Presentation on the topic of mixed and broad-leaved forests. Presentation on the topic: Mixed and broad-leaved forests

Characteristic mixed forests located on the territory of the East European Plain, and in the Far East. Mixed forests are located on the territory of the East European Plain, and in the Far East. characteristic feature mixed forests is a more or less developed grass cover. A characteristic feature of mixed forests is a more or less developed grass cover. Soils: gray forest and sod-podzolic; in the Ussuri taiga - brown forest. Soils: gray forest and sod-podzolic; in the Ussuri taiga - brown forest.

Characteristics The climate is milder than in the taiga, with thaws in winter, and warm and long summers. The climate is milder than in the taiga, with thaws in winter, and warm and long summers. average temperature July to 21 °C, January to 12 °C in the European part and up to 28 °C in the Far East. The average temperature in July is up to 21 °C, in January up to 12 °C in the European part and up to 28 °C in the Far East. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitation up to mm. Moisture coefficient - 1. The rivers are full-flowing. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitation up to mm. Moisture coefficient - 1. The rivers are full-flowing.

Characteristic Human activity: cutting wood (oak, pine, Agriculture); picking berries, mushrooms, medicinal plants. Human activities: cutting wood (oak, pine, agriculture); collection of berries, mushrooms, medicinal plants. All organisms in the forest are interconnected by intricately intertwined food chains. All organisms in the forest are interconnected by intricately intertwined food chains. By territory mixed forests the Volga and the Dnieper flow. The Volga and the Dnieper flow through the territory of mixed forests.

Acknowledgments The information and pictures for the presentation were impudently "copied-pasted" from the presentations found on the Internet, and, in fact, from the Internet itself, for which he, the search engines and authors who recognized their photos/records, thank you very much! The information and pictures for the presentation were brazenly "copy-pasted" from the presentations found on the Internet, and, in fact, from the Internet itself, for which he, the search engines and authors who recognized their photos / records, thank you very much!

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• Zone of mixed and widely deciduous forests located in the western part of the East European Plain between taiga and forest-steppe and extends from the west to the confluence of the Oka and the Volga. The territory of the zone is open to the Atlantic Ocean and its impact on the climate is decisive.

• For mixed and broad-leaved forests, a warmer long summer is typical than in the taiga.
• The average January temperature varies from -4C in the west to -16C in the east of the Russian Plain.

• In the north, under coniferous-broad-leaved forests, soddy-podzolic soils are common, and in the southern part, under broad-leaved forests, gray forest soils.

• They have three main horizons.

• The upper horizon is humus, dead aboveground parts of plants get here, there are especially many microorganisms, worms, larvae and insects. This layer is the most fertile.

• There are still two layers: the horizon of washout and washout.

• Far Eastern mixed and broad-leaved forests are very peculiar.
• The vegetation of the zone has been greatly altered as a result of human activity.
• Now forests occupy less than 30% of the area of ​​the zone.
• They include a significant proportion of secondary, small-leaved forests.
• The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests is characterized by large reserves of heat and sufficient moisture.

• There are many shelters in mixed and broad-leaved trees, varied and quite plentiful food.
• This allows the animals all year round stay in the forests.
• There are much fewer migratory birds here than in the tundra.
• Forests are characterized by a tiered distribution of animals.
• Animals are common here: squirrels, pine marten, polecat, brown bear, foxes, elk, the bats, woodpeckers, owls.

Far East:

edge of contrasts

The specifics of the geographical location

- 1/6 of the territory of Russia

6 administrative

coastal position

meridional elongation

Mainland, island and peninsular territory

The northern regions lie beyond the Arctic Circle

Far East:

edge of contrasts

Almost 4500 km, from Chukotka to Ussuri region stretched along the coast Pacific Ocean and its seas.

The southern regions are located at the latitude of the Mediterranean

Climate Far East

Anadyr

Kingdom

cold - winter

Petropavlovsk

-Kamchatsky

domination

moisture - summer

The specificity of the climate determines the bright originality of natural areas district .

Here are the zones of the Arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga, broad-leaved forests, forest-steppes in the middle reaches of the Amur.

The south of the Far East is especially distinguished by the richness of flora and fauna, where typical northern tree species (fir, larch) get along with representatives of the flora of the subtropical zone, in particular lemongrass, wild grapes, etc.

• In the most typical form, cedar-broad-leaved forests

now preserved only in sparsely populated areas

• Sikhote-Alin. Close by settlements they changed

secondary forests of Mongolian oak (usually not high

over 10-12 m) along with which black birch grows here.

