On the pages of newspapers, magazines and websites, all readers see headlines and short descriptions articles. To attract the attention of each reader, usually a simple headline is not enough, you need an introduction (lead). Next, let's talk about the rules for compiling a lead.

Any article has a clear structure:, summary(small paragraph) and the text itself.

What is the meaning of a lead?

The lead allows one glance to go through the essence of the text. The goal is to attract the attention of readers, to reveal, to explain to them the essence.
There is no need to be afraid that the introduction will fully reveal the essence of the article, and there will be no point in reading it in full. This only happens with boring and meaningless ideas, and good publications will never publish this.

What should a lead look like?

• About 350 characters with spaces. This is just one paragraph.
• It should include no more than three or four sentences.
• At least 2 long or 3 short sentences (about 300 characters with spaces).
• It must be written in the third person. In rare cases, they write in the second, and never in the first person. As an exception, there are articles in which people write stories from life.
• Because the lead is a small retelling of the material, the author may use some expressions from the article.
• Avoid introductory words. All proposals must have their own meaning, and carry a certain value.
• When writing, do not use an exclamation point. It is advisable to do without semicolons. It should not end with an ellipsis. It is also better to forget about interrogative sentences, since the question is usually asked in the title.

Every author should know and remember:
1) Writing an introduction is not a creative mechanism. An elementary method to compose a lead is to select key phrases from all paragraphs, cut off everything that is not needed and combine the rest.
2) The introduction should be specific and clear. It may not fully reveal the essence of the material, but should make it clear to readers what awaits them next.
3) If you can’t compose it, most likely, the text of the article itself is not written with high quality.
4) The lead is displayed on the first page of the site, under the title of the article, so it is better to write the lead in the form of an abstract that displays brief retelling articles.

Lead types

• A summary is an introduction that summarizes the events.
• Single - this species focuses readers' attention only on one, the most important point of the article, which is revealed further.
• Dramatic - allows you to keep the reader in suspense, withstands intrigue to the last point.

There are also such types of leads that do not need explanation:

• Quote
• Descriptive
• Interrogative
• Analytical

What is important to remember when writing a lead

Before writing an introduction, you need to ask yourself some questions: is this news fresh? Is the situation elementary or analysis (investigation) is required? Is the emphasis on people or on events? To what extent are people aware of this situation? What role does this event play for people?
To write an exciting lead, you can take:
1) Fresh, sharp news.
2) A sharp transition from the problem to the method of solving it.
3) A controversial statement or provocation.

How not to write a lead

Do not write a lead from a subordinate clause. It should be made "explosive", and subordinate clauses do not allow this. Avoid the "numeric" beginning of the introduction, that is, do not use numbers in the first sentence.
Don't start your text with a quote. As a rule, only the author knows 100% why he wrote the quote, and the reader at the first reading, without reaching the main content, is often confusing.

Never write more than 20 lines in the first paragraph. The reader becomes not interested, he gets tired, and even more so, this does not in any way set him up to read the main content. He will spend more time reading the lead and this will finally tire him.

Always try to make your lead unique. Take the aspect that can touch and attract readers.
Lead - weakness many journalists. They cannot, as Paul O'Neill said, "grab the reader by the throat with the first sentence...". Such journalists do not understand that this is the most important part of the article. Nobody bothers them to write an introduction that will instantly glorify them and enrich them, not necessarily in a financial aspect, it can be millions of thanks from readers.

How to check lead quality

It is necessary to check its quality after the entire article is written. This is necessary in order to avoid multiple editing, but verification must also be taken very seriously. Read the introduction as if you were a reader. And analyze it: could it interest you? Do you want to read the whole article after it.
If there are difficulties with the verification, let someone from the family read the introduction and express their point of view. Also carefully check the text for errors. The introduction is the next important component of the article, so it should be of high quality (the first component is the title).
Remember that it should inform the reader. The introduction should show him that this article will be useful, help to understand the issue and solve the problems posed in it. The article is worth reading in full. When you learn how to write high-quality, impactful leads, your articles will become much better.

How to write a lead for texts of different genres, what it includes and how it works. How not to miss the reader, revealing the whole essence of the text in the lead.

Formula lead to extended news .

“What happened? + What does that mean?

First, we name the event, then we report what follows from this event. Here is an example of a lead written according to this formula:

On Monday, the government approved new order calculation of tariffs for housing and communal services. Now cold water will rise in price by one and a half times, and hot - three times. Retirees and bathers are already preparing to block the streets in protest.

On the one hand, the essence of the note is clear to us, and then you can not read it further. On the other hand, many will want to know the details: why the water charge is increasing, whether there will be exceptions for all citizens, how tariffs for other services will change, which streets are going to be blocked by outraged citizens. These are the signs of a good lead: the essence is clear, but I want to know the details.

Sometimes in a lead, you can limit yourself to answering only the first question, “What happened?” However, this information should be presented in such a way that it is both clear and unclear to the reader. It is clear what happened, and it is not clear how all this could have happened. For example, as in this lead from the Kommersant newspaper:

As it became known to Kommersant, the main investigative department of the Investigative Committee of Russia (TFR) for the Moscow Region is completing an investigation into the case of a gang of youngsters who for several months kept the city of Balashikha near Moscow in fear. In late 2010 - early 2011, a group of 14-16-year-old teenagers literally filled up with corpses two city parks located between the court and the prosecutor's office.

