it.

● Lack of communication in the convoy, as well as communication with the leadership of the ATO. In the process of moving, negotiations were carried out on the radios, and by the end of the day the stations sat down. There was nowhere to charge them. absent charging device 24v/220v. (must be found and purchased).

● There was not enough information from the command about the location of the column, about the operational situation (where friends and foes), there were no maps, it was not set or specified combat mission during the movement of the column.

● The fighters have full confidence that someone deliberately spoils the equipment. For example, in the cylinders of engines, they find the remnants of piston rings that leave scuffs and reduce engine power. The rings themselves cannot get into the engine - pressure will squeeze them out from there. In order for them to appear there, they must be thrown there. There were also cases of impossibility to put the KPVT in its place in the APC, since this place was broken (with a hammer or a sledgehammer).

● Due to the short preparation time, it was not possible to test the weapons. Only at the beginning of the battle did it become clear that the KPVT of the BTR No. 207 was jammed and did not work.

I believe that the main responsibility for what happened lies with the command of the brigade, which did not create sufficient conditions for the training and combat coordination of fighters, and also does not give a damn about issues logistic support preparation for combat. Judging by the fact that the second group is now leaving, manned by Bassoons, from which no one has ever fired, no conclusions have been drawn."

This description of the battle was made by an ordinary soldier - with extensive experience in military service. He has excellent tactical thinking. I hope that the time will come when commanders in the Armed Forces of Ukraine will be appointed and dismissed based on the level of their tactical skills. I hope that the prosecutor's office will investigate the circumstances of the introduction of the company-tactical group of the 92nd brigade into battle, and the leadership of the Armed Forces of Ukraine will draw the appropriate conclusions. We must finally begin to firmly correct the shortcomings during the operational pause, and sharply increase the combat effectiveness of the troops. Moreover, even during this battle, many officers and soldiers showed themselves heroically and fought well - tankers, gunners and scouts fought with dignity, and deserve a reward even for such a generally unsuccessful battle - for brave and dignified behavior. The Ukrainian army is alive - but it needs emergency personnel decisions, professional commanders, much more than anything else.

Possessing immeasurably higher combat properties. However, at the present time, some models of conventional weapons, based on the latest achievements of science and technology, have come close in their effectiveness to weapons of mass destruction.

Conventional weapons comprise all fire and strike weapons that use artillery, anti-aircraft, aircraft, small arms and engineer ammunition and rockets in conventional equipment, incendiary ammunition and mixtures.

Conventional weapons can be used independently and in combination with nuclear weapons to destroy enemy personnel and equipment, as well as to destroy and destroy various especially important objects.

The best means for destroying small-sized and dispersed targets in the conditions of combat operations using conventional weapons are fragmentation, high-explosive, cumulative, concrete-piercing and incendiary ammunition, as well as volumetric explosion ammunition.

fragmentation projectile

fragmentation ammunition designed primarily to kill people. The most effective munitions of this type are ball bombs, which are dropped from aircraft in cartridges containing from 96 to 640 bombs. Above the ground, such a cassette opens, and the bombs fly apart and explode over an area of ​​up to 250,000 m 2 . The destructive power of striking elements (metal balls with a diameter of 2-3 mm) of each bomb is maintained within a radius of up to 15 m. Cluster bombs can be equipped, in addition to balls, also with cubes, shrapnel, etc.

high-explosive projectile

Main purpose explosive ammunition- destruction of industrial, residential and administrative buildings, railways and highways. The defeat of equipment and people. The main damaging factor of high-explosive ammunition is the air shock wave that occurs during the explosion of a conventional explosive (HE) with which these ammunition are equipped. They are distinguished by a high filling ratio (the ratio of the mass of explosives to the total mass of ammunition), reaching 55%, and have a caliber from tens to hundreds and thousands of pounds. From the shock wave and fragments of high-explosive and fragmentation ammunition, shelters, shelters of various types, and blocked gaps are effectively protected. You can hide from ball bombs in buildings, in trenches, terrain folds, in sewer wells.

