Vx gas effect on the body. Nerve gases: Sarin, Soman, Tabun and VX. The learning goal of the lesson

cooking

VI gas, VX, VX(from English. VX), EA 1701 - an organophosphorus warfare agent with a nerve agent, O-ethyl-S-β-diisopropylaminoethylmethylphosphonate, a representative of the V-series of agents, before the appearance of information about substances of the "Foliant" type (A-230 - A-234) [ ] - the most toxic ever artificially synthesized substances used in chemical weapons (LD 50, orally - 70 mcg / kg) .

Only Russia and the United States admit to having stockpiles of V-gases, but it is presumed that other countries also possess some of this poison. Cindy Westergaard, a chemical weapons expert and senior scientist at the Stimson Center, says Iraq "absolutely produced VX" in the 1980s, but there is no evidence of its use.

Other designations: Group F substance (Sweden), Group A substance (France), BRN 1949015, CCRIS 3351, (±)-S-(2-(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl) O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate, HSDB 6459 , Tx 60.

Encyclopedic YouTube

  • 1 / 5

    Chemically stable. The period of semi-hydrolysis at pH=7 and a temperature of 25 °C is 350 days. Nucleophilic reactions are greatly retarded compared to Sarin. With acids and haloalkyls, it forms solid toxic ammonium salts, soluble in water, but not possessing skin-resorptive properties.

    Physiochemical properties

    Transparent oily liquid of amber color, tasteless and odorless. Chemical name: S-(2-NN-Diisopropylaminoethyl)-O-ethyl methylphosphonothiolate(S-(2-NN-Diisopropylaminoethyl)-O-ethyl methylphosphonothiolate). Gross formula: C 11 H 26 NO 2 PS. Molecular weight 267.37. Colorless thick liquid (technical product has a color from yellow to dark brown). T pl \u003d -39 ° C, high-boiling compound, does not distill at atmospheric pressure T kip \u003d 95-98 ° C (1 mm Hg), d4 (25 ° C) \u003d 1.0083. Volatility 0.0105 mg/l (25 °C). Vapor pressure at 25 °C = 0.0007 mmHg Art. Hygroscopic, sparingly soluble in water (about 5% at 20 °C), well - in organic solvents.

    Synthesis

    There are several options for the synthesis of VX, for example, using thione-thiol isomerization:

    Infects open reservoirs for a very long period - up to 6 months. The main combat state is a coarse aerosol. VX aerosols infect surface layers of air and spread in the direction of the wind to a depth of 5 to 20 km, affecting manpower through the respiratory organs, exposed skin and ordinary army uniforms, and also infect the terrain, weapons, military equipment and open water. VX is used by artillery, aviation (cassettes and pouring aircraft devices), as well as with the help of chemical land mines. Armament and military equipment contaminated with VX drops pose a danger in summer for 1-3 days, in winter - 30-60 days.

    Persistence of VX on the ground (skin-resorptive effect): in summer - from 7 to 15 days, in winter - for the entire period before the onset of heat. Protection against VX: gas mask, combined arms protective set, sealed objects of military equipment and shelters.

    First aid

    First of all, it is necessary to remove the liquid drop agent from the affected areas, and then evacuate the victim to an uninfected area. After evacuation, it is necessary to remove the remnants of contamination from the skin, remove contaminated clothing and carry out degassing. If possible, these actions should be carried out before all other treatments.

    In the affected area, the victim must wear a gas mask. If an aerosol or drip-liquid agent gets on the skin of the face, the gas mask is put on only after the face has been treated with liquid from the IPP.

    If the agents come into contact with the skin, it is necessary to immediately treat the infected areas with IPP-8 or IPP-10. In the absence of such, the agent can be washed off with household bleach and rinsed clean water. It is also possible to use other, similar to military, degassing means.

