All weather events. natural phenomena. Natural and dangerous natural phenomena. Weather phenomena of nature

People often cannot orient themselves and name the ordinary things that they encounter on a daily basis. We, as scouts, "blur their eyes." We can talk about high matters, complex technologies, but say what weather conditions, unable. Of course, this is not an indicator of illiteracy. Rather, these concepts are so familiar and natural that they do not need, as it seems to us, to be interpreted. Indeed, why give a definition to what is already clear, without any abstruse words? And each of us heard a story about weather phenomena at school. Perhaps answered without hesitation the relevant questions of the teacher. But now everything has faded from memory. Let's restore knowledge so as not to get into a mess!

What it is?

This is probably the most difficult question. Weather phenomena are all that happens in the toposphere, being formed under the influence of climatic and natural factors. They can be periodic and spontaneous. Everything depends on the circumstances. are formed under the influence - daily and annual. They must be described separately. To complete the picture, it is also necessary to give some examples. So, weather phenomena are precipitation (everything), wind, rainbow, etc. You can list further. Now you probably understand what we are talking about. This is something that directly affects all living organisms on earth, something on which, ultimately, the development of plants depends, and hence the existence of the animal world (together with us).

Rain

A story about weather phenomena can begin with water droplets that fall on our heads from time to time. This process is not completely independent. The fact is that water is in constant motion. She moves from one state of aggregation into another. In the form of steam, we see it in the sky (clouds and clouds). But in certain moment it passes into a liquid state and spills onto the earth as rain or a downpour. Such weather phenomena in summer (during warm time) are observed more often than in winter. Rains are different: ordinary, lingering, torrential, "blind", short-term, mushroom and so on. And these are not just poetic epithets. These terms refer to the characteristics of the rain. For example, lingering - this adjective means that it goes on for a long time without ceasing. The downpour has an increased intensity, for a certain period more water falls than during other precipitation. We all love mushroom (blind) rain. It drips against the backdrop of sunlight. The clouds do not cover the sun. Short-term rain comes on suddenly and passes quickly. Most often it is difficult to predict in advance.

Snow

It is customary to consider weather phenomena in the children's team from this point. They fall out in the cold season. Water, which is in a gaseous state in the high layers of the atmosphere, bypassing the layers with a low temperature, freezes. It turns out snowflakes of the correct geometric shape. Each of them is individual, unique. But they all have six rays with needles at the ends. These are frozen water molecules. snow has great importance for flora and fauna. It plays the role of a "warm blanket", covering the earth and the root systems in it from the cold. Small animals hide in it. Even snow creates a "reserve" of water for the spring. When the earth begins to warm up, the plants wake up and require moisture to develop. Melting snow gives it to them.

Wind

The movement of air masses, running parallel to the earth's surface, forms this weather phenomenon. Causes its temperature difference. Wind is classified by speed, duration and power of impact. Monsoons blow for several months. They are caused by seasonal temperature changes. The trade winds are winds that never stop. They are permanent. They are caused by the difference in air temperatures in different latitudes. In addition, the geography of the area (mountains and steppes, the ocean) also influences the strength. Air is never static. It is constantly moving, changing direction. This is due to the uneven distribution atmospheric pressure. The wind blows from areas with a high rate towards those areas where it is lower.

hail

This is another type of precipitation. It should not be confused with snow. Hail - pieces of ice falling from the sky. It can go not only on frosty days. If snow is obtained by solidification of water passing through layers of air with a low temperature, then hail is formed at the top, in the clouds. The ice particles themselves can have different sizes - from a few millimeters to a centimeter or even more. Unusual ice precipitation often described by those who investigate abnormal weather phenomena. In summer, hail can cause a lot of damage to agricultural enterprises. Ice balls harm plants, and can completely destroy the crop. Therefore, weather and weather phenomena are so important for farmers. A special service is engaged in the preparation of forecasts to prevent the negative effects of precipitation or winds. People have learned to deal with cumulus clouds in which hail is born. Special charges are released into them, forcing them to rain until the formation of ice floes of menacing size.