We understand that the investigation into the case of a gang of teenagers is coming to an end, but it is not clear how teenagers could fill up parks with corpses, especially those located between the court and the prosecutor's office.

The information provided in the lead can be exacerbated or brought to the point of absurdity, if the text allows it. Here is an example of such a lead from the Novye Izvestiya newspaper:

Today the State Duma will consider amendments to the Code on administrative offenses repeatedly toughening the punishment for stopping and parking in the wrong place. The fee for moving the car to the impound lot will be returned, and parking on the lawn will be punished according to the photo of the car. However, the deputies want to allow drunk drivers without documents to drive a car with faulty brakes.

The information in the last sentence seems incredible. Can't State Duma deputies, being in their right mind, allow drunk drivers to drive faulty cars? This will encourage the reader to dive into the text. It says that if a policeman stops a car and imposes a ban on its operation, then this car can not be left on the road, but to prevent traffic jams, it can be driven to the parking lot, and both the policeman and the driver himself can do this. This amendment was prepared by the deputies. According to the law, the prohibition of the operation of the car occurs in cases where the car's brakes or steering wheel do not work, and the driver is drunk or does not have documents. That is, a situation may arise when the inspector stops a drunk driver without documents on a faulty car, and then asks this driver to drive a few hundred meters so as not to create a traffic jam.

The recommended volume of a lead is 350-400 characters. Such a lead will not scare the reader away with its complexity and heaps. Stereotype "Big = Complex" widespread, and the reading skill of the average reader is much worse than that of the novice journalist. In addition, you do not need to cram all the interesting details into the lead. Leave something for the rest of the text.

A common mistake when writing a news article lead is out of focus (focusing on what happened instead of what happened). For example, if officials gathered for a meeting, discussed something, and one of the speakers announced new and interesting statistics, the lead should start with these statistics. Its promulgation, and not a meeting at all, is an event. In the editorial guide for journalists of the online publication gzt.ru, this rule is stated as follows:

It should be clearly distinguished news fromcircumstances at which the news became known, as well as from information occasion, which serves as a "trigger" for the publication of news. A news journalist makes a mistake when, under the guise of reporting news, he talks about the circumstances under which it became known, or about an informational occasion. Neither a press briefing, nor a round table, nor a conference in itself can be news to us (of course, if we are not talking about Vladimir Putin's direct line with the people). News - this is some information that became known at the event (for example, that in a crisis, developers began to covertly provide significant discounts on apartments).

Let's move on to reportage lead . There are three options here.

The first- this is the same lead as for a news item. We write what happened and what it means, and then there is a report in which we show how it all happened. An example of this type of lead for a report from the Kommersant newspaper:

Yesterday in Moscow on Vasilyevsky Spusk a 100,000-strong rally "Russia Against Terror" was held. The best feelings of people - compassion and love for children - were used to organize a special event that reminded Kommersant's special correspondent Valery Panyushkin of Soviet demonstrations and unanimous condemnation of enemies of the people.

Second - lead scene, when the text begins with immersion in the atmosphere of what is happening. An example of a lead scene from a report by a Russian Reporter correspondent about working as a salesperson in a flower shop:

The sky is gloomy, the morning is dark.

- I haven't done something nice for my wife for a long time, - a man of about thirty in a strict suit and a short coat looks into the refrigerator. - Gather a bouquet for your wife so that the sky seems blue to her.

This morning is really as dark as evening. Gray shadows float past the glass walls of our salon like a mass of mercury. It is unlikely that someone will be impatient to buy flowers at such an early hour. But we are the first buyer. The clock shows ... in short, it's still very early.

The scene should immerse the reader in a dramatic situation when the character of the text is faced with some kind of problem. The lead asks questions and promises answers to them, for which you need to read the text. What bouquet will the seller collect for the first buyer? Will there be more buyers, and what kind of flowers will they want to buy? What does the work of a flower seller look like from the inside?

Third - lead situation when the text begins with a story about the place visited by the correspondent. This story should be unusual, when at the same time it is clear what is happening there, but it is not clear how people got to such a life. An example of a lead situation from the Russian Reporter magazine:

The former Russian enclave of Harbin has long become an ordinary Chinese regional center: only some 9 million inhabitants. The past associated with Russia has turned into a profitable tourist attraction here. Reserve "Russian Village", Stalin's park, hundreds of Russian restaurants, karaoke clubs, thousands of Russian prostitutes. Tourists from all over China come to Harbin to look at the former “big brother” played by guest workers from the Russian provinces for big money by local standards.

A common mistake when writing a reportage lead is to end it with the phrase "Our correspondent has been there" or "Our correspondent reports from somewhere". Nothing is said here about the interesting things that the correspondent has learned and about which he can now tell the reader. It's even worse if the lead ends with the phrase “our correspondent understood…”. Understood means not understood. Why write then?

