Super precision weapon. The weapon is high precision. Russia has only a nuclear shield

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In general, the WTO is understood as non-nuclear weapons, which ensures, as a result of guidance, the selective defeat of mobile and stationary targets in any conditions of the situation with a probability close to one.

Military Encyclopedic Dictionary: “Precision weapons include guided weapons capable of hitting a target with the first launch (shot) with a probability of at least 0.5 at any range within its reach”

The high accuracy of aiming at the target makes it possible to achieve the desired efficiency of its destruction without the use of nuclear weapons.

At present, samples of the WTO are available in all types of armed forces of foreign states.

WTO is distinguished from conventional ammunition by the presence of command, autonomous or combined guidance systems. With its help, the flight path to the target (object of destruction) is controlled and the specified accuracy of the ammunition hitting the target is ensured.

Depending on the type of carrier, the HTO can be aviation, sea and land-based, and in the next 10 years, space-based HTO may appear.

The air-based WTO is represented by the following aircraft weapons:

cruise missiles(KR),

guided missiles(UR) or guided missiles (URS)) of general purpose air-to-surface class,

guided aerial bombs and cassettes (UAB and UAK),

anti-radar missiles (PRR),

anti-ship missiles (ASMs).

Depending on the type of guidance system installed on board, the aviation WTO is subdivided:

on the WTO with optical-electronic guidance systems (television, thermal imaging, laser);

WTO with a passive radar guidance system;

WTO with active radar (mm-wavelength range) guidance system;

WTO with an inertial guidance system and correction according to the space radio navigation system (CRNS) "Navstar";

WTO with a combined guidance system (various combinations of the above guidance systems).

Depending on the maximum range of combat use, the WTO is divided into:

- long-range WTO - more than 100 km;

– WTO medium range- up to 100 km;

- WTO short range - up to 20 km.

Strategic cruise missiles have a high probability of hitting various objects. This is achieved by the presence of a nuclear weapon and the combined guidance system used on them. It is based on an inertial navigation system with a radio altimeter, which operates throughout the entire flight route of the CD.

In specially specified areas of correction, corrections of the territorial-correlation system TERCOM (Terrain Contour Matching) are introduced into the inertial system. The operating principle of this system is as follows.

Above the correction area, using a radio altimeter, the true value of the CR flight altitude above the earth's surface is measured, and the barometric altimeter, which is part of the onboard equipment, determines the flight altitude above sea level, which is taken as the initial one. The obtained altitude values are sent to the comparison unit, where the barometric and radar altimeter readings are calculated. The difference in readings gives the height of the area above sea level, and their sequence is a profile of the terrain. The terrain height values in digital form, obtained after passing through the processor, enter the computer, where they are compared with all possible sequences of the digital matrix of the correction area (these matrices are preliminarily prepared and entered into the rocket's onboard computer).

As a result of the comparison (correlation), the matrix selects the sequence that is identical to that obtained in flight. After that, the computer determines the navigation errors in range and direction relative to the programmed trajectory and generates the appropriate corrective commands received on the rudders of the CD to change the trajectory of its flight.

Main performance characteristics of these missiles are shown in Table 1 (draw).

Table 1.

Cruise missiles (CR) can be armed strategic bombers B-52H, each of which has 20 KR and B-2A bombers (16 KR on board one aircraft).

The AGM86B ALCM-B (Advanced Launched Cruise Missile) strategic cruise missile is designed to destroy military and industrial targets with a nuclear warhead at long ranges (up to 2,600 km), as a rule, without the aircraft entering the air defense coverage area.

During the flight of the ALCM-B CD to the maximum range, there can be more than 10 correction areas on the route, spaced up to 200 km from each other. The first correction area, assigned up to 1000 km from the launch line, has dimensions of 67x11 km, and the last one - 4x28 km. The sizes of other areas may vary depending on the nature of the terrain: in mountainous areas they are smaller than in flat areas, the average size of the correction area is 8x8 km.

The most favorable terrain for flight correction is the terrain, the average height difference of which is in the range of 15–60 m. Such a terrain allows flight at altitudes of 60–100 m. The guidance error (KVO) when using TERCOM systems does not exceed 35 m.

The radio altimeter operates on the entire low-altitude section. The width of the radiation pattern of the slot antenna is about 70° in the direction of the rocket flight and about 30° in the transverse direction. When a rocket is flying at a height of 100 m, the irradiated area on the ground looks like a rectangle with sides of 150x70 m; at a flight altitude of less than 100 m, the irradiated area decreases.

The missile flight program, information about the target and areas of correction are entered into the on-board computer of the missile during its preparation. It takes 20 ... 25 minutes to check the control equipment, set the initial data and prepare the first rocket for launch, during which the aircraft maintains a given course. The launch interval for subsequent missiles is 15 seconds or more. After launch, there is no communication between the aircraft and the rocket.

The existing correction system was supplemented by the installation on board the spacecraft of the NAVSTAR space radio navigation system, which allows you to continuously determine the location of missiles on the flight route with an accuracy of 13 ... 15 m.

Based on the foregoing, the objects of destruction of the Kyrgyz Republic will be stationary military targets, including highly protected ones, as well as area objects with a high concentration of human resources and production capacities.