    Project "FOLIANT"
    ……………………
    In the distant 70s (more precisely in 1973), a secret program was launched in the USSR to develop promising weapons "Foliant". One of the objectives of this program was the creation of new third-generation nerve agents, which were supposed to have a toxicity higher than that of known foreign and domestic V-gases. To the development of a new kind chemical weapons more than 200 chemists and engineers were involved. It is known that at least three unitary chemical agents (Substance 33, A-232, A-234), and then, on their basis, 5 types of binary chemical weapons, code-named "Novichok".
    …………………..
    Newcomer (Novichok agent) is a class of organophosphate nerve agents. "Novichok" were first synthesized in the USSR in the mid-1980s of the last century by P.P. Kirpichev and today, in terms of a set of combat characteristics, they surpass all known chemical warfare agents. It should be noted that substances with the code names Novichok 1-9 were developed . Toxicity is 6-8 times higher than that of VX and its analogues. They did not have neutralizer substances (at least, as I understand it, a strictly defined circle of people had them). Delayed toxicity was noted in persons who only partially contacted them. Produced in Novocheboksarsk and Shikhany. And all this became known in 1992, when one of the developers (Vil Mirzayanov) leaked information about the secret program to the media. After that, he safely left for America and wrote a book about this project (very interesting by the way). They never managed to arrest him.
    ………………….
    I will supplement this material with one interesting fact. These compounds were used only once in history - in the 90s. An amount of 0.5 mg was smeared on the phone of the banker Kivilidi. He died, the secretary died, the investigator, the criminalist and the pathologist died ...

    ****************************************************************************************************​******

    VX

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    VX
    General
    Systematic
    Name

    S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl, O-ethyl ester of methylthiophosphonic acid
    Abbreviations
    Chem. formula
    Physical properties
    Molar mass
    Density

    1.00083 g/cm³
    Thermal properties
    T. melt.
    T. kip.
    Classification
    Reg. CAS number
    PubChem
    SMILES

    [show]
    InChI

    [show]
    RTECS

    VI gas, VX, VX(from English. VX), EA 1701 - an organophosphorus chemical warfare nerve agent, O-ethyl-S-β-diisopropylaminoethylmethylphosphonate, a representative of the V-series of agents, until information about substances of the "Foliant" type (A-230 - A-234) is the most toxic chemical weapon ever synthesized (LD50, oral 70 mcg/kg) .

    Other designations: Group F substance (Sweden), Group A substance (France), BRN 1949015, CCRIS 3351, (±)-S-(2-(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl) O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate, HSDB 6459 , Tx 60.

    *****************************************************************************************

    It's a completely harmless chemical mixture. Disassembled only.

    The creator of "Novichok" explained why Moscow's demands for London to provide access to the poisonous substance are impossible

    Asked how the UK could identify a substance that is not on any official banned list, Mirzayanov suggested that "the British could well have synthesized" Novichok gas based on the formulas that were published in his book.

    Doctor of Chemistry (USSR) Vil Mirzayanov, who was an employee of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "State Research Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology" (GNIIOKhT) and was directly involved in the work on the "Foliant" project, within which the Novichok nerve gas was created , said that this poisonous substance is not included in the lists of prohibited by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). According to the expert, officially such a poison simply does not exist. Given this statement, Moscow’s repeated demand for London to hand over information about the substance used during the incident in Salisbury, where ex-GRU Colonel Sergei Skripal and his daughter were poisoned, with the Russian side’s reference to the Chemical Weapons Convention, has virtually no official grounds.

    Mirzayanov told Voice of America that Novichok gas "does not officially exist, it is not mentioned in any of the lists of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons." At the same time, in the early 1990s, the scientist published in the United States the book “ state secret. Chronicle of the Insider Program of Russian Chemical Weapons”, in which he gave the full formula of this poisonous substance.

    After the publication, Mirzayanov, realizing the danger posed by the poison created with his participation, “beginning in 1992, sought to include Novichok in the list of officially banned chemical compounds.” The scientist explained that only the OPCW can officially ban the powerful nerve gas, having agreed such a decision with all countries participating in the convention (on the prohibition of chemical weapons, entered into force in 1997. - Note NEWSru.com).

    The issue of banning Novichok, according to Mirzayanov, was discussed by the OPCW, but no decision was made. “After my book was published, this problem was discussed at one of the meetings at the headquarters of the OPCW, and, as far as I know, no decision was made,” said a chemical weapons specialist.

    Thus, the requirement of Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov to Britain, on the basis of the Chemical Weapons Convention, to send Russia an official request regarding the substance that poisoned Skripal in Salisbury cannot be satisfied for formal reasons. “The OPCW, within the framework of this convention, can only work with substances that are on the banned list. “Novichok” is not on this list, and, therefore, the headquarters of this organization does not have methods for recognizing the “drug,” Mirzayanov explained.

