The problem of waste disposal has been relevant at all times, but today this issue has become so acute that it raises the Shakespearean theme to a global scale: in fact, to be or not to be our planet?

There are only two possible answers: either people turn to face the problem, or our beautiful Earth will perish under a pile of fetid garbage.

Today, there are a huge number of industrial enterprises in the world. And only a few of them can boast of waste-free production, while the rest cope with waste as best they can or do not cope at all.

About a third of all waste is recycled, that is, disposed of. The rest are forced to lie dead weight and pollute our atmosphere. And the longer we live with this garbage nearby, the less chance of survival for future generations. This question has already matured so clearly that it is time for everyone to think and ring the bells anxiously.

Waste disposal is a complex measure. In order to qualitatively approach the solution of this problem, it is necessary to take into account the presence of different types waste and the processing of each of them should be approached individually.

How much is processed in Russia

In particular, Russian enterprises annually produce 3.5 billion tons of waste.

Of these, 2.6 billion are industrial, 700 million tons are liquid waste generated by poultry and livestock farms, 42 million tons are, and 30 million tons are sewage treatment plant sludge.

Classification of waste by type

Depending on the origin, waste is divided into different types and classes. Let's name the most common ones, although this is a rather conditional division, in fact there are much more species and subspecies.

Household waste

To this species refers to the waste generated in the process of human life. These are various food, paper, plastic and other wastes that citizens throw out of their homes and institutions. Ordinary, familiar to all garbage, found everywhere and everywhere, belongs to the fourth or fifth class of danger.

biological waste

Animals and humans are biological species. Their waste products are great. These include public catering, sanitary facilities, veterinary clinics and the like. The main method of their disposal is. Liquid fractions are taken out on special machines.

Industrial waste

These include waste generated as a result of production and technological work. This type can also include construction waste, which appears as a result of the production of construction and finishing materials(paint and varnish, heat-insulating, etc.), during the construction of houses and structures, as well as during installation, finishing, facing and repair work.

radioactive waste

These are unusable gases, solutions, various materials and products, biological objects that contain radioactive substances in excess of the allowable amount.

Depending on this indicator, the degree of their danger is determined.

This group includes waste produced by medical institutions. Of these, about 80% is ordinary household waste, the remaining 20% ​​pose a threat to humans to one degree or another.

Division by hazard class

Waste is also classified according to state of aggregation, that is, they can be liquid, solid and gaseous. According to the degree of danger, waste is divided into classes, there are four of them.

The lower the class of waste, the greater the threat they pose to humans and the planet as a whole.

• The first class is extremely hazardous waste, which can disrupt the ecosystem on a catastrophic scale. The consequences of such an impact are irreversible.
• The second class is represented by very hazardous wastes that pose a threat to the environment for a long period (about 30 years).
• The third class is moderately hazardous waste. The ecosystem has been disturbed, but its restoration is possible only after 10 years, provided that the harmful source is eliminated.
• Low hazardous waste is the fourth class. Their detrimental effect on environment continues for 3 years.
• Class 5 waste does not pose a threat to the environment.

What danger does each species pose to the environment and humans

Waste is one of the leading environmental problems worldwide today. Alas, some countries still do not understand the danger that nature and man are in. The planet is literally littered with debris.

Municipal solid waste is diverse: cardboard and wood, metal and ordinary paper, textiles and leather, rubber, stones, glass. Especially dangerous is plastic waste, which does not decompose for a long period and can lie in the ground for tens or even hundreds of years. Rotting household waste is favorable environment for the development of many pathogens.

From year to year, the number of industrial enterprises is growing, respectively, the amount of waste is increasing, which leads to pollution and littering of nature.

As a result, the quality of the environment is constantly deteriorating, and natural landscapes are increasingly subject to an irreversible process of destruction. Hundreds of thousands of hectares of land suitable for agricultural activities are dying under the rubble of rotting waste.

Industrial waste negatively affect not only the atmosphere, but also water resources planets. The discharge of industrial waste into wastewater leads to pollution of the waters of the World Ocean, which, in turn, reduces biological productivity and negatively affects the Earth's climate as a whole.

Construction debris, consisting of the remains of wood, drywall, metal, concrete, etc., can damage the balance of the ecosystem. The decomposition time of such waste is quite long. For example, brick fragments can lie in the soil for up to 100 years.

Radiochemical plants, nuclear power plants, research centers emit the most dangerous waste into the environment - radioactive. They are not only dangerous, they can lead our Earth to ecological disaster. The last sad experience in Chernobyl showed firsthand the global threat of this type of pollution.

Despite the fact that Russia has accumulated enough of its own nuclear waste, radioactive waste from other countries is brought into the country for processing and further storage.

The danger of medical waste is great. They can contain highly dangerous, self-reproducing pathogenic microorganisms, and if they are simply thrown into landfills, there is a risk of spreading bacteria, which as a result will lead to outbreaks of various epidemics.

Man, being part of the ecosystem, is also exposed to the harmful effects of industrial waste. Per last years a number of diseases appeared - allergic, endocrine, toxic - caused by the action of chemicals released by humans into the natural environment.