KR AGM-129A ACM (Advanced Cruise Missile), made using the Stealth technology with a range of up to 4400 km, has a CEP of up to 10 m. To improve accuracy in the final flight segment (guidance), in addition to the TERCOM system at a distance of 20 km and closer to The object uses an electron-optical correlation correction system DSMAC / DIGISMAC (Digital Scene Matching Area Corelator). With the help of optical sensors, the areas adjacent to the target are inspected. The resulting images are digitally entered into a computer, where they are compared with the reference digital "pictures" of the regions stored in the computer's memory, and based on the results of the comparison, corrective missile maneuvers are developed. In addition, a RAC system can be installed in which a comparison of the radar image of the area is made. The weight of the rocket does not exceed 1000 kg, EPR - 0.04 m2. The nuclear warhead with power switching from 3...5 to 200 kt can be used with a conventional warhead at a range of up to 2500 km. The missile carriers are strategic bombers V-52N, V-2A.

Advantages of KR:

- long flight range, allows strikes to the entire depth of the enemy territory without entering the air defense coverage area;

- low flight altitude and EPR, the possibility of a programmed maneuver in order to bypass strong air defense groups will make it difficult to timely detect missile launchers and destroy them using modern means ZRV air defense;

– the impossibility of determining the directions and objects of the RC actions;

- high firing accuracy and the probability of hitting Ts (KR are an effective means of destroying, including highly protected point targets, more effective than many types of ground-based and sea-based ballistic missiles. So, when objects are protected by excess pressure in the shock wave front equal to 70 / cm, the probability of their destruction by a cruise missile is 0.85, and by the Minuteman-3 intercontinental ballistic missile - 0.2).

The weaknesses of cruise missiles are:

- limitation of the launch range before the first correction of 1000 km. Exceeding this range can lead to the rocket leaving the correction zone and, as a result, to leaving the specified flight path;

- limitations and complexity, and in some cases the impossibility of using it during a long flight over the water surface, tundra and similar flat terrain, as well as over mountain ranges;

- the impossibility of retargeting the CD after launch from the carrier;

- low efficiency or in some cases the impossibility of using on moving targets, tk. the total flight time of the carriers and the CR themselves can be 6...10 hours;

- the complexity of organizing a massive application;

- subsonic flight speed.

In the United States, an assessment was made of the effectiveness of missiles with conventional warheads (CW) and nuclear warheads (NBC). Analysis of the results showed that with a pointing accuracy of 30 ... 35 m, nuclear warhead 9 times more effective than usual, but with an accuracy of 10 m, their effectiveness is comparable.

That is why, along with the development of strategic cruise missiles in the United States and other NATO countries, intensive work is underway to create tactical cruise missiles (TKR) in conventional equipment.

Tactical cruise missiles TKR CALCM (Conventional Airborne Launched Cruise Missiles) is a variant of the airborne ALCM cruise missile with a conventional warhead.

TCR air-based "Tomahawk-2" (sea-based version) was developed in the United States to engage targets with a conventional warhead weighing about 450 kg.

Since the launch weight of the TKR does not exceed the weight of the strategic missile launcher, and the weight of the warhead increases to 450 kg (a nuclear warhead weighs 110 kg), the flight range of the TKR decreases, while the CEP is about 15 m.

The F-15, F-16, F / A-18, F-35C aircraft (2 CR each), B-1B, B-2 bombers are used as carrier aircraft for the TKR. In addition, when conducting hostilities using only conventional means TKR defeats are armed with B-52N bombers. The main performance characteristics of the TKR are shown in Table 2 (draw). Table 2.

General purpose guided missiles designed to destroy various kinds weapons and military equipment enemy, as well as engineering structures. The most common types of missiles currently in service with the aviation of the leading NATO countries are: Maverick, SLAM, AQM-142A Popeye AGM-158 JASSM (USA) and AS-30AL (France). The main characteristics of these missiles are shown in Table 3 (draw).

Table 3

A characteristic feature of general-purpose guided missiles is the high accuracy of targeting (KVO value - units of meters). It is achieved by the use of special control systems using various physical principles. The missile is guided to the target by devices located both on board the missile itself and on board the carrier aircraft.

AT guided aerial bombs combines the high lethality of the warhead (warhead) of conventional bombs and the accuracy of aiming at the target of guided missiles (UR) of the air-to-surface class. The absence of an engine and fuel for it makes it possible to deliver a more powerful warhead to the target with a starting mass equal to that of the UR. So, if for aviation guided missiles the ratio of the warhead mass to the launch mass is 0.2–0.5, then for UAB it is approximately equal to 0.7–0.9. For example, the Mayverick AGM-65E UR has a warhead weight of 136 kg and a launch weight of 293 kg, and the GBU-12 UAB has 227 and 285 kg, respectively. The gliding mode characteristic of the UAB makes it possible to use them without the carrier aircraft entering the enemy's object air defense zone. At the same time, the area of possible bomb releases from high altitudes (Fig. 1) is only slightly inferior to the zone of the far boundary of the missile launch

With almost the same starting mass and launch (drop) range, a guided bomb hits the target more effectively. Optimal aerodynamic design and improved load-bearing properties of the wing make it possible to significantly increase the range of the UAB (up to 65 km for the AGM-62A Wallai-2) and cover almost the entire zone of application of tactical air-to-surface missiles. The presence of control and guidance systems, often unified with similar SD systems, gives the UAB all the properties of high-precision aircraft weapons designed to destroy especially strong small targets. Due to the ease of manufacture and operation, UAB is cheaper than UR.

