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Physical development

Physical development- this is the process of formation, formation and subsequent change during the life of an individual of the morphological and functional properties of his body and the physical qualities and abilities based on them.

Physical development characterized by changes in three groups of indicators.

1. Indicators of physique (body length, body weight, posture, volumes and shapes of individual parts of the body, the amount of fat deposition, etc.), which primarily characterize the biological forms, or morphology, of a person.

2. Indicators (criteria) of health, reflecting the morphological and functional changes in the physiological systems of the human body. Crucial human health is affected by the functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems, digestive and excretory organs, mechanisms of thermoregulation, etc.

3. Indicators of the development of physical qualities (strength, speed abilities, endurance, etc.).

Up to about 25 years of age (the period of formation and growth), most morphological indicators increase in size and body functions improve. Then, until the age of 45-50, physical development seems to be stabilized at a certain level. In the future, with aging, the functional activity of the body gradually weakens and worsens, body length may decrease, muscle mass etc.

The nature of physical development as a process of changing these indicators during life depends on many reasons and is determined by a number of patterns. It is possible to successfully manage physical development only if these patterns are known and they are taken into account when building the process. physical education.

Physical development to a certain extent determined laws of heredity, which should be taken into account as factors that favor or, conversely, hinder the physical improvement of a person. Heredity, in particular, should be taken into account when predicting a person's ability and success in sports.

The process of physical development is also subject to the law of age gradation. It is possible to intervene in the process of human physical development in order to manage it only on the basis of taking into account the characteristics and capabilities of the human body in different age periods: in the period of formation and growth, in the period of the highest development of its forms and functions, in the period of aging.

The process of physical development is subject to the law of unity of organism and environment and, therefore, significantly depends on the conditions of human life. Living conditions are primarily social conditions. The conditions of life, work, upbringing and material support to a large extent affect physical state human and determine the development and change in the forms and functions of the body. The geographic environment also has a certain influence on physical development.

Of great importance for the management of physical development in the process of physical education are biological law of exercise and law of unity of forms and functions organism in its activities. These laws are the starting point when choosing the means and methods of physical education in each case.

Choosing physical exercises and determining the magnitude of their loads, according to exercise law you can count on the necessary adaptive changes in the body involved. This takes into account that the body functions as a whole. Therefore, when choosing exercises and loads, mainly of selective effects, it is necessary to clearly imagine all aspects of their influence on the body.

Physical development is a direct indicator of the health of the population.

Physical development- these are the properties of the body, allowing to determine the age characteristics, stock physical strength and endurance.

The formation of physical development is influenced by a number of biomedical factors (sex, age, constitution, heredity, etc.);

Natural and climatic (temperature, humidity, landscape);

Socio-economic (level economic development society, working and living conditions, material and cultural levels, etc.).

Physical development data are used to assess the effectiveness of ongoing sanitary, preventive and recreational activities.

Indicators of physical development are used to identify anthropometric markers of the risk of developing diseases. Some anthropometric indicators are the most important criteria for defining such concepts as "live birth", "stillbirth", "prematurity", etc. Indicators of physical development are necessary for the standardization of clothing, footwear, furniture, rational arrangement of workplaces, etc.

Violations of physical development indicate unfavorable lifestyle conditions, which require measures of medical and social impact.

Control over physical development is one of the essential elements of the daily activities of medical workers. Therefore, the average medical worker must master the methods of studying physical development, know the basic rules for its assessment.

When studying the morphological and functional characteristics that characterize physical development, the anthropometry method is used (from the Greek antropos - a person and metreo - to measure). Anthropometry allows for quantitative accounting of variation physical properties person. When studying physical development, it is used A complex approach based on indicators such as:

1) somatometric (morphological), determined by measuring the dimensions of the body and its parts: body length and weight, sitting body length, chest circumference;

2) physiometric (functional), determined with special sewing physical devices: vital capacity

lungs (VC), chest excursion, muscle strength hands, backbone strength;

3) somatoscopic (descriptive), based on a description of the body as a whole or its individual parts: the state of the musculoskeletal system (posture, shape of the chest), skin elasticity, muscle development, degree of fat deposition, body type, as well as the biological level of development of the body ( the degree of development of secondary sexual characteristics, the number of permanent teeth and the order of their eruption, etc.).