Waste disposal methods in the Russian Federation

The problem of waste disposal is relevant all over the world today, including in Russia. There are three main ways that are used for waste disposal in our country:

• storage of garbage in specially designated landfills;
• burning;
• processing into secondary raw materials.

In order to engage in this type of activity, you must have a license and conclude an agreement. Moreover, each type of waste has its own rules.

Solid household waste and its disposal

The nature of Russia is beautiful and diverse. However, today in the vastness of our vast Motherland there is not a single natural corner that has not been touched by a human hand. Traces of human carelessness can be found everywhere: bottles, bags, cans, cigarette packs, etc. lying around.

80% of all household waste in Russia is simply taken to landfills. The cost of this method is the lowest. The official landfills of the Russian Federation, in which about 82 billion tons of waste are buried, are about 11 thousand. Their number is constantly increasing, thereby causing enormous damage to nature.

Some of the garbage is incinerated and then buried. However, this method also has a number of disadvantages, since the harmful substances formed during the combustion process are very toxic, their release into the environment adversely affects human health.

Food waste are placed in storage tanks, where, under the influence of a certain temperature, they decompose, compost.

Only 3% household waste exposed industrial processing. This method of disposal today poses the least danger, but the whole problem lies in the construction of such enterprises, or rather, the need to invest in this industry.

Recycling of industrial waste

Industrial waste is generated literally at every stage of production. AT recent times government bodies the authorities seriously thought about introducing fundamental changes in the field of environmental management, when the correct processing and disposal of industrial waste generated by enterprises will be subject to strict accounting.

Within the territory of Russian Federation plants for processing industrial waste into secondary raw materials are already operating. So far, this industry has just begun its development, so today only 35% of this type of waste undergoes high-quality processing. The rest is still dumped in landfills or, even worse, in sewage, thereby causing irreparable damage to the planet. Unfortunately, this problem is global, and it must be solved at the global level.

Disposal of radioactive and medical residues

Numerous bans have been introduced in Russia on the conditions of handling, disposal, as well as on the import of these types of waste. However, to date, burial and incineration are the main methods of their disposal. There are special burial grounds in which solid and liquid radioactive substances are buried.

Medical waste is first collected in special bags and then mostly incinerated, which is also unsafe. At this stage, special furnaces equipped with gas cleaning equipment have already begun to operate, and alternative ways incineration (autoclaving, microwave and steam-thermal treatment).

Is the problem of waste disposal solvable?

Despite the huge scale, the problem of waste disposal is solvable. Of course, every inhabitant of the planet must start the fight with himself. But still, the consciousness of people must be necessarily supported by measures taken at the state level. A comprehensive system is needed to deal with the responsible management of natural resources and waste management. Only A complex approach to the problem on the part of the state, local authorities, as well as each individual inhabitant of the planet, can minimize the risks of the detrimental impact of waste on the ecosystem.

Undoubtedly, one of the negative factors influencing urbanization on humans and the environment is a large amount of human waste that appears due to population growth (an increase in the amount of products consumed by a person and industrial goods used by him leads to an increase in household waste), as well as with the growth of production (an increase in the number and capacity of enterprises leads to an increase in industrial waste).

The problem of waste disposal is currently acute for humanity.

Consider the classification of industrial and domestic waste.

According to the state of aggregation, waste is divided into solid and liquid.

According to the source of generation, waste can be:

industrial - are formed during the production process (metal scrap, shavings, plastics, dust, ash, etc.);

biological - are formed in agriculture(bird droppings, animal waste, crop waste and other organic waste);

household - are formed as a result of human activities (food waste, sewage sludge, household chemicals, etc.).

The most dangerous for the environment are considered industrial wastes, which are chemically heterogeneous, complex mixtures of various substances with different chemical and physical properties, and represent toxic, chemical, biological, corrosive, fire and explosion hazards. There is a classification of industrial wastes according to their chemical nature, technological features of formation, the possibility of further processing and use.

According to toxicity, wastes are divided into the following toxicity classes:

extremely dangerous - wastes containing mercury and its compounds, including sublimate (HgCl2), potassium cyanide, antimony compounds, including SbCl3 - trichlorine antimony, benz-a-pyrene, etc.;

highly hazardous - waste containing copper chloride, containing copper sulfate, copper oxalate, antimony trioxide, lead compounds;

moderately hazardous - waste containing lead oxides (PbO, PbO2, Pb3O4), nickel chloride, carbon tetrachloride;

low-hazard - wastes containing magnesium sulfate, phosphates, zinc compounds, calcium chloride, manganese dioxide wastes of mineral processing by the flotation method using amines;

non-toxic.

Determination of the waste hazard class is carried out according to the maximum allowable concentration of substances, taking into account their solubility in water and the content of substances in the total mass of waste.

Waste that can later be used in production is classified as secondary material resources. For example, waste paper can be used for the production of paper, scrap - glass, scrap metal - metal, ash, dust, slag? building materials and structures, poultry and livestock waste? organic fertilizers, waste oils and petroleum products? oil production, etc.

Solid industrial waste (SW) are, as a rule, more or less homogeneous products that do not require prior separation into groups for their processing.

Municipal solid waste (MSW), on the contrary, is a coarse mechanical mixture of a wide variety of materials and decaying products that differ in physical, chemical and mechanical properties and sizes.

