Climatic conditions in different parts of the country of bolivia. Where is the best place to go on holiday in Bolivia? Animal world of Bolivia
Geographically, Bolivia is located in the heart of South America and is one of only two countries on the continent (the other being Paraguay) that is landlocked.
It borders Argentina to the south, Paraguay to the southeast, Brazil to the east and north, Peru to the northwest, and Chile to the southwest.
There are three main geographic areas in the country:
Andes and Altiplano (highlands) in the West;
Yungas and valleys on the eastern slopes of the Andes;
Tropical plains (also called Oriente), covering the entire eastern half of the country, more than 2/3 of the territory of Bolivia.
During the colonial period, the geography of Bolivia was very different. Previously, Bolivia was part of the Viceroyalty of Peru and had access to a vast sea coast. With the defeat in the Second Pacific War (1879-1883) against Chile, Bolivia lost its Pacific coast. Then she ceded to Brazil part of her northern territory in the region of the Acre River (1903). As a result of the war with Paraguay (1935), Bolivia lost a significant part of the southeastern territory of the country. Thus, formed modern geography Bolivia.
Andes and Altiplano
The Andes stretch from north to south along the entire western region of Bolivia in two parallel mountain ranges called Cordillera Occidental (Western Cordillera) and Cordillera Oriental (Eastern Cordillera). The Western Cordillera stretches along the Chilean borders, the Eastern Cordillera - from Peru to Argentina. Between the two mountain ranges lies the Altiplano, a high plateau 805 kilometers long and 129 kilometers wide.
Western Cordillera are a chain of volcanoes and geysers. Volcanoes are currently dormant, but emit a lot of sulphurous gases. Here is the highest peak in Bolivia, the snowy Sajama (6542 m). Most of the Western Cordillera in the north has an altitude of about 4000 meters above sea level, in the south a little lower. The entire region is sparsely populated. South District receives almost no rainfall, the landscape consists mainly of barren rocks. The entire area of the Western Cordillera is sparsely populated and practically uninhabited in the south.
Eastern Cordillera stretch from the north side of Lake Titicaca south to the Argentine border. The northernmost part of the range (Cordillera Real) has many beautiful snow-capped peaks. Many of these peaks exceed 6000 meters in height, and two of them - Ilmani (6438 m), clearly visible from La Paz, and Illampu (6368 m) - are covered with large eternal glaciers.
Altiplano has an average altitude of about 3,600 m above sea level. Initially, it was a deep gorge between the two Cordilleras; over time, it was filled with sedimentary rocks washed away by sediments from the peaks of both Cordilleras. The sedimentary origin of the Altiplano is evidenced by its gradual slope from north to south - more precipitation in the north washed away more rocks to the bottom of the crevice. The land in the Altiplano is arid and barren, with little vegetation.
Most characteristic feature The Altiplano is a large lake at its northern tip - Titicaca. At 3,810 meters above sea level, it is the highest navigable body of water in the world and largest lake in South America. The average depth is 110 meters, the maximum is 280 meters. The huge volume of water allows you to maintain constant temperature around +10°C. The lake tempers the climate for a considerable distance and allows crops of corn and wheat to be grown. From Copacabana you can visit the islands of the Sun and the Moon and look at the ancient ruins of the Incas.
The Altiplano is home to the world's largest Uyuni Salt Flats, with an area of over 10,582 km². Tourists can spend the night in a hotel made entirely of salt blocks.
Ruin great empire Tiwanaku are also found in this area. The landscapes of the Altiplano are breathtakingly beautiful and are home to vast flocks of pink flamingos. The cities of La Paz (the de facto capital of Bolivia), Oruro (which hosts Bolivia's most famous festival each year), and Potosi (home to the world famous silver mine) are in this geographic region of Bolivia.
Yungas
Plains (Oriente)
To the east of the Andes are flat territories (Oriente), this region of Bolivia covers more than two-thirds of the country's territory. In spite of vast territory, it is rather sparsely populated, and until recently played an insignificant role in the country's economy. Based on topography and climate, it is divided into three separate geographical areas.
northern plains . covered in thick tropical forest the northern region covers the departments of Beni and Pando and the northern part of Cochabamba. The three major rivers of Bolivia (the Beni, the Madre de Dios, and the Mamore) flow through this area north to the Madeira River in Brazil and eventually to the Amazon Basin. Because most of the topsoil is alumina, heavy rains periodically transform vast parts of this region into swamps.
Central Plains. The central region (includes the northern part of the department of Santa Cruz), is a hilly area with a drier climate than in the north. Forests alternate with savannahs, most of the land is occupied by agricultural land. Here is Santa Cruz, the most Big city countries, like most of the proven oil reserves and natural gas Bolivia.