Observation of the physical development of the population is mandatory integral part health care systems. It is systematic.

Control over physical development begins from the moment a person is born. The first anthropometric measurements are carried out in the maternity hospital. This work continues in children's polyclinics and children's preschool institutions, during in-depth medical examinations in schools. On the basis of the developed age-sex standards of physical development of homogeneous ethnic groups, group and individual assessments of the level of physical development of schoolchildren and correction as necessary for their physical development are carried out.

The role of indicators of the physical development of young people is especially great. It is during this period that it is possible with great success to carry out directed changes in the morphology of the body - the shape, size and proportions of the body. Assessment of physical development is carried out among students of secondary and higher educational institutions, when drafted into the army and during military service. Observations of the physical development of the adult population are carried out during in-depth periodic medical examinations of various groups of the population - industrial workers, students, athletes, etc.

Data on physical development obtained in the course of current medical supervision are recorded in medical Documents (history of the development of the child, medical record of an outpatient, medical record of a conscript, medical book of a military man, etc.).

For an in-depth study of the physical development of children, adolescents and the adult population, special accounting and statistical documents can be developed. Statistical development of data, analysis and group assessment of physical development are carried out using the methods of medical statistics.

The study of physical development consists of:

1) assessment of the physical development of various age and sex groups of the population;

2) dynamic monitoring of physical development in the same teams;

3) development of age-sex standards for the physical development of children;

4) evaluation of the effectiveness of recreational activities for
the basis of shifts in the state of physical development.

To study, analyze and evaluate the physical development of the population, generalizing and individualizing methods of observation are used.

The generalizing method involves the observation of a sufficiently large group of children, in which individual anthropometric data are summarized. When processing the results of the study, average indicators of physical development are obtained for certain moment time.

The individualizing method is a long-term observation of the development of each child.

To obtain average indicators of physical development, a survey is carried out large groups practically healthy people of a certain age and gender. The obtained average indicators are the standards of the physical development of the corresponding groups of the population. There are no generally accepted standards. Different living standards in different climatic and geographical zones, in cities and rural areas, ethnographic differences cause different level physical development of the population. Accordingly, regional standards are defined.

Assessment of physical development is carried out by comparing individual indicators with standards. For this purpose, the method of sigma deviations is used. Its essence lies in the fact that the indicators of the physical development of the individual are compared with the standard data for the corresponding age and sex group and the value of the sigma deviation is calculated, with the help of which the degree of physical development is determined. It can be defined as average, above or below average, high or low. When using this method, all signs of physical development are evaluated in isolation.

A more complete assessment of the signs of the physical development of the individual allows you to get a method of assessment on regression scales. Using the regression scale, you can determine the degree of physical development in the aggregate morphological features(body length, body weight, chest circumference). This method makes it possible to identify persons with harmonious and disharmonic development, but does not allow taking into account the level of biological development of the individual.

AT last years the centile method of assessing the state of physical development has become widespread. This method is the most rigorous and objective. Centile tables show quantitative data of physical development in children of a specific age and gender.

Acceleration(from lat. acceleratio - acceleration) - acceleration of growth and development of children and adolescents compared to previous generations. This concept was introduced in 1935 by the German physician E. Koch. Acceleration manifested itself most clearly in the second half of the 20th century. An increase in the length and body weight of newborns was noted. In children of the first year of life, it was expressed in large growth parameters, earlier overgrowing of the fontanel, at 6-7 years of age - in the early change of milk teeth to permanent ones. Change in the rate of age development of children school age It is stated mainly by the development of secondary sexual characteristics, early puberty, and acceleration of the processes of skeletal ossification. At present, the process of ossification ends in boys 2, and in girls - 3 years earlier than in the 30s. Acceleration is also manifested in a change in a number of functional indicators (early establishment of heart rate and blood pressure at levels characteristic of adults).