HEAT projectile

Cumulative ammunition designed to destroy armored targets. Their principle of operation is based on burning the barrier with a powerful jet of detonation products of explosives with a temperature of 6 - 7 thousand degrees and a pressure of 5 * 10 5 - 6 * 10 5 kPa (5 - 6 thousand kgf / cm 2). The formation of a cumulative jet is achieved due to the cumulative recess of a parabolic shape in the explosive charge. Focused detonation products can burn through several tens of centimeters and cause fires. For protection against cumulative ammunition you can use screens of various materials located at a distance of 15 - 20 cm from the main structure.

Concrete-piercing projectile

Concrete-piercing ammunition designed to destroy high-strength reinforced concrete structures, as well as to destroy airfield runways. Two charges are placed in the body of the ammunition - cumulative and high-explosive and two detonators. Upon encountering an obstacle, an instantaneous detonator is triggered, which undermines the cumulative charge. With some delay (after the ammunition passes through the ceiling), the second detonator fires, detonating the high-explosive charge, which causes the main destruction of the object.

incendiary projectile

incendiary ammunition are intended to defeat people, destroy by fire buildings and structures of industrial facilities and settlements, rolling stock and various warehouses. The basis of incendiary ammunition is made up of incendiary substances and mixtures based on petroleum products (napalm); metallized incendiary mixtures (pyrogels); thermite and thermite compounds; ordinary and plasticized phosphorus.

From the family napalm Napalm B is considered the most effective. In addition to petroleum products, napalm B contains polystyrene and salts of naphthenic and palmitic acids. By appearance it is a gel that adheres well even to wet surfaces. Pieces of napalm burn for 5-10 minutes, developing a temperature of 1200 ° C and releasing poisonous gases. Burning napalm is able to penetrate holes and crevices and cause damage to people in shelters and equipment.

Pyrogels- thickened metallized fire mixtures based on petroleum products, in their composition have magnesium or aluminum shavings (powder), therefore they burn with flashes, developing temperatures up to 1600 ° C and above. The slag formed during combustion is able to burn through thin sheets of metal.

Mixes

Thermite compositions are mechanical mixtures consisting of powdered metals (for example, aluminum) and metal oxides (for example, iron oxide). When burning thermite compositions, temperatures up to 3000 ° C develop. Since as a result of the flowing chemical reaction oxygen is released from metal oxides, thermite compositions can burn without air access.

White phosphorus ignites spontaneously in air, developing a combustion temperature of up to 900 °C. At the same time, it highlights a large number of white poisonous smoke (phosphorus oxide), which, along with burns, can cause severe injuries to people.

The basis of various types of incendiary ammunition is aviation incendiary bombs and tanks. In addition, it is possible to use incendiary means by barrel and rocket artillery, with the help of incendiary land mines, grenades and bullets.

To protect wooden structures and surfaces from incendiary weapons, they can be coated with damp earth, clay, lime or cement, and in winter time- put a layer of ice on them. The most effective protection of people from incendiary weapons is provided by protective structures. Temporary protection can be outerwear, personal protective equipment.

Ammunition volumetric explosion (BON)

The principle of operation of such ammunition is as follows: liquid fuel, which has a high thermal conductivity (ethylene oxide, diborane, acetic acid peroxide, propyl nitrate), placed in a special shell. During the explosion, it splashes, evaporates and mixes with atmospheric oxygen, forming a spherical cloud of a fuel-air mixture with a radius of about 15 m and a layer thickness of 2-3 m. The resulting mixture is undermined in several places by special detonators. In the detonation zone, a temperature of 2500–3000 °C develops in a few tens of microseconds. At the moment of explosion, a relative void is formed inside the shell from the fuel-air mixture. There is something similar to the explosion of the shell of a ball with evacuated air (“vacuum bomb”).

