Themes, motives

The basis of art, its content G.R. Derzhavin considers the truth, the explanation of which is the mission of poets and artists. The poet for Derzhavin is a special, significant being. Belief in the power of the word, in its omnipotence, was widespread among the enlighteners of the 18th century. A writer who speaks the truth is a courageous citizen and a faithful son of the fatherland, he will not die in the memory of people, while thrones can fall and kingdoms be destroyed: “The universe will not forget the heroes and singers; / I will be in the grave, but I will speak.

Derzhavin's "Monument" breathes with the poet's confidence in his immortality, because the human word is immortal. This idea runs through a number of Derzhavin's poems, but in the "Monument" it is the main theme and is expressed especially clearly. It is important to note that Derzhavin considers himself a national poet: “And my glory will increase without fading, / As long as the universe will honor the Slavic race ...”

In the poem, Derzhavin speaks of the people's memory: "Everyone will remember that among the innumerable peoples ..." He saw the memory of the people, from generation to generation passing on stories about great people, composed by poets, whose word is immortal.

Derzhavin lists his merits concisely and precisely: “That I was the first to dare in a funny Russian syllable / To proclaim Felitsa’s virtues, / To talk about God in simplicity of heart / And speak the truth to kings with a smile.”

The ability to abandon the pompous solemnity of a laudatory ode, to introduce biting satire into verses in rough colloquial expressions, constituted Derzhavin's individual manner, thanks to which he opened a new page in the history of Russian literature.

MOU "Average comprehensive school n. Uralsky.

Research work.

Completed by: Kristina Denisova, 11th grade student of the Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School pos. Ural".

Introduction.

Chapter 2. Life and creative path.

Chapter 3. Features of the time in which Derzhavin lived.

Chapter 4. Derzhavin's innovations in Russian literature.

4.1. A mixture of "calms" in the ode "Felitsa".

4.2. Exposure of the court and noble nobility in odes

"Lords and Judges", "Nobleman", "Felitsa".

4.3. Derzhavin's innovation in depicting nature.

4.4. The merits of Derzhavin in Russian literature, sung by

to them in the poem "Monument".

Conclusion.

Literature.

Introduction.

My research on the topic "Innovation in Russian Literature" was started in the 9th grade. Then I returned to this topic in the 10th grade, studying the literature of the 18th century, and in the 11th grade, analyzing the innovations of the poets of the first quarter of the 20th century.

The word "innovator" in the dictionary of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov is explained as follows: "An employee who introduces and implements new, progressive principles, ideas, techniques in any field of activity. For example: an innovator in technology.”

Indeed, the words "innovator", "innovation" are most often used in connection with the production activity of a person. But when it comes to literature, art, these words take on a special meaning. Innovation is the discovery of new paths in literature, art, the restructuring of literary traditions, that is, the rejection of some traditions and the appeal to others, and ultimately the creation of new traditions. Innovation requires high talent, creative courage and a deep sense of the demands of the times. In essence, all the great artists of the world (Dante, Shakespeare, Cervantes, Pushkin, Blok, Mayakovsky) managed to see the world and find new forms.

A vivid example of innovation in literature is activity.

Studying the biography and works of the poet at the lessons of literature, I was amazed by his talent, courage, bright life position.

I am convinced that the theme of innovation in Russian literature and creativity is more relevant than ever in our time. Many writers and poets, feeling now the freedom of creativity, have forgotten that innovation in literature is not only new themes, new forms, but also talent, a sense of the requirements of the times. Derzhavin's poetry resonates in the works of many Russian poets of both the 19th and 20th centuries.

my goal research work:

Explore creative innovation.

To do this, I tried to perform the following tasks:

Study the biography;

Consider the influence of the time in which the poet lived on his innovative activity;

Analyze verses containing innovative features.

When writing a research paper, I read and studied many books about life and creative way, about his innovation in Russian literature. The work "Derzhavin" explores the biography of the poet. Zapadov's "Mastery of Derzhavin" introduces the artistic features of his works. This book helped me analyze the poet's odes. Nikolai Mikhailovich Epstein's monograph New in the Classics (Derzhavin, Pushkin, Blok in Modern Perception) tells in more detail about Derzhavin's innovations in Russian literature.

The research work consists of 5 chapters. The introduction substantiates the appeal to this topic, proves its relevance in modern time, comments on the literature used; the subsequent chapters tell a biography, consider the influence of the time in which the poet lived on his innovative activity, analyze poems containing innovative features (“Felitsa”, “Lords and Judges”, “Nobleman”, “Monument” and others); the conclusion summarizes the research on Derzhavin's innovation in Russian literature.