UAB can be created by equipping conventional high-explosive, high-explosive fragmentation and cluster bombs with guidance units. A set of guidance equipment is also installed on the aircraft.

UAB have semi-active laser, passive thermal imaging or television command guidance systems. The main characteristics of the UAB are given in Table No. 4 (draw). Table 4

An important place among aviation guided missiles is occupied by electronic warfare missiles (EW) or, as they are often called, anti-radar (PRUR ). They are designed to destroy emitting electronic means enemy, first of all - radar stations air defense. Equipped with a passive radar guidance system that provides guidance to the radiation source.

All EW missiles The main characteristics of EW missiles are given in Table 5 (draw).

Table 5

For the first time, EW missiles (of the Shrike type) were used during the Vietnam War. The Shrike missiles could only be aimed at the emitting radar. When the radiation was turned off, the missile guidance was stopped. Subsequent types of missiles have on-board devices that store the location of the target and continue pointing at it even after the radiation is turned off.

Modern types of electronic warfare missiles have the ability to detect and capture for tracking radar radiation already in flight (for example, HARM).

The anti-radar guided missile (PRUR) AGM-88 HARM is designed to destroy ground and shipborne radars of anti-aircraft weapon control systems and radars for early detection and guidance of fighters. The HARM PRRS homing head operates in a wide frequency range, which makes it possible to attack a variety of enemy radio-emitting means. The missile is equipped with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead, which is detonated by a laser fuse. The PRUR dual-mode solid-propellant engine is equipped with fuel with reduced smoke, which significantly reduces the probability of detecting the moment of its launch from a carrier aircraft.

Several applications of the HARM PRSP are envisaged. If the type of radar and the area of its intended location are known in advance, then the pilot, using the onboard station electronic intelligence or a detection receiver searches for and detects a target, and after it is captured, the GOS launches a missile. In addition, it is possible to fire PRUR at a radar station accidentally discovered during the flight. The long firing range of the HARM missile allows it to be used against a previously reconnoitered target without capturing the seeker before launching the PRMS. In this case, the target is captured by the GOS when a certain range is reached.

PRUR ALARM is equipped with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead, which is detonated by a proximity fuse.

There are two ways to use the ALARM RDP. In the first method, a missile is launched from a carrier aircraft flying at low altitude at a distance of about 40 km from the target. Then, in accordance with the PRUR program, it gains a predetermined altitude, switches to level flight and heads towards the target. On the trajectory of its flight, the radar signals received by the GOS are compared with the reference signals of typical targets. After capturing the target signals, the PRSD guidance process begins. If it does not capture the signals of the radar target, then, in accordance with the program, it gains a height of about 12 km, upon reaching which the engine is turned off and the parachute opens. During the PRRS descent on a parachute, the GOS searches for radar radiation signals, and after they are captured, the parachute fires back and the missile is aimed at the target.

In the second method of application, the GOS receives target designation from aircraft equipment, captures the target, and only after that is the launch and guidance of the PRRS at the target selected by the crew of the carrier aircraft.

The Air Force and Aviation of the French and British Navy are armed with AS-37 "Martel" PRUR. ARMAT PRUR (in appearance it resembles the Martel AS-37 missile system and is close to it in size and weight) is designed to destroy military and object air defense systems emitting radars day and night in any meteorological conditions.

Missiles of the "Tesit Rainbow" type are capable of loitering in the air for a certain time, conducting reconnaissance of radar radiation. After detecting a working radar, a missile is aimed at it.

Objects (up to hitting the required window of a given structure).

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Subtitles

Types of precision weapons

Precision weapons include:

Firearms :
- small arms of sniper business (sniper art), certain types rifles used in sports and combat sniping, varminting and benchrest;
- Cannons, later guided weapon artillery systems;
Other:
- Mine and torpedo armament;
- Ground, aviation and ship missile systems;

Principle of operation

precision weapons appeared as a result of the struggle with the problem of a low probability of hitting a target by traditional means. The main reasons are the lack of accurate target designation, a significant deviation of the ammunition from the calculated trajectory, and enemy opposition. The consequence is a large material and time cost to complete the task, a high risk of losses and failures. With the development of electronic technologies, specific ammunition control capabilities have appeared based on the signals of the ammunition and target position sensors. The main types of methods for determining the mutual position of the ammunition and the target:

Ammunition trajectory stabilization based on inertial acceleration sensors. Allows you to reduce deviations from the calculated trajectory.
Illumination of the target with specific radiation, allowing the ammunition to identify the target and correct deviations. Typically, illumination is performed by radar (in air defense systems) or laser radiation (for ground targets).
The use of specific target radiation, which allows the ammunition to identify the target and correct deviations. This can be radio emission (for example, in anti-radar missiles), infrared radiation from overheated engines of cars and aircraft, acoustic and magnetic fields of ships.
Search for traces of the target, for example, the wake of a ship.
The ability of the ammunition to identify the optical or radio technical picture of the target for selection priority goal and guidance.
Flight control of the munition based on the indications of navigation systems (inertial, satellite, cartographic, stellar) and knowledge of the coordinates of the target or the path to the target.
It is also possible to remotely control the ammunition by the operator or the automatic guidance system, which receive information about the positions of the target and the ammunition through independent channels (for example, visually, radar or other means).