The main damaging factor of the BOW is the shock wave. Ammunition volumetric explosion in terms of their power, they occupy an intermediate position between nuclear and conventional (high-explosive) munitions. Excessive pressure in the front of the shock wave BOW even at a distance of 100 m from the center of the explosion can reach 100 kPa (1 kgf / cm 2).

Precision guided weapons

One of the most important areas of the new stage in the development of conventional weapons is the creation precision guided weapons. her hallmark is a high probability of hitting a target from the first shot at any time of the day and under any meteorological conditions. The stationary location of economic objects allows the enemy to pre-determine their coordinates and the most vulnerabilities in the technological complex. One of the goals of creating high-precision guided weapons is to eliminate losses among the civilian population during military conflicts. But, as the experience of its use by American troops in Yugoslavia, Iraq, and Afghanistan has shown, these victims cannot be avoided.

High-precision weapons include reconnaissance-strike systems (RUK) and guided aerial bombs (UAB).

RUK are designed to guarantee the destruction of well-protected, durable and small-sized objects with minimal means. They combine two elements: lethal weapons (aircraft, missiles equipped with homing warheads) and technical means that provide them combat use(means of reconnaissance, communications, navigation, control systems, information processing and display, command generation).

UABs resemble conventional bombs, but differ from them in their control system and small wings. Aimed at defeating small targets. Depending on the type and nature of the latter, bombs are concrete-piercing, armor-piercing, anti-tank, cluster, etc.

Parameter name	Meaning
Article subject:	CONVENTIONAL MEANS
Rubric (thematic category)	Population

Common weapons include ammunition volumetric explosion, incendiary ammunition, fragmentation, high-explosive, cumulative and concrete-piercing ammunition, as well as precision weapons.

Volume Explosion Ammunition (VBU) is based on physical phenomenon- detonation that occurs in a mixture of combustible gases with air. The action of the BOV is reduced to the following - the charge is sprayed in the air, the resulting aerosol is converted into a gas-air mixture, which is then blown up.

INCENSIBLE AMMUNITION are designed to create large fires, destroy people, structures, equipment, etc.
Hosted on ref.rf
material values.

BALL AIR BOMB - have a high destruction efficiency both in open areas and in populated areas. The striking element in them are metal balls with a diameter of 2-3 mm. Bomb damage radius - up to 15 m.

HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS

Precision weapons include guided aerial bombs (UAB), guided missilesʼʼ air - ground ʼʼ, anti-radar missiles.

9 ) Emergency warning- a set of measures carried out in advance and aimed at minimizing the risk of emergencies, as well as preserving people's health, reducing environmental damage and material losses in case of their occurrence.

The main directions for the prevention of emergencies:

Environmental Monitoring natural environment and potentially dangerous objects.

Forecasting emergencies.

Prevention of occurrence of sources of emergencies.

Prepare for emergencies.

National monitoring system environment(NSMOS), its composition and tasks. (NSMOS) was created to provide all levels of management with extremely important environmental information for determining the strategy for nature management and making operational management decisions. NSMS is a state information macrosystem, which is formed on the basis of organizational, methodological and metrological support of monitoring and control facilities. It is designed to solve the following tasks:

Regular monitoring of the state of natural ecosystems;

Collection, processing (generalization), storage and use of environmental information;

Assessment of the actual state of natural ecosystems, identification of critical situations and sources of environmental hazard;

Determining the optimal structure of the monitoring network;

Drawing up short-term and long-term forecasts;

Disaster alert, natural disasters and environmental hazards;

Preparation of information for governing bodies and the public (reviews, yearbooks) .

Emergency forecasting- ϶ᴛᴏ scientifically based prediction of the probability of occurrence of emergencies of their development, nature, scale and consequences.

