Air temperature and atmospheric pressure are interrelated. Atmosphere pressure. Change and influence on the weather. Which atmospheric pressure is low and which is high

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Instruction

When heated, bodies expand, and vice versa - this information can be found even in a school physics textbook. Atmospheric air obeys the same laws. When heated by the sun, it expands, its warm streams rise up, while the pressure drops. On the other hand, when the air gets colder, it becomes denser and the pressure increases. The height of the area above sea level also affects the magnitude of atmospheric pressure. The higher it is, the lower the barometer reading. As the altitude increases, the air temperature also decreases.

A drop in pressure, as well as an increase in pressure, leads to the appearance of wind, as air currents rush from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. This in turn causes a change. A decrease in pressure usually indicates that it will soon deteriorate. And vice versa, its increase during rainy weather signals an imminent clearing. Why is it so? As the barometer drops, air from areas of higher pressure begins to move in, bringing clouds. As the barometer reading rises, air begins to spread to areas of lower pressure, carrying atmospheric moisture with it.

Go to the seaside on a hot summer day. Where is it blowing? From sea to land. Why? Because the ground is warming up faster land less heat capacity), from it warms up and warm air rises, the pressure drops. Cooler and denser air flows from the sea in its place. At night, the opposite is true: the sea, which has warmed up during the day, gives off heat to the air, its currents rise, and they are replaced by cool air from the coast.

More influence weather is affected by cyclones and anticyclones. The cyclone is characterized by reduced air pressure and counterclockwise vortex motion. In an anticyclone, the opposite is true - the movement is clockwise, the pressure is increased. A cyclone is always accompanied by strong winds, an anticyclone is always accompanied by calm or light wind. A cyclone brings rain and snowfall, an anticyclone brings steady clear weather.

Most scholars agree that optimum temperature for normal human well-being is from +18 to +21 degrees, when the relative humidity does not exceed 40-60%. When these parameters change, the body reacts with a change in blood pressure, which is especially noticed by persons with hypertension or hypotension.

Instruction

Weather fluctuations with a significant change in temperature regimes, when the differences are more than 8 degrees Celsius in one day, negatively affect people with unstable blood pressure.

With a significant increase, they expand sharply so that the blood circulates faster and cools the body. The heart begins to beat much faster. All this leads to a sharp change in blood pressure. In case of insufficient compensation of the disease, a sharp jump can occur, which will lead to a hypertensive crisis.

Hypotension patients feel dizzy when the air temperature rises, but it becomes much faster, which somewhat improves health, especially if hypotension occurs against the background of bradycardia.

A decrease in air temperature leads to vasoconstriction, it decreases somewhat, but against this background, there may be a severe headache, since vasoconstriction can lead to spasm. With hypotension, blood pressure can drop to critical levels.

As the weather becomes stable, the autonomic nervous system adapts to the temperature regime, the state of health stabilizes in people who do not have serious health problems.

Patients with chronic diseases with strong fluctuations in air temperature and atmospheric pressure should carefully monitor their health, measure blood pressure more often with a tonometer, and take medications prescribed by a doctor. If, while taking the usual dose of pharmaceuticals, unstable blood pressure is still observed, it is necessary to consult a doctor to review the treatment tactics or change the doses of prescribed drugs.

Effect of atmospheric pressure on the weather

Atmosphere pressure and its effect on the state of the weather varies according to place and time. It varies depending on the altitude above sea level. Moreover, there are dynamic changes associated with the movement of areas of high (anticyclones) and low pressure(cyclones).

Changes in weather associated with atmospheric pressure occur due to the movement of air masses between areas of different pressure. The movement of air masses form a wind, the speed of which depends on the pressure difference in local areas, their scale and distance from each other. In addition, the movement of air masses leads to a change in temperature.

Standard atmospheric pressure is 101325 Pa, 760 mm Hg. Art. or 1.01325 bar. However, a person can easily tolerate a wide range of pressure. For example, in the city of Mexico City, the capital of Mexico with a population of almost 9 million, average atmospheric pressure is 570 mm Hg. Art.