Fog

This phenomenon is represented by small droplets of water or ice particles that collect at the surface of the earth. Fog has different densities. Sometimes it greatly reduces visibility, which is dangerous for drivers and passengers. It is formed due to the contact of air flows having different temperatures. At the same time, atmospheric moisture forms particles of fog. Most often it is observed near water bodies, where there is enough evaporation. But even in places with low humidity it can form. This is explained by human activity. Fuel, burning, leads to condensation of water vapor, which can cause fog.

Frost

Another kind of precipitation. It forms when the diurnal temperature variation is high enough. That is, it is warm during the day, and moisture evaporates quickly. And at night the temperature drops, then the water settles in droplets on the ground and plants, and they, in turn, freeze. Most often, frost covers objects with low thermal conductivity. We can observe it on grass, wood, earth. The wind prevents the formation of frost. He just takes away wet air. There are very interesting cases of this type of precipitation. They call them frost flowers. These are accumulations of ice crystals of various shapes that cover certain areas of surfaces. They really resemble flowers and plants.

Rainbow

It is impossible to pass by this phenomenon by studying weather phenomena. In summer, rainbows often appear after or during rain. Sunlight is refracted through droplets, like lenses. It turns out what physicists call the phenomenon of interference. White light is formed by 7 colors (spectrum). But this does not mean at all that everything will be visible to the human eye at once. The rainbow appears to the viewer in the form of a multi-colored yoke, whose ends tend to the ground (but do not touch it). It only appears when the sun is shining and it's raining. You can also see her at the fountain or waterfall. Rainbow is a very beautiful and impressive phenomenon.

Weather designations

Since changes in the state of the atmosphere are important for many people, special services are engaged in its study, forecasting and notification of the population about their findings. Today you can see such information on various specialized resources, in newspapers and magazines. In order to unify the data, the designations of weather phenomena were created. They are understandable to people who speak and think in any language. For example, seeing a snowflake, anyone will understand what to expect. Rain is indicated by droplets, wind is indicated by an arrow, next to which special indicators (speed and direction) are written. A rainbow in special forecasts is depicted as a short curved curve, hail - as a triangle. It is customary to draw a thunderstorm in which it often accompanies it. There are other, special signs.

How to teach children about natural phenomena

Parents often face this problem. It is difficult for them to put ordinary things into lexical forms. Perhaps it makes sense to start by creating a plan. You can talk about weather phenomena briefly or in detail. It is advisable to conduct several "lessons" so that the child remembers the material. Moreover, in life he will encounter him constantly. Topic: "Weather phenomena" for children is very interesting, especially if you submit information along with examples. Well, if you show them "in natural conditions”, But no, so at least prepare the pictures. The fact is that it is easier to perceive this rather complex material. Yes, don't be surprised. We, adults, understand everything, but kids still have a lot to learn. Theme: "Weather events" for children younger age still a bit complicated. Here, for example, what to say about the rainbow? Children in the kindergarten have not yet studied physics, they practically know nothing about light. You can experiment with a pyramid and try to explain in simple words, what's happening. And it is better, of course, to see any phenomenon with your own eyes. Fortunately, there is now no shortage of video materials containing such information. They definitely need to be used.

Overall plan

It is necessary to talk about weather phenomena harmoniously and consistently. The fact is that they are all interconnected, sometimes born due to the same reasons. In order for children to understand what follows from what, one must adhere to logic. It is recommended to start with the winds. Behind them, consider precipitation - from simple to complex. If the child understands how rain is made, then he will also master the sources of hail with snow. More difficult will be the appearance of fog and frost. It may be necessary to simply point out their existence, without going into the origins. They can be considered later, when the child learns the necessary basic knowledge.

In order for the attention of the children not to dissipate (like that fog), it is necessary to “dilute” the stories with such facts that would help them concentrate and arouse interest. In this case, these may be signs of weather phenomena. This is a kind of transition from "boring" theory to practice. If you are talking about rain, then you can see that clouds or clouds will be a harbinger of its appearance. Of course, this is a kind of trick, but this fact is important for understanding the process. In addition, children will be interested folk omens, which exist for almost any of the phenomena. By the rain - swallows fly low, the wind raises dust in a pillar. But the burgundy sunset suggests that a hurricane is coming. Will take a lot. If you accompany a story about weather phenomena with such examples, then there will be no problems with memorization. It is also recommended to repeat the material whenever there are changes in the weather.