Forecasting should be long-term and operational (short-term). The long-term forecast is based on statistics and hazard retrospective analysis and is more applicable to regions of recurring natural disasters. Potentially dangerous objects are identified, accidents at which can lead to great destruction, injury to people, and contamination of territories. Objectives: to determine the type of emergency that is possible in a given residential area, as well as the scale of emergency in conditions of incomplete information. The task of the operational forecast includes an approximate determination of the time of occurrence of an emergency, according to which operational decisions are made to ensure the safety of the population. Prediction of the situation is carried out by mathematical methods. The initial data for predicting the situation are: coordinates of potentially dangerous economic objects; their stocks of hazardous substances or energy; the number and density of the population falling into the zone emergency; providing him with means of collective and individual protection; the nature of the building and other information.

Some activities carried out on the basis of short-term and long-term forecasts. Measures to ensure the protection of the population and economic facilities based on forecasting are divided into two categories:

1. Permanent (background) activities based on a long-term forecast;

2. Activities carried out on the basis of a short-term forecast (when the moment of emergency is predicted).

BACKGROUND ACTIONS include: construction and installation works in accordance with the requirements of Building Norms and Rules (SNiP); creation of a reliable system for alerting the population about dangers; accumulation of a sufficient fund of protective structures; providing the population with personal protective equipment; mandatory universal training of the population in actions in emergency situations; carrying out routine sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic measures; financial support and development of emergency response plans.

On the basis of a short-term forecast, the following is carried out: deployment of an observation and reconnaissance system to refine the long-term forecast; alerting the public alert system about emergencies; the introduction of special rules governing the economic and public life, up to the introduction state of emergency in the country; neutralization of sources of increased danger; alerting emergency services; carrying out evacuation measures; alerting to the reception of sheltered protective structures, organizing the issuance of personal protective equipment to the population;

Features of forecasting various emergencies. Knowing the essence of the processes, it is possible to predict their development (forecast). timely and accurate forecast is a prerequisite for effective protection. The value of forecasting is determined by the degree to which the data obtained are used to change the situation. At the same time, the complexity lies in fact in the fact that it is required to determine the area, nature and extent of the emergency in conditions of incomplete information, and then roughly determine the nature and scope of protective measures and work to eliminate the consequences of the emergency. The forecasting results are summarized, analyzed, and on their basis, proposals are developed and measures are taken to prevent emergencies and reduce the scale of their possible consequences, decisions are made related to the conduct of rescue operations in the affected areas. The situation identified at the first stage of forecasting is subject to assessment, which is carried out by the graphic-analytical method. Includes: assessment of the engineering environment; chemical environment; radiation situation; fire conditions; SITUATION IN THE AREA OF ES is a specific characteristic of the zone (object of the region) in which an emergency situation has developed, identified at a certain point in time and containing information about the state, consequences, resources, work performed and external conditions.

The risk of an emergency. Types of risks. Risk assessment methods. acceptable risk. Risk management. RISK - quantification danger of an emergency. Risk is defined as the frequency (dimension - 1/s), or as the probability (dimensionless value from 0 to 1) of the occurrence of one event when another event occurs. There are individual, social, environmental and economic risks. There are 4 methodological approaches to risk assessment:

Engineering based on statistics, calculation of frequencies, probabilistic safety analysis, construction of hazard trees;

Model based on impact modeling harmful factors on an individual, social and professional groups;

Expert, when the probability of various events is determined on the basis of a survey of experienced specialists - experts;

Sociological, based on a survey of the population.

Acceptable (acceptable) risk- this is such a minimum risk value that is achievable in terms of technical, economic and technological capabilities. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, acceptable risk is a compromise between the level of safety and the ability to achieve it. Today it is generally accepted that for the action of man-made hazards, in general, an individual risk is considered acceptable if its value does not exceed 10 −6

risk management are the procedures and activities that enable a manager to identify, evaluate, monitor and eliminate risks before or as they become problems.