    Asked how the UK could identify a substance that is not on any official banned list, Mirzayanov suggested that "the British could well have synthesized" Novichok gas based on the formulas that were published in his book. “Each country independently takes care of its security, and as part of the study of possible threats, it was possible to create a model,” the expert explained.

    At the same time, Mirzayanov insists that gas was produced only in the USSR and Russia. "So that prototypes many countries could have, but production was debugged only in the USSR and Russia, ”the specialist assured.

    Moreover, according to the expert, Moscow expected to remain unnoticed in involvement in the attack in Salisbury. “For almost 30 years, no one has been developing it [Novichok]. It is obvious to me that in Moscow they were counting on the fact that no one would catch them, ”said Mirzayanov.

    The Russian authorities, meanwhile, deny that programs for the development of Novichok ever existed on the territory of the USSR or the Russian Federation. “The British refused to give us samples of this substance, let's see what happens next. But I want to state with all possible certainty that there were no programs for the development of an OV called "Novichok" either in the USSR or in the Russian Federation, information that supposedly such a program existed is being disseminated by persons who at one time were not without participation of Western governments transferred to the West and, in fact, emigrated. Naturally, they are now connected to all this, ”Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov told Interfax on Thursday, March 15, possibly referring to Mirzayanov.

    “Any developments in the field of new chemical warfare agents were curtailed by us immediately after joining the relevant convention, and last year, as you know, all stocks of all toxic agents were destroyed,” the diplomat added.

    The class of substances "Novichok" belongs to the category of third-generation nerve agents and was developed in the late 1980s during the implementation of the "Foliant" project. The result of the project was the creation of three unique chemical nerve agents - "Substance 33", "A-232", " A-234».

    S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl, O-ethyl ester of methylthiophosphonic acid Abbreviations VX, EA 1701 Chemical formula C 11 H 26 NO 2 PS Physical properties Molar mass 267.36566 g/mol Density 1.00083 g/cm³ Thermal properties Melting temperature -50°C Boiling temperature 298°C Classification Reg. CAS number 50782-69-9 SMILES O=P(C)(OCC)SCCN(C(C)C)C(C)C

    Other designations: Group F substance (Sweden), Group A substance (France), BRN 1949015, CCRIS 3351, (±)-S-(2-(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl) O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate, HSDB 6459 , Tx 60.

    Creation

    Chemical properties

    Chemically stable. The period of semi-hydrolysis at pH=7 and a temperature of 25 °C is 350 days. Nucleophilic reactions are greatly retarded compared to Sarin. With acids and haloalkyls, it forms solid toxic ammonium salts, soluble in water, but not possessing skin-resorptive properties.

    Physiochemical properties

    Chemical name: S-(2-NN-Diisopropylaminoethyl)-O-ethyl methylphosphonothiolate(S-(2-NN-Diisopropylaminoethyl)-O-ethyl methylphosphonothiolate). Gross formula: C 11 H 26 NO 2 PS. Molecular weight 267.37. Colorless thick liquid (technical product has a color from yellow to dark brown). Tmelt = −39 °C, high-boiling compound, not distilled at atmospheric pressure Tbp = 95-98 °C (1 mmHg), d4 (25 °C) = 1.0083. Volatility 0.0105 mg/l (25 °C). Vapor pressure at 25 °C = 0.0007 mmHg Art. Hygroscopic, sparingly soluble in water (about 5% at 20 °C), well - in organic solvents.

    Toxicological properties

    A poisonous nerve agent.

    Damage symptoms: 1-2 minutes - constriction of the pupils; 2-4 minutes - sweating, salivation; 5-10 minutes - convulsions, paralysis, spasms; 10-15 minutes - death.

    When acting through the skin, the picture of the lesion is basically similar to inhalation. The difference is that the symptoms appear after a while (from several minutes to several hours). In this case, muscle twitching appears at the site of exposure to the OB, then convulsions, muscle weakness and paralysis.

    It infects open water bodies for a very long period - up to 6 months. The main combat state is a coarse aerosol. VX aerosols infect surface layers of air and spread in the direction of the wind to a depth of 5 to 20 km, infect manpower through the respiratory organs, exposed skin and ordinary army uniforms, and also infect the terrain, weapons, military equipment and open water. VX is used by artillery, aviation (cassettes and pouring aircraft devices), as well as with the help of chemical land mines. Armament and military equipment contaminated with VX drops pose a danger in summer for 1-3 days, in winter - 30-60 days.