Chapter 2

Life and creative path.

Derzhavin Gavrila Romanovich was born into a poor noble family on July 3, 1743 in the village of Karmachi, Kazan province. Derzhavin lost his father early, and his mother had to go to great humiliations in order to raise her two sons and provide them with a more or less decent education. In those years, it was not easy to find truly qualified teachers outside of St. Petersburg and Moscow. However, Derzhavin's perseverance and exceptional abilities helped him learn a lot, despite difficult circumstances, poor health, semi-literate and strange teachers.

He studied at the Kazan gymnasium. The childhood and youth of the poet did not at all make it possible to guess in him the future genius and reformer of literature. The knowledge that the young Derzhavin received at the Kazan Gymnasium was fragmentary and chaotic. He knew German very well, but did not speak French. He read a lot, but had a vague idea of ​​the rules of versification. However, perhaps it was this fact that in the future made it possible for the great poet to write without thinking about the rules and violating them for the sake of his inspiration. "Poet friends often tried to correct Derzhavin's lines, but he stubbornly defended his right to write as he pleased, not necessarily following rigid rules." (5, p. 66).

Derzhavin began to write poetry while still at the gymnasium, but his studies were unexpectedly and prematurely interrupted. Due to a clerical error, the young man was drafted to St. Petersburg in 1762 for military service a year ahead of schedule and, moreover, was recorded, although in the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment, but as a soldier. In the same 1762, as part of a regiment, he participated in a palace coup that led to the accession of Catherine II. Due to the difficult financial situation, the lack of high patrons and an extremely quarrelsome disposition, Derzhavin had not only to wait ten years for an officer's rank, but even, unlike other noble children, lived in the barracks for quite a long time. There was not much time left for poetry, but the young man composed humorous poems that were popular among his fellow soldiers, wrote letters at the request of soldiers, and, for the sake of his own self-education, studied Trediakovsky, Sumarokov and especially Lomonosov, who at that time was his idol and an example to follow. I read Derzhavin and German poets, trying to translate their poems and trying to follow them in my own writings. However, the career of a poet did not seem to him at that moment the main business of his life. After the long-awaited promotion to an officer, Derzhavin tried to advance in the service, hoping in this way to improve his financial affairs and serve the fatherland faithfully.

Already an officer in Derzhavin, he took an active part in the suppression of the Pugachev uprising. It was by the 1970s that Derzhavin's poetic gift first truly manifested itself. In 1774, during the Pugachev uprising with his people not far from Saratov, near Mount Chatalagay, Derzhavin read the odes of the Prussian King Frederick II and translated four of them. "The Chatalagay odes published in 1776 attracted the attention of readers, although the works created in the 70s were not yet truly independent." (5, p. 44) Regardless of whether Derazhavin translated or composed his own odes, his work was still under the strong influence of Lomonosov and Sumarokov. Their lofty solemn language, strict adherence to the rules of classic versification fettered the young poet, who tried to write in a new way, but did not yet clearly understand how to do it.

Despite the activity shown during the Pugachev uprising, Derzhavin, all because of the same quarrelsome and quick-tempered temper, did not receive the long-awaited promotion. He was transferred from military service to civilian service, received only three hundred souls of peasants as a reward, and for several years was forced to earn a living. card game- not always honest.

Fundamental changes in Derzhavin's life and work took place in the late 1970s. He did not serve long in the Senate, where he came to the conclusion that "it is impossible for him to get along there, where they do not like the truth." In 1778, he passionately fell in love at first sight and married Ekaterina Yakovlevna Bastidon, whom he would then sing for many years in his poems under the name Plenira. A happy family life ensured the personal happiness of the poet. At the same time, friendly communication with other writers helped him develop natural talents. His friends - , were highly educated people with a fine sense of art. Friendly communication in their company was combined with deep discussions about ancient and new literature, vital for replenishing and deepening the education of Derzhavin himself. The literary environment helped the poet to better understand his goals and possibilities.

That was the biggest change. As Derzhavin himself wrote, from 1779 he chose "his own special path." The strict rules of classicist poetry no longer fettered his work. “After composing “Ode to Felitsa” (1782), addressed to the Empress, he was awarded by Catherine II. Appointed governor of Olonets (since 1784) and Tambov (1785-88) ". (5, p. 67).