10 ) The stability of the functioning of facilities in emergency situations is the ability of an enterprise, organization, institutions to prevent the occurrence of industrial accidents and disasters, to withstand the effects of damaging factors from sources of emergency situations in order to prevent or limit the threat to the health of personnel and the population living nearby, material damage, and also to ensure recovery disruption of production in the shortest possible time.

In short: this is the ability of a given object to continue working in an emergency.

Reliability of protection of production personnel.

Reliability of the production and technical complex.

Reliability of the technological process.

Reliability of the control system.

Reliability of the supply and distribution system.

Readiness to eliminate emergencies and restore disruption of production.

CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS" 2017, 2018.

- CONVENTIONAL MEANS

Common weapons include volume explosion munitions, incendiary munitions, fragmentation, high explosive, cumulative and concrete-piercing munitions, as well as precision weapons. Ammunition of a volume explosion (BOV) is based on a physical phenomenon - detonation, ... .

- Conventional Weapons (CW)

Modern means (systems) of armed struggle and damaging factors from them It should be noted that modern means of destruction, having a large destructive power and range of impact, are capable of destroying not only manpower, weapons and ... .

- CONVENTIONAL MEANS

BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS Biological weapons- ammunition and combat devices with their means of delivery equipped with biological means. Biological weapons are based on the use of pathogens and microbial toxins. It is intended for...

Classifications of modern conventional weapons

Characteristic modern means defeat.

Fire and strike means (ammunition)

Fragmentation ammunition - designed to defeat people. A feature of ammunition with ready-made or semi-finished lethal elements is a huge number (up to several thousand) of elements (balls, needles, arrows, etc.) weighing from fractions of a gram to several grams. Splinter radius up to 300m.

Ball bombs - can be from tennis to soccer ball and contain up to 200 metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5 mm. The radius of destruction of such a bomb, depending on the caliber, is 1.5-15m. Ball bombs are dropped from aircraft in cassettes containing 96-640 bombs. Scattered ball bombs explode on an area up to 250,000 sq.m.

High-explosive ammunition - designed to defeat a shock wave and fragments of large ground objects (industrial and administrative buildings, railway junctions, etc.). The mass of the bomb is from 50 to 10000 kg.

Cumulative ammunition - designed to destroy armored targets. The principle of operation is based on burning through the barrier with a powerful jet of high-density gases with

temperature 6000-7000 0 C. Focused detonation products can burn holes in armored ceilings several tens of centimeters thick and cause fires.

Concrete-piercing ammunition - designed to destroy the runways of airfields and other objects with a concrete coating. The Durandal concrete-piercing bomb weighing 195 kg and 2.7 m long has a warhead mass of 100 kg. It is capable of penetrating a 70cm thick concrete pavement. After breaking through the concrete, the bomb explodes (sometimes with a slowdown), forming a crater 2m deep and 5m in diameter.

Ammunition of a volumetric explosion - designed to defeat people, buildings, structures and equipment with an air shock wave and fire. The principle of operation is to spray gas-air mixtures in the air, followed by undermining the resulting cloud of aerosols. As a result of the explosion, enormous pressure is created.

Incendiary ammunition - the damaging effect on people, equipment and other objects is based on the direct impact high temperatures. Incendiary substances are divided into:

● Compositions based on petroleum products (napalm)

● Metallized incendiary mixtures

● Thermites and thermite compounds

● White phosphorus

Characteristics of incendiary ammunition:

● Compositions based on petroleum products. NAPALM- a mixture of gasoline and thickener powder (90-97: 10-3). It ignites well even on wet surfaces, is able to create a high-temperature focus (1000 - 1200 ° C) with a burning time of 5-10 minutes. Lighter than water.

● Metallized incendiary mixtures. ELECTRON is an alloy of magnesium, aluminum and other elements (96:3:1). Ignites at 600 0 C and burns with a dazzling white or bluish flame, reaching a temperature of 2800 ° C.

● Thermite compositions - pressed powder of aluminum and oxides of refractory metals. Burning thermite heats up to 3000˚С.