• In the oak forests of the Sikhote-Alin, dense undergrowth is well developed.

• In the northern regions, with more severe winters and cool

in summer, the upper boundary of the distribution of cedar -

broad-leaved forests gradually decreases, and at the end

eventually they give way to coniferous-deciduous forests

with an admixture of species of the Okhotsk flora.

In these forests, along with Korean cedar and whole-leaved fir, Ayan spruce and white fir are found. Of the hardwoods, yellow birch, Amur linden, and small-leaved maple are common here; there are creepers - actinidia, lemongrass and Amur grapes; dense thickets of ferns in the herbaceous cover.

Above the coniferous-deciduous forests there are fir-spruce forests of the Okhotsk type on mountain-taiga podzolic soils. They occupy the slopes of the ridges at an altitude of 400 to 800 m and consist mainly of Okhotsk forms. The upper tree layer in such forests is formed by Ayan spruce and yellow birch; in the second layer, white fir is the most common.

Amur velvet

Amur velvet is also called cork tree for its porous, velvety bark to the touch. Economic importance the tree is very large - bottle caps are made from its bark, and the beautiful Amur velvet wood is used in furniture production. Yellow paint is also made from this tree for dyeing fabrics and leather. Amur velvet is also used as ornamental plant, and it also has medicinal action. Among other things, Amur velvet is an excellent honey plant. Bees collect anti-tuberculosis honey from velvet.

Mixed and broad-leaved forests grow in the west of the European part of Russia, on the Black Sea coast and in the south of the Far East. They are mainly located on the East European Plain. In Eurasia, the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests is distributed south of the taiga zone. Fairly wide in the west, it gradually narrows towards the east. Small areas of mixed forests are found in Kamchatka and the south of the Far East.

The zone of mixed forests is characterized by a climate with a cold snowy winter and warm summer. Winter temperatures in areas of the sea temperate climate positive, and as they move away from the oceans, they drop to -10 ° C. Compared to the taiga, the climate of mixed and deciduous forests is less severe. The average temperature in January is °C, and in July it is °C. In general, the climate is transitional from maritime to continental in the direction from west to east. Winds prevail in all seasons of the year, carrying moisture from Atlantic Ocean. The snow cover is less thick than in the taiga, with a layer from 2030 (in the west) to 8090 cm (in the east). It lasts an average of days a year, southern regions 3060 days. Within the East European Plain, it differs relatively humid climate, the presence of dark coniferous-deciduous forests on soddy-podzolic soils on the watersheds. The annual amount of precipitation slightly exceeds the evaporation rate and amounts to mm. Surface runoff reaches mm. The river network is dense, the rivers are full of water.

Coniferous-broad-leaved (and in continental regions - coniferous-small-leaved) forests grow mainly on gray forest and soddy-podzolic soils. The humus horizon of soddy-podzolic soils, located between the forest litter (3-5 cm) and the podzolic horizon, is about 20 cm. The forest litter of mixed forests consists of many herbs. Dying and rotting, they constantly increase the humus horizon.

More than 90% of mixed forests consist of coniferous and small-leaved species. This is mainly spruce and pine with an admixture of birch and aspen. There are few broad-leaved species in mixed forests. broadleaf forests consist mainly of oak, linden, maple, elm, in the southwestern regions of ash, hornbeam, beech. The same breeds, but local species, are also represented in the Far East, where Manchurian walnut, grapes and creepers still grow. Mixed and broad-leaved forests are multi-tiered: upper tier along with conifers, they form crowns of oak, ash, linden; the second tier includes less tall trees wild apple trees, pears, mountain ash; in the third there is an undergrowth of bushes of bird cherry, hazel, euonymus, buckthorn; in the fourth, various herbs (sedges, hoof, etc.) and mushrooms; the forest floor consists of a thick layer of dead tree leaves and grass stalks.

Of the representatives of the animal world, along with brown bear, wolf, fox, elk are inhabited by European roe deer, pine marten, European mink, forest dormouse, black ferret, squirrel. In the mixed forest we also find many taiga animals: white hare, flying squirrel, capercaillie. Of the birds here there are: green and medium-spotted woodpeckers, pigeon pigeon, tawny owl, oriole, greenfinch, forest lark, blue tit, blackbird, nightingale, European dawn. Only here are dormouse rodents leading an arboreal, twilight lifestyle. The largest of them is a shelf almost the size of a squirrel, the smallest hazel dormouse the size of a mouse.