From that moment until 1791, the main genre in which Derzhavin worked and achieved the greatest success was the ode - a solemn poetic work, whose sonorous and measured form was always close to representatives of classic poetry. Derzhavin, however, managed to transform this traditional genre and breathe into it completely new life. It is no coincidence that an outstanding literary critic wrote about Derzhavin's "revolution". The works that made Derzhavin famous, such as: “Ode on the Death of Prince Meshchersky”, “Ode to Felitsa”, “God”, “Waterfall” were written in an unusual language for that time.

Derzhavin's language is surprisingly sonorous. So, Ode to death book. From the very first lines, Meshchersky amazes with booming and ringing lines, as if reproducing the ringing of a pendulum, measuring out irretrievably passing time: “The verb of times! Metal ringing! .. Your terrible voice confuses me ... "

The proposal to arrange life “for oneself to rest” absolutely did not fit into the ideas of that time, which considered the ideal of an active, social, public life, dedicated to the state and the empress.

Being appointed cabinet secretary of Catherine II (1791-93), Derzhavin did not please the empress, he was dismissed from her service. Subsequently, in 1794, Derzhavin was appointed president of the College of Commerce. At the Minister of Justice. From 1803 he was retired.

Despite the innovative nature of Derzhavin's work, at the end of his life his literary circle consisted mainly of supporters of the preservation of the old Russian language and opponents of that light and elegant style, which Karamzin, and then Pushkin, began to write at the beginning of the 19th century. Since 1811, Derzhavin was a member of the literary society Conversation of Lovers of Russian Literature, which defended the archaic literary style.

This did not prevent Derzhavin from understanding and highly appreciating the talent of the young Pushkin, whose poems he heard at the exam at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. The symbolic meaning of this event will become clear only later - the literary genius and innovator welcomed his younger successor.

The last lines left to us by Derzhavin before his death, again, as in the “Ode on the Death of Prince. Meshchersky" or "Waterfall" spoke about the frailty of all things:

Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin, in itself, constituted an entire era in the history of literature. His works - majestic, energetic and completely unexpected for the second half of the eighteenth century - had and continue to influence the development of Russian poetry to this day. And Derzhavin himself perfectly understood the significance of what he had done for Russian poetry. It is no coincidence that in his arrangement of the "Monument" of Horace, he predicted immortality for himself for

And tell the truth to the kings with a smile. (1, p. 65).

Gavrila Romanovich died on July 8 (20), 1816, in his beloved estate Zvanka, Novgorod region.

Chapter 3

Features of the time in which Derzhavin lived.

Greatest poet of the 18th century. In poetry, he followed other paths than Lomonosov. In addition, Derzhavin lived in a different time, which left a special imprint on his work.

In the last third of the 18th century, Russia moved into the ranks of the most powerful world powers. The growth of industry, trade, an increase in the urban population - all this contributed to the spread of education, fiction, music, theater. St. Petersburg increasingly acquired the appearance of a royally majestic city with “slender masses ... palaces and towers.” Outstanding Russian architects participated in the construction of palaces, mansions and public buildings in St. Petersburg and Moscow: V. Bazhenov, I. Starov, D. Quarenghi, M. Kazakov. Masters of portrait painting reached great perfection: D. Levitsky, V. Borovikovsky, F. Rokotov. The development of culture took place in an atmosphere of aggravated class contradictions. “The noble empress (as Catherine II was called) during the years of her reign distributed more than a million state peasants to the landowners, increasing the severity of serfdom.” (3, p. 34).

The peasants, oppressed by the landlords, repeatedly rebelled. In the years, isolated actions of serfs against the landowners merged into a powerful peasant movement under the leadership. The rebels were defeated by government troops, but "Pugachevshchina" firmly sunk into the memory of Russian society.

The intense political struggle was reflected in fiction. In the new social environment, writers could not confine themselves to "high" topics. The world of disadvantaged people powerfully reminded of itself, forcing the artists to reflect on the suffering of the people, on ways to solve pressing social issues. Derzhavin's work is characteristic in this sense. With enthusiasm, he sang the victories of Russian weapons, the splendor of St. Petersburg, the magnificent festivities of the court nobility. But in his poetry critical moods were also clearly detected. By their own political views Derzhavin was a staunch supporter of an enlightened monarchy and a consistent defender of serfdom. He believed that nobles were the best part society. But the poet also saw the dark sides of the autocratic-feudal system.

Chapter 4

Derzhavin's innovations in Russian literature.