There are various hypotheses for the causes of acceleration shifts. The first group includes physicochemical hypotheses, according to which acceleration is a consequence of intense insolation, exposure to electromagnetic waves, and changes in the level of radiation. The second group consists of hypotheses whose supporters explain the acceleration by the influence of changing living conditions and, first of all, by improving the nutrition of children (increased consumption of animal proteins and fats, vitamins, high-calorie concentrates for feeding infants). A number of scientists adhere to the urbanization hypothesis, believing that the accelerated pace of urban life, the active impact of funds mass media(television, radio, cinema, computer means of communication) have a stimulating effect on the central nervous system and activate its tropic functions. According to the genetic theory, as a result of the active mixing of the planet's population, heterogeneity in various populations increases due to the increased frequency of mixed marriages between previously isolated groups of people, which leads to an acceleration in the development of children.

However, none of these hypotheses (theories) can claim to be an exhaustive justification of acceleration. Therefore, most researchers consider the acceleration of growth and development of the younger generation as a result of complex interaction exogenous and endogenous, biological and social factors.

Acceleration shifts are periodic in nature with short periods of stabilization. Scientists predict a slowdown in acceleration in economically developed countries in the coming decades. However, in developing countries Asia, Africa and Latin America are expected to significantly accelerate the individual development of children.

This is the process of changing the forms and functions of the human body under the influence of living conditions and education.

There are three levels of physical development: high, medium and low, and two intermediate levels above average and below average.

In the narrow sense of the word, physical development is understood as anthropometric indicators (height, weight, circumference-chest volume, foot size, etc.).

The level of physical development is determined in comparison with the normative tables.

From the textbook Kholodov Zh.K., Kuznetsova B.C. Theory and methodology of physical education and sports:

This is the process of formation, formation and subsequent change during the life of an individual of the morphological and functional properties of his body and the physical qualities and abilities based on them.

Physical development is characterized by changes in three groups of indicators.

1. Physique indicators (body length, body weight, posture, volumes and shapes of individual parts of the body, fat deposition, etc.), which primarily characterize the biological forms, or morphology, of a person.
2. Indicators (criteria) of health, reflecting the morphological and functional changes in the physiological systems of the human body. Of decisive importance for human health is the functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems, digestive and excretory organs, thermoregulation mechanisms, etc.
3. 3. Indicators of the development of physical qualities (strength, speed abilities, endurance, etc.).

Up to about 25 years of age (the period of formation and growth), most morphological indicators increase in size and body functions improve. Then, until the age of 45-50, physical development seems to be stabilized at a certain level. In the future, with aging, the functional activity of the body gradually weakens and worsens, body length, muscle mass, etc. may decrease.

The nature of physical development as a process of changing these indicators during life depends on many reasons and is determined by a number of patterns. Successfully managing physical development is possible only if these patterns are known and they are taken into account when building the process of physical education.

Physical development is to a certain extent determined laws of heredity , which should be taken into account as factors that favor or, conversely, hinder the physical improvement of a person. Heredity, in particular, should be taken into account when predicting a person's ability and success in sports.

The process of physical development is also subject to the law of age gradation . It is possible to intervene in the process of human physical development in order to manage it only on the basis of taking into account the characteristics and capabilities of the human body in different age periods: in the period of formation and growth, in the period of the highest development of its forms and functions, in the period of aging.

The process of physical development is subject to the law of unity of organism and environment and, therefore, significantly depends on the conditions of human life. The conditions of life are primarily social conditions. The conditions of life, work, upbringing and material support to a large extent affect the physical condition of a person and determine the development and change in the forms and functions of the body. The geographic environment also has a certain influence on physical development.

Of great importance for the management of physical development in the process of physical education are the biological law of exercise and the law of the unity of the forms and functions of the organism in its activity . These laws are the starting point when choosing the means and methods of physical education in each case.

Choosing physical exercises and determining the magnitude of their loads, according to the law of exercise capacity, one can count on the necessary adaptive changes in the body of those involved. This takes into account that the body functions as a whole. Therefore, when choosing exercises and loads, mainly of selective effects, it is necessary to clearly imagine all aspects of their influence on the body.

List of used literature:

1. Kholodov Zh.K., Kuznetsov B.C. Theory and methods of physical education and sports: Proc. allowance for students. higher textbook establishments. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2000. - 480 p.