What are natural phenomena? What are they? You will find answers to these questions in this article. The material can be useful both for preparing for the lesson the world and for general development.

Everything that surrounds us and is not created by human hands is nature.

All changes occurring in nature are called phenomena of nature or natural phenomena. The rotation of the Earth, its movement in its orbit, the change of day and night, the change of seasons are examples of natural phenomena.

The seasons are also called seasons. Therefore, natural phenomena associated with the change of seasons are called seasonal phenomena.

Nature, as you know, is inanimate and alive.

Inanimate nature includes: the sun, stars, celestial bodies, air, water, clouds, stones, minerals, soil, precipitation, mountains.

Wildlife includes plants (trees), fungi, animals (animals, fish, birds, insects), microbes, bacteria, humans.

In this article we will look at winter, spring, summer and autumn phenomena nature in animate and inanimate nature.

Winter natural phenomena

Spring natural phenomena

Summer natural phenomena

Autumn natural phenomena

Unusual natural phenomena

What natural phenomena still exist? In addition to those described above seasonal phenomena nature, you can name a few more that are not associated with some time of the year.

• Floodcom called a short-term sudden rise in the water level in the river. This sharp rise may be the result of heavy rains, the melting of a large amount of snow, the discharge of an impressive volume of water from the reservoir, and the descent of glaciers.
• Northern lights- the glow of the upper layers of the atmospheres of planets with a magnetosphere, due to their interaction with charged particles of the solar wind.
• Ball lightning- a rare natural phenomenon that looks like a luminous and floating formation in the air.
• Mirage — optical phenomenon in the atmosphere: the refraction of light streams at the boundary between layers of air that are sharply different in density and temperature.
• « Shooting star"- an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when meteoroids enter the Earth's atmosphere
• Hurricane- extremely fast and strong, often of great destructive power and considerable duration, air movement
• Tornado- an ascending whirlwind of extremely rapidly rotating air in the form of a funnel of great destructive power, in which moisture, sand and other suspensions are present.
• Ebb and flow- these are changes in the water level of the sea elements and the World Ocean.
• Tsunami- long and high waves generated by a powerful impact on the entire water column in the ocean or other body of water.
• Earthquake- are tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface. The most dangerous of them arise due to tectonic displacements and gaps in earth's crust or the top of the Earth's mantle
• Tornado- an atmospheric vortex that occurs in a cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) cloud and spreads down, often to the very surface of the earth, in the form of a cloud sleeve or trunk with a diameter of tens and hundreds of meters
• Eruption- the process of ejection by a volcano on earth's surface red-hot debris, ash, an outpouring of magma, which, having poured onto the surface, becomes lava.
• floods- flooding of the territory of the earth with water, which is a natural disaster.

It seems that every year the weather is getting crazier than the previous one. The news is basically flash floods and other extreme weather all the time - some might argue with that, but it seems human-caused climate change is actually very real. Polar icebergs are melting at an alarming rate, which will inevitably cause sea levels to rise in the future. On the other hand, a period of high fire danger in the forests of the hot, arid regions of the west coast North America lasts about 75 days longer than it lasted ten years ago. Yes, climate change seems inevitable, but there are still some fairly rare natural weather events to watch out for.

1. Rain of animals: drizzling people, that is, animals, hallelujah

Stories of rain from animals or objects date back to the first century AD, when Pliny the Elder first documented frogs falling from the sky. In 1794, French soldiers also witnessed a rain of toads. Even today, the people of Honduras have witnessed the phenomenon known as the Fish Rain in Honduras (Lluvia de Peces).

What is Fish Rain in Honduras, you ask? In the department of Yoro, Honduras, fish literally fall from the sky, and this has happened every year for more than a century.