4.1. A mixture of "calms" in the ode "Felitsa".

In his odes, Derzhavin departed from the rules of classicism. So, for example, in the ode "Felitsa" classicism is manifested in the depiction of the image of Catherine 2, endowed with all sorts of virtues, in the harmony of construction, in the typical for the Russian ode dyasitiline stanza. But, contrary to the rules of classicism, according to which it was impossible to mix different genres in one work, Derzhavin combined the ode with satire, sharply contrasting the positive image of the queen with the negative images of her nobles (G. Potemkin, A. Orlov, P. Panin). At the same time, the nobles were so truthfully drawn, the features characteristic of each of them were emphasized so that contemporaries, including Catherine, immediately recognized certain persons in them ..

In this ode, the personality of the author himself is also visible with his character, views, habits. Under Derzhavin's pen, the ode approached a work that truthfully and simply depicted reality.

He violated the strict rules of classicism and the language in which this ode was written. Derzhavin rejected the theory of three styles that had been established in literature since the time of Lomonosov. For an ode, a high style was supposed, and Derzhavin, along with solemn and majestic-sounding verses, has very simple ones ("You see through your fingers to foolishness. Only you cannot tolerate evil alone") and even there are lines of "low calm": "And they do not stain rye with soot."

“In the ode “Felitsa”, a light sonorous verse approaches jokingly colloquial speech, which is so different from Lomonosov’s solemnly majestic speech.” (4, p. 96).

Chapter 4.2.

Exposure of the court and noble nobility in the odes "To the Rulers and Judges", "The Noble".

Derzhavin witnessed the Peasants' War led by Emelyan Pugachev and, of course, understood that the uprising was caused by exorbitant feudal oppression and the abuses of officials who robbed the people. “As far as I could notice,” Derzhavin wrote, “this covetousness produces the most grumbling among the inhabitants, because anyone who has the slightest business with him robs them.” It would seem that Derzhavin, like many of his contemporaries, should not have "humiliated" to demonstrate his inner life in odes. But the poet was already a man of the next era - the time of approaching sentimentalism, with its cult of a simple, unpretentious life and clear, tender feelings, and even romanticism with its storm of emotions and self-expression of an individual.

Service at the court of Catherine II convinced Derzhavin that flagrant injustice prevailed in the ruling circles. By his nature, he was "hot and in truth the devil"; he resented abuse of power, injustice; the poet, like many educated people of that time, naively believed that strict observance of the laws established in an autocratic-feudal state could bring peace and tranquility to a country engulfed in popular unrest. In his denunciatory ode to Rulers and Judges, Derzhavin angrily reproaches rulers precisely because they violate laws, forgetting about their sacred civic duty to the state and society.

The ode alarmed Catherine II, who noted that Derzhavin's poem "contains harmful Jacobin intentions."

The accusatory ode to "Lords and Judges" stands at the origins of civil poetry, developed later by the Decembrist poets, Pushkin, Lermontov. No wonder the Decembrist poet wrote that Derzhavin "was in his native country the Organ of sacred truth."

Derzhavine not only sang about what, in his opinion, strengthened the state, but also denounced the noble court nobility, which "does not heed the voice of the unfortunate." With surprising frankness and sharpness, he ridicules the nobles who boast of their high position, having no merit to the country.

Chapter 4.3.

Derzhavin's innovation in depicting nature.

called Derzhavin "a Russian sorcerer, from whose breath the snows and ice covers of rivers melt and roses bloom, whose wonderful words obey obedient nature ...". For example, in the poem "Autumn during the siege of Ochakov" the reader is presented with a visible, picturesque picture of nature. Lomonosov created in his own way beautiful “landscapes of the universe” (“The abyss opened, full of stars ...”) or landscapes, as if seen from a bird’s eye view (“Ode on the day of ascension ...”). The multicolored earthly world that surrounds a person was absent in the poetry of the 18th century (before Derzhavin). Famous poet so, for example, he sang of nature: “Trees have blossomed, Flowers are blooming in the meadows, Quiet marshmallows are blowing, From the mountains the springs are beating into the valleys ...”. The skill of Derzhavin in depicting nature, full of sounds, colors, overflows and shades, is obvious. One of the first in Russian poetry, Derzhavin introduced painting into poetry, colorfully depicting objects, giving whole artistic pictures in poetry.

Chapter 4.4.

The merits of Derzhavin in Russian literature, sung by him in the poem "Monument".