Every month for up to a year, and then every three months, as for work, mothers with babies go to the pediatrician for a checkup. First of all, the child is weighed and measured. Then the doctor looks at the mysterious tablets and delivers a verdict: physical development ... This conclusion is not always clear to moms and dads. What does average physical development mean, or what does low or high mean? What does harmonious mean and what is its disharmony? Why evaluate it at all and how?

Physical development of the child is one of the indicators of health. Physical development is understood not only as indicators of height, weight, chest circumference, head and others, but also functional indicators, such as motor (motor) development, as well as biological - the maturity of various organs and systems. Developmental disorders, such as growth retardation, a violation of the ratio of body length and body weight, can be detected on initial stage many chronic diseases when there are no specific symptoms of the disease. In addition, violations of the child's physical development may reflect his social disadvantage (for example, malnutrition in poorly provided families), indicate congenital and hereditary pathology, diseases of the endocrine system. This means that it is important to keep the indicators of the physical development of the child under control.

The processes of growth and development proceed continuously throughout the entire period of childhood, but unevenly. The baby grows most intensively in the first year of life, then a growth spurt is observed at 5-6 and at 11-13 years old in girls and at 13-15 years old in boys.

Girls and boys grow and develop differently. Boys are taller and larger at birth, and this persists until the onset of puberty. And at 11-13 years old, girls overtake boys both in height and weight. However, at the age of 13-15, boys make their growth leap and again surpass girls in morphological parameters.

The pace of physical development is subject to significant individual fluctuations. An important role is played by hereditary factors. So in a family where mom and dad are small in stature, it is doubtful that the child will grow up to two meters. Therefore, when assessing physical development, you should always look at mom and dad, and not just at formulas and tablets :)

In addition to heredity, nationality, the region where the child lives, and nutritional habits play an important role.

The physical development of a child is studied not only with the help of anthropometry - measuring weight, height, circumference. In addition, an examination and description of the external appearance of the child and physique, dynamometry (measurement of muscle strength), a study of physical performance (step test, bicycle ergometry), determination of vital capacity of the lungs, ECG indicators, blood pressure and pulse. All obtained indicators are compared with the passport age of the child and a conclusion is formed. Of course, such a comprehensive examination is not often carried out, mostly already at school age.

There are several various ways assessment of the physical development of children, I will give a few of them.

First, physical development can be assessed formulas. However, this method is not accurate.

Here are some of these formulas:

1. The body length of a child at 6 months is 66 cm, 2.5 cm is subtracted for each missing month, 1.5 cm is added for each month over six. For example: the body length of a child at four months should be about 61 cm; the body length of a baby at 10 months is approximately 72 cm.

2. The body weight of a child at 6 months is 8200 grams, 800 grams are deducted for each missing month, 400 grams are added for each month over six months. For example: the body weight of a child at four months should be about 6600 grams; the body weight of a baby at 10 months is approximately 9800 grams.

3. Body weight over body length is a very important ratio. It will show a lack or, conversely, an excess of body weight for a given height in a child. With a body length of 66 cm, the mass is 8200 grams, 300 grams are taken away for each missing centimeter, 250 grams are added for each additional centimeter. For example: with a height of 60 centimeters, the baby should weigh about 6400 grams.

Exists sigma method, when the length, body weight and circumference indicators are compared with the arithmetic mean of these signs for a given age and gender, and the actual deviation from it is found. A deviation from the average value within one sigma will indicate the average development of the child, within two sigma - about the development below the average (if the indicators are below the average) or above the average (if the indicators are above the average for the given age and gender). A deviation of three sigma indicates low or high physical development.

Received the most recognition centile method estimates according to special centile tables. Centile tables are presented in the form of columns of numbers that show the quantitative boundaries of the trait (mass, height, head and chest circumferences) in a certain percentage of children of a given age and gender. At the same time, values ​​that are in the range from 25 to 75 centiles are considered average or conditionally normal for children of a given age and gender.

The essence of the distribution of values ​​in the centile table is very simple. For example, if you take a group of three-year-old boys and measure their height, then about 50% of all height values ​​will be between the 25th and 75th centiles and will be considered average. The remaining values ​​will be less common and will be distributed among the rest of the corridors.