● White phosphorus is a translucent, wax-like solid. Able to ignite spontaneously when combined with atmospheric oxygen. Flame temperature 900-1200˚С. It is most commonly used as a napalm igniter and smoke generating agent.

Precision weapons:

Reconnaissance and strike complexes (RUK) - RUK combines two elements: striking weapons (aircraft, missiles equipped with homing warheads capable of selecting the right targets among other objects and local objects) and technical means that ensure their combat use (reconnaissance, communications, navigation, control system, processing and display, information, command generation).

Guided aerial bombs - designed to hit small targets that require high accuracy. Depending on the type and nature of targets, UABs can be concrete-piercing, armor-piercing, anti-tank, cluster, etc. The probability of hitting UABs is at least 05.

Nuclear weapon. The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Har-ka defeat factors of a nuclear explosion. Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the use of the fission energy of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or on thermonuclear fusion reactions of light nuclei of hydrogen isotopes of deuterium and tritium.

By power, nuclear weapons are divided: (Ultra-small (less than 1 kt), Small (1-10 kt), Medium (10-100 kt), Large (100-1000 kg), Extra large (more than 1000 kt))

AFFECTING FACTORS

Shock wave (direct or indirect effect on the body)

Light emission - thermal burns skin and eye.

Penetrating radiation - a stream of neurons and gamma rays.

Radioactive contamination of the area.

electromagnetic pulse

Feature: combined lesions.

Class: 10

The purpose of the lesson:

To teach students the correct and competent ways to protect themselves, their loved ones and others from the consequences of the use of conventional weapons.

To form students' determination in their actions when they receive information about the use of fragmentation, high-explosive and ball charges by the enemy; incendiary and non-lethal weapons; explosive munitions.

To develop in tenth graders the ability to think correctly in dangerous situations.

Time: 45 minutes.

Equipment:

• computer class;

Presentation on this topic.

During the classes

SLIDE 1: Modern conventional weapons

Organizing time

SLAY 2. Ammunition and conventional weapons systems

Conventional means of destruction are weapons that are based on the use of the energy of explosives (HE) and incendiary mixtures (artillery, rocket and aviation ammunition, small arms, mines, incendiary ammunition and fire mixtures), as well as edged weapons. At the same time, the current level of development of science makes it possible to create conventional means of destruction on qualitatively new principles (infrasound, radiological, laser).

Among conventional means of destruction, a special place is occupied by weapons with high accuracy of hitting the target. An example of it can be cruise missiles. They are equipped with a complex combined control system that guides the missile to the target according to pre-compiled flight maps. The flight is prepared on the basis of information stored in the memory of the onboard computer from reconnaissance artificial earth satellites. During the execution of the task, these data are compared with the terrain and automatically corrected. The control system provides the cruise missile with low-altitude flight, which makes it difficult to detect and increases the probability of hitting the target.

SLIDE 3. Precision weapons

Precision weapons include: cruise missiles, guided ballistic missiles, aerial bombs and cassettes, artillery shells, torpedoes, reconnaissance and strike, anti-aircraft and anti-tank missile systems.

High accuracy of hitting targets with these means is achieved:

• guidance guided munitions to a visually observed target (using on-board video equipment);
• homing of ammunition using radar detection by reflection from the target surface (using an airborne radar station (RLS);
• combined aiming of ammunition at the target, i.e. management through automated system on most of the flight path and homing at the final stage.

Efficiency precision weapons was convincingly confirmed in local wars.

The most common munitions related to conventional weapons are different kind air bombs - fragmentation, high-explosive, ball, as well as volumetric explosion ammunition.

SLIDE 4. High-explosive ammunition

High-explosive ammunition is designed to destroy large ground objects (industrial and administrative buildings, railway junctions, and so on) with a shock wave and fragments. The mass of such a bomb can be from 50 to 10,000 kg. The main means of delivering high-explosive bombs are aircraft.