Formula lead to the interview:

Information occasion + key ideas expressed by the interlocutor

These ideas should sound as provocative as possible. For example:

Last week Supreme Court Chechnya upheld the decision of the Grozny court to include a scandalous article about Chechens in the encyclopedia of the Terra publishing house into the list of extremist materials. Murad Musaev, a lawyer involved in this process, is convinced that the Chechens were deliberately defamed, and hopes to bring the authors of the article to criminal liability. In an interview with Novye Izvestia, the lawyer also spoke about who they are trying to blame for the murder of Anna Politkovskaya, and explained why the Chechens convicted of participating in the riots in the Karelian city of Kondopoga at the end of August 2006 are innocent.

B Being a Chechen is not a crime, but almost always an aggravating circumstance // Novye Izvestiya. 2010. May 31.

Sometimes the information occasion is omitted, and the lead begins immediately with an unusual idea that the interlocutor expressed. For example, an interview from Novye Izvestia:

Soldiers are protected by mothers, not fathers, because women in Russia are more free-thinking and independent than men. The leader of the Union of Committees of Soldiers' Mothers, Valentina Melnikova, is convinced of this.

It is better if there are several unusual ideas expressed by the interlocutor. For example:

Anti-Semitism in our country was invented by the intelligentsia, who considered the Jews competitors, says Yuri Kanner, president of the Russian Jewish Congress, in an interview with Novye Izvestia. According to him, the Jewish conspiracy, and the wealth of the Jews, and their mutual assistance, and influence on Russian politics are fiction. At the same time, some oligarchs with Jewish surnames other Jews are not considered Jews.

Anti-Semitism is characteristic of the Russian intelligentsia // Novye Izvestia. 2011. October 3rd.

This lead contains six ideas, of which the first sounds provocative, the next four contradict conventional wisdom, and the last seems absurd.

Lead to texts of different genres is written differently.

- Lead news notes are written at the very beginning of work on the text and redone at the end. The original version will be working and will help to focus on the essence of the event. But after writing the text, the lead needs to be polished and sharpened.

- Lead to the report You can write both at the beginning and in the process of working on the text. Of course, with polishing at the end.

- Lead to the interview is written last, when the text is endorsed by the interlocutor, and you can select ideas that will go into the lead.

Lead types

As has been repeatedly said, the lead is the beginning of the note, which is designed to lure the reader, to interest him. There are leads different types and vary in size. If the material is small, then the lead will consist of several sentences, and maybe a whole paragraph, if the material is large. The main requirement of a lead is unusualness, originality. As well as leads are distinguished by their form and method of presentation.

Each scientist approaches the issue of lead types in his own way, bringing something new to the topic. We will consider different options for interpreting lead types and try to identify patterns.

There are many options for writing a lead, but first of all, they should be divided into direct and protracted ones.

“The live lead communicates the most important aspects of the event. This type of introduction is usually used when writing news articles. Newspapers often use direct leads. Their advantage is the ability to immediately state the essence of the news. Even if the reader is limited to reading the lead and does not delve into the text of the article, he will still be informed about the event.”

“Lingering leads convey the atmosphere of the story, which will be told in the article. This variety is used in genres such as special reporting, news feature and feature. Long-term leads have become widespread in weekly publications, which, unlike daily publications, are more read rather than viewed. They focus their attention on the finer details, the meaning of the event, or its secondary aspects. In this case, a lingering lead gives the reader the opportunity to remember and re-experience an already known event.

“For example, the news in a daily newspaper that the basketball team won the decisive match and got the opportunity to compete for medals would be: “In yesterday's game, the Lokomotiv-Kuban team beat the Barcelona team with a score of 107:92, and received theoretical chances to enter the top three winners.

In a weekly newspaper, the same information will begin differently:

“The leaders of the Lokomotiv-Kuban basketball club had a busy day from the very morning. CEO told the team that he would increase the bonus if he won. And it is not at all surprising that the team seized the initiative in the match from the first minutes and brought it to victory.

Types of direct leads: generalizing, modified, wrapping, split.

The summary lead answers 6 basic questions. It almost instantly brings a person up to date. But information overload is the main disadvantage of this lead. It can be difficult to understand. And this does not please the reader and may push him away from the article. AT recent times, people learn news from the Internet, television, radio. Therefore, newspapers and magazines convey the information that is already known to the public. It turns out that most of the information in the generalizing lead is already known to the reader. Therefore, a person may have an opinion that he has already read this article somewhere. Generalizing leads are advised to be used in exclusive news, which are first covered in the press.

If the news has already been mentioned in the press, then in this case it is recommended to use a modified lead, in which the main attention is focused on more detailed details of the news. Basically, the modified lead reveals the question “What?”, And if there is an acting character in the news or a place is described, then the questions “Where?” Are added to it. and who?". A modified lead can answer other questions, but this happens less often, in cases where the most relevant and important information tells about the reasons for what happened.

The question "What?" best used in a crime chronicle.

The question "Who?" - in articles about celebrities.

The question "What?" and why?" wise to use in crash reports.

The question "Where?" best used in local periodicals.

“The well-known corporation X will not open a new production line. This was announced yesterday, at a meeting of the board of directors, by the president of the company.

“The woman sued the social service, believing that she was illegally stopped paying benefits.”