Each production unit, as a rule, is characterized by its specific type of solid waste, which is a mixture of various products formed during the production of certain products or semi-finished products.

All TPOs are divided into the following groups:

waste of metal processing production units;

waste from metallurgical production units;

waste glass and ceramic industries;

waste in the production of polymeric materials of synthetic chemistry (including waste rubber and rubber products);

waste from natural polymeric materials (waste wood, cardboard, pulp and paper waste, waste fibroin, keratin, casein, collagen);

heating system waste;

fibrous waste;

radioactive waste.

MSW is divided into the following groups.

waste from natural materials (food (rotting) waste; waste from medical, medical, research organizations; polymer waste from natural materials, including waste wood, cardboard, pulp and paper, wrapping materials);

industrial waste (metal; waste of spent chemical current sources; broken glass and glassware; waste of polymeric materials of synthetic chemistry, including rubber and rubber products, all wrapping materials and polymer containers from synthetic chemistry products; radioactive waste).

Currently, mining, metallurgical, chemical, woodworking, energy and other industries generate more than a billion tons of waste annually. Only a third of the total is used. The largest amount of waste is obtained during the extraction and enrichment of raw materials.

The most important step in waste management is collection, in which waste is separated depending on further use, method of processing, disposal and disposal. This process is very important, as it allows to significantly simplify and reduce the cost of their further processing by eliminating or reducing the cost of their separation.

After collection, the waste is recycled, recycled and disposed of.

The most important stage in the process of subsequent processing and use of household waste is their separation into different types already at the stage of collection in places of generation, i.e. directly in residential areas. Waste should be separated into food, paper, glass, plastic and various packaging. Food waste, for example, can be further processed into feed and organic fertilizers, and paper waste can be used to produce paper products, etc.

Such wastes are recycled that can be useful, as indicated earlier. For example, used oils are cleaned from corrosion products, abrasive wear, other kinds of suspended particles, thermal decomposition products, additives are added and oils are obtained for reuse. Animal husbandry, poultry farming waste, municipal sewage sludge that does not contain heavy metals can be recycled and used as environmentally friendly fertilizers. Waste rubber products, in particular car tires, are subjected to grinding and re-sent to the manufacture of these products. Nuclear fuel spent at nuclear power plants is processed at radiochemical plants in order to isolate plutonium-239 and uranium-235 for further use in nuclear reactors and other purposes.

An acute problem is the use of plastics and packaging materials that, when burned, would not form toxic substances, in particular dioxins, or decompose in the soil under the influence of natural biological processes.

Waste recycling? milestone in ensuring life safety, contributing to the protection of the environment from pollution and preserving Natural resources.

Waste that cannot be processed and further used as secondary resources (the processing of which is difficult and economically unprofitable, or which is in excess) is disposed of in landfills. Before disposal in a landfill, waste a high degree humidity are dehydrated. Compressible waste is advisable to compress, but combustible? burn to reduce their volume and mass. When pressing, the volume of waste is reduced by up to 10 times, and when burned? up to 50 times. Incineration in furnaces at waste incineration plants that operate in many countries of the world has become widespread.

The disadvantage of incineration is the significantly higher costs compared to landfilling, dumping into the sea and disposal in exhausted mines. However, the thermal method of waste disposal is preferable to storing them in landfills and landfills.

Also, when burned, there are serious problems associated with the formation of gaseous toxic emissions. Therefore, waste incineration plants must be equipped with highly efficient dust and gas cleaning systems.

For the disposal of industrial waste, it is advisable to use reservoirs in geological formations: granite, volcanic rocks, tuffs, basalts, salt strata, gypsum, anhydrite, dolomite, clay. Such storage facilities can exist both independently and jointly with mining enterprises in its mine field.

When storing waste in landfills, the following conditions and restrictions must be observed:

in places of storage, waterproofing should be performed to prevent contamination of groundwater;

complete elimination of the occurrence of deformations that can make the water-conducting thickness (shear under the action of its own mass, dynamic loads caused by earthquakes, gas-dynamic phenomena, ground explosions, etc.);

placement away from settlements, areas of possible occurrence of floods, mudflows, breakthrough of dams and dams, subsidence earth's surface as a result of mining;

the nature of the landfill equipment should depend on the type and toxicity class of the stored waste;

polygons should be located away from water protection zones and have sanitary protection zones.

Distinguish landfills of enterprises, urban landfills, landfills of regional significance.

Processing and disposal of radioactive waste? one of the most difficult problems. Collection, processing and disposal of radioactive waste is carried out separately from other types of waste. It is expedient to subject solid radioactive waste to compression and incineration at special facilities equipped with radiation protection and a highly efficient ventilation air and exhaust gas purification system. When burned, 85...90% of the radionuclides are localized in the ash, the rest are captured by the gas cleaning system.

The nuclear fuel cycle produces a large amount of liquid radioactive waste (LRW). To reduce their volume, liquid wastes are subjected to evaporation, in which the bulk of the radionuclides is localized in the sediment. LRW is temporarily stored in specially equipped tanks, and then sent to special landfills.