They often have delayed fuses that fire automatically after some time (minutes, hours, days, months, and even years) after the bomb is dropped.

SLIDE 5. Hand grenades

Wide application in Armed Forces Russia received hand grenades. They are actively used both in defense and in the offensive to destroy enemy manpower.

SLIDE 6. Grenade launchers

Currently, each motorized rifle unit is armed with hand grenade launchers. The range of a grenade launcher, depending on the model, is 200 - 500 meters. In the presence of shots for a grenade launcher, a grenade launcher can fight simultaneously with both armored vehicles and manpower.

SLIDE 7. Aviation fragmentation munitions

Fragmentation bombs are used to destroy people and animals. When a bomb explodes, a large number of fragments are formed, which scatter in different sides at a distance of up to 300 m from the explosion site. Fragments do not break through brick and wooden walls. Fragmentation munitions are designed primarily to kill people.

In some states, intensive work is being carried out to improve conventional high-explosive fragmentation ammunition. One of the most illustrative examples is the creation and widespread use of various ammunition with finished or semi-finished lethal elements.

The peculiarity of such ammunition is a huge number (up to several thousand) of elements (balls, needles, arrows, etc.) weighing

o t 1 to several grams.

SLIDE 8: Ball (cluster) anti-personnel bombs

Ball (cluster) anti-personnel bombs can range in size from tennis to soccer ball and contain up to 200 metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5 - 6 mm. The radius of destruction of such a bomb, depending on the caliber, is 1.5 - 15 m.

Often these bombs are called cluster bombs, because they are dropped from aircraft in packages (cassettes) containing 96 - 640 bombs. From the action of an expelling charge, such a cassette is destroyed above the ground, and flying ball bombs explode over an area of ​​​​up to 250 thousand square meters. They are equipped with various fuses, inertial, pressure, tension or delayed action.

In the same way, cassettes can be used in anti-personnel mines. From hitting the ground, wire-antennae are thrown out of them. When touched, the mine takes off to the height of human growth and explodes in the air. Such ammunition in open areas inflicts many injuries (hail effect) to manpower over large areas.

To protect themselves from the action of such ammunition, people should take cover in any protective structures.

SLAY 9: Volumetric Explosion Ammunition

Volumetric explosion munitions are sometimes referred to as "vacuum bombs". As a combat charge, they use liquid hydrocarbon fuel: ethylene or propylene oxide, methane.

Volumetric explosion ammunition is a small container that is dropped from an aircraft by parachute. At a predetermined height, the container opens to release the mixture contained within. A gas cloud is formed, which is undermined by a special fuse and instantly ignites. A shock wave propagating at supersonic speed arises. Its power is 4 - 6 times higher than the explosion energy of a conventional explosive. In addition, during such an explosion, the temperature reaches 2500 - 3000? At the site of the explosion, a lifeless space the size of a football field is formed. In terms of its destructive ability, such a munition can be compared with a tactical nuclear munition.

Since the fuel-air mixture of volumetric explosion ammunition spreads easily and is able to penetrate into unpressurized rooms, as well as form in the folds of the terrain, the simplest defense structures cannot save them.

The shock wave resulting from the explosion causes injuries in people such as brain contusion, multiple internal bleeding due to rupture of connective tissues internal organs(liver, spleen), eardrum rupture.

The high lethality, as well as the ineffectiveness of existing measures to protect against volume explosion munitions, have served as the basis for the United Nations (UN) to qualify such weapons as inhumane means of warfare, causing undue human suffering. At a meeting of the Emergency Committee on Conventional Arms in Geneva, a document was adopted in which such ammunition is recognized as a type of weapon that requires a ban by the international community.

SLIDE 10: HEAT munitions

Cumulative ammunition is designed to destroy armored targets.

The principle of their operation is based on burning through the barrier with a powerful jet of high-density gases with a temperature of 6000 - 7000? Focused detonation products are capable of burning holes in armored ceilings several tens of centimeters thick and causing fires.