A modified lead is used in complex news, if it is not entirely clear to the reader in its pure form. Then you have to start it with a small introduction. For example, if the deputies adopted an amendment to the Tax Code, due to which the prices of goods will increase, then the lead should contain news that these goods will rise in price. However, one must be careful not to fall into commentary, as tabloid newspapers often do, in which a note about an ordinary incident may begin like this: “A terrible drama played out on the outskirts of Moscow.”

If several events are reported in the news, a split or wrapping lead is used. You can cover several events by using a wrapper lead. For example:

“In the city of New Orleans, a storm broke out, falling from the roof, an elderly woman died, her neighbor had a heart attack, and a young man crashed his car on the outskirts of the city. After that, usually, each case is analyzed in more detail in the article.

A split lead, as the name suggests, focuses on only one of the events, with all other news being revealed in the article with their own leads and explanations. The first lead brings the reader up to date and tells about one of the events, and all subsequent leads can begin with the words “on the same day” or “and at this time.” At the same time, leads can be different lengths, from one sentence to entire paragraphs.

Protracted leads are divided into stage, narrative, anecdotal and situational.

The stage lead is dedicated to the description of the place of the event, the scene or a bright detail-symbol. The reader is immediately placed in the center of the event, given the opportunity to feel the atmosphere of what is happening. "For example, a report from a hospital might start with a description of the wards where patients are, and an article about the recent communist past might start with a statue of Lenin hidden behind one of the factory's workshops."

The narrative lead tells about the beginning of the event. In it, in addition to the description of the place, are added characters. “For example, an article about participation Russian volunteers in armed conflicts abroad may begin with a story about a man who, after reporting on the war in the former Yugoslavia, quit his job, bought a camouflage uniform and a ticket to Belgrade. Here the lead ends, and the continuation of the story of this volunteer will be outlined somewhere in the depth of the article. An additional incentive to read will be the desire to find out what happened next with the hero of the article. This technique is used by the authors of detective novels.

An anecdotal lead is information about a completed event that illustrates the topic of the article. “For example, an article published in one of the Russian publications on the consequences of taking incompatible drugs began with a story about a woman who simultaneously took contraceptive pills that neutralize each other and pills for sore throats. As a result, the woman became pregnant and sued the manufacturer of birth control pills. However, the court decided that she herself was to blame, as she did not study the instructions for the medicines. Anecdotal leads should be written very carefully, because a poorly chosen story can mislead the reader. In this regard, many journalists advise a simple test; “let your colleagues who do not know the topic of the material read the story in the lead, and then ask them what the article is about. If the topic of the article is named correctly, the lead can be left. If not, then it must either be abandoned altogether, or this story should be moved inside the text.”

The situational lead represents a situation without detailed descriptions actions and characters. For example, a story about a lawsuit filed by a citizen who had his car scratched against a supermarket owner who, in turn, failed to ensure the safety of his customers, might begin like this:

“Over the past year, several thousand cars have been stolen from parking lots near Moscow supermarkets, and until now the owners of supermarkets have managed not to bear any responsibility for this.”

The situational lead describes the event in general. It should be used in cases where it is not possible to write leads of other types.

Thematic, interrogative, quotation and essayistic leads are not recommended for use in articles, but they still exist, so let's consider them in more detail.

The main disadvantage of a thematic lead is that it does not provide information about the event, but simply says that it happened. For example;

“The article begins not with the fact that the deputies adopted a law that seriously changes people's lives, but with the fact that the deputies gathered for a meeting of parliament. About the law will be said somewhere in the depth of the article.

The reader is likely to stop reading this article after the first sentence.

An interrogative lead begins with a question. The question of a lead is relevant only in cases where the foundations of human existence are affected. In other cases, the question is not appropriate, because, as one of the foreign manuals on journalism says, "readers are interested in answers, not questions."

A quote lead is undesirable because the journalist is able to state the essence of the article in his own words much better than the words of the character of the article. A quote is appropriate only in cases where the words of the hero can intrigue the reader.

In an essay lead, a journalist expresses his opinion and conducts his own reasoning. But the reasoning of a journalist, as a rule, is less interesting to readers than the fact of the event itself. Expressing your opinion is allowed only in the form of a comment. Otherwise, the reasoning will be regarded as an attempt to impose one's opinion. Therefore, an essay lead can cause a rejection of the article.

Leads are also divided into:

Main - the type of lead that reveals to the reader the main idea of ​​the text or briefly outlines it. For example: "For several days, the police have been trying to pacify the local rioters."

Episodic - a lead that reveals any episode presented in the material. For example: “Today, in the midst of a harvest festival, where many fruit crops, a competition was held for the most delicious pumpkin of this season. I was very glad to know that this season the representative of our small town, gardener Tatyana, won. She was very happy to announce that her efforts were not in vain.

Resonant - a type of lead in which the narrative deviates from the main topic and takes the reader to a specific object in order to attract the reader's attention. For example: "Huge symbols in the fields, strange symbols began to appear on the landscape of our planet."

Deferred. For example: "Library "bars", library corners began to appear in public places and on transport".

In materials that have a news status, it is reasonable to use the following types of leads

Summary. This lead answers six standard questions. And in the article itself, each of them is revealed in more detail.