Sophisticated munitions may be guided by several methods of finding a target, depending on their availability and reliability. In addition to the problem of finding a target, high-precision weapons are often faced with the task of overcoming countermeasures aimed at destroying or deflecting the ammunition from the target. To do this, ammunition can approach the target in an extremely covert way, perform complex maneuvers, carry out group attacks, put active and passive interference.

Story

In connection with the development of military affairs in many states, it became possible to improve the characteristics of weapons consisting of equipping their troops and armies. Thus, the replacement of smooth-bore small arms with rifled weapons made it possible to improve the defeat of the enemy at a longer distance. The invention of the sight small arms allowed to more accurately hit the target.

First steps

The idea of creating a guided weapon capable of effectively hitting the enemy with high accuracy appeared in the 19th century. The first experiments were carried out mainly with torpedoes. So, in the 1870s, the American engineer John Louis Lay developed a torpedo guided by wires, electrical impulses, which, according to a number of data, was used (unsuccessfully) by the Peruvian fleet in the Second Pacific War.

In the 1880s, the Brennan Torpedo, mechanically controlled by cables, was adopted by the British coastal defense. Later, a similar solution - the so-called Sims-Edison torpedo- tested by the American Navy. A number of attempts to create a radio-controlled torpedo were made in the 1900s and 1910s. Due to the extreme limitations of the then telecontrol technology, these experiments, although they attracted a lot of attention, were not developed.

Almost all the work of the 1930s did not lead to any results due to the lack of effective ways track the movement of guided weapons at a distance and the imperfections of control systems. However, the valuable experience gained was effectively used in the creation of guided targets for training gunners and anti-aircraft gunners.

World War II

Intensive work on guided weapon systems was first launched during the Second World War, when the level of technology - the development of control systems, the emergence of radar stations, made it possible to create relatively effective weapon systems. The most advanced countries in this area are Germany and the United States of America. For a number of reasons, the guided weapons programs of the USSR, Great Britain, Italy and Japan were presented less widely.

Germany

Particularly large-scale work on guided weapons systems in the period 1939-1945 was launched in Germany. Due to the scarcity of resources in a situation of confrontation with significantly superior enemy forces, the German military circles were feverishly looking for a way to make a qualitative leap in military affairs, which would allow them to compensate for the quantitative gap. During the war years, Germany developed a number of types of "wonder weapons" - the Wunderwaffe - guided torpedoes, bombs, missiles and other weapons systems, some of which were used on the battlefield.

However, due to a severe shortage of resources and an ideological development program (including a delay in the development of anti-aircraft missiles due to the priority of strike ballistic missiles), Germany was unable to effectively deploy most of the weapons systems being developed.

USA

Japan

Kawasaki Ki-147 I-Go guided anti-ship missile
Ke-Go guided aerial bomb with thermal homing
Funryu anti-aircraft missile
Kamikaze projectile Yokosuka MXY7 Ohka
Flying target MXY3/MXY4 (experimental sample)

Great Britain

Anti-aircraft missile Brakemine
Stooge Naval Anti-Aircraft Missile
Artemis air-to-air missile
Red Hawk air-to-air missile
Spaniel family of missiles
"Ben" rocket family

France

Gliding guided bomb BHT 38 bomb (work interrupted in 1940)
Gliding unguided aerial bomb SNCAM (work interrupted in 1940)
Experimental liquid fuel rocket Rocket EA 1941 (work interrupted in 1940, resumed in 1944, test launch in 1945)

Italy

Aeronautica Lombarda A.R. unmanned projectile.

post-war period

Appearance at the end of World War II nuclear weapons and its huge capabilities for some time contributed to a decrease in interest in guided weapons (with the exception of carriers of nuclear weapons and means of protection against them). In the 1940s and 1950s, the military assumed that atomic bombs are the "absolute" weapons of future wars. Relatively effectively during this period, only anti-aircraft missile systems and some variations of winged and ballistic missiles, which were elements of the nuclear strategy.

The Korean War, having demonstrated the possibility of a non-nuclear local conflict of high intensity, contributed to an increase in attention to the problems of guided weapons. In the 1950s-1960s, various models of guided weapons were actively developed, in the form of anti-aircraft and cruise missiles, guided bombs, aircraft projectiles, anti-tank guided missiles and other systems. Nevertheless, the development of guided weapons was still subordinated to the interests of a predominantly nuclear strategy oriented towards global war.

The first conflict with a truly widespread use of guided weapons was the Vietnam War. In this war, for the first time, guided weapons systems were widely used by both sides: anti-aircraft missile systems, air-to-air missiles and guided bombs. American aviation widely used guided bombs and AGM-45 Shrike anti-radar missiles to destroy radars of air defense systems, ground strategic facilities, and bridges. Anti-aircraft missiles were used by American ships to repel attacks by Vietnamese fighters. In turn, Vietnam made extensive use of anti-aircraft missile systems supplied from the USSR, inflicting significant losses on the US Air Force, forcing them to find ways to counter it.

The Vietnam War and a number of Arab-Israeli conflicts (in particular, the first successful use of anti-ship missiles in a combat situation) showed that guided weapons have become an integral part of modern warfare and an army that does not have modern systems high-precision weapons will be powerless against a high-tech enemy. Particular attention to the development of guided weapons was shown by the United States, which often participates in local conflicts of low intensity.