    Persistence of VX on the ground (skin-resorptive effect): in summer - from 7 to 15 days, in winter - for the entire period before the onset of heat. Protection against VX: gas mask, combined arms protective kit, sealed objects of military equipment and shelters.

    First aid

    First of all, it is necessary to remove the liquid drop agent from the affected areas, and then evacuate the victim to an uninfected area. After evacuation, it is necessary to remove the remnants of contamination from the skin, remove contaminated clothing and carry out degassing. If possible, these actions should be carried out before all other treatments.

    In the affected area, the victim must wear a gas mask. If an aerosol or drip-liquid agent gets on the skin of the face, the gas mask is put on only after the face has been treated with liquid from the IPP.

    If the agents come into contact with the skin, it is necessary to immediately treat the infected areas with IPP-8 or IPP-10. In the absence of such, the agent can be washed off with household bleach and rinsed with clean water. It is also possible to use other, similar to military, degassing means.

    If OM enters the stomach, it is necessary to induce vomiting and, if possible, rinse the stomach with a 1% solution of baking soda or clean water.

    Rinse affected eyes with a 2% solution of baking soda or clean water.

    After removing the agents from the affected areas, it is necessary to immediately introduce an antidote. As an antidote are used: atropine, pralidoxime or diazepam. The antidote is administered using a syringe tube with a red cap from an individual first-aid kit (AI-2). If convulsions are not relieved within 10 minutes, the antidote is re-introduced. The maximum allowable introduction of 2 doses of antidote. If this limit is exceeded, death occurs from the antidote. In case of respiratory arrest, perform artificial respiration.

    After that, it is necessary to evacuate the victim from the infection zone. The affected personnel are delivered through the stage of medical evacuation to the medical service units, depending on the severity of the injury.

    The gas is degassed by strong oxidizers (hypochlorites). Dichloroethane is used to degas uniforms, weapons and equipment.

    VX in culture

    • Spooks (fifth episode of the second season) features a VX attack on London's Parliament Square.
    • In the movie Locust, VX gas was used to control a new species of locust that is resistant to other poisons.
    • In the fifth season of 24, a number of terrorist attacks were carried out using VX.
    • In the third season of the Lost series, all Dharma Initiative employees were killed by this gas from Storm Station.
    • In the 12th episode of the fourth season of the series " Sea Devils The Typhoon group investigated the contamination of a protected lake with this substance.
    • In The Rock, VX rockets are captured by a military group to terrorize San Francisco. VX gas is shown as a bright green oily substance in glass beads, unlike the real one, the gas in the film also has a blistering effect.

    Notes

    see also

    Links

    On April 22, 1915, a strange yellowish-green cloud moved from the German positions to the trenches in which the French-British troops were located. In a matter of minutes it reached the trenches, filling every hole, every recess, flooding funnels and trenches. The incomprehensible greenish fog first aroused surprise among the soldiers, then fear, but when the first clouds of smoke enveloped the area and made people suffocate, the troops were seized with real horror. Those who could still move fled, trying in vain to escape the suffocating death that pursued them relentlessly.

    This was the first massive use of chemical weapons in human history. On that day, the Germans sent 168 tons of chlorine from 150 gas-balloon batteries to the Allied positions. Thereafter german soldiers without loss, they took up positions left in a panic by the Allied forces.

    The use of chemical weapons caused a real storm of indignation in society. And although, by that time, the war had already turned into a bloody and senseless massacre, there was something incredibly cruel in the persecution of people with gas - like rats or cockroaches.

    The poisonous agents that were used during this conflict are today classified as first-generation chemical weapons. Here are their main groups:

    • OV of general toxic action (hydrocyanic acid);
    • Agent of blistering action (mustard gas, lewisite);
    • Suffocating agents (phosgene, diphosgene);
    • Irritant agents (e.g. chloropicrin).

    During WWI, about 1 million people suffered from the action of chemical weapons, hundreds of thousands of people died.

    After the end of WWI, work in the field of improving chemical weapons continued, and deadly arsenals continued to replenish. The military had little doubt that the next war would also be chemical.