One common explanation for animal rain falling from the sky is the passage of tornadoes, but the nearest marine source for the Fish Rain phenomenon in Honduras is over 200 kilometers away, and tornadoes simply don't travel that far. This event may also be related to the fact that freshwater fish travels through groundwater in connection with seasonal changes. Heavy rains may wash the fish up and when the water recedes, the fish is on the ground.

Some believe that when the Spanish priest José Manuel (Jesus de) Subirana saw how poor and hungry the local people of Yoro were, he prayed that the miraculous gift of food would be given to these people. After prayer for three days and three nights, the people were gifted with this rain of fish.

This rain of fish involuntarily makes you wonder - can "Shark Tornado" become a reality?

2. Leaky cloud: UFO or not?


Some people see really weird things and others see what they want to see. Take, for example, the recent story of people in Stockton, California who claimed to have seen a huge hole in the sky. These viewers took to social media and began voicing their speculation that the hole was caused by anything from an alien spaceship to an intergalactic wormhole. In reality, the UFO was a holey cloud, also known as a perforated cloud.

cirrocumulus or altocumulus containing super chilled water that cannot freeze without a tiny particle to cling to are main reason appearance of leaky clouds. Scientists believe that when planes fly through these clouds, they begin the process of ice formation and crystallization. Air passing around the propellers or wings of an aircraft causes the air to expand and cool rapidly, thus forming ice crystals that then sink below the cloud long after the aircraft has passed through it. Perhaps one of these holey clouds was the inspiration for the classic Black Sabbath song called "Hole In The Sky" (Hole in the Sky):
"I'm looking through a hole in the sky
I see nothing through the eyes of lies
I'm nearing the end of the line
I live with ease when the sun don't shine"

3. Firestorm: When wildfires turn into swirling tornadoes


A fire whirl is a rare occurrence in which fire forms a whirlwind of flame. These insidious cyclones of flame are also known as fire-smoke whirlwinds or fiery fiends, and it's no wonder they look like they've come straight from the deepest bowels of hell!

These hellish whirling fire dervishes occur when trees, a hillside, or flames cause the air to shift against competing air temperatures and speeds. While some fire whirls die out rather quickly, others can move when the heat is able to be held at a certain level and the surrounding gases push it back on itself.

Possibly the deadliest example of a fire whirlwind occurred in 1923 in Japan, resulting in powerful earthquake at 7.9 points. The survivors of the disaster gathered in the open, but the resulting massive fire whirlwind swept across the area, killing thousands.

4. Catatumbo Lightning: The Largest and Longest Running Light Show on Earth


You've heard the term "perfect storm", right? Yes, a perfect storm, where a series of events happen at the same time, making things worse. This lightning phenomenon is so rare that it only occurs in one place on Earth due to a perfect location storm and natural gases.

The Catatumbo lightning phenomenon occurs only over the mouth of the Catatumbo River in Venezuela, where it flows into Lake Maracaibo. Warm and cold fronts collide, creating ideal condition for this lightning. Add to this the nearby swamps, which emit methane, which in turn improves the electrical conductivity of the clouds - and voila! You've got the coolest atmospheric phenomenon.

Catatumbo lightning usually occurs for 140 to 160 nights a year, but stopped appearing for a few months in 2010, leaving many locals worried. Much to their relief, the lightning has since returned and is stronger than ever.

5. Circumhorizontal arc or " fiery rainbow»: an airy kaleidoscope of color


Fire rainbows look so cool and happen so rarely that it is quite possible that Oz really is somewhere above them!

Technically known as circumhorizontal arcs, these rainbows occur under very specific conditions. They usually appear within summer months- the sun must be at an altitude of 58 ° or more, and Spindrift clouds and sunlight must pass through the ice crystals in the clouds at just the right angle.

It is also one of the largest clouds! They are so large that some people mistake a rainbow for part of the sky, not a cloud.

Circumhorizontal arcs, also known as ice haloes, are actually neither fire nor rainbows.

6. Ice stalactite (Brinicle): ice finger of death


Hazardous weather not only threatens us land dwellers, it also threatens some of our marine friends.

Take, for example, a cool and bizarre looking ice stalactite. An ice stalactite is formed by sinking to the bottom of a cold, saline solution (water saturated with salt).