Modernity

The war in the Persian Gulf clearly demonstrated that huge role, which the guided weapon plays in modern war. The technological superiority of the Allies made it possible to conduct military operations against Iraq, while suffering extremely low losses. The effectiveness of the use of aviation during the operation "Desert Storm" was very high, although a number of experts consider its results to be overestimated.

The massive use of high-precision weapons was demonstrated during the operation of NATO forces against Yugoslavia. The widespread use of cruise missiles and high-precision weapons allowed NATO to fulfill its tasks - to achieve the surrender of the government of Slobodan Milosevic, without the direct entry of troops and the conduct of a ground military operation.

In both of these conflicts, it was demonstrated that wide application guided weapons, in addition to a significant increase in the effectiveness of strikes, also helps to reduce the level of accidental losses among the civilian population. Neither Iraq nor Yugoslavia used carpet bombing with unguided bombs, leading to significant destruction of civilian structures, since guided weapons made it possible to relatively accurately hit military targets, minimizing the risk of collateral losses to a possible minimum.

In general, the use of guided weapons in conflicts of the late XX - early XXI century is increasingly massive in nature at all levels of hostilities. This is due to significant savings on the amount of ammunition needed to engage, reduced risk to troops (by reducing the number of combat operations required to hit a specific target), and reduced collateral damage to the civilian population. In modern combat operations, various types of cruise missiles, artillery shells guided by laser target designation, gliding bombs, and anti-aircraft missiles of various classes are actively used. The appearance of MANPADS and ATGMs made it possible to give guided weapons capabilities at the company and battalion levels.

At present, all developed countries with a military industry consider the improvement of guided weapons as a key component of the conflict.

Notes

Literature

Nenakhov Yu. Yu. Miracle weapon of the Third Reich. - Minsk: Harvest, 1999. - 624 p. - (Library military history). - ISBN 985-433-482-1.
Karpov I."Priorities for the development of high-precision weapons" (Russian) // Military parade: journal. - 2009. - September (vol. 95, No. 05). - S. 22-24. -

In the general case, a precision weapon (hereinafter referred to as HTO) is understood as a non-nuclear weapon that, as a result of guidance, selectively destroys mobile and stationary targets in any environment with a probability close to one.

According to the definition given in the Military Encyclopedic Dictionary: "Precision weapons include guided weapons capable of hitting a target with the first launch (shot) with a probability of at least 0.5 at any range within its reach"

The high accuracy of aiming at the target makes it possible to achieve the desired efficiency of its destruction without the use of nuclear weapons.

At present, samples of high-precision weapons are available in all branches of the armed forces of most states of the world.

Depending on the type of carrier, the HTO can be aviation, sea and land-based, and in the next 10 years, space-based HTO may appear.

WTO in general view guided missiles (UR) or general-purpose guided missiles (URS) of the surface-to-surface, surface-to-air, air-to-surface classes, guided aerial bombs and clusters (UAB and UAK) and torpedoes,

The main types of guided missiles are:

- ballistic missiles (BR);
- cruise missiles (CR);
- anti-aircraft missiles (ZR);
- anti-radar missiles (PRR);
- anti-ship missiles (ASM);
- anti-tank missiles (PTR).

Depending on the type of guidance system installed on board, the WTO is divided into:

- with optical-electronic guidance systems (television, thermal imaging, laser);
- with a passive radar guidance system;
- with an active radar guidance system;
- with an inertial guidance system and correction according to the space radio navigation system;
- with a combined guidance system (various combinations of the above guidance systems).

Depending on the maximum range of combat use, the WTO is divided into:

- long range - more than 100 km;
- medium range - up to 100 km;
- short range - up to 20 km.

It should be noted that the division by range for different types of WTO can differ significantly.

Strategic ballistic and cruise missiles have a high probability of hitting various objects. This is achieved by the presence of a nuclear weapon and the combined guidance system used on them.

The missile flight program, information about the target and areas of correction are entered into the on-board computer of the missile during its preparation.

The objects of destruction will be stationary military targets, including highly protected ones, as well as areal facilities with a high concentration of human resources and production capacities.

Advantages strategic missiles:

- long flight range, allows strikes to the entire depth of the enemy territory without entering the air defense coverage area;
- for modern cruise missiles - low flight altitudes, the possibility of a programmed maneuver to bypass strong air defense groups will make it difficult to timely detect cruise missiles and destroy them with the help of modern air defense air defense systems;
- the impossibility of determining the directions and objects of action;
- high firing accuracy and probability of hitting targets (cruise missiles are an effective means of hitting, including highly protected point targets, more effective than many types of land-based and sea-based ballistic missiles. So, when objects are protected by excess pressure in the front of the shock wave equal to 70 kg/cm, the probability of their being hit by a cruise missile is 0.85, and by the Minuteman-3 intercontinental ballistic missile - 0.2).

general weaknesses strategic missiles are:

- limitation of the minimum launch range;
- limitation and complexity, and in some cases the impossibility of application;
- the impossibility of retargeting cruise missiles after launch from a carrier;
- low efficiency or in some cases the inability to use on moving targets;
- the complexity of organizing a massive application.