For example, I will give you a line from such a centile table. Body length of boys at 12 months (author of the table I.M. Vorontsov, St. Petersburg):

	3	10	25	75	90	97
12 months

So, the table shows the height of boys at 12 months. Centiles are marked in blue. If the boy's height is one year old is 77 cm (look between the 25th and 75th centile) - this means that he has average height. For most boys of this age, height will be from 75.4 to 78 cm. If the height is in the range from 73.9 to 75.4 cm, this is an indicator below the average, from 71.4 to 73.9 cm - short. If in the range from 78 to 80 cm - growth rate above average, from 80 to 82.1 cm - high. And finally, if the growth rate is less than 71.4 cm, this is very short stature for a child of this age and a baby requires a mandatory consultation of a doctor - an endocrinologist. Accordingly, a height of more than 82.1 cm is also considered excessively high and such a child must also be taken under control.

Centile tables are compiled for each region, since, as I have already said, indicators of physical development are subject to significant fluctuations depending on the territory of residence and nationality. Accordingly, it would not be entirely correct to evaluate the growth of the inhabitants of Yakutia according to the tables developed in Krasnodar.

The most "important" indicator is the growth of the child. It depends on him what the physical development of the baby will be called - medium, low or high. That is, the first thing to evaluate is the growth of the child, and then everything else. If the growth rate is in the middle corridor (from 25 to 75 centiles), then physical development is considered AVERAGE. In corridors below average or above average (respectively from 10 to 25 centiles and from 75 to 90 centiles) - BELOW AVERAGE and ABOVE AVERAGE. In the corridors of low and high values ​​(respectively from 3 to 10 and from 90 to 97 centiles) - LOW and HIGH. If the growth rate is below the 3rd centile, it is considered very low; if the growth rate is above the 97th centile, it is called very high. Growth values ​​from 10 to 90 centile are the norm! Growth values ​​between the 3rd and 10th and between the 90th and 97th centiles are marginal. Values ​​below the 3rd centile and above 97 require close monitoring and expert advice.

So, height, weight, head circumference, chest circumference are measured. At the same time, each indicator falls into its own corridor (that is, it is between certain centiles. The results are compared with each other. Ideally, both height and weight and circumference should be in the same corridor. That is, for example, each indicator individually is between the 25th and 75th centiles This indicates that the child is developing harmoniously. If the indicators are in different corridors and differ by more than one, physical development is considered disharmonious. For example, if a boy's height is between the 25th and 75th centiles (medium) and his weight is between the 3rd and 10th centiles (low), then the child is clearly underweight.

Things to look out for when evaluating your baby's development:

1. Low physical development(in case other family members are medium or tall) and very low physical development require mandatory consultation with an endocrinologist and follow-up in dynamics.

2. The discrepancy between the height and body weight of the child: underweight or overweight. In case of severe underweight (hypotrophy) and overweight (obesity), additional examination and observation.

3.Very small or very large head circumference, large increments of head circumference over time- an important reason for the obligatory consultation of a neurologist.

Bibliographic description:

Nesterova I.A. Health and physical development of children [Electronic resource] // Educational encyclopedia site

Consider the relationship between health and physical development of children, which is one of the key indicators of a child's health. The necessity of regular assessment of the level of physical development of the child in order to overcome possible diseases in their early stages.

The value of the physical development of children

Health and physical development are closely related. In children with existing health disorders, physical development is slowed down or significantly worsened. The physical development of children is represented in the totality of morphological and functional characteristics of the body in their relationship in childhood. It is inextricably linked with the development of a craving for healthy lifestyle life.

The problem of health and physical development of children is widely studied in medicine. Back in the 19th century, Russian scientists F.F. Erisman and N.V. Zak established that the physical development of children and adolescents from privileged circles is much higher compared to their peers from low-income families.

During the Soviet era, such scientists wrote about the health and physical development of children: A. N. Antonova, M. D. Bolshakova, M. A. Minkevich, E. P. Stromskaya, L. A. Sysin, L. L. Rokhlin , V. O. Mochan et al. child development and health, much attention is paid in the works of such specialists as: V.V. Golubev, A.A. Baranov, N.V. Ezhova N.P., Shabalovi et al.