It is formed when heat rises from warm sea to cold air, as a result of which new ice forms at the bottom. Ice is pushed through the channels of salt water and due to the fact that this salty water denser and colder than the rest sea ​​water surrounding it, it sinks down and freezes areas of warmer seawater it comes into contact with. When an ice stalactite hits the bottom, it leaves a deadly web of ice that freezes everything it comes into contact with, including sea ​​urchins and starfish.
Watch out Aquaman!

7. Green beam: blink and miss it!


If you've ever seen a patch of green peeking out from behind the sun during sunrise or sunset, it could be one of two things:
1) Either you have a memory from an acid trip
or
2) Or you have witnessed a natural phenomenon known as a green ray.

This phenomenon usually occurs during sunrise or sunset when more light reaches the observer's eyes without scattering. The green beam is due to slight bending and refraction of light in the atmosphere. The atmosphere acts like a prism, separating light into different colors. When the sun rises completely above the horizon, the different colors of the spectrum merge, causing the spectrum to become invisible to the naked eye. It's called a beam because that's what it is - green color visible only for a few seconds.

However, if you have taken acid before observing this phenomenon, you will be able to see much more than a green speck above the sun!

8 Dirty Thunderstorm Volcano Storm


Let's talk a little more about zippers, just because they're so damn cool!

Another truly fascinating and rare weather phenomenon is volcanic lightning, also known as a dirty thunderstorm. This phenomenon not only has a formidable appearance and the danger of a volcanic eruption, lightning is also mixed in here, and as a result you get a chilling weather miracle!

Volcanic lightning occurs when lightning forms in a volcanic column of smoke and ash. The process starts when the particles separate, either after a collision or when large particles split in two. Then some differences in the aerodynamics of these particles cause the positively charged particles to separate from the negatively charged particles. Lightning occurs when this separation of charges becomes too great and the air cannot resist the flow of electricity. Volcanic eruptions also release a large number of water, which can also contribute to the formation of these thunderstorms.

Advice for the future: if you see lightning in the very center of a volcanic eruption, get out of there as fast as you can!

9Aurora Borealis: Spectacular Light Show Of Nature


We simply had to include the aurora borealis on this list! This is an incredible natural phenomenon that occurs over the magnetic poles in the north and is also known as the Northern Lights. (In the south, the same phenomenon occurs, but it is known as the southern lights).

What causes these auroras to form? And again, it's all about the collision. This incredible light show occurs when the gaseous particles of the earth's atmosphere collide with charged particles coming from the Sun, which enter earth's atmosphere. These fantastic displays, which are usually seen closer to the poles and during the equinoxes, appear in many colors, although green and pink color are the most common.

The Menominee Indians of Wisconsin believed that the northern lights were the home of the spirits of the great hunters.

10. Roll clouds: waves that roll across the sky


Rolling clouds are a truly impressive sight! Some people have described these clouds as overturned tornadoes. These types of roll clouds are usually associated with thunderstorms.

Do not confuse them with similar shelf clouds. These rarities of nature are formed when air temperatures are inverted, causing warm air to rise above cold air. The wind then changes speed and direction and causes these cylindrical clouds to roll up.

Roll clouds only need the right amount of moisture to form. Thunderstorm winds actually roll the clouds into a tubular shape that moves ahead of the storm. They look like a giant rolling pin rolling through the sky!

What is the weather

Weather is a combination of air temperature, cloudiness, precipitation, wind.

What words can describe the weather? Ant Questioner offered a whole list of words for this. Underline the words that really fit the description of the weather.

big, small, cold, warm, hot, narrow, wide, dry, raw, rainy, short, long, round, square, windy, windless, cloudy, cloudy.

And again, the Parrot has prepared riddles for you. Guess them and write in the boxes the names of weather phenomena.

Flying is not a bird
Howling is not a beast.
Answer: Wind

I'll look out the window -
There is a long Antoshka.
Answer: rain

White Tikhon
Shot from the sky
Where does it run
Covers with carpet.
Answer: Snow

I twist, I grumble,
I don't want to know anyone!
Answer: Blizzard

Flashes, flashes
Someone will call.
Answer: Thunderstorm

Make and write down the general plan of the story about the weather phenomena.