In 1795, following Lomonosov's translation of Horace's ode, Derzhavin created his poem "Monument", as if on a pedestal to Pushkin's "Monument". The power of poetry, according to Derzhavin, is more powerful than even the laws of nature, to which the poet is only ready to be subjected (“led” by them). The monument is wonderful precisely for this superiority over nature (“harder than metals”, not subject to whirlwinds, thunder, time), and over the glory of “earthly gods” - kings. Monument to the poet "above the pyramids". Horace saw the guarantee of his immortality in the power of Rome: "I will grow everywhere with glory, while the great Rome owns the light" (Lomonosov's translation). Derzhavin sees the strength of fame in respect for his fatherland, perfectly playing on the common root in words glory and slavs:

And my glory will grow without fading,

As long as the Slavic race of the Universe will honor. (1, p. 71).

Derzhavin sees his merits in making the Russian syllable "fun", that is, cheerful, simple, sharp. The poet "dared to ... proclaim" not about exploits, not about greatness - about virtues, and treat the empress as ordinary person talk about her human virtues. That is why the word is used here. dared. Most importantly, Derzhavin sees his merit in the fact that he retained human dignity, sincerity, justice, which he could:

Talk about God in simplicity of heart

And tell the truth to kings with a smile. (1, p.

The last stanza of the poem testifies that Derzhavin does not hope for the unanimous approval of his contemporaries. His muse, even on the threshold of immortality, retains the features of militancy and greatness:

O Muse! Be proud of just merit,

And who will despise you, despise those yourself;

With a leisurely, unhurried hand

Crown your forehead with the dawn of immortality. (1, p. 71).

The poet believed that people who are not inspired, do not care about art, remain deaf to goodness, indifferent to the joys and sufferings of those around them.

According to Derzhavin, the purpose of art and literature is to promote the spread of education and the cultivation of love for beauty, correct vicious morals, and preach truth and justice. From these positions, Derzhavin approaches the assessment of his work in the poem "Monument" (1796).

"Monument" - a free arrangement of the ode of the ancient Roman poet Horace (65-8 BC). Derzhavin does not repeat the thoughts of his distant predecessor, but expresses his own point of view on the poet and poetry. He uses his work to a “wonderful, eternal” monument.

Quietly, majestically, the six-foot iambic flows smoothly. The unhurried, solemn rhythm of the verse corresponds to the importance of the theme. The author reflects on the impact of poetry on contemporaries and descendants, on the poet's right to respect and love of fellow citizens.

Conclusion.

Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin, in itself, constituted an entire era in the history of literature. His works - majestic, energetic and completely unexpected for the second half of the eighteenth century - had and continue to influence the development of Russian poetry to this day. And "Derzhavin himself perfectly understood the significance of what he had done for Russian poetry." (2, p. 54). It is no coincidence that in his arrangement of Horace's "Monument" he predicted immortality for himself because

That I was the first to dare in a funny Russian syllable

Proclaim the virtues of Felitsa,

Talk about God in simplicity of heart

And tell the truth to kings with a smile. (1, p. 71).

The research led to the following conclusions about Derzhavin's innovation in Russian literature.

Firstly, a great innovation was the introduction to the ode of the personality of the author himself, with his character, views, habits.

Secondly, under Derzhavin's pen, the ode approached a work that truthfully and simply depicted reality. The poet violated the strict rules of classicism, rejected the theory of three styles that had been established in literature since the time of Lomonosov. For the ode, a high style was supposed, and along with Derzhavin, along with solemn and majestic-sounding verses, there are very simple ones (“You see through your fingers to foolishness. Only you cannot tolerate evil alone”). For example, in the ode “Felitsa”, a light and sonorous verse approaches a playfully colloquial speech, which is so different from the solemnly majestic speech of Lomonosov’s odes.

The 18th-century poet Yermil Kostrov expressed general gratitude to Derzhavin, saying: “You knew how to exalt yourself among us with simplicity!” This simplicity of style came from truthfulness in the depiction of life, from the desire to be natural, close to the people.

Thirdly, attention to everyday life, "fidelity to the pictures of Russian life" () in Derzhavin's poems became a harbinger of realistic poetry of the 19th century. According to Belinsky, he "will pay too much tribute to classicism," but at the same time, he strove for "fidelity in depicting pictures of Russian life."

“Derzhavin brought poetry from sky-high heights, brought it closer to life. His works are saturated with many real signs of the time, specific details that capture the life and customs of his contemporary era” (6, p. 29). Derzhavin's poetry is not only "simple", that is, vital, real, it is also "cordial". Such poems as “Russian Girls”, “Gypsy Dance”, as well as patriotic odes dedicated to the national hero of Russia and these “miracle heroes”, are warmed by love for man as the most perfect creation of nature. Many researchers believe that it is Derzhavin's poetry that underlies Russian sentimentalism.