Indicators of the physical development of children

The health and physical development of children depends on the physical form and how often the child goes in for sports. An important role in assessing the health of children is played by indicators of the physical development of children.

The physical development of children is understood as a set of morphological and functional signs of the body, such as:

1. growth,
2. chest circumference,
3. lung capacity,
4. muscle strength of the arms, etc.

The physical development of both a child and an adult is directly related to the activity of body systems:

1. cardiovascular,
2. respiratory,
3. digestive,
4. musculoskeletal, etc.

The state of the above systems is an indicator of the physical development of the child. It has been established that the body's resistance to adverse environmental influences and disease resistance depend physically on how the child is developed. Thus, the physical development and health of the child are interrelated and influence each other.

Many valeologists note that physical development as a category of health is directly related to the state of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, musculoskeletal and other systems. This is undeniable. However, we must not forget that the level of physical development depends on the resistance of the organism to adverse environmental influences, resistance to disease and, accordingly, the state of internal organs.

The physical development and health of the child are interconnected and influence each other. Physical development reflects the processes of growth and development of the body and is one of the most important indicators of children's health.

Currently, more and more people talk about the acceleration of the child's body. It has unpredictable effects on the health and physical development of children. Acceleration is an accelerated rate of development called an organism. More than one theory of acceleration coexist in science. It is believed that this is the result of a general trend in biology modern man that arose under the influence of scientific and technological progress. This is a change in nutrition, an increase in solar activity, a change climatic conditions, urbanization, violations of genetic isolation (interethnic marriages), radiation from household appliances, etc.

The indicators of the physical development of the child are most often considered height and weight. They are evaluated by comparing the size of its growth with the norms presented in standard tables. Such tables are periodically compiled on the basis of mass surveys of children in certain regions, which have their own geographical, social and economic features.

Characteristic of the child's body fast growth and continuous development. According to N.V. Ezhova in medical science distinguishes a number of periods of child development, which are shown in the figure below.

Periods of a child's life

The physical development of a child is influenced by many factors:

1. Heredity, in which a large role is played not only by the genes of the parents, but also by race and the genes of many generations of ancestors.
2. Nutrition of the child, which provides the physiological needs of the body. An unbalanced diet often leads to a deficiency or excess of certain substances, the development of various diseases.
3. Terms environment and child care.
4. Hereditary diseases, the presence of certain chronic diseases, severe injuries or infectious diseases.
5. Properly distributed exercise stress, motor activity of the child, his psychological and emotional condition.

Most often, the growth of the body ends by 16 - 18 years.

Physical development is a process strictly subject to certain biological laws.

One of the most important laws of the physical development of children is that the younger the age, the more actively the growth processes occur. Based on this, it can be argued that the body grows most actively in utero. For 9 months, the baby's body grows from several cells to an average size of 49 - 54 cm in height and 2.7 - 4 kg in weight. During the first month of life, the child grows by about 3 cm and adds a mass of 700 - 1000 g. On average, by the end of the first year, the child weighs about 10 kg and has a height of 73 - 76 cm. With increasing age, increases in the physical development of the child decrease.

Another important law of the growth of the child's body is the change in periods of stretching and rounding. Periods of the so-called extension are replaced by rounding periods - each period lasts about 1.5 - 3 years. The most pronounced periods of rounding at the age of 3 - 5 years, and periods of stretching - in adolescence.

Monitoring the indicators of the physical development of the child is necessary at each stage of development. It must be remembered that any disease affects the physical development of the child, violating it.

Assessment of the physical development of the child

To identify indicators of health and physical development of children, an analysis of indicators and calculations are carried out to identify various indices.

Assessment of physical development is carried out by comparing the individual indicators of the child with the normative ones. The first (basic), and in many cases the only method for assessing the physical development of a child is to conduct anthropometric studies and evaluate the data obtained. In this case, two main methods are used, shown in the figure.

Methods for assessing the physical development of children

Consider each method for assessing the health and physical development of children separately.

The method of tentative calculations is based on knowledge of the basic patterns of increasing the mass and length of the body, the contours of the chest and head. Appropriate normative indicators can be calculated for a child of any age. The permissible interval of deviations of actual data from the calculated ones is ± 7% for average indicators of physical development. The method gives only an approximate picture of the physical development of children and is used by pediatricians, as a rule, in the case of medical care children at home.