Agro-climatic conditions are favorable in most of the zone; many valuable grain, industrial, vegetable and fodder crops are grown. Climatic conditions favorable for the cultivation of potatoes, vegetables, flax, cereals, fodder grasses, and in some places sugar beets. Stocks of timber, as well as furs, game, mushrooms, berries, medicinal plants and other hunting and commercial resources in the forests. The forest provides material for construction, fuel, honey, a place to hunt for fur-bearing animals.

Most of the forests have been cut down, the forest cover of the territory is about 30%. The relative amount of spruce and oak has decreased, while the share of birch and aspen has increased. The zone is densely populated, about 1/3 of its area is plowed up. Natural landscapes have been subjected to a very strong and long-term anthropogenic impact, mainly due to fertile soils. Most of the territory is plowed up and intensively used for agriculture. In some places you can still find individual surviving sections of this natural area. For the protection and study of mixed and broad-leaved forests, National parks and reserves.

Within the Far East, mixed forests occupy the plains and low foothills of the Middle, Lower Amur and South Primorye. Main natural features due to the monsoonal climate. In winter, there is stable frosty weather (the average January temperature in the north is up to 28 ° C, in the south from 16 to 18 ° C), which causes deep freezing of the soil and late vegetation of plants in spring. In summer (average July temperature is 2122 °C), monsoon rain showers are frequent. Many areas are swampy. Forests are distinguished by a variety of species of trees and shrubs, multi-layered, an abundance of lianas and epiphytic mosses, grow on brown forest soils. The forests include Korean cedar, Mongolian oak, Amur linden, fir, yellow birch. The fauna of the Far Eastern mixed forests is rich and peculiar. Amur tiger, spotted deer, raccoon dog, Manchurian hare, Far Eastern forest cat, pheasant, mandarin duck, squirrel, chipmunk, there are Ussuri tiger, black bear, sable, charza, wild boar. and etc.; very diverse insects.

slide 1

Mixed broadleaf forests

slide 3

Geographical position

The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests stretches from the western borders of Russia to the Ural Mountains, in a thin strip to the source of the Ob River.

slide 4

Mixed forests are characterized by warm summers and relatively cold and long winters. This is one of the most common climatic zones in Russia. Summer is long and warm (at least four months have average monthly temperature above 10°C). This is what favors the growth of broad-leaved trees. The average July temperature is 18-20°C. However, the climate is quite humid. The annual amount of precipitation is not less than 600-800 mm. The maximum precipitation falls on the warm period, the moisture balance is close to neutral. Surface runoff is greater than in the taiga, the river network is well developed, and the rivers are full of water. Waterlogging is much less than in the taiga zone. Low-lying and transitional swamps predominate.

slide 5

Vegetation

Forests differ from European ones in terms of species composition of trees and shrubs. The main forest-forming species from conifers are Korean cedar, whole-leaved fir, Sayan spruce and a number of larches; from broad-leaved - Mongolian oak, Amur linden, velvet tree, etc. Forests are formed by oak, maple, linden, ash, hazel, etc. Birch forests, aspen forests and shrubs are common in place of coniferous-deciduous forests.

slide 6

Soils under mixed and broad-leaved forests are gray forest and brown forest. They contain more humus than the podzolic soils of the taiga.

Slide 7

Animals

Complex plant communities contribute to the formation of a diverse animal world. Bison, elk, wild boar, wolf, pine marten, dormouse, ancient and rare view this zone muskrat, etc.; from birds - oriole, grosbeak, green and middle woodpeckers.

Slide 8

human activities

In the forest zones, stocks of timber and game animals are concentrated, the subsoil is rich in various minerals, and the mighty rivers have colossal reserves of hydropower. The zones have long been mastered by man, especially on the Russian Plain, where a significant part of the territory has been developed for agriculture and cattle breeding. The main fodder base of animal husbandry is floodplain and upland meadows. built big cities and numerous villages, iron and highways, oil and gas pipelines, reservoirs have been built, so many natural complexes of forest zones have been greatly altered by man, sometimes turned into natural-anthropogenic. To preserve typical taiga and coniferous-broad-leaved forest complexes in Russia, nature reserves, sanctuaries and national parks have been created.

Slide 9

Problems and ways to solve them

Nowadays animal world deciduous forests has undergone great changes under the influence of human activities. Many animals have changed the limits of their distribution in this zone, expanding them or, conversely, reducing them. The number of some animals has decreased, some of them have almost disappeared, others, on the contrary, have become more numerous. In our country, work is now underway to restore and protect natural resources. This also applies to the zone of deciduous forests, in particular, its animal world.