To protect against cumulative ammunition, screens of various materials can be used, located at a distance of 15 - 20 cm from the main structure. In this case, all the energy of the jet is spent on burning the screen, and the main structure remains intact.

SLIDE 11: Concrete piercing ammunition

Concrete-piercing ammunition is designed to destroy the runways of airfields and other objects with a concrete coating.

The Durandal concrete-piercing bomb weighing 195 kg and 2.7 m long has a warhead (warhead) weight of 100 kg. It is capable of penetrating a concrete floor 70 cm thick. Having broken through the concrete, the bomb explodes (sometimes with a slowdown), forming a funnel 2 m deep and 5 m in diameter.

SLIDE 12: Incendiary weapons.

Incendiary substances are those substances and mixtures that have a damaging effect as a result of the high temperature created during their combustion. They have the most ancient history, but have received significant development in

XX century.

By the end of the First World War, incendiary bombs accounted for up to 40 percent of the total number of bombs dropped by German bombers on the cities of England. During the Second World War, this practice continued: incendiary bombs dropped in large numbers caused devastating fires in cities and industrial facilities.

Incendiary weapons are classified into

• incendiary mixtures (napalm);
• metallized incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (pyrogel);
• thermite and thermite compounds;
• white phosphorus.

SLIDE 13: Napalm

Napalm is considered the most effective fire mixture. It is based on gasoline

(90 - 97%) and thickening powder (3 - 10%). It is distinguished by good flammability and increased adhesion even to wet surfaces, it is able to create a high-temperature focus (1000 - 1200 degrees) with a burning time of 5 - 10 minutes. Since napalm is lighter than water, it floats on its surface while retaining its ability to burn. Burning produces black poisonous smoke.

Napalm bombs were widely used by American troops during the war in Vietnam. They burned out settlements, fields and forests.

SLIDE 14: Pyrogel

Pyrogel consists of petroleum products with the addition of powdered magnesium (aluminum), liquid asphalt and heavy oils. The high combustion temperature allows it to burn through a thin layer of metal. An example of a pyrogel is the metallized incendiary mixture “Electron” (an alloy of 96% magnesium, 3% aluminum and 1% other elements). This mixture ignites at 600 degrees and burns with a dazzling white or bluish flame, reaching a temperature of 2800 degrees.

It is used to make aviation incendiary bombs.

SLIDE 15: Thermite compositions

Thermite compositions are compressed powder mixtures of iron and aluminum with the addition of barium nitrate, sulfur and binders (lacquer, oil). They burn without access to air, the combustion temperature reaches 3000 degrees. At this temperature, concrete and brick crack, iron and steel burn.

SLIDE 16: White phosphorus

White phosphorus is a translucent, poisonous, wax-like solid. It is able to ignite spontaneously when combined with atmospheric oxygen. The combustion temperature reaches 900 - 1200 degrees.

Used primarily as a napalm igniter and smoke generating agent.

Causes burns and poisoning.

Incendiary weapons can be in the form of aerial bombs, cassettes, artillery incendiary ammunition, flamethrowers, and various incendiary grenades. Incendiaries cause very severe burns, burnouts. In the process of their burning, the air quickly heats up, which causes burns in the upper respiratory tract in people who inhale it.

Incendiary substances that have come into contact with personal protective equipment or outerwear must be quickly discarded, or cover with a sleeve, hollow clothes, turf to stop burning. You can not knock down the burning mixture with your bare hand, shake it off on the run!

If a fire mixture has hit a person, they throw a cape, jacket, tarpaulin, burlap on him. You can immerse yourself in burning clothes in water or bring down the fire by rolling on the ground.

To protect against incendiary mixtures, protective structures and their fire-fighting equipment are being built, and fire extinguishing means are being prepared.

In today's lesson, we got acquainted with the usual means of destruction that are in service with our army, but I would like you not only not to use these weapons in your later life, even in educational purposes but never saw its use.