Southeast Region (Chaco). The southeastern plains of Bolivia are called Chaco - a sparsely populated tropical region with a semi-desert landscape in the Parana River basin. With virtually no rainfall for nine months of the year, this area turns into a swamp with three months of heavy rainfall. Due to extreme climate changes (uneven rainfall), vegetation is rather sparse. Recent discoveries of natural gas and oil at the foot of the Andes have slightly increased the population in the area.
common data
Land borders of Bolivia: total length 6743 km with border countries: Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay 750 km and Peru 900 km.
Altitude: lowest point: Paraguay River 90 m, highest point Nevado Sajama Volcano 6542 m.
Total area of Bolivia: 1,098,581 km², 1.29% of the territory is occupied by rivers and lakes
Climate and weather in Bolivia
Most of Bolivia's territory is close to the equator, at the level of Tahiti or Hawaii, but the altitude and wide open spaces cause unpredictable weather. Climatic conditions are very different - from suffocating humidity and heat in the plains to arctic cold in the Andes. The two poles of Bolivia's climatic extremes are the city of Puerto Suarez, with its suffocating hot weather, and Uyuni, with its icy, cold winds. But there are times when you can sunbathe in Uyuni and endure the cold in Puerto Suarez. The temperature depends primarily on altitude, and has minor seasonal fluctuations. November to April is the rainy season, with more rain in the north than in the south. During the rainy season, ground transportation is difficult, and in some regions impossible. The best time to visit is from May to October, when dry and clear weather prevails.
Altiplano
Windswept, the Altiplano has the driest and coldest climate in Bolivia. The Altiplano is characterized by sharp differences in day and night temperatures and a decrease in precipitation from north to south. Average temperatures during the day range from +15°C to +20°C, in summer (December-February) the tropical sun heats the air up to +27°C and even more. After dark, the thin air retains little heat and the temperature drops rapidly, in June-August (the coldest period of the year) to just above freezing. Lake Titicaca makes the climate temperate, but even on its shores the temperature in June-August can drop below zero and snow is not uncommon at this time.
Yungas
Yungas is the wettest, cloudiest and rainiest region of Bolivia. Annually 1520 mm of precipitation falls here. The average temperature is +22ºC. The mountains and valleys of the Yungas have a comfortable climate all year round with almost constant rainfall.
Plains (Oriente)
In the northern plains dominated by tropical humid climate with year-round high temperature, high humidity and heavy rains. Daytime temperatures average over +30°C throughout the year. Northeasterly winds from the Amazon Basin bring significant rainfall. Rain often falls in the form of short-term thunderstorms and showers, sometimes accompanied by strong winds and hail.
Central Plains- area of tropical wet and dry climate. From October to April, northeasterly winds prevail, the weather is hot, humid and rainy. From May to September, dry southeasterly winds prevail, precipitation is minimal at this time. AT winter period, invasion strong winds from the south (surazo) brings cool temperatures for several days.
The climatic conditions and vegetation of Bolivia are very diverse. The temperature and amount of precipitation change with absolute altitude. In general, the west of the country is cooler and drier, while the east is warmer and wetter. southern part The flat zone is drier and cooler than the northern zone, where a humid tropical climate prevails.
In the Andean highlands of the Altiplano, the climate is harsh and dry, with usually cloudless skies and intense sunshine. During the summer (December to March), the Cordillera Real massif often experiences afternoon thunderstorms, with approx. 60% of the annual rainfall. On the Altiplano, it is 710 mm near Lake Titicaca, 580 mm in La Paz, and less than 125 mm in the deserts of the southern part of this area. During the day, the average temperatures here are 10–16 ° C. In summer, the air warms up to 27 ° C. The nights are cold, with average temperatures from -1 to +4 ° C, frosts occur at any time of the year. frequent strong winds, leading to cooling down to -20 ° С.
gray, rocky, loose soil monotonous sparse vegetation of the “tola” (“dry Puna”) type of tufts of xerophytic feather grass (Stipa) covers, among which patches of evergreen resinous shrubs Lepidophyllum, ephemera and cacti of the species Opuntia lagopus are scattered. Above 5500 m above sea level the belt of eternal snow begins.
In the Yungas region, there are several regions that differ greatly in climate and vegetation. altitudinal belts. Up to 900 m above sea level average temperature is 24 ° C, the slopes are covered with dense rain forest. Above, up to 2400 m above sea level, where the average temperature is 19 ° C, it is replaced by a subtropical forest. Even higher is a belt of sparse mountain forest constantly shrouded in clouds, which at approx. 3000 m above sea level (average temperature 10 ° C) passes into a xerophilic undergrowth called "sekha", which means "eyebrow" in translation. The climatic conditions here are close to those prevailing on the Altiplano.