In order to eliminate or reduce the risk of groundwater pollution during the final disposal of LRW, methods of their curing are used. Wastes are cemented to form cement stone, bituminized, vitrified, vitrified wastes are included in a metal matrix. Cementing? the simplest method, however, the fixation of radionuclides in the cement stone is not reliable enough, the radionuclides are washed out, and the stone may collapse over time. Bituminization ensures reliable fixation of radionuclides, but with high activity of waste, a large amount of heat of radioactive decay is released, and the bitumen block can melt (melting point of bitumen is 130 °C). vitrification? the most reliable, but also the most expensive method.

For high-level waste, the method of incorporating vitrified waste into a metal matrix is ​​used. To do this, glass beads with radionuclides fixed in them are obtained from the glass mass obtained on the basis of LRW, they are poured into the matrix together with a low-melting alloy based on lead, then the container is heated, the metal is melted and the glass beads are fixed in the metal matrix.

Burial of radioactive waste is carried out in burial grounds in geological formations. Burial grounds can be equipped in the surface layers of the soil, in massifs of rock salt (often used salt mines), crystalline rocks. They should be located in places not prone to floods, mudflows, landslides, in seismically safe areas where there is no groundwater nearby. To date, the issues of disposal and disposal of radioactive waste have not been fully resolved.

PC devices and printed circuit boards contain not only a lot of valuable materials (gold, silver, rare metals), but also many toxic substances, such as heavy metals. Chlorine- and bromine-based overheating flame retardants, which can form extremely dangerous dioxins during combustion, are used in plastics and printed circuit boards.

The latest PC safety requirements provide for the exclusion of flame retardants based on toxic components, the manufacture of structural elements from pure plastics without additives of dyes, and the minimization of the composition of plastics and other materials used. All these requirements are aimed at simplifying the further processing and disposal of decommissioned PCs.

Recycling of electronic industry waste is carried out by separating into separate homogeneous components, isolating components valuable for further use by chemical methods, and sending them for reuse.

A radical solution to the problems of protection against industrial waste is possible with the widespread introduction of low-waste technologies. The term “non-waste technology” is often used, which is incorrect, since non-waste technologies do not exist.

A low-waste technology is a technology in which all components of raw materials and energy are rationally used in a closed cycle, that is, the use of primary natural resources and the resulting waste are minimized.

Low-waste technologies should include:

reduction of material consumption of products;

the use of closed water supply cycles of enterprises, in which treated wastewater is again sent to production;

the resulting waste or substances caught by the gas cleaning should be reused in the production of other products and goods. For example, the solvents captured by adsorbers are sent back to production during regeneration.

A deep solution to the problem of disposal and processing of industrial waste is a long and painstaking process that a number of generations of scientists, engineers, technicians, ecologists, economists, workers of various profiles and many other specialists will have to deal with.

Thus, with increasing urbanization, with the expansion of production, an increase in population (especially in major cities), which imply an increase in the amount of human waste (both domestic and industrial), there is no doubt the emergence of another negative factor of urbanization on human life and the environment - the problem of disposal of domestic and industrial waste from human activity. The positive aspect is that humanity is still striving to solve this problem, using various ways collection and disposal of human waste.

Removal, processing and disposal of waste from 1 to 5 hazard class

We work with all regions of Russia. Valid license. Full set of closing documents. Individual approach to the client and flexible pricing policy.

Using this form, you can leave a request for the provision of services, request a quotation or receive free consultation our specialists.

Send

Mankind is seriously faced with the problem of waste disposal, therefore, more and more advanced methods of waste disposal are being developed all over the world.

“Recycling” is now such a fashionable foreign word. Unfortunately, it has not yet gained the desired popularity in our country. In developed countries, resource conservation is an important motivation for recycling waste.

Special landfills and engineering landfills for waste disposal have limited area in addition, they occupy useful land and harm the environment around them. The problem is not solved by the removal of workings at waste incineration plants. They allow you to reduce the amount of waste, but cause no less harm to the environment, poisoning the air with toxic gases.

The latest efforts of scientists are aimed at developing new schemes for waste disposal, and to introduce new processing technologies by type, hazard class and source of origin. This approach is most effective in terms of environmental protection and rational consumption of exhaustible natural resources. The importance of competent waste processing also has an economic component - it contains useful components, the secondary production of which is much cheaper than primary extraction and processing.

Garbage classification

Types of waste by source of origin

• household
• Organic origin
• industrial production
• Medical
• radioactive waste

Types of waste by state of aggregation

• Solid
• Liquid
• Pastes
• Suspensions
• emulsions
• Bulk

In total, there are 5 hazard classes of waste:

• Working off, which belong to the first class of danger, pose a threat to all life on earth. Even in small quantities, they can lead to death, disability, the birth of sick offspring. Substances such as mercury, polonium, plutonium, lead can cause a serious environmental disaster.
• The second and third hazard classes are united by garbage, which can cause ecological imbalance, and it will take decades to restore it. These include chromium, zinc, phosphorus and chlorine compounds, arsenic.
• Low-hazard substances of the fourth hazard class also affect the human body and living beings. The ecosystem after their impact is restored within 3 years.
• There is a fifth class - environmentally friendly garbage, but even in large quantities it can cause damage to the surrounding space.