Derzhavin was the first in Russian literature to mix different genres in one work. For example, in "Felitsa" he combined an ode with satire. Derzhavin's innovation also lies in the fact that the poet laid the foundations of civil poetry, denouncing the noble court nobility. The “singer of Felitsa” has never been a slave of the autocracy and an obsequious court poet. Derzhavin expressed the interests of the state, the homeland, the kings and courtiers heard from him sometimes very bitter truth.

Literature.

one. . Poetry. - M. "Enlightenment", 1989.

2. West of the 18th century:,. - M,., "Enlightenment", 1979.

3. West Derzhavin. - M., "Soviet writer", 1982.

4. Koshelev Romanovich Derzhavin. - M. "For lovers of Russian literature", 1987.

5. Serman. - L., "Enlightenment", 1987.

6. Epstein in the classics (Derzhavin, Pushkin, Blok…). - M. "Enlightenment", 1982.

Interethnic cooperation. Interethnic relations have always been distinguished by their contradictory nature - the inclination towards cooperation and periodic explosions of conflict. The modern division of labor also has national connotations. (Thus, some peoples succeed better in trade affairs, others in the production of high-tech products.) It would seem that there is nothing reprehensible in this, but in certain situations it provokes interethnic conflicts. For example, in the covered economic crisis In Indonesia, the people of Jakarta set fire to and robbed the shops of the Chinese, who monopolized the trading environment in that country. At the same time, there is a process of interpenetration and mutual enrichment of cultures different peoples. However, constructive interethnic cooperation is hampered by differences between nations, ignorance and misunderstanding of foreign cultures and traditions, and ethnocentric attitudes. It is the understanding of the culture and traditions of another national group that is the source of constructive civilized interethnic cooperation. Researchers of the problem of interethnic contacts have developed a code of ethics that promotes communication between different cultures. 1. Treat a foreign culture with the same respect that you treat your own. 2. Don't judge the values, beliefs, and customs of other cultures based on your own values. Each culture has its own value system, and the same values ​​are of varying degrees of importance (see Table 5.2). It is necessary not only to know this, but to take it into account when communicating with people of other nationalities. 3. Never proceed from the superiority of your religion over someone else's. 4. Communicating with representatives of another religion, try to understand and respect it. 5. Strive to understand the cooking and eating habits of other peoples, influenced by their specific needs and resources. 6. Respect other cultures' ways of dressing. 7. Do not show aversion to unfamiliar smells if they can be perceived as pleasant by people of other cultures. 8. Remember that every culture, no matter how small, has something to offer the world, but there are no cultures that would have a monopoly on all aspects. 9. Always remember that no scientific evidence supports the superiority of one ethnic group over another. Values ​​Primary Secondary Tertiary Non-Essential Personality 3 H W M Motherhood h,v M,3 - - Hierarchy 3, B, M, A H - - Masculinity H, M, B, 3, A - - - Power B, A m, h 3 - World V h 3, A m Money 3, A, Ch m V - Modesty V Ch, A, M - 3 Punctuality 3 Ch m, V A Rescue 3 M - V, Ch, M Karma V - - M, 3.4, A Superiority 3 h - V, A, M Aggressiveness 3.4 m A, B - Collective responsibility B, A, M h - 3 Respect for the elders V, A, M h - 3 Respect for the youth 3 M, A, N, V ​​- - Hospitality V, A H - 3 Inherited property B - M, A, C, C - Preservation of the environment C C, A 3 m Skin color C, 3.4 M - A Sanctity of arable land C A - 4, M, 3 Equality of women 3 c, h A m Human dignity 3.4 V, A, M - - Efficiency 3 P V, M - Patriotism P, M, A, V 3 - - Table 5.2 Continuation of Table. 5.2 Values ​​Primary Secondary Tertiary Minor Religion 3, C, M, A, B - - - Authoritarianism C, M, A s, h - - Education 3.4 C, A, M - - Immediacy 3 C, C, M, A - - Source: See: Sitaram, K., Cogdell, G. Decree. op. S. 116. In the table. 5.2 are marked: 3 - Western cultures; B - oriental cultures; H - black cultures of America; A - African cultures; M - Muslim cultures. International conflicts. Social, including national, contradictions are an ineradicable feature of our being. Ethnic conflicts are also inevitable. The subjects of interethnic conflicts are: ethnic groups, national communities (including indigenous peoples and national minorities), international formations, nation states, various national organizations. National movements are really involved in the conflict - organized groups united by the national idea and mobilizing their supporters to fight for defending their interests. The nationalism of the participants in these movements is often caused by the infringement of the rights of their peoples, which makes it understandable. In this case, an interethnic conflict can restore justice. The conflict becomes destructive in cases when national movements develop into nationalist ones, which aim to assert the superiority of one nation over another. The limit of this superiority is the desire to satisfy one's own national interests at the expense of other nations. The extreme form of nationalism is fascism, in which the interests of "inferior" races are sacrificed to the interests of one superior race. The practice and results of the actions of the Nazis are notorious. Almost all corners of the world are covered by ethnic conflicts - Africa, Europe (for example, Northern Ireland, Spain, Serbia, Cyprus), North America(Canada), Asia (China, Indonesia, India), etc. There are many hotbeds of interethnic conflicts in the territory former USSR and present-day Russia (Karabakh, Transnistria, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Chechnya, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia, North Ossetia- Alania, etc.). The causes of interethnic conflicts are due to the socio-economic problems of the development of nations. The process of regulation and resolution of a specific interethnic conflict is, as a rule, complex, lengthy, intense, multi-stage and unique. Interethnic conflicts on domestic grounds “do not have clear stages of development and resolution; they are of a spontaneous nature, and their process can be regulated by general activities for the international education of the population and the democratization of society”1. An important direction in the prevention of destructive interethnic conflicts is the prevention of nationalist sentiments by giving national claims and aspirations traits that are acceptable to the surrounding nations. Keywords and concepts of interethnic cooperation. Code of Ethics. International conflicts. Subjects of interethnic conflicts. Regulation of interethnic conflicts. Control questions and tasks 1. What prevents constructive interethnic cooperation in modern world? 2. What role does the code of ethics play in the organization of interethnic cooperation? 3. What are the types of ethnic conflicts? 4. Compare national and nationalist movements. 5. Prove that understanding of foreign culture and respect for cultural differences is the basis of interethnic cooperation. 9.