In the United States, the effectiveness of cruise missiles with conventional warheads (CB) and nuclear warheads (NBC) has been evaluated. An analysis of the results showed that with a guidance accuracy of 30...35 m, a nuclear warhead is 9 times more effective than a conventional warhead, but with an accuracy of 10 m, their effectiveness is comparable.

Tactical cruise missiles TKR CALCM (Conventional Airborne Launched Cruise Missiles) is a variant of the airborne ALCM cruise missile with a conventional warhead.

TCR air-based "Tomahawk-2" (sea-based version) was developed in the United States to engage targets with a conventional warhead weighing about 450 kg. Since the launch weight of the TKR does not exceed the weight of the strategic missile launcher, and the weight of the warhead increases to 450 kg (a nuclear warhead weighs 110 kg), the flight range of the TKR decreases, while the CEP is about 15 m.

General purpose guided missiles designed to destroy various types of weapons and military equipment of the enemy, as well as engineering structures.

A characteristic feature of surface-to-surface general-purpose guided missiles is the high targeting accuracy (KVO value - units of meters). It is achieved by using special control systems that use different physical principles. The missile is guided to the target by devices located both on board the missile itself and on board the carrier aircraft.

Anti-radar, anti-ship, anti-tank and anti-aircraft missiles occupy an important place among guided missiles. Most of them involve hitting maneuvering targets.

Anti-radar are designed to destroy enemy radiating electronic equipment, primarily to destroy ground and ship radars of anti-aircraft weapon control systems and radars for early detection and guidance of fighters. Equipped with a passive radar guidance system that provides guidance to the radiation source. Typically air-to-surface

Anti-ship and anti-tank missiles, of the "surface-to-surface" and "air-to-surface" types, are designed, respectively, to destroy enemy ships and armored vehicles. Without exception, all assume the possibility of hitting a moving target

Air-to-air and surface-to-air anti-aircraft missiles are designed to destroy high-speed highly maneuverable air targets.

A number of ways of using the above guided missiles are possible. If the area of the intended location of the target is known in advance, then the long range of a number of missile models allows them to be used against a previously reconnoitered target without capturing the homing head (GOS) before the missile is launched. In this case, the missile enters a given area, and the target is captured by the GOS when it reaches a certain range to it.

In most cases, the weapon operator himself, using the available means (both visually and with the help of technical on-board means, searches for and detects a target, and after capturing it, the GOS launches a missile. In addition, it is possible to search, detect and recognize targets by the technical means of the carrier weapons in automatic mode.With this method of use, the GOS receives target designation from the equipment of the rocket carrier, captures the target, and the launch is carried out at the command of the operator.

AT guided aerial bombs combines the high lethality of the warhead (warhead) of conventional bombs and the accuracy of aiming at the target of guided missiles (UR) of the air-to-surface class. The absence of an engine and fuel for it makes it possible to deliver a more powerful warhead to the target with a starting mass equal to that of the UR. So, if for aviation guided missiles the ratio of the mass of the warhead to the launch mass is 0.2-0.5, then for the UAB it is approximately equal to 0.7-0.9. The gliding mode characteristic of the UAB makes it possible to use them without the carrier aircraft entering the enemy's object air defense zone. At the same time, the area of possible bomb releases from high altitudes (Fig. Appendix 1) is only slightly inferior to the zone of the far boundary of the missile launch.

UAB can be created by equipping conventional high-explosive, high-explosive fragmentation and cluster bombs with guidance units. A set of guidance equipment is also installed on the aircraft.

UAB have semi-active laser, passive thermal imaging or television command guidance systems

torpedoes designed to destroy enemy surface and submarine ships. Most of the ships of the Navy and aviation are carriers of weapons. Feature is movement in the aquatic environment

precision weapons

precision weapons- this is a weapon, usually controlled, capable of hitting the target with the first shot (launch) at any range within its reach with a given probability. As a result of the ongoing scientific and technological revolution, it has become possible to create high-precision weapons, which, according to a number of military experts, will determine the nature of the future war - the war of the sixth generation. Allows you to inflict exceptionally accurate strikes on attacked objects (up to hitting the required window of a given structure). Precision weapons include various ground-based, aviation and ship-based missile systems, guided bomber and artillery systems, as well as reconnaissance and strike systems. From firearms high-precision usually includes certain types of rifles used in sports and combat sniping, varminting and benchrest.

Story

First steps

The idea of creating a guided weapon capable of effectively hitting the enemy with high accuracy appeared in the 19th century. So, in the 1880s, the French Navy tested a wire-guided torpedo. Later, a similar solution - the so-called Sims-Edison torpedo - was tested by the American Navy. Due to the extreme limitations of the then telecontrol technology, these experiments, although they attracted a lot of attention, were not developed.

The first samples of guided weapons systems were developed and tested during the First World War. So, the German Navy experimented, including in a combat situation, with radio-controlled boats equipped with explosives. In 1916-1917, several attempts were made to use exploding boats of the FL type from Firma Fr. Lürssen against coastal installations and ships, but the results, with rare exceptions (damage to the Erebus monitor on October 28, 1917 by an exploding boat FL-12) were unsatisfactory. Entente engineers also took steps to create guided weapons - Archibald Lowe developed a radio-controlled projectile to destroy German airships, and several types of projectile aircraft were created in the USA - but they ended in failure.