    In the 1930s, several countries began work on the creation of chemical weapons based on organophosphorus substances. In Germany, a group of scientists was working on the creation of new types of pesticides, led by Dr. Schrader. In 1936, he managed to synthesize a new organophosphorus insecticide, which had the highest efficiency. The substance was named tabun. However, it soon became clear that it is perfect not only for the destruction of pests, but also for mass persecution of people. Subsequent developments were already under the patronage of the military.

    In 1938, an even more toxic substance, the isopropyl ester of methylfluorophosphonic acid, was obtained. It was named after the first letters of the names of the scientists who synthesized it - sarin. This gas turned out to be ten times more deadly than tabun. Soman, the pinacolyl ester of methylfluorophosphonic acid, became even more toxic and persistent; it was obtained a few years later. The last substance from this series - cyclosarin - was synthesized in 1944 and is considered the most dangerous of them. Sarin, soman, V-gases are considered to be second-generation chemical weapons.

    After the end of the war, work on the improvement of nerve gases was continued. In the 1950s, V-gases were synthesized for the first time, which are several times more toxic than sarin, soman, and tabun. For the first time, V-gases (they are also called VX-gases) were synthesized in Sweden, but very soon Soviet chemists also managed to obtain them.

    In the 1960s and 1970s, the development of third-generation chemical weapons began. This group includes poisonous substances with an unforeseen mechanism of damage and toxicity even more than nerve gases. In addition, in post-war years Much attention was paid to improving the means of delivery of OV. During this period, the development of binary chemical weapons began in the Soviet Union and the United States. This is a kind of toxic substances, the use of which is possible only after mixing two relatively harmless components (precursors). The development of binary gases greatly simplifies the production of chemical weapons and makes international control over their proliferation virtually impossible.

    Since the first use of war gases, there has been constant work on improving the means of protection against chemical weapons. Significant progress has been made in this area as well. Therefore, at present, the use of poisonous substances against regular troops will not be as effective as during the First World War. It is a completely different matter if chemical weapons are used against the civilian population, in which case the results are really frightening. The Bolsheviks liked to carry out similar attacks during civil war, in the mid-thirties, the Italians used war gases in Ethiopia, in the late 80s, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein poisoned rebel Kurds with nerve gases, fanatics from the Aum Senrikyo sect sprayed sarin in the Tokyo subway.

    The latest cases of the use of chemical weapons are related to the civil conflict in Syria. Since 2011, government forces and the opposition have constantly accused each other of using poisonous substances. April 4, 2019 as a result of a chemical attack locality Khan Sheikhun, in northwestern Syria, killed about a hundred people, almost six hundred were poisoned. Experts said the nerve agent sarin was used in the attack and blamed government forces for it. Photos of Syrian children poisoned by gas spread all over the world media.

    Description

    Although sarin, soman, tabun, and the VX series of poisonous substances are called gases, but in their normal state of aggregation these are liquids. They are heavier than water and readily soluble in lipids and organic solvents. The boiling point of sarin is 150°C, while for VX gases it is approximately 300°C. The higher the boiling point, the higher the resistance of the poisonous substance.

    All nerve gases are compounds of phosphoric and alkylphosphonic acids. The physiological effect of this type of OB is based on blocking the transmission of a nerve impulse between neurons. There is a disruption of the enzyme cholinesterase, which plays a crucial role in the functioning of our nervous system.

    A feature of this group of agents is extreme toxicity, persistence, and the difficulty of determining the presence of a poisonous substance in the air and establishing its exact type. In addition, a whole range of collective and individual protection measures are needed to protect against nerve gases.

    The first signs of nerve gas poisoning are pupil constriction (miosis), shortness of breath, emotional lability: a person develops a feeling of fear, irritability, and disturbances in the normal perception of the environment appear.