Social relations.

social structure.

This is the structure of society as a whole, a set of interconnected and interacting social groups. The main types of social groups include classes, castes, estates. These groups have a different position in society, have unequal access to such social benefits as money, power, prestige. This is what social inequality is all about. The formation of social classes in their modern sense is associated with the formation industrial society. The origins of class differences and inequality are in the economic sphere of society. For example, peasants, workers, employees, owners of firms and companies, farmers, entrepreneurs have different opportunities to earn income and purchase goods.

2. Social relations - these are certain stable connections between people as representatives social groups. They arise independently of the will and consciousness of people in the process of their interaction with each other in the conditions of a given society. They may take the form of cooperation or social conflict.

social groups.

This is any set of people that has some common socially significant sign (sex, age, nationality, profession, income, education, power, etc.)

According to their size, number, the nature of the relationship between members, social groups are divided into big and small.

Social groups include:

family, school class, group of peers;

Workers, peasants, intelligentsia;

children, youth, veterans;

urban and rural residents.

4. Social status - is the position that a person occupies social structure society.

Some statuses (sex, age, nationality) do not depend on the personal qualities of a person, they are given from birth - prescribed (or innate)

Others require the individual's own efforts - getting an education, mastering a profession, creating a family. This is an attainable (acquired) status.

social roles.

The social status of a person gives him certain rights, imposes duties and requires appropriate behavior. Expected behavior from a given person social status called social role.

Social conflict and ways to resolve it.

A social conflict is a clash of opposing interests, views, aspirations, directions of social development. Individuals, social groups, various organizations and associations can be participants in a social conflict. All social conflicts go through three stages:

pre-conflict (contradictions accumulate)

conflict (collision of parties)

post-conflict (measures are being taken to finally eliminate contradictions)

There are the following types of behavior of participants in a social conflict: suppression of the enemy, reaching an agreement, abandoning one's demands.

The best way prevention and resolution of social conflict - a compromise (agreement through mutual concessions without prejudice to the fundamental interests of the parties).

The consequences of conflicts lead to negative and positive results.

Negative Consequences increase bitterness, lead to destruction and bloodshed, to a violation of public order.

Positive Consequences lead to the resolution of problems, increase group cohesion, lead to alliances with other groups, lead to an understanding of the interests of the group.

A family.

A family is a social group based on family ties (by marriage, by blood). Family members are connected by a common life, mutual assistance, moral and legal responsibility.