A variety of working off leads to the need to create progressive methods of primary waste sorting.

Methods for processing household waste

The most significant part of the garbage on earth is MSW. Their source is residential areas and social facilities. With the growth of the world's population, the volume of solid waste is also growing. Currently, there are such types of recycling as:

• Burial at landfills
• Natural decomposition in the natural environment
• Thermal processing
• Isolation of useful components and recycling

burial

Looking at everything existing methods waste disposal, landfill is the most common way. It is suitable only for garbage that is not subject to spontaneous combustion. Ordinary landfills are giving way to landfills equipped with a system of engineering structures that prevent contamination of surface and groundwater, atmospheric air, agricultural land. In developed countries, gas traps are installed at landfills, which are formed during the decomposition process. It is used to generate electricity, space heating and water heating. In Russia, unfortunately, there is a very small number of engineering landfills for disposal.

Most of the workings are various organic residues, they quickly rot into natural environment. In many countries of the world, household waste is sorted into fractions, their organic part is composted and valuable fertilizer is obtained. In Russia, it is customary to compost an undivided stream of MSW, so it is impossible to use decayed organic matter as a fertilizer.

Thermal processing

Thermal processing refers to the following methods:

• Burning
• Pyrolysis on low temperatures burning
• Plasma treatment (high temperature pyrolysis)

The process of thermal processing allows you to completely destroy harmful components, significantly reduce their number in burial sites, convert combustion energy into heat and electricity.

Simply incinerating garbage is a cheap way to dispose of it. In this area, proven methods of waste processing are practiced, serial equipment is produced, a high level of automation puts the process on a continuous flow. However, combustion produces a large number of harmful gases with toxic and carcinogenic properties. Gradually, the world is moving to pyrolysis.

The most effective is high-temperature pyrolysis - plasma treatment. Her virtues:

• No need to sort leftovers
• Getting steam and electricity
• Obtaining a liquid residue - pyrolysis oil
• Obtaining a harmless vitrified slag at the output, which can be used in secondary production.
• Ecological safety for the environment and human health

Plasma waste disposal methods eliminate the need to create new landfills and landfills, and the economic benefits are expressed in millions of dollars in profit.

In recent years, waste recovery has begun to actively develop, i.e. recycling. Garbage contains many useful components that can be reused for the synthesis of new materials and the production of various goods.

From waste sorted:

• Ferrous, non-ferrous and precious metals
• glass break
• Paper and cardboard
• Polymer packaging
• Rubber
• Remains of wood
• Food leftovers, products with expiration dates

The development of recycling in Russia is hampered by the lack of an established waste sorting system. In developed countries, containers for various types of household waste are installed in the yards, and a culture of waste management is brought up from childhood. In our country, there are collection points for metals, paper, polymer products, but they cannot seriously stimulate the opening of new recycling facilities. A gradual transition to low-waste and resource-saving production is also desirable.

Disposal of industrial waste

Industrial waste includes:

• Remains of raw materials and materials that are used in production
• By-products of production - garbage, liquids, gases
• Substandard and defective products
• Decommissioned machinery and equipment

Theoretically, any useful component from production waste can be reused. The issue rests on the availability of efficient technologies and the economic feasibility of processing. That is why secondary raw materials are distinguished among industrial waste and irretrievable waste. Depending on the category, different waste processing technologies are used.

Irrevocable waste, where there are no useful components, is subjected to burial in landfills and incineration. Before burial, industrial waste, which contains toxic, chemically active and radioactive substances, must be neutralized. To do this, use specially equipped drives.

Subject to centralized collection and neutralization:

• Toxic waste containing mercury, arsenic, lead, zinc, tin, cadmium, nickel, antimony
• Waste from galvanic production
• Organic varnishes, paints, solvents
• Oil products
• Mercury-containing waste
• Waste containing radioactive components

Accumulators are placed in open areas or in underground structures on the territory of enterprises or beyond. For solid waste they build tailing and sludge collectors, arrange dumps and waste heaps for waste rocks, ash, and slag. Liquid waste is placed in ponds, settling tanks and burial grounds. After neutralization, hazardous industrial waste is buried in separate authorized landfills.

All industrial enterprises are included in the list of nature users. In this regard, they must comply with the requirements, rules and regulations for waste management, as well as safety precautions, so as not to harm the environment.

The state is trying to encourage manufacturers to introduce low-waste technologies and convert waste into secondary raw materials. So far, this area is developing poorly in Russia.

Main recycling methods industrial waste:

1. Separation of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, industrial alloys, such as win for the purpose of remelting.
2. The process of making granules from polymer waste, which is used in the production of the same type of polymer or materials with different properties.
3. Crushing rubber for use as fillers, production of building materials.
4. Use of wood waste and shavings for the production of finishing boards and paper.
5. Recovery from combustible waste energy electric current and warmth.

The problem of industrial waste disposal is very relevant for Russia, where the extractive industries, metallurgy, and petrochemistry are developed, forming a large amount of waste and by-products.

Medical Waste Disposal Methods

Medical waste is a special category. They are formed by medical institutions, pharmacies, pharmacological plants. Approximately 80% consists of ordinary household waste, but the rest can harm the life and health of many people.