In the interwar period, most industrialized countries tried to develop radio-controlled weapons systems - radio-controlled projectiles, telemechanical tanks and more, such work was most widely carried out in the USSR. Established in 1921, the Ostekhbyuro was engaged in the development of various types of guided weapons. In the course of the activities of the Ostekhbyuro, a number of types of radio-controlled "teletanks" were created (for delivering powerful explosive charges to enemy positions, spraying poisonous substances, setting smoke screens at the front line), radio-controlled torpedo boats. Work was underway on the use of TB-3 bombers as radio-controlled flying bombs.

In the UK in the 1920s, work was underway to create a flying bomb RAE Larynx (Eng. Long Range Gun with Lynx engine ), intended for use on coastal targets. A number of experiments were carried out from 1927 to 1929 at a distance of 100-180 km, but only a part of them were successful. However, the RAE Larynx program gave the British considerable experience in the development of unmanned aircraft, and eventually led to the creation of the first effective UAV, the DH.82 Queen Bee flying target.

Almost all the work of the 1930s did not lead to any results due to the lack of effective ways to track the movement of guided weapons at a distance and the imperfection of control systems at that time.

guided weapon World War I
Weapons of the Central Powers German Empire
Germany	FL Exploding Boats Siemens Gliding Torpedo Fledermaus Unmanned Bomber
Weapons of the Entente Great Britain USA
USA Great Britain Italy	Telebomb Guidoni

World War II

Intensive work on guided weapon systems was first launched during World War II, when the level of technology - the development of control systems, the emergence of radar stations, made it possible to create relatively effective weapon systems. Germany and the United States of America have made the most progress in this area. For a number of reasons, the guided weapons programs of the USSR, Great Britain, Italy and Japan were presented less widely.

Particularly large-scale work on guided weapons systems in the period 1939-1945 was deployed in Germany. Due to the lack of resources in a situation of confrontation with significantly superior enemy forces, the German military circles were feverishly looking for a way to make a qualitative leap in military affairs, which would allow them to compensate for the quantitative gap. During the war years, Germany developed a number of types of "wonder weapons" - the Wunderwaffe - guided torpedoes, bombs, missiles and other weapons systems, some of which were used on the battlefield. The most famous are the successes of German rocket scientists in the creation of V-2 ballistic missiles. However, due to a severe shortage of resources and an ideological development program (including a delay in the development of anti-aircraft missiles due to the priority of strike ballistic missiles), Germany was unable to effectively deploy most of the weapons systems being developed.

The United States created during the Second World War a wide range of different types of guided weapons - homing bombs, cruise missiles, anti-aircraft missiles and air-to-air missiles - but only a part of them was used in combat during the war years or after it. Navy The United States created and used relatively successfully in 1945 the most advanced guided weapon of World War II - the ASM-N-2 Bat homing glide bomb, to destroy ships.

Germany

USA

See US WWII Guided Weapons Program

Japan

Kawasaki Ki-147 I-Go guided anti-ship missile
Ke-Go guided aerial bomb with thermal homing
Funryu anti-aircraft missile
Yokosuka MXY7 Ohka kamikaze projectile
Bombing transcontinental balloon Fu-Go

Great Britain

Anti-aircraft missile Brakemine
Stooge Naval Anti-Aircraft Missile

Italy

Aeronautica Lombarda A.R. unmanned projectile.

post-war period

The appearance at the end of World War II of nuclear weapons and their enormous capabilities for some time contributed to a decrease in interest in guided weapons (with the exception of nuclear weapons carriers and means of protection against them). In the 1940s and 1950s, the military assumed that atomic bombs were the "ultimate" weapons of future wars. Relatively effectively during this period, only anti-aircraft missile systems and some variations of cruise and ballistic missiles, which were elements of nuclear strategy, developed.

The Korean War, having demonstrated the possibility of a non-nuclear local conflict of high intensity, contributed to an increase in attention to the problems of guided weapons. In the 1950-1960s, various types of guided weapons were actively developed, in the form of anti-aircraft and cruise missiles, guided bombs, aircraft projectiles, anti-tank guided projectiles and other systems. Nevertheless, the development of guided weapons was still subordinated to the interests of a predominantly nuclear strategy oriented towards global war.

The Vietnam War and a number of Arab-Israeli conflicts (in particular, the first successful use of anti-ship missiles in a combat situation) showed that guided weapons have become an integral part of modern warfare and an army that does not have modern precision weapons systems will be powerless against a high-tech enemy. Particular attention to the development of guided weapons was shown by the United States, which often participates in local conflicts of low intensity.

Modernity

The Gulf War demonstrated the enormous role that guided weapons play in modern warfare. The technological superiority of the allies allowed the coalition troops to repel the Iraqi aggression, while suffering extremely low losses. The effectiveness of the use of aviation during the operation "Desert Storm" was very high, although a number of experts consider its results to be overestimated.

The massive use of high-precision weapons was demonstrated during the operation of NATO forces against Yugoslavia. The widespread use of cruise missiles and high-precision weapons allowed NATO to fulfill its assigned tasks - to achieve the surrender of the government of Slobodan Milosevic, without the direct entry of troops and the conduct of a ground military operation.

In both of these conflicts, it has been demonstrated that the widespread use of guided weapons, in addition to significantly increasing the effectiveness of strikes, also contributes to reducing the level of incidental casualties among the civilian population. Neither Iraq nor Yugoslavia used carpet bombing by unguided bombs, leading to significant destruction of civilian structures, since guided weapons made it possible to relatively accurately hit military targets, minimizing the risk of collateral damage to a possible minimum.