For example, in the Vedomosti newspaper, under the heading "Technologies", an article by Fred Dvorak "Sony's Television Breakthrough" was published. The article began with the following introductory paragraph, “On Wednesday, Sony Corporation announced its new technology Digital Reality Creation, which allows viewers to manipulate the image on the screen. This feature will be implemented in the new line of Sony TVs.” (August 13, 2004).

There is a single lead type that highlights one aspect of the post.

A complex type of lead combines several news in itself.

A lead that answers the question “who?” is called a lead with immediate identification.

A lead with delayed identification does not point to a person, but talks about him. But who exactly this person can be understood only after reading the article.

In this term paper only the types of lead generally accepted by most competent scientists are listed, but in fact there are many more. Some journalists distinguish lead surprise, retrospective, statistical, contrast.

In any case, when choosing the type of lead, one should take into account the awareness of the population about the event, as well as how relevant the event was.

A "summarizing" lead can be built in different ways; it is simple and combined. It focuses the event in relation to the main news. The problem is how to choose the main one. And each journalist solves it in his own way.

The chronicle version of the lead returns to the topic without giving the reader a backstory.

If the news is two-part and contains several news facts, then this should be noted in the lead that reports these events equally. But nevertheless, such a lead is not particularly interesting to the reader, because the story is clear to him from the very beginning, and he has no hope of learning something new.

lead paragraph print journalist

The train schedule for the Lida station displayed on this page is for informational purposes and does not contain operational changes related to repair work and other circumstances. When planning a trip, it is recommended to check the schedule at the information station.

Trains passing Lida station

To date, the schedule of trains at Lida station includes 21 long-distance railway flights, of which 12 operate daily. The minimum train stop time is 0 h 1 m (train on the route Grodno - Minsk-Pass.), and the maximum is 0 h 25 m (flight along the route Grodno - Gomel-Pass.). Most of the time in the train schedule comes from settlements: Minsk, Grodno, Moscow at 09:58, 18:51, 03:47 respectively. The trains departing from the Lida station follow the routes - Lida - Grodno, Lida - Minsk, Lida - Moscow, Lida - Kommunary, departing at 03:49, 08:11, 19:01, 19:01, respectively. When planning a trip, it is worth considering that the schedule of some trains, such as 027B Moscow-Belorusskaya - Grodno (arrival - 03:47, departure - 03:49), 077Ш Moscow-Belorusskaya - Grodno (06:07, 06:12), 630Б Grodno - Odessa-Glavnaya (08:29, 08:34), 673B Minsk-Pass. - Grodno (09:58, 10:03) have a special schedule, so it is recommended to check the schedule for a specific date.

The beginning of every story written by a journalist should grab the reader's attention and arouse their sincere interest. We are talking about the first paragraphs of the text, the so-called leads. These paragraphs are quite often highlighted in a font that differs from the font of the main text. The lead, like the title of the article, is designed to introduce the reader to the course of the event, to entice him to further read the entire article. But the journalist must remember that not every reader on the site has the opportunity to finish reading the entire text, often it is limited to the first paragraph, in which the essence should be very concisely conveyed.

Types of leads with examples

The lead summarizing the content is intended to inform about the event and does not open the puzzle. Answers to the questions “what?”, “where?”, “when?” given in the main text.

Example:

On July 14, policemen discovered the body of a young girl in an abandoned mine near the city of Pervouralsk. Two weeks ago, an identical incident occurred, the body of a woman was found in the same mine.

A single lead is necessary to emphasize only one fact, which, according to the journalist, is the most.

Example:

About 100 URIB diplomas were found to be fake during a recent audit.

The dramatic lead is designed to appeal to the emotional mood of the reader.

Example:
Despite signing international treaty"On peace and harmony", Syria keeps to this day atomic bombs. The country's government has made a statement that it is preparing to seize neighboring countries using atomic bombing.

A lead is a quotation created using a cited statement. Such a quote should be bright (according to the journalist) and colorful.

Example:
— The maternity hospital is equipped with first-class equipment. World luminaries of obstetric practice will come here to take the most difficult childbirth, - announced the head physician of the new maternity hospital.

A descriptive lead originates from an unusual and interesting one that will help introduce the reader into the atmosphere that is inherent in the event.

Example:

A cozy log house in the very center of the forest does not attract attention, but it beckons you to come into the light. The folk healer Alevtina lives in this house, for many years now she has been treating everyone from ailments.

A predictive lead is a journalist's guess about a situation in the future.

Example:

Inflation in the Russian Federation next year will increase by an average of 15%, which will raise a wave of crisis and massive outbursts of people's dissatisfaction with price increases.

An interrogative lead is a paragraph at the beginning of the text with a question.

Example:

Why are husbands most likely to divorce their wives? Are the contradictions accumulating every year or the betrayal of one of the spouses to blame? Top versions of the reasons for divorce are presented here.

A poster lead is similar to a single lead, but its main difference is that it is made up of those sentences that are present throughout the article.

Example:

Speed passenger train must not exceed 120 km/h. This decision was taken by the Office railway for the safety of passengers.