Hazardous medical waste includes:

• All items that have been in contact with patients with dangerous and especially dangerous diseases.
• Remains of medicines, disinfectant liquids.
• Remains of equipment that uses mercury salts and radioactive elements.
• Organic waste - biomaterial from pathological and anatomical departments, operating rooms, immunoglobulins, vaccines.

AT recent decades the world has moved to the use of disposable medical instruments made of metal and various types of plastic. After disinfection, they can be sent for recycling after sorting. This judicious use of raw materials will save a significant amount of resources and reduce the cost of producing disposable instruments and patient care items.

Problems of waste disposal and recycling in Russia

The main problems of waste disposal in our country include:

• The presence of many unauthorized dumps.
• Combined waste, for example, mercury lamps can be disposed of like glass - according to the lowest hazard class.
• Placement on a dump of spontaneously combustible waste.
• Modern methods of waste disposal at waste processing plants are too expensive; they are disposed of at landfills much cheaper.
• Weakness of the legislative framework and economic incentives for recycling enterprises. The standard is waste disposal at the enterprise.
• Lack of infrastructure and well-established waste sorting process.

The need to stay healthy ecological environment will force state structures to adopt the experience of developed countries. They will face the need to effectively solve the problems of disposal and recycling of various categories of waste, as well as switch to environmentally friendly production technologies.

Removal, processing and disposal of waste from 1 to 5 hazard class

We work with all regions of Russia. Valid license. Full set of closing documents. Individual approach to the client and flexible pricing policy.

Using this form, you can leave a request for the provision of services, request a commercial offer or get a free consultation from our specialists.

Send

What is waste disposal? Waste disposal is a priority for all mankind.

Along with the growth of the world's population and the level of consumption, the amount of household waste in Russia is also growing. In the near future, it may reach alarming proportions. There is an obvious question about elimination, and ideally subsequent recycling (reuse). But here the lack of organizations that are engaged in the removal and disposal of household and industrial waste affects.

Naturally, this problem of household waste disposal cannot be solved at the local level, it is possible to overcome them with the establishment of clear norms and rules, strict control over their implementation at the state level. The legislation regulates the export of household working off, but does not clearly monitor it. Therefore, it is not known whether they are disposed of or simply stored in landfills, polluting the surrounding land and residential areas.

Stages of household waste disposal

Before the final elimination of unnecessary remnants of people's vital activity, one should clearly know the action plan and present the sequence of their implementation.

1. Collection and removal of household waste. You can’t just collect and burn all the garbage without sorting. You should first sort it by type, for this, containers with the name of the corresponding waste are located near most residential areas. Under each such container there must be an appropriate machine for loading and transporting the contents. Separate collection and garbage collection is effective way collection. How it actually happens can be seen from the outside. Often, all containers are cleaned by the same machine, and the efforts of citizens come to naught. After all, for sure, when arriving at a landfill, everything is loaded into one heap and, at best, sorted on the spot. A should be sent to the appropriate places for the disposal or processing of previously separately collected waste. Therefore, it is so important to develop legal documents that will specify the nuances and propose solutions that provide for the separate removal and collection of household waste.
2. Garbage storage. There are special landfills or landfills for the accumulation of garbage, according to city standards, the terms of its maintenance, volumes and the area allotted for them are provided. Naturally, the faster it is disposed of, the less land will be used for it.
3. Transportation of waste from landfills. Loading mechanisms and vehicles are needed to deliver garbage to certain places and enterprises for liquidation.
4. Disposal. It is implemented in each region in its own way, based on available firms and implementation resources. In developed countries, there are many ways to dispose of household and industrial waste. Based on the results obtained by them, and adopting their experience, it is possible to find the optimal solution to the problem that has arisen. environmental problem. So far, the most common types are: incineration, burial and briquetting. Each of them has its negative and positive sides. To understand the reasons for this, it is necessary to consider each of the methods separately.

Waste disposal methods

Before using them, one should clearly understand the scale of various garbage stored first in a single apartment, and then in a district, city and in the whole country. It immediately becomes clear that it is necessary to create and master alternative methods for the processing of this recyclable material, starting with sorting and ensuring proper waste disposal.

Burning

It is a cheap and common disposal option. It can be produced in several ways:

• Chamber
• layered
• in a fluidized bed

The application of this method consists in the thermal elimination of industrial waste at very high temperatures ah, which will ensure the burning of industrial waste without residue and partially absorb toxic substances.

The problem of disposal in this way is that the residues of substances adversely affect the air in the vicinity of this place. Modern industrial waste incinerators are equipped with cleaning systems and power generators. As a rule, the ash left after the combustion of industrial raw materials is subjected to further removal and disposal.

Advantages of the method:

1. Small financial outlay
2. The released heat is used to generate electricity or for heating.
3. A significant reduction in the volume of mining

The main and probably the only drawback is toxicity, so burning is unsafe for the environment. To eliminate this shortcoming, it is necessary to use systems for cleaning gases released during the burning of garbage.

Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of garbage without air, this method helps to reduce the damage to the environment.

burial

The essence of the procedure is the usual burying of waste in the ground. This is done at special landfills, the requirements for which are specified in the relevant documents. Landfills provide environmental protection. Special requirements apply to such sites, such as compliance with sanitary rules, as well as SNiP.