The method of anthropometric standards is more accurate, since individual anthropometric values ​​are compared with the normative ones for the age and sex of the child. Regional standards tables can be of two types:

1. Sigma type.
2. centile type.

When using tables compiled according to the method of sigma standards, a comparison of actual indicators is carried out with the arithmetic mean value (M) for a given sign of the same age and sex group as in the child we are observing. The resulting difference is expressed in sigma (δ - standard deviation), determining the degree of deviation of individual data from their average value.

The results are evaluated as follows: with average physical development, individual values ​​differ from age standards (M) by no more than one sigma in one direction or another.

Depending on the size of sigma deviations, 5 groups of physical development are distinguished. They are shown in the figure below.

Groups of physical development in accordance with the size of sigma deviations.

Consider an example: The average height of 10-year-old boys is 137 cm, the standard deviation is 5.2 cm, then a student of this age, having a height of 142 cm, will receive a height estimate in shares of sigma equal to

142 – 137 / 5,2 = 0,96,

i.e., the height of the student is within M + 1σ and is assessed as average, normal growth.

The final data obtained for each sign of physical development, in sigma terms, can be visualized in the form of the so-called anthropometric profile, which is performed graphically and shows the differences in physique this person from other persons. This method is widely used in dynamic medical monitoring of the physical development of children, athletes, military personnel and other population groups.

When using tables compiled according to the method of centile standards, it is necessary to determine the centile interval, which corresponds to the actual value of the sign, taking into account the age and gender of the patient, and give an estimate. The method is not mathematical and therefore better characterizes the variational series in biology and in particular in medicine. It is easy to use, does not require calculations, fully allows you to assess the relationship between various anthropometric indicators and is therefore widely used in the world.

At present, knowing the sex, age of the child and determining the anthropometric characteristics, it is possible to find out the degree of deviation of his physical development.

Centile - a certain proportion or percentage of the corresponding sign in children, depending on age and gender. This is a quantitative indicator of the physiological boundaries of a given trait.

For average, or conditionally normal, values ​​are taken in the range of 25-75 centiles (50% of all children). The interval from 10 to 25 centiles characterizes the area of ​​​​values ​​below the average, from 3 to 10 centiles - low, below 3 centiles - very low and vice versa, the interval from 75 to 90 centiles - the area of ​​\u200b\u200bvalues ​​above the average, from 90 to 97 centiles - high, above 97 centiles are very high. Above the 75th and below the 25th centile are the border zones quantitative characteristics body length and weight, requiring caution when assessing the risk of serious abnormalities.

Scores outside the 97th and 3rd centiles reflect a clear pathology or disease.

Each length or weight result can be placed in the appropriate area, or "corridor", of the centile scale, which allows you to assess the child's physical development: average, above average, high, very high, below average, low and very low . If the difference between "corridors" between any 2 out of 3 indicators does not exceed 1, we can talk about harmonious development. If this difference is 2 "corridors", development should be considered inharmonious, and if 3 or more - disharmonious, i.e. evidence of a clear disadvantage.

When observing and measuring the child, the pediatrician gives an opinion on the physical development and recommendations in case of deviation from the norm.

But for an adequate assessment and timely correction of your child, the doctor must be familiar with:

1. with the previous development of the child,
2. with past illnesses,
3. with the child's characteristics.

Parents should clearly monitor the physical development of the child together with the pediatrician. This is necessary in order to prevent the development of diseases in time, such as endocrine, metabolic diseases, diseases of cardio-vascular system etc.

Assessment of the physical development of the child occurs in strictly regulated periods indicated below.

So, control over the physical development of the child and its assessment are extremely important in today's extremely difficult environmental conditions. It is also necessary to emphasize the fact that the physical development and health of the child are interrelated indicators. Healthy children have adequate indicators of physical development. If the child has any diseases, then they worsen the indicators of physical development.

Constant monitoring of the physical development of children is necessary, it allows you to identify many diseases in the early stages, even before the start of health complaints by the child or his parents.

Literature

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