Presentation on the topic "Zone of mixed broadleaf-coniferous forests" in geography in powerpoint format. This presentation for students provides distinctive features coniferous forests from mixed forests. Presentation author: Likhodeeva G.N., teacher of geography.

Fragments from the presentation

coniferous forests

1. Solid stripe. Occupies a large area.
2. Moraine relief, no floodplain terraces.
3. Harsh climatic conditions
4. It is rich in surface and ground waters. Waterlogging. Permafrost. >S.
5. Podzolic soils + permafrost-taiga.
6. Coniferous trees.
7. 90 species of mammals. Fur animals (sable, mink, marten, squirrel, otter). Seed-eating birds. focal settlement
8. Timber industry. Cultivation of dairy and meat and dairy cattle. South - agriculture (rye, barley, flax, potatoes, vegetables, forage grasses).

mixed forests

1. It does not have a continuous distribution.
2. Diverse relief: moraine relief, gentle basins, floodplain terraces
3. Favorable climatic conditions.
4. Rich in surfaces and groundwater. Less swampy. There is no permafrost.
5. Soddy-podzolic gray forest soils.
6. Deciduous + coniferous species.
7. Fur animals (fox, squirrel, marten, raccoon dog, ermine, forest polecat). Lots of seed-eating birds. Heavily exterminated by man.
8. A dense network of urban and rural settlements. Selective agricultural development (rye, barley, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes, forage grasses, berries). Meat and dairy farming and pig breeding, poultry farming, beekeeping. Suburban type with / x. The timber industry is less developed.

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Geographical position

Mixed and deciduous forests located in the western part of the East European plain between the taiga and the forest-steppe and extends from the west to the confluence of the Oka and the Volga. The territory of the zone is open to Atlantic Ocean and its impact on the climate is decisive.

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Climate

Mixed and broad-leaved forests are characterized by warmer long summers than in the taiga and cold, long winters. average temperature January changes from -4C in the west to -16C in the east of the Russian Plain. In the Far East, the January temperature is -20 ... -24C.
There is no deep snow cover. The annual amount of precipitation reaches 500-800 mm.

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The soil

In mixed forests temperate zone podzolic soils acquire humus soil horizons. First of all, this is due to the fact that a lot of herbaceous plants, the remains of which are mixed by soil-dwelling animals (worms, moles, etc.) with soil minerals. Such soils with a humus horizon, a horizon of leaching of iron and clay particles, as well as a brown leaching horizon are called soddy-podzolic. In the subzone of mixed forests, there are also waterlogged soils of swampy meadows with humus and gley soil horizons - they are called soddy-gley soils. These types of soils are very widespread, especially in the European part of Russia.

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Vegetable world

Far Eastern mixed and broad-leaved forests are very peculiar. The vegetation of the zone has been greatly altered as a result of human activity. Now forests occupy less than 30% of the area of ​​the zone. They include a significant proportion of secondary, small-leaved forests. The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests is characterized by large reserves of heat and sufficient moisture.

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Animal world

In mixed and broad-leaved forests, there are many shelters, varied and fairly plentiful food. This allows the animals all year round stay in the forests. migratory birds much less here than in the tundra. Forests are characterized by a tiered distribution of animals. Animals are common here: squirrel, pine marten, polecat, Brown bear, foxes, elk, the bats, woodpeckers, owls.

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Slides captions:

Mixed and broad-leaved forests The work was done by a student of the 8th grade of the secondary school No. 3 Kuvakina Elizaveta

Geographical position The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests is located in the western part of the East European plain between the taiga and the forest-steppe and extends from the west to the confluence of the Oka and the Volga. The territory of the zone is open to the Atlantic Ocean and its impact on the climate is decisive.

Climate Mixed and broad-leaved forests are characterized by warmer long summers than in the taiga and cold, long winters. The average January temperature varies from -4C in the west to -16C in the east of the Russian Plain. In the Far East, the January temperature is -20 ... -24C. There is no deep snow cover. The annual amount of precipitation reaches 500-800mm.