Polygons allowed:

• Outside residential area
• Medical institutions
• Recreational areas
• Water protection zones
• Public recreation areas

Not suitable for disposal at landfills are radioactive, toxic waste, as well as those suitable for recycling. As a result of the decomposition of graves, harmful gases and vapors are formed. Due to their composition, these formations harm the soil, ground and surface water, air and human life.

There is a possibility of fires, explosions and, less dangerous, the spread of odors. Based on the above, it is clear that landfill gas also requires collection and disposal, which is practiced at landfills.

Currently, cases of garbage removal and disposal at unauthorized landfills are recorded, which is prosecuted by law. It is for this legislation that the requirements for landfills are clearly regulated.

This method is cheap, but requires the availability of land, which subsequently can not be used for economic work. To restore them will require much more money and time than when they are contaminated.

Composting

The process of decomposition of the organic part of consumption waste by microorganisms occurs in two ways:

• Aerobic - in the presence of oxygen
• Anaerobic - in the absence of oxygen

At the output, compost is formed - organic fertilizer, carbon dioxide is also released. The place for composting should be sufficiently moist and shady, soil drainage should be ensured, i.e. removal of moisture.

Advantages:

• An easy-to-implement way
• low cost
• Subsequent use of raw materials
• Increases the number of beneficial microorganisms in the soil

Flaws:

Briquetting

This new method involves first sorting the garbage, then arranging it into briquettes. And then their storage at the sites designated for this. So far, its feasibility has not been fully proven. It serves as the next step before processing and possibly further industrial use or is sent for export and disposal.

Advantages of the method:

1. Waste reduction
2. Reducing the risk of fire
3. Reducing harm to the environment
4. Convenient further export and storage at landfills

Disposal and disposal of household waste require due attention. With the help of them proper organization can not only significantly speed up the process of eliminating garbage, but also protect the environment, as well as reduce the use of natural resources. At present, this problem is relevant.

Removal, processing and disposal of waste from 1 to 5 hazard class

We work with all regions of Russia. Valid license. Full set of closing documents. Individual approach to the client and flexible pricing policy.

Using this form, you can leave a request for the provision of services, request a commercial offer or get a free consultation from our specialists.

Send

The problems of waste processing and disposal have been relevant for many years. In the Russian Federation, 3.5 billion tons of workings are produced annually, and 2.6 billion tons of them are production waste.

In the general classification of waste there is a type - production waste. This is industrial waste, and in this article we will talk about them, as well as about the problems of their processing.

This concept includes production waste of all forms:

• Liquid.
• gaseous.
• Solid.

They are obtained as a result of chemical, mechanical and many other processes associated with the processing of natural substances.

Classification of industrial workings

According to the degree of danger:

• Class 1 - working off, carrying extreme danger.
• Grade 2 - high risk.
• Grade 3 - moderate danger.
• Grade 4 - little dangerous.
• Grade 5 - non-hazardous.

According to the degree of return, they are divided into:

• Refundable.
• Irrevocable losses.
• Recyclables.

Return waste- working off with the possibility of their secondary use in the same production. This group includes the remains of raw materials and other resources after the production of goods.

Since after the primary use the waste cannot have the same properties, in the secondary cycle they are used to produce a lower quality product. Also, the production of a new product may require more waste materials than the amount of raw materials in the primary production cycle. In addition, these workings can be used for purposes other than the original.

It is worth noting that those wastes that are transferred to another production as primary raw materials do not belong to returnable waste. These wastes belong to the group of recyclables.

irretrievable waste- developments that are not subject to secondary use either in the same production cycle or in any other. They are sent for burial, and also previously neutralized, if necessary.

Industrial Waste Recycling Methods

Recycling of industrial waste is an urgent problem modern world. A large number of harmful substances are produced as a result of industrial activities of enterprises and factories.

The share of hazardous workings is approximately 15% of total number production waste. But their harmful properties, even in small quantities, can cause serious harm to human health and the environment as a whole. This fact forces the development of high-quality processing methods.

How to prevent poisoning of the natural environment and people with toxic waste products? How to save natural resources, which are becoming more and more depleted every year? How to reduce the area of ​​territories occupied by landfills and landfills for waste disposal? We will find answers to these and other questions in this article.

Processing of solid industrial waste

Main methods:

• Burial.
• Burning.
• Recycling.

burial

Today, the most popular method of disposal of solid industrial waste is burial. It is produced at specially equipped landfills.

On the territory of the landfill, as a rule, there is a plant engaged in the neutralization of harmful workings. Neutralization at the plant is carried out by incineration and chemical treatment, and the result can be complete neutralization or reduction of toxicity. It houses a workshop for thermo-chemical and physico-chemical neutralization.

Dangerous workings are buried in the territory with special pits. Along the perimeter it should be fenced with barbed wire. The territory of the landfill and the plant must comply with well-known requirements.

They are prohibited from:

• In the place of formation of minerals.
• In areas with the risk of avalanches, landslides, etc.
• In wetlands.
• On the territory of underground sources of drinking water.
• In the area of ​​green zones of settlements.
• On the territory occupied by forests and parks.
• In places already contaminated with toxic substances.