    There are three degrees of nerve gas damage, they are similar for all representatives of this group of agents:

    • Easy degree. With a mild degree of poisoning, the victims experience shortness of breath, chest pain, impaired perception and behavior. Visual disturbances are possible. A typical symptom of a nerve agent lesion is a sharp constriction of the pupils.
    • Average degree. The same symptoms are noted as in the mild stage, but they are much more pronounced. The victims begin to suffocate (outwardly it is very similar to an attack of bronchial asthma), a person has sore and watery eyes, increased salivation is observed, the work of the heart is disturbed, rises arterial pressure. Mortality in case of moderate poisoning reaches 50%.
    • Severe degree. In severe poisoning, pathological processes develop rapidly. The victims begin to experience respiratory failure, convulsions, involuntary urination and defecation occur, fluid begins to flow from the nose and mouth. Death occurs as a result of paralysis of the respiratory muscles or damage to the respiratory center in the brain stem.

    It should be noted that first aid and subsequent treatment is effective only for mild to moderate gas damage. With a severe injury, the victim can no longer be helped.

    Sarin. It is a colorless liquid that readily evaporates when normal temperature and is virtually odorless. This property is characteristic of all agents of this group and makes nerve gases extremely dangerous: their presence can be detected only with the help of special devices or after the occurrence of characteristic symptoms poisoning. However, it is often too late to provide assistance to the victims in this case.

    In its main (combat) form, sarin is a fine aerosol that causes poisoning by any means of ingestion: through the skin, inhalation, or digestive system. The defeat of gas through the respiratory system occurs faster and in a more severe form.

    The first signs of poisoning are already detected at an OM concentration in the air equal to 0.0005 mg/l. Sarin is a non-persistent poison. In summer, its durability is several hours. Sarin reacts rather poorly with water, but reacts well with alkali or ammonia solutions. Usually they are used for degassing the area.

    Herd. Colorless liquid, odorless, practically insoluble in water, but highly soluble in alcohols, ethers and other organic solvents. It is used in the form of a finely dispersed aerosol. Tabun boils at a temperature of 240°C, freezes at -50°C.

    Lethal concentration in the air - 0.4 mg / l, in case of contact with the skin - 50-70 mg / kg. In this OM, degassing products are also toxic, since they contain hydrocyanic acid compounds.

    Soman. This poisonous substance is a colorless liquid with a faint smell of cut hay. By their own physical characteristics very similar to sarin, but much more toxic than it. A mild degree of poisoning is already observed at a concentration of 0.0005 mg / l of a substance in the air, a content of 0.03 mg / l can kill a person within one minute. It affects the body through the skin, respiratory organs and digestive system. Alkaline-ammonia solutions are used for degassing contaminated objects and territories.

    VX (VX gas, VX agent). This group of chemicals is one of the most toxic on the planet. VX gas is 300 times more toxic than phosgene. It was developed in the early 50s by Swedish scientists who were working on new pesticides. Then the patent was bought by the Americans.

    It is an amber oily liquid that is odorless. Boils at a temperature of 300 ° C, practically insoluble in water, but reacts well with organic solvents. The combat state of this agent is a fine aerosol. It affects a person through the respiratory system, skin and digestive system. A concentration of 0.001 mg / l of gas in the air kills a person in 10 minutes, with a content of 0.01 mg / l, death occurs in a minute.

    Gas VX is notable for its considerable stability: in summer - up to 15 days, in winter - several months, almost before the onset of heat. This substance infects water bodies for a long period - up to six months. Military equipment, exposed to VX gas, remains a danger to humans for several more days (up to three in summer). Symptoms of poisoning are similar to other substances of this group of agents.

    It was originally developed for firing ammunition with combat gases.

    For the delivery of nerve gases to the United States, they planned to use rocket-propelled rockets M55. For ammunition, there were calculations to create an average lethal concentration of gases per certain area. It can be added that all types of Soviet MLRS can also fire chemical munitions.

    Aviation is an even more effective means of delivering nerve agents. Its use allows you to cover with a poisonous substance much large area. Airborne munitions (usually air bombs) or special pour containers can be used for direct delivery. According to American estimates, a squadron of B-52 bombers can infect an area of ​​17 square meters. km.

    As a means of delivering agents, various missile systems, usually these are tactical missiles of small and medium range. In the USSR, chemical warheads could be installed on the Luna, Elbrus, and Temp OTRKs.

    It should be noted that the degree of destruction of enemy manpower is very dependent on the training and security of military personnel. For this reason, it can range from 5 to 70% of deaths.

    If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.


    Poison of any origin, chemical, food or natural, has always been a subject of interest from the side of means mass media, chemical safety and popular writers. Mankind knows hundreds of deadly poisons, many of which have been practically used as a means of murder, genocide and acts of terrorism. Some of them are presented in our review.