The family performs a number of functions related to the needs of the individual and society:

Reproductive (biological procreation);

Educational (preparation of the younger generation for life in society);

economic and economic (maintenance household and guardianship of disabled family members);

spiritual and emotional (personal development, spiritual mutual enrichment, maintenance friendly relations);

leisure (organization of normal leisure);

sexual (satisfaction of sexual needs).

Legal basis of marriage and family.

Family law.

The set of legal norms that regulate relations between people in connection with marriage, family creation, the birth and upbringing of children form one of the branches of private law. - family law.

The main source of family law is

Family code Russian Federation(IC RF).

Purpose of family law.

According to article 1 of the RF IC, the main goals family law are: strengthening the family; construction family relations on feelings mutual love and respect, mutual assistance; responsibility to the family of all its members.

four). Basic principles legal regulation(SK):

1. Voluntary marriage.

2. Equality of rights of spouses in the family.

3. Resolution of issues by mutual agreement.

4. The priority of family education.

5. Ensuring the protection of the rights and interests of minors and disabled family members.

To conclude a marriage, the mutual consent of those entering into marriage and the achievement of marriageable age (18 years is the age of civil majority) are required.

5). Barriers to marriage:

1. Undissolved marriage.

2. Close relatives in a straight line (father, daughter, granddaughter) and between siblings.

3. Incapacity of a person recognized by the court (mental disorder or danger of transmission of a dangerous disease).

4. Between the adopter and the adopted (as long as the adoption exists)

6). Personal rights of spouses:

the right to free choice of occupation, profession,

place of stay and residence.

choice of surname;

have equal rights and responsibilities towards their children

7). The legal freedom of spouses is not unlimited. They are obliged:

build relationships in the family on the basis of mutual respect and mutual assistance;

cares about the well-being and strengthening of the family;

cares about the well-being and development of their children: educate, provide education (basic general education) to protect their rights and interests.

Marital property.

The property of the spouses is divided into general (acquired during marriage) and personal (acquired before marriage, or received as a gift, by inheritance during marriage).

personal property is the private property of each and is not taken into account when dividing property between spouses.

common property recognized by law as joint property and is referred to as legal regime of their property. Each of the spouses has the right to all property to such property, enjoys equal rights. With the termination of the marriage is divided equally. Only the court can depart from the principle of equality.

By mutual agreement, the spouses can carry out transactions on the disposal of property (sell, donate). On the movable property is enough verbal consent, and on immovable property needed written agreement certified by a notary.

9). Personal rights of the child.

1. The right to a name and nationality.

2. The right to live and be brought up in a family.

3. The right to communicate with parents and other relatives.

4. To express his opinion when resolving an issue affecting his interests (legal value from 10 years old)

5. The right to protection. Until the age of 14 to the guardianship and guardianship authorities, and from the age of 14 to the court.

6. Right to maintenance.

7. The right to the money he has earned. Can manage independently.

Duty of children.

Children are obliged to take care of their parents, to provide them with assistance and support.

Until adulthood, this obligation has moral character, and upon reaching the age of 18 acquires legal force

Ethnos.

ETHNOS - a historically established ethnic community - a tribe, a nationality, a nation.

Nation.

1. A historically established stable community of people, formed in the process of forming a community of their territory, economic ties, literary language, features of culture and spiritual appearance.

2. In some combinations: country, state (community of citizens of the state). The highest form of ethnicity.

International cooperation.

International relations can be immediate (contacts of people different nationalities in the process of work, life, education, leisure, cultural and family life) and indirect(exchange of material and cultural values, information, relations between states). In today's world, there are two interrelated trends:

· one is manifested in the economic, cultural and political rapprochement of nations, the destruction of national barriers;

the other - in the desire of a number of peoples to gain national independence, to protect national culture from the onslaught of popular culture.

The basis of interethnic cooperation is the principles equality, mutual assistance and respect for the national dignity of peoples, their interests and traditions. non-compliance these principles lead to ethnic conflicts which is a difficult task to overcome. In the modern world, there are several ways to resolve it: negotiations, mutual concessions of the parties, mediation by a third party or the UN. All of them presuppose the mutual recognition of universally significant and national values, the requirements of international legal documents. These actions are guided by the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on the value of every individual.

Social politics.

Social policy - the activities of the state and political parties, associations, movements in the social sphere public life. This activity is aimed at the implementation of social programs that support the standard of living, the material well-being of the population, and employment. aim social policy is to achieve welfare in society, the harmonization of social relations, political stability and civil harmony.

Allocate social policy in the field of education, health care, employment and social and labor relations. There are also cultural, housing, family, pension, women's and youth social policies.