Fixation

The burial of workings is carried out by the method of fixation. Fixation - restriction of mobility. The workings to be buried are enclosed in capsules. Namely, they are wrapped with impermeable membranes in order to limit contact with solvents.

1. Cement fixation is the most widely used method and is used for hard workings containing water. Pretty cheap way. But as a result, their volume increases, which is the main disadvantage of this method. Used for metal workings, radioactive and electronic waste, sewage sludge from industrial enterprises.
2. Fixation with lime - effective for inorganic workings.
3. Fixation in thermoplastic materials - mixing dry workings with a molten plastic substance, followed by cooling and solidification. The substance not only envelops the waste particles, but also fills the empty space between them. Represents contaminant isolation.
4. Surface coating.
5. Fixation in glass - used mainly for radioactive mining. The disadvantage is high financial costs.

Burning

As a result, the initial volume of waste is reduced by 85% and heat is released. Burning takes place in incinerators using furnaces various designs under high temperature.

There is a method of burning workings called pyrolysis. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that the process occurs without access to oxygen.

Two types of pyrolysis are used to burn hazardous substances:

• Oxidative
• Dry

Oxidative pyrolysis

There is a decomposition of mining during partial combustion, or in contact with combustion products. This is a good detox method for "difficult" products such as plastics, tires, cables, and others. This method is used for the processing of industrial workings of a solid form, as well as for wastewater.

Dry pyrolysis

It effectively neutralizes workings, which can later be used as raw materials. This has a beneficial effect on the conservation of natural resources.

Classification of dry pyrolysis by temperature index:

• Low-temperature (semi-coking) 450 - 500 ° C. During semi-coking, the maximum volume of liquid and solid residues is formed at the outlet and the minimum volume is gas with a lower combustion heat. The resulting substance is used as fuel.
• Medium-temperature (medium-temperature coking) up to 800 ° C. At medium temperature, a smaller amount of liquid residues and coke is formed, and a larger volume of gas with a lower combustion temperature.
• High temperature (coking) 900 - 1050 ° C. At high temperature, a minimum of liquid and solid residues is released, and a maximum of gas with minimum temperature combustion.

Dry pyrolysis is the most effective solution to the problem of processing solid industrial residues.

Liquid Waste Recycling

With regard to liquid wastes, one of the commonly used methods is their release into the environment, namely lakes, rivers and seas. This method is extremely detrimental to human health and the environment.

burial

An effective method of disposal of harmful liquid mining is their underground burial. Injection via wells is an acceptable method, since decontamination and disposal in another way at the surface is simply not possible.

This measure prevents pollution of surface and waste water, and therefore protects health and the environment. And this is confirmed by scientists.

The well consists of several pipes:

• The outer shell is a pipe descending 60 meters below the aquifer. Cemented on both sides. Protects water from pollution.
• Protective - a pipe from the surface approximately to the injection zone. Cemented on both sides.
• Pipe for injection - mining is sent through it to the injection zone.

In order to improve the current situation, it is necessary to establish regional centers for the treatment of liquid waste. On the territory of Russia there are enough suitable places that meet the requirements in terms of geology.

This is confirmed by many years of experience in this field. Of course, not everything is as simple as it might seem at first glance. Large time and financial costs are needed to establish this process.

The following methods are used to neutralize liquid waste:

• Evaporation - at the exit, radioactive substances are separated in the form of a thick mass from a harmless liquid.
• Biochemical processing - microorganisms collect substances that they feed on.
• chemical precipitation

Burning

Produced by conventional incineration at the plant and by pyrolysis (airless combustion). The purpose of this method is the complete detoxification of substances, for this the process takes place under the influence of high temperatures, approximately 800 ° C.

For combustion at the plant, kilns, multi-chamber furnaces, furnaces with combustion in molten salts are used. The disadvantage is the high cost of these installations.

Plants solving the problems of processing residues

AT modern time the growth rate of the number of workings in the world is constantly increasing. Landfills and landfills occupy more and more territories. All this leads to the growth of the market for recycling and waste disposal. Most processing plants are located near large cities.

In Russia, there are approximately 11,000 disposal sites, 4 waste incineration plants, and 5 recycling plants.

On the basis of the plant for the production of various equipment in the field of energy supply, a waste processing enterprise operates. Their group includes workings of the chemical and oil industries.

The purpose of these companies is:

• Disposal of workings.
• Protection of the natural environment.
• Use of materials as a secondary raw material.

In Germany, waste sorting is carried out in production in order to reduce sorting costs.

All developments are divided into several types:

• paperwork
• glass
• Polymers
• organic mining
• metal
• electrical appliances
• junk

In Germany, the conversion of waste into electricity and heat is developed, in particular at an incineration plant and a thermal power plant. In this country, there is a ban on the disposal of untreated garbage, so such healthy foods like heat, steam and energy. That allows you to contain the rise in prices for these needs.

Over the past 20 years, the situation in the field of waste management has changed radically in Germany. If earlier almost all mining was subject to simple burial, as in our country, now the production of secondary resources from garbage is widespread.

We can say that this country is a pioneer in this field. No country can compete with Germany in terms of recycled waste. German recycling methods are the most successful and innovative on the planet.