Anecdotal / humorous lead - an anecdote that is a kind of introduction to the article.

Example:

At the doctor:
- Doctor, what should I do? My wife has a temperature!
- High?
Yes, eighty meters.
The article is devoted to how often patients do not understand their doctors and vice versa.

Title as a type of the shortest introduction

The title is intended to provide answers to questions of any genre of journalism. He, like a business card, should intrigue the reader so that he read the entire article. The title is a poster, which is logical to come up with only after the completion of writing the article. The fact is that when the title is first invented, then the article is adjusted to it, while important points may be missed. If the journalist initially writes the text, and comes up with a title at the end of the work, then the article turns out to be brilliant, and the title is the most suitable for it.

There are no unambiguous headline requirements in the world of journalism. It can consist of one word or several, answer a question, or be fraught with irony. The most important thing is to make sure that after reading it, a person has an irresistible desire to read the entire text, and not skip it, so the title should not be vague and boring.

Internal headings are used for internal text breaks. They are designed to make text easier to read. Otherwise they are called heads. In no case should such a headline repeat the main one, otherwise the journalist risks losing the reader's interest in his article.

For a successful article, it would be optimal to start the text with a lead that can stir up the mind and soul of the reader, and continue with such paragraphs that will fully satisfy the interest that has arisen.

Effective bait - eyeliner

In the period from 1 to 5 October 2013, Irkutsk will host the VII International Information Forum "Integration of Compatriots" (MIFIS-2013).

The Forum is a key annual event within the framework of the implementation of the State Program to Assist Voluntary Resettlement to the Russian Federation of Compatriots Living Abroad, and is held by the Ministry of Regional Development Russian Federation in order to popularize the State Program and promote the adaptation and integration of compatriot migrants
from abroad.

MIFIS-2013 will be dedicated to the opportunities offered to compatriots by the new version of the State Program, developed by the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia jointly with other federal departments, approved by the President of the Russian Federation in September 2012, and which entered into force on January 1, 2013. In addition, the implementation results will be summed up The state program in 2006-2012, under which 125,000 compatriots from abroad moved to Russia.

In addition to the plenary session, the program of the Forum plans to hold "round tables" on topical issues implementation of the State Program and regional resettlement programs.
Media representatives and compatriot organizations within the framework of a specialized press tour will be able to get acquainted with the territories of settlement in the Irkutsk region.

Within the framework of the Forum, a presentation of 40 regional programs for the resettlement of subjects of the Russian Federation, currently agreed by the Government of the Russian Federation, will take place.

MIFIS-2013 will be attended by representatives of federal executive authorities, deputies, Russian-language media from near and far abroad, and experts on migration issues. A number of compatriots living abroad and planning to move to the Irkutsk Region within the framework of the State Program will also have the opportunity to take part in the Forum and get acquainted with the region of resettlement.

On the official website http://mifis.ru/ posted detailed information about the work of the Forum and archival information about past Forums.

Forum organizer: Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation.

The contact person: Karpov Evgeny Alexandrovich. Cont. tel 8-495-980-25-47, ext. 24040, 8-903-547-14-157; e-mail: [email protected]

Authorized operator: Iris PRO LLC

CEO: Grishina Elena Vladimirovna
The contact person: Mikhailova Valeria Chingisovna. Cont. phone: +7-495-690-16-86; e-mail: [email protected]

Press secretary: Khmeleva Elizaveta Dmitrievna, +7-495-690-16-86; +7-916-656-57-89; e-mail: [email protected]

Prepared by the press service of IrisPRO LLC

Between 10 and 11 October 2013 in Vladivostok will take place VII International Ecological Forum "NATURE WITHOUT BORDERS".

The Forum organizer is the Administration of the Primorsky Territory. The forum is supported by the Federation Council Committee on Agrarian Food Policy and Environmental Management, the State Duma Committee on Natural Resources, Environmental Management and Ecology. According to order No. 25 of 01/21/2013 Federal Service on supervision in the field of environmental management, the Forum is included in the plan of official events for holding in 2013 in the Russian Federation - the Year of Protection environment.

The main topic of the Forum "Environment: state, protection, regulation" is especially relevant in the year of environmental protection in Russia and is of great interest to specialists and the public, supported at the interstate level.

Forum sections:

• "Monitoring, regulatory and legal issues of regulation and environmental protection";
• "Production and consumption waste management, elimination of accumulated damage";
• "Sustainable water use and protection of water bodies".

The forum, which has already become traditional, is known not only in the Russian Federation, but also abroad, especially in the countries South-East Asia where the transboundary phenomenon is widespread.

The main objective of the Forum is to involve the Russian and world community in environmental issues and the formation of a unified policy in the field of environmental protection and rational nature management.

Leading Russian and foreign experts and mass media will take part in the work and coverage of the Forum.

General information partner: Information Agency "INTEFAX".

Official partner: International Ecological Non-Commercial Foundation "House of the Tiger".

Venue: Administration of the Primorsky Territory (Vladivostok, Svetlanskaya st., 22).

The official website www.naturewithoutborders.ru contains detailed information about the work of the Forum and archival information about past Forums.