In general, the use of guided weapons in conflicts at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century is becoming more and more massive at all levels of hostilities. This is due to significant savings on the amount of ammunition needed to engage, reduced risk to troops (by reducing the number of combat operations required to hit a specific target), and reduced collateral damage to the civilian population. In modern combat operations, various types of cruise missiles, artillery shells guided by laser target designation, gliding bombs, and anti-aircraft missiles of various classes are actively used. The appearance of MANPADS and ATGMs made it possible to give guided weapons capabilities at the company and battalion levels.

At present, all developed countries with a military industry consider the improvement of guided weapons as a key component of the conflict.

Notes

Literature

Nenakhov Yu. Yu. Miracle weapon of the Third Reich. - Minsk: Harvest, 1999. - 624 p. - (Library of military history). - ISBN 985-433-482-1

Links

Precision weapons: containment or war? (NVO, 03/18/2005)
Against bunkers and not only ("Sense", No. 2, 2007) PDF (134 KB)

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See what "High-precision weapons" are in other dictionaries:

precision weapons- ypač taiklus ginklas statusas T sritis apsauga nuo naikinimo priemonių apibrėžtis Didesnės galios įprastinis ginklas; valdomasis ginklas, kuriuo taikinys sunaikinamas pirmuoju šūviu (raketos paleidimu); pataikymo tikimybė ne mažesnė kaip 0.9 visu … Apsaugos nuo naikinimo priemonių enciklopedinis žodynas

precision weapons- a guided weapon capable of hitting a target with the first launch (shot) at any range within its reach. A high probability of hitting the target is achieved by using special guidance systems for weapons or their carriers. TO… … Dictionary of military terms

precision weapons- (WTO) a weapon, the effectiveness of which is achieved mainly due to the accurate drop of weapons on the target ... Civil protection. Conceptual and terminological dictionary

WEAPONS HIGH PRECISION- HIGH-PRECISION WEAPONS… Legal Encyclopedia

WTO, the effectiveness of which is achieved mainly due to an accurate hit on the target. The term appeared in the 70s. 20th century in relation to weapons with a probability of a direct hit on the target of at least 0.5 at any firing (launch) range within ... Emergencies Dictionary

Currently, the armies of NATO countries are armed with about 40 WTO models, and a significant number of WTO systems are planned to be put into service in the coming years. The WTO existing and being developed in NATO countries covers systems for various purposes, classes and principles of action.

It includes: guided missiles of various classes, guided and homing artillery, tank and aviation munitions, attack unmanned aerial vehicles, homing engineering munitions, existing and developed reconnaissance-strike (fire) complexes that combine WTO, reconnaissance technical means and target designation , ACS and navigation. In general, it can be divided into the following main types: guided artillery and aviation munitions.

Sample systems of these types of precision weapons are constituent parts various weapon systems:

· in ground forces ah - missile and artillery systems;

in the Air Force - aviation missile and bomber systems;

· in the Navy - ship missile, aviation missile and bomber systems.

The WTO of the ground forces includes:

anti-tank missile systems;

· guided munitions barrel and rocket artillery;

operational-tactical missiles with cluster warheads,

equipped with self-guided combat elements.

The WTO of the Air Force and Air Defense includes:

a) WTO tactical aviation:

Air-based missile launchers (when equipped with warheads only in conventional equipment);

· air-to-ground guided weapons (guided missiles (UR); guided aerial bombs (UAB); guided aviation cassettes (UAC));

air-to-air guided weapons.

b) WTO air defense, which includes:

· anti-aircraft missile systems equipped with surface-to-air missiles.

In foreign armies there is no clear classification of the WTO and it is only subdivided according to reach into short-range and long-range weapons.

The short-range WTO includes weapons with a range of action from several tens of meters to several tens of kilometers and designed to destroy objects in tactical depth.

The long-range WTO, designed to perform operational-tactical and operational-strategic tasks, includes Djisak-type missile launchers, existing and future operational-tactical missiles, medium and long-range cruise missiles, and strike UAVs.

From the point of view of the influence of the opponent's WTO on fighting, combating it and protecting it from it, it is advisable to classify it according to the scale of use, basing, and combat use.

According to the scale of application, the WTO can be divided into operational-strategic, operational-tactical and tactical.

The operational-strategic WTO includes IRBM, long-range and medium-range missiles; to the operational-tactical - UR type OTR "Lance-2", "Ades" (Fr), missile systems under the program "Jitakms", strike UAVs; to tactical - guided and homing artillery ammunition (including with KBCH), anti-tank systems, air defense systems, aviation guided missiles, bombs and cassettes, engineering homing ammunition.

By basing, which is based on the carrier, high-precision weapons are divided into ground, air and sea-based weapons.

By combat mission WTO is subdivided into means of destruction of any specific type of targets: anti-tank (ATGM); anti-aircraft (SAM, MANPADS); to destroy moving targets with radar contrast (RUK type "Dzhisak", artillery and aviation guided munitions); to destroy radio-emitting targets (anti-radar missiles, shells and UAVs); to destroy general-purpose objects, existing and developed OTR, long-range and medium-range missiles, artillery and aviation weapons with thermal imaging and television guidance systems).