    The well known cyanide is deadly poison, which acts on the central nervous system and on the heart. Even a small dose, getting into the blood, binds iron molecules and blocks the supply of oxygen to vital organs, resulting in death in a matter of minutes. Exist different forms cyanide, such as hydrogen cyanide, which is considered the most poisonous. This gas kills a person in about 10 minutes. The gas was used during the First World War as a chemical weapon and was banned by the Geneva Convention. Today, cyanide is used as a means of murder, suicide, and in the plots of books.


    it main character The events of September 2011, when reports that people in envelopes were receiving anthrax spores, appeared in the news almost every day. As a result, five people died and 17 suffered from the effects of the poison, which caused panic among US citizens. This fear is understandable, as anthrax spores are easily airborne. After infection, numbness of the respiratory organs occurs and the person begins to suffocate. Out of 10 people, 9 die a week after infection.

    Sarin is considered as a remedy mass murder, which causes death by asphyxia after 60 seconds. A minute of terrible torment and the person dies. Since 1993, this substance has been banned from production, but despite this, in 1995, a massive terrorist attack was carried out in Japan on the subway, as well as in Iraq and Syria, as a result of which 330 to 1800 people died.


    Amatoxin is a substance found in the world's deadliest mushrooms. When it enters the bloodstream, it affects the cells of the kidneys and liver, as a result, the organs fail after a few days. Amatoxin also affects the heart. If you do not enter a large dose of penicillin, then the person may fall into a coma or die from heart and liver failure.


    Strychnine has been used as a pesticide to kill pests, but it can also kill humans. It was found in Asia, it was kept in special varieties of trees, but it can also be obtained in the laboratory (whoever managed to do this received Nobel Prize). Strychnine can enter the body in different ways: injection, inhalation and absorption. After entering the body, muscle convulsions and spasms begin, leading to asphyxia. After an injection, a person dies in half an hour.

    Even at school, everyone was warned to be careful with a thermometer. And this is not just because, but because of the heavy metal called mercury. It is an incredibly toxic metal that enters the body either by inhalation or skin contact. If it comes into contact with the skin, mercury causes itching, burning, and the skin may even peel off. Mercury can cause memory loss, vision loss, kidney failure, and destruction of brain cells. The result is death.


    An infamous poison found in puffer fish, popular with sushi connoisseurs who are willing to pay a hefty price in the hope that the fish is cooked right. The first symptoms appear as early as 30 minutes after eating poisonous fish. At first, a person feels like his mouth is paralyzed, it becomes difficult to swallow. Soon there is a violation of coordination of movements and speech. Attacks, convulsions begin, as a result, a person can fall into a coma and die. Death occurs after about 6 hours, but cases of death after 17 minutes are known. This poison is considered one of the deadliest on earth.

    Ricin is another poison that has become popular, as has anthrax, in connection with its distribution by mail. The actress who starred in the movie "Walking Dead" was convicted of just such a crime. Ricin has been found in the seeds of the castor bean. Ricin is an incredibly deadly poison, it binds to protein in the body, which leads to lethal outcome. It was considered as a chemical weapon by the US military and members of al-Qaeda.


    The most dangerous nerve gas on the planet, a former pesticide, has become an excellent target for militaries around the world, despite the ban on the use of weapons mass destruction. There is no other use for gas, except in times of war. The gas is so poisonous that one drop of it on the skin kills a person. When inhaled, the first symptoms of poisoning are similar to the onset of the flu, then respiratory paralysis occurs, which leads to death.


    It is the deadliest poison on earth. A cup of the toxin can kill hundreds of thousands of people by causing the disease botulism, a disease that affects the central nervous system. Surprisingly, this poison has important practical uses, from Botox injections to treating migraines. It is known that some patients after procedures with the use of botulinum toxin died. Of the victims of poisoning with this poison, 50% die without assistance. medical care and those who survive suffer serious complications for many years. Due to its unstable state and easy availability in nature, botulinum toxin is the most deadly poison in the world. However, the cosmetics industry often uses



Recommended
Quotes about Russia and Russians Russians who they are statements about Russians
How to quickly pickle onions for salad: recipes
How to improve your relationship How to improve your relationship with your husband