Soil In temperate mixed forests, podzolic soils acquire humus soil horizons. First of all, this is explained by the fact that many herbaceous plants grow here, the remains of which are mixed by soil-dwelling animals (worms, moles, etc.) with the mineral substances of the soil. Such soils with a humus horizon, a horizon of leaching of iron and clay particles, as well as a brown leaching horizon are called soddy-podzolic. In the subzone of mixed forests, there are also waterlogged soils of swampy meadows with humus and gley soil horizons - they are called soddy-gley soils. These types of soils are very widespread, especially in the European part of Russia.

The soil of broad-leaved and mixed forests is fertile, so a lot of different types shrubs, which mainly make up the 3rd tier of forests.

Vegetable world Far Eastern mixed and broad-leaved forests are very peculiar. The vegetation of the zone has been greatly altered as a result of human activity. Now forests occupy less than 30% of the area of ​​the zone. They include a significant proportion of secondary, small-leaved forests. The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests is characterized by large reserves of heat and sufficient moisture.

Animals In mixed and broad-leaved forests there are many shelters, varied and quite plentiful food. This allows the animals to stay in the forests all year round. There are much fewer migratory birds here than in the tundra. Forests are characterized by a tiered distribution of animals. Animals are common here: squirrel, pine marten, polecat, brown bear, foxes, elk, bats, woodpeckers, owls.

During the winter, some animals hibernate. Many burrows are filled with food collected over the summer, but sometimes the animals have enough subcutaneous fat accumulated during the warm season, which allows you to survive the long winter. Other animals seek food in dense thickets.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

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Presentation on the topic: Mixed and deciduous forests

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The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests stretches from the western borders of Russia to the Ural Mountains, in a thin strip to the source of the Ob River. The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests stretches from the western borders of Russia to the Ural Mountains, in a thin strip to the source of the Ob River.

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mixed forests characteristic warm summer and relatively cold and long winters. This is one of the most common climatic zones in Russia. Mixed forests are characterized by warm summers and relatively cold and long winters. This is one of the most common climatic zones in Russia. Summer is long and warm (at least four months have average monthly temperature above 10°C). This is what favors the growth of broad-leaved trees. The average July temperature is 18-20°C. However, the climate is quite humid. The annual amount of precipitation is not less than 600-800 mm. The maximum precipitation falls on the warm period, the moisture balance is close to neutral. Surface runoff is greater than in the taiga, the river network is well developed, and the rivers are full of water. Waterlogging is much less than in the taiga zone. Low-lying and transitional swamps predominate.

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Forests differ from European ones in terms of species composition of trees and shrubs. The main forest-forming species from conifers are Korean cedar, whole-leaved fir, Sayan spruce and a number of larches; from broad-leaved - Mongolian oak, Amur linden, velvet tree, etc. Forests differ from European ones in the species composition of tree and shrub species. The main forest-forming species from conifers are Korean cedar, whole-leaved fir, Sayan spruce and a number of larches; from broad-leaved - Mongolian oak, Amur linden, velvet tree, etc. Forests are formed by oak, maple, linden, ash, hazel, etc. Birch forests, aspen forests and shrubs are common in place of coniferous-deciduous forests.

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Soils under mixed and broad-leaved forests are gray forest and brown forest. They contain more humus than the podzolic soils of the taiga. Soils under mixed and broad-leaved forests are gray forest and brown forest. They contain more humus than the podzolic soils of the taiga.

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Complex plant communities contribute to the formation of a diverse animal world. Bison, elk, wild boar, wolf, pine marten, dormouse, ancient and rare view this zone muskrat, etc.; from birds - oriole, grosbeak, green and middle woodpeckers. Complex plant communities contribute to the formation of a diverse animal world. Bison, elk, wild boar, wolf, pine marten, dormouse dormouse, an ancient and rare species of this zone, muskrat, and others live here; from birds - oriole, grosbeak, green and middle woodpeckers.

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In the forest zones, stocks of timber and game animals are concentrated, the subsoil is rich in various minerals, and the mighty rivers have colossal reserves of hydropower. In the forest zones, stocks of timber and game animals are concentrated, the subsoil is rich in various minerals, and the mighty rivers have colossal reserves of hydropower. The zones have long been mastered by man, especially on the Russian Plain, where a significant part of the territory has been developed for agriculture and cattle breeding. The main fodder base of animal husbandry is floodplain and upland meadows. built big cities and numerous villages, iron and highways, oil and gas pipelines, reservoirs have been built, so many natural complexes of forest zones have been greatly altered by man, sometimes turned into natural-anthropogenic. To preserve typical taiga and coniferous-broad-leaved forest complexes in Russia, nature reserves, sanctuaries and national parks have been created.