1. What are weather phenomena.
2. The main weather phenomena (temperature changes, cloudiness, rain, snowfall, wind).
3. What weather phenomena I observed myself.
4. How do I feel about certain weather events.

From the text “How the weather is predicted” (p. 34 of the textbook), write out the words that characterize scientific observations of the weather. Expand (verbally) the meaning of each of these words.

meteorology, weather station, weather satellites, meteorological aircraft and ships, scientific predictions

Meteorology - the science of the weather
A weather station is a station where scientists monitor the weather.
Meteorological satellites - work in space, collect information for compiling a weather forecast.
Meteorological planes, meteorological ships - collect information to make a weather forecast.
Scientific predictions - weather forecast.

Try to check folk signs with your own observations. If the sign is confirmed, paint over the circle with a blue pencil, if not, with red.

cones coniferous trees open - to dry weather. Yes
Swallows fly low - to the rain. Yes
If the sun sets in the clouds - wait for the rain. Not
If the dandelion inflorescences are closed during the day, it will rain. No, not necessarily
If the clover has brought the leaves together, and its inflorescences have drooped, wait for the rain. Yes

If you wish, you can find other signs of the weather in additional literature, the Internet. Write down 2 - 3 of them and also try to check.

If frogs actively jump along the road and worms crawl out of the ground, you need to wait for rain
If the first thunderstorm appears in April, then the summer will be warm and rich in nuts.
April with water - May with grass.
If the dandelion began to bloom in early spring, then you should wait for a short summer.
The evening rainbow portends good, and the morning rainbow portends rainy weather.
If in the summer you can hear the cuckoo singing well, it's worth the wait good weather which will last for quite some time.
In summer there are many stars in the sky - to clear weather.
If the dew does not fall on the meadows, expect rain.
Sparrows bathe in dust or sand - to be rain.

Why weather depend on the state of the lower atmosphere? What types of weather did you observe during your summer holidays?

1. Weather. Elements and phenomena of weather. Weather is the state of the atmosphere in a given place for any short period of time (per day, week, month). Atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity - weather elements; precipitation, wind, fog, clouds - weather phenomena.
The state of the weather is determined not only by one element, say, temperature or precipitation, but also by the totality of elements and phenomena. For example, the definition of "cool" is not enough for the weather. Cool weather can be windy, cloudy, rainy.
The weather changes over time. A change in air temperature leads to a change in pressure, and it affects the nature of the wind, cloudiness affects the temperature, etc. From here to give complete description weather, it is necessary to constantly monitor the elements and phenomena that form it (see appendices 5, 6).

2. Air masses. The weather changes depending on the movement of air over the Earth's surface. Weather properties are related to terrain features. The air in the polar zones is strongly cooled due to the small amount of solar heat. At the equator and in the tropics, the air is very hot. The air over the land is dry, over the oceans it is humid.
Large areas of the troposphere that differ from each other in such properties (temperature, transparency, humidity) are called air masses. Any air masses occupy millions of square kilometers above the Earth.

In each hemisphere, 4 types of air masses are distinguished depending on the place of formation:
1. Arctic (in the south polar region - Antarctic) air.

2. Air at measured latitudes.

3. Tropical air.

4. Equatorial air.

Each of these air masses (except equatorial) is divided into continental (over land) and sea. The air above the sea is very humid. AT equatorial zone not only at sea, but also on land, there is enough moisture. In the wetlands moist forests, as well as at sea, there are conditions for a large evaporation. Therefore, in this area, equally hot and humid air is formed over the sea and land.

Air masses move from one place to another. Accordingly, a certain weather is set. For example, when the northern arctic air passes through us in winter, frosty weather sets in. When from the west, from the side Atlantic Ocean the sea air comes temperate latitudes, then a thaw sets in and snow falls. Also in summer, with the advent of southern tropical air, hot weather sets in for many weeks.

With the displacement of various air masses, pressure, cloudiness, temperature, humidity, and air transparency change.