Organizer: Primorsky Territory Administration, Department natural resources and environmental protection of Primorsky Krai.
Contact phone: +7 -423-221-53-99; e-mail: [email protected]

A single operator for the preparation and holding of the Forum: Iris PRO LLC
General Director: Grishina Elena Vladimirovna
Contact phone: +7-495-690-16-86; e-mail: [email protected]

Accreditation for the media: Khmeleva Elizaveta Dmitrievna
Contact phone: +7-495-690-16-86; +7-916-656-57-89; e-mail: [email protected]

The police continue the search for Oleg Titov, who was right hand the founder of one of the Colombian drug cartels Leo Francis Morgan. In addition, the wanted man led the entire accounting department of the drug defense and controlled the supply of cocaine to Europe and Africa through the territory of Russia.

According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the person who provided information about the whereabouts of Oleg Titov will receive a reward of 1 million rubles. On the this moment, as the investigation suggests, the offender is hiding on the territory of Ukraine.

Recall that some time ago, the security forces of Russia, Panama and Brazil carried out an operation to expose and neutralize a large drug cortel. Almost all members of the criminal gang were detained and sentenced by the court to terms ranging from 18 to 22 years. The founder and head of the drug cartel, Leo Francis Morgan, received a term of 24 years in prison. Oleg Titov could not be detained.

The Ministry of Internal Affairs believes that the use of wide connections in the criminal world can allow Titov to continue distributing drugs to many world powers.

At the moment, Oleg Titov has been put on the international wanted list.

The first International Festival of Contemporary Ceramics "Modern Ceramics in Urban Space", which took place from 26 to 29 September, has come to an end in the capital of Ukraine. It was curated by art historian Oksana Bilous and ceramistOlesya Dvorak-Galik, and the platform for it turned out to be Cultural Center on Andreevsky Spusk, on the site of the Yunost factory demolished about a year ago, or rather, the construction site where work is underway to build it.

The Biennale of Ceramics attracted great attention of Kyivans and guests of the city, who saw the works of dozens of masters from Ukraine, Belarus and Latvia. Also, many at the festival attended master classes, where they learned what ceramic mosaic is and how to make the simplest objects of this applied art.

The most notable participants in the event were Kyiv ceramic artists Mark Galenko, Yegor Zigura, Nelli Isupova and Natalia Kolpakova. And also Kaspars Gaiduks, Dina Miliga and Vlentins Petko from Riga and Veronika Lubchich from Minsk. The applied nature of the work of the ceramists was also emphasized by the fact that the festival was entirely dedicated to urbanism. And the "Rat Army", and "The World on the Back of a Whale", as well as all the goblin, rhinos, lighthouses and, of course, weeping angels - can probably appear on the streets of cities. And even poetry evenings arranged within the framework of the festival were dedicated to the cities.

And, although the festival was held for the first time in recent history Ukraine, as independent state, they promise to make it regular. In any case, the organizers are confident that the success of using the former factory as a cultural space has once again been demonstrated.

One of the secondary schools in the city of Chegem, located in the mountainous area of ​​the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, switched to electronic books. And it's not about the high standard of living here. It's just that teachers and parents together considered that the cost of a modern digital reader, even one of the most modern models - Onyx Boox i63SML Kopernik, is comparable to a set of textbooks, teaching aids and additional reading literature needed by a student in the eighth grade.

By decision of the parent committee, funds for gadgets were collected on a voluntary basis from parents. They were also purchased centrally and by September 1, students received brand new e-books with textbooks preinstalled in them and teaching aids. For example, books that will need to be read as part of a literature course, students can also upload to it from the network.

However, they note today at school, when working with e-books they immediately had to impose a number of restrictions. First of all, these should be books whose settings are most favorable for children's eyes. Devices that have the function of "electronic ink" do not strain the eyes. Of course, this excludes the cheapest models from the list.

In addition, teachers have to control that children use books in the classroom only for study, and not for socializing. in social networks, for example. And, finally, on the Internet, unfortunately for teachers, there is no information about local history, history and local geography of the KBR, but this is a temporary difficulty, the teachers of the Chegem secondary school are sure.

Gambling, banned on the territory of Ukraine since the summer of 2009, may return to the field of legal business. This is discussed by local experts, watching how they returned the right to renew licenses to lottery organizers, canceling the moratorium by the decision of the Verkhovna Rada. As previously stated by Ukrainian politicians, as early as February of this year, lottery activities should have been completely banned.

Experts predict that in the near future the ban on the organization of sweepstakes and gambling. In many ways, this forecast is also explained by the fact that after the ban, these services did not disappear, but only migrated to the Internet. For example, it is not a problem to make live bets on the Parimatch website - bets on all types of matches in Ukraine. (link) And this means that due to restrictions, only the budget receives less revenue.

At present, legislative restrictions on the number of lottery operators operating in Ukraine have already been lifted, although they must still be associated with the state. Local experts point out that these conditions do not allow the number of lotteries to increase uncontrollably. At the same time, in this way, serious players in the lottery business will be able to develop more intensively.

Proposals to allow the organization of casinos in hotels, for example, in those located on the Crimean peninsula and in other resort areas. This project was submitted for consideration by colleagues in the Verkhovna Rada Oleg Tsarev, deputy head of the majority faction - the "Party of Regions". Last year, the initiative to legalize betting companies for the Euro 2012 football championship was also widely discussed, which in the end was never done.