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Nowadays animal world deciduous forests has undergone great changes under the influence of human activities. Many animals have changed the limits of their distribution in this zone, expanding them or, conversely, reducing them. The number of some animals has decreased, some of them have almost disappeared, others, on the contrary, have become more numerous. In our country, work is now underway to restore and protect natural resources. This also applies to the zone of deciduous forests, in particular, its animal world. In our time, the fauna of broad-leaved forests has undergone great changes under the influence of human activities. Many animals have changed the limits of their distribution in this zone, expanding them or, conversely, reducing them. The number of some animals has decreased, some of them have almost disappeared, others, on the contrary, have become more numerous. In our country, work is now underway to restore and protect natural resources. This also applies to the zone of deciduous forests, in particular, its animal world.

Now a birch, then a mountain ash, A bush of a willow over the river ...

The zone of mixed (coniferous-deciduous) forests does not have a continuous distribution in Eurasia. One part of it south of the taiga zone wedged into the territory of Russia from the west, and the other is represented by small areas in the south Far East. This natural zone belongs to the temperate climate zone.

In the west of the Russian Plain, the climate is relatively mild and humid. Soils are predominantly sod-podzolic. The relief of the Russian Plain is moraine-hilly, diverse, which also determines the variety of conditions for vegetation. The territory of this natural area has long been mastered and fairly densely populated. large areas busy under the fields, summer cottages, cities. A significant part of the forests has been cut down, which is why the composition of the forest has changed in many places, the proportion of small-leaved trees has increased in it.

Map

Zone mixed forests

• Mixed forests are formed by coniferous and deciduous trees. They are distinguished not only by a wide variety of plants and animals, but also by resistance to impacts on natural environment. Among mixed forests of different composition, coniferous-small-leaved forests are intermediate forests in the process of formation coniferous forest, and the most stable are coniferous-broad-leaved forests. Layering is clearly visible in them, that is, a change in the composition of vegetation in height. The tree layer is often alone, but sometimes the most upper tier occupied by tall pines, and the second tree layer is represented by oaks and lindens.

Linden

Pine

• Below is a shrub layer formed by raspberries, viburnum, wild rose, hawthorn. Below it are grass-shrub and moss-lichen layers. Mixed forests to the south smoothly turn into broad-leaved ones. The most common trees of deciduous forests can be seen in Moscow on the streets and in parks. These are oaks, lindens, elms, maples. Trees with small and soft leaves - birch, aspen, alder - form thickets called small-leaved forest.

• It is interesting: Champions of the Forest
• 1. The most durable tree is larch, which lives 900 years. 2. Most tall tree- cedar. 3. The most common tree is pine. 4. The most beautiful Christmas tree is a Christmas tree. 5. The most common deciduous "pioneer tree" is birch. 6. The most frost-resistant, shy, talkative tree is aspen. 7. The most flexible tree, forest ballerina - mountain ash.

Mixed forests. Animal world.

• The fauna of mixed and broad-leaved forests is also rich and varied. Foxes, hares and wild boars are found even in the developed and inhabited forests near Moscow, and elk sometimes come out onto the roads and on the outskirts of villages. There is a lot of protein not only in the forests, but also in the parks of Moscow. Along the banks of rivers in quiet places, away from settlements, there are trunks and stumps of trees treated by beavers.

woodpecker

bullfinch

pigeons

tits

Mixed forests. Animals. Birds.

sparrows

swan

black grouse

ducks

Squirrel

Bear

Lynx

Wolf

Boars

Mixed forests. Animals. Animals.

Raccoon

Fox

Elk

Hare

bison

Roe

Mixed forests. Resources used:

1. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_sylvestris

2. www.artgarden.ru/Pinus_silvestris.html

3. www.floranimal.ru/pages/animal/d/1994.html

4. www.ecosystema.ru/08nature/birds/108.php

5. "Forest Commissars". M., ed. Lenin Universities, 1962

6. www.rcio.rsu.ru/webp/class4/potok93/web_melenteva/

8. nature.ok.ru/rg_les.htm