3. Weather forecast. The study of the weather is necessary for Everyday life and economic activity person. Everyone wants to know the weather forecast in advance. Each person listens to the weather report on the radio or television and tries to dress appropriately. Weather prediction keeps ships safe long-distance navigation, air transport. Such a forecast is also necessary in the spring when sowing, it makes it possible to protect oneself from dangerous weather phenomena - frost, hail, etc. The weather forecast is based on observations of all meteorological stations Earth and observations made in the upper atmosphere. Currently on the globe There are over 10 thousand meteorological stations. Meteorologists around the world conduct simultaneous observations in Greenwich Mean Time.

The time of the prime meridian passing through the Greenwich Observatory near London is called Greenwich Mean Time. The time of the city of Astana differs from it by 5 hours.

In the polar regions, on high mountain peaks, there are automatic stations that themselves carry out observations and report their results. They use special devices to measure the state of the atmosphere, air temperature, cloudiness, precipitation, etc.
Information about the state of the atmosphere is also received from ships, aircraft, rockets, meteorological satellites of the Earth.
The results of observations are collected in each state in the institutions of the weather service. The information received there is processed with the help of electronic computers. Based on them, weather maps are created. On such maps, with the help of conventional signs and numbers, the state of the weather for a certain period is indicated.

Rice. 64. Conventional signs weather maps.

Figure 64 shows an enlarged view of meteorological information plotted on a weather map using conventional symbols. The station location is marked with a circle. The circle is half filled with black, which means that the sky is half covered with clouds. If the sky is clear, then the circle is not painted over, it remains white. When the clouds completely cover the sky, the circle is completely painted over with black. An arrow with one end on a circle indicates the direction of the wind. The wind is blowing from the southeast, the number of dashes on the arrow shows the wind speed (m/sec). Long line - 5 m / s, short - 2.5 m / s. In this example, the wind force is 7.5 m/s. The numbers above the circle are the air temperature (0°) and pressure. Air pressure 1015.8 mb. (the last three digits are written). The sign on the left under the station indicates that it is snowing.

In addition, air masses, areas of atmospheric pressure, precipitation, etc. are plotted on the map. There are 4 such maps for one day. Comparing them with each other, they determine where and at what speed the cool or warm air, what temperature can be expected in connection with this, in what direction and with what force the wind is blowing, will it rain or snow, is there a possibility of fog, etc. This is all shown on weather forecast maps.
The weather forecast is reported on radio, television, through newspapers. In addition, special messages about dangerous phenomena (frost, snowstorm, thick fog, storm) must be urgently transmitted to various institutions by telegraph.
The weather for the near future can be predicted approximately and with the help of local signs.

Signs of clear, hot in summer, frosty weather in winter

1. The sky is clear in the morning, cumulus clouds rise in the afternoon. In the evening the clouds dissipate.

2. Solar glow before sunrise and sunset yellowish.

3. After sunset, dew appears on the grass. Closer to the morning it increases, with the sunrise it disappears. In cool weather, instead of dew, frost falls.

4. In summer, the day is calm. The wind is weak in the morning, intensifies during the day, and weakens by night.

5. By evening and night it is cooler in the lowlands than in the uplands.

6. After rainy weather, the wind gradually subsides, precipitation stops, clouds dissipate. Summer nights are cooler.

7. Atmospheric pressure rises.

Signs before a change in weather

1. Cumulus clouds in the evening they do not dissipate, but increase and thicken.

2. Morning and evening solar glow orange.

3. The difference between night and day temperatures decreases. It gets warmer in the evening than in the morning.

4. In the evening the wind does not stop, even intensifies.

5. Dew and frost do not form.

6. The air temperature in low and high places equalizes.

7. A light circle is formed around the Sun or Moon.

8. Atmospheric pressure decreases.

For a weather forecast, the presence of only one of these signs is not enough; several must coincide.

1. What is the weather?

2. Why does the weather change?

3. What is called an air mass?

4. What are the types of air masses?

5. Why is it necessary to study the weather?

6. How is the weather predicted?

7. Give a written description of the monthly weather, starting from the beginning school year, according to your weather diaries. Was the weather constant every month?

8. Predict upcoming weather based on local signs. Check if your prediction is correct.