In the north of the Cordillera Real massif, the annual rainfall varies from 4880 in the open lower part of the slopes to 1270 mm in some high mountain basins; the drier southern zone of this area receives from 890 mm of precipitation in the lower part of the slopes, to 460 mm in the highlands near Cochabamba. Relatively humid areas are occupied by deciduous forests, which become more xerophytic towards the south and with increasing altitude.
Plains
The climate of the northeastern plains is transitional, from hot and humid, typical of the Amazonian tropics, to drier in the Gran Chaco plains to the southeast. The vegetation of this zone is diverse: along major rivers developed rain forests, on the watersheds - wet grasslands. South of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, or Santa Cruz, there is 750–1300 mm of precipitation per year, mainly from November to April. These places are characterized by palm savannahs, areas of deciduous forest and dense shrubbery. In the southeast of the country, in the Bolivian part of the Gran Chaco, the vegetation cover is formed by semi-xerophytic trees, in particular quebrachos, xerophytic shrubs, cacti, and extensive patches of drier palm savanna with Copernicia and Thrithrinax palms.
Among the animals of the high plateaus are llama, alpaca, vicuña, guanaco, chinchilla and viscacha. In the Yungas zone, the jaguar, capybara, peccary, and tapir are common. In the forests there are a variety of birds, among which some hummingbirds, the purple painted tanager and the local species of stork amaze with their beauty; there are also condors, eagles and vultures. There are many fish in Lake Titicaca and rivers, including perch, trout and piranha.
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On the territory of Bolivia, 2 types of climate are observed - sharply continental in the highlands and tropical and subequatorial in the plains. The most difficult climatic conditions are observed in the Altiplano region, which is closed on all sides from penetration warm air mountains.
In this area, the average February temperatures are concentrated in the range from + 18 ° C to +20 ° C, and in July - then +15 ° C to +17 ° C.
In the flat areas, the climate is hotter - the temperature in summer reaches + 34 ° C, and in winter they range from + 22 ° C to + 24 ° C.
The level of precipitation in the western part of the country tends to reach 1500 mm, and on the slopes of the Cordillera - 1500 mm, and reaches the highest level in Oriente - up to 2000 mm. Most of the precipitation falls between December and February.
Weather in Bolivian cities now
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Bolivia is a country located in the center of South America. Bolivia and Paraguay are the only two countries in South America that do not have access to water. Factors shaping the climate of Bolivia are the already mentioned lack of access to the sea, and Bolivia's location on the eastern side of the Andes Mountains. The southwestern part of the country mainly consists of uplands, where the highest peaks are Ilyampu (6,362 m) and Sajama (6,542 m). Such heights determine the range of temperatures in these places, and the aridity of these places is explained by the location of Bolivia on the eastern side of the Andes. On the territory of the eastern border of the highlands, the humidity is higher due to the rains coming from the Amazon. The northern and eastern parts of Bolivia are made up of lowlands that are part of the Amazon. Several rivers flowing into the Amazon originate in Bolivia.
Climate types in Bolivia
The western and southwestern parts of Bolivia are characterized by a combination of desert and steppe climates. In the high regions of the country, located in the Andes, the climate is mountainous or alpine, and due to the elevation, the temperatures in these places are much lower than in the rest of Bolivia, and precipitation is rare here, which is why these places are among the driest throughout South America. For the eastern regions of the hills, reaching a height of 100-200 kilometers, a mixture of several different types climates (in particular, warm marine and temperate steppe), and often the climate here is called subtropical. The temperatures here are high, but not so high that the climate can be called warm or tropical. The exact type of climate varies by location. In the lowlands of Bolivia - a tropical climate, in the largest region of Bolivia - a tropical savannah climate, in some smaller regions - a tropical rainy climate, or tropical monsoon, which is characterized by a rainy period.
Precipitation in Bolivia
The wettest period in Bolivia is summer (lasting in the country from January to February). Depending on the place, from 15 to 400 millimeters of precipitation per month can fall, while in the winter months this figure is 0-100 millimeters. Higher rates are specific to specific small regions and are rare. Winters in Bolivia are very dry. AT winter time snow may fall. On the highest peaks of the country, it can snow all year round.
Air temperature in Bolivia
Average air temperatures in Bolivia vary greatly. It is related to location and altitude. The exact temperature is difficult to predict. For example, in the city of La Paz, located at an altitude of 3,500 meters, the average minimum and maximum temperatures do not differ much. However, the extreme marks are very different, so the average marks in this case are not very informative. In the northeast of the country, this difference is much smaller and the temperature range is relatively constant.
The climate of Bolivia in numbers
The table below shows the average minimum and maximum air temperatures in the capital of Bolivia, La Paz, throughout the year.
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