The main lobbyist for the return of the gambling business to Ukraine is the owner of the only legal casino in this country, businessman Mikhail Spektor. A gambling establishment at the Premier Palace premium hotel is considered legal, as open before the ban on gambling. The fact is that foreign investors were attracted to this business project. And such projects should continue for three years, despite the entry into force of new laws that worsen the conditions for doing business. This rule protects the casino at the Premier Palace.

In one of his last interviews, Spector admitted that his organization, instead of preparing for the closure of a gambling establishment, is actively promoting bills to legalize casinos in large high-class hotels. In the latest issue of Forbs magazine, he stated that he was working in this direction both with the party in power and with opposition deputies of the Rada. “We hope that they will still pass the law, because there is nothing seditious and bad in this business,” he said in particular, talking with a journalist from a business publication.

On September 25, a big rally was expected in Volgograd. In accordance with the application of the Volgograd regional committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, 5,000 people were supposed to gather on Lenin Square to protest against the results of the elections to the city duma.

First of all, people dressed in red shirt-fronts with the letters "KPRF" with red banners in their hands caught my eye. They entered into conversations with journalists and passers-by willingly - telling that they were residents of Kalmykia, brought to the rally from Elista.

This is not the first time this has happened: a week ago, on September 18, when distinguished guests from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation visited Volgograd, the leaders of the Volgograd regional party committee also, according to actively circulating information, ensured the mass character of their action at the expense of party members brought from Kalmykia. In addition, on that day, Volgograd residents themselves noticed and actively discussed on the Internet the fact that several hundred participants in the rally were employees of the “Memory” ritual service, who were taken to the rally by order of six buses.

But already on September 25, some young girls unexpectedly joined the people of Kalmykia at a communist rally. Unlike the Elista communists, the girls were obviously reluctant to talk to journalists, apparently because they were under the watchful eye of strict ladies of Balzac age. Nevertheless, we managed to find out: these girls, who actually made up the majority of the "protesters", are students of two Volgograd educational institutions - the Pedagogical University and the Technological College. They ended up on Lenin Square as well - exclusively by order, they do not share communist ideas and are not going to share them in the future.

The participation in communist actions of the infamous Volgograd neo-Nazi Elena Samoshina deserves special mention. Recall that she is known for the fact that she admitted on the air of Channel One: she had a tattoo in the form of a fascist swastika poked out on her body and she and her husband forced their children to study Adolf Hitler's book Mein Kampf. Now Samoshina positions herself as a mother of many children, allegedly fighting for the rights large families Volgograd region. In this regard, she has repeatedly tried to declare hunger strikes, which either did not start at all, or ended in nothing in a couple of days. Today, the regional committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation has provided a place for another "hunger strike" to the Volgograd neo-Nazi: in their desire to accumulate any Volgograd negativity around them, the communists are clearly going too far.

At the same time that Samoshina was holding a rally on Lenin Square, some Volgograd mothers of disabled children, who initially supported the hunger strike, met with the ministers of the Volgograd region - and as a result of this meeting, having found a solution to their problems, they abandoned the protest actions. But the closest associates of Elena Samoshina, despite the invitations made to him, ignored the meeting with the ministers: instead of solving the problems of children, they preferred to appear at the CPRF rally in the company of students and residents of neighboring Kalmykia.

But the greatest indignation of Volgograd residents was caused by the way this rally was covered by individual online media. In reality, as the Volgograd bloggers who attended the rally write, about three hundred people were gathered on Lenin Square at the expense of Kalmyks and students who were brought in. However, already on the same day, in the reports of a number of news agencies, the number of protesters was gradually inflated from “four hundred” to “more than a thousand”, as, for example, the local Internet portal with the appropriate name “City of Heroes” wrote. And already in the morning, some federal websites generally reported that “two thousand” protesters from Volgograd had gathered on Lenin Square.

Bloggers dubbed all this “communist postscripts” and called for a boycott of the media that posted such information.

It is interesting that, despite all the actions and protests, the Volgograd communists have not yet voiced a single proven fact of electoral fraud. Moreover, on the night after the elections at all polling stations in Volgograd, all voting members of precinct election commissions, including representatives of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, agreed and signed all the relevant final protocols without a single comment. In total, there were 644 such protocols - two at each of the 322 polling stations. That is, on the night of the elections, no violations were noticed by the communists themselves.

The need to collect protest actions appeared the very next day, when the full scale of the failure of the Communist Party candidates in the elections to the City Duma became known.

Meanwhile, a number of experts, including those in State Duma RF, they say that behind today's protest actions Volgograd communists and behind the artificially created negative information agenda around Volgograd are local law enforcement agencies. The Volgograd security forces, according to some estimates, would like to see “their” people in the authorities of the region, and it is precisely for this purpose that they are now putting serious pressure on the head of the regional committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Nikolai Parshin, forcing him to continue the virtually senseless protests.

A number of State Duma deputies have already demanded from the relevant government agencies give a legal assessment of the actions of the Volgograd security forces and communists.