Thus, the value of the standard pressure is determined exactly. A comfortable pressure has a significant range. This value is quite individual and completely depends on the conditions in which a particular person was born and lived. Thus, a sudden movement from an area with relatively high pressure to an area of lower pressure can affect the work circulatory system. However, with prolonged acclimatization Negative influence comes to naught.

High and low atmospheric pressure

In high pressure zones, the weather is calm, the sky is cloudless, and the wind is moderate. High atmospheric pressure in summer leads to heat and droughts. In low pressure zones, the weather is predominantly cloudy with wind and precipitation. Thanks to such zones, cool cloudy weather with rain sets in in summer, and snowfalls occur in winter. The high pressure difference in the two areas is one of the factors leading to the formation of hurricanes and storm winds.

Then air is pumped out of it with a vacuum pump and weighing is carried out again. The difference between the two measurements will be the mass of air.

How does the weight of air change as it is heated and cooled?

When heated, air becomes lighter; when cooled, it becomes heavier.

Why is the heat coming from the sun earth's surface distributed according to geographic latitude?

The uneven distribution of solar heat on the earth's surface is associated with the sphericity of the Earth and the inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of the orbit.

Determine the relative height of the hill if the pressure at its foot is 750 mm Hg. Art., and at the top - 744 mm Hg. Art.

The difference in pressure between the top and bottom is 6 mm Hg. Art. For every 10.5 m ascent, the pressure in the troposphere decreases by 1 mm Hg. Art. So, the height of the hill is calculated as follows: 10.5 × 6 = 63 m.

1. Why does atmospheric pressure depend on altitude?

The higher the territory or object is located, the smaller the column of air above it, which means that its weight and pressure are less.

2. How is atmospheric pressure related to air temperature?

When heated, the air expands, becomes lighter and presses against the surface with less force. As it cools, it contracts, becomes heavier, and the pressure increases.

3. How does pressure change over land and over the ocean in summer and winter?

In summer, the land heats up quickly, and low pressure forms over it. In the ocean, water heats up more slowly. The air above it in summer is colder than over land, and the pressure is higher. In winter, the land cools quickly, and over it is established high pressure. The ocean slowly releases heat. Above it in winter, higher air temperature and lower pressure.

4. Why is atmospheric pressure lower along the equator and higher over the poles?

Near the equator, the air heats up, expands and rises. Therefore, low pressure is formed. Around the poles, the air is heavy due to low temperatures. It goes down and the pressure gets high

How are air temperature and atmospheric pressure related?

People who are interested in the weather know that air temperature and atmospheric pressure are interconnected. This can be explained by the following reasons:

cold air is heavier, warm air is always lighter;
when the air temperature is low outside, the pressure rises;
expanded warm air entails a decrease in atmospheric pressure;
If two regions with different pressures collide with each other in the same territory, then a wind is formed.

Atmosphere pressure. Change and impact on the weather

Atmospheric pressure refers to the pressure of atmospheric air on the surface of the Earth and objects located on it. The degree of pressure corresponds to the weight of atmospheric air with a base of a certain area and configuration.

The basic unit for measuring atmospheric pressure in the SI system is the Pascal (Pa). In addition to Pascals, other units of measurement are also used:

Bar (1 Ba=Pa);
millimeter of mercury (1 mm Hg = 133.3 Pa);
kilogram of force per square centimeter (1 kgf / cm 2 \u003d 98066 Pa);
technical atmosphere (1 at = 98066 Pa).

The above units are used for technical purposes, with the exception of millimeters of mercury, which is used for weather forecasts.

Effect of atmospheric pressure on the weather

Atmospheric pressure and its effect on the state of the weather varies depending on the place and time. It varies depending on the altitude above sea level. Moreover, there are dynamic changes associated with the movement of areas of high pressure (anticyclones) and low pressure (cyclones).

normal atmospheric pressure

Standard atmospheric pressure is Pa, 760 mm Hg. Art. or 1.01325 bar. However, a person can easily tolerate a wide range of pressure. For example, in the city of Mexico City, the capital of Mexico with a population of almost 9 million people, the average atmospheric pressure is 570 mm Hg. Art.

Thus, the value of the standard pressure is determined exactly. A comfortable pressure has a significant range. This value is quite individual and completely depends on the conditions in which a particular person was born and lived. So, a sharp movement from a zone with a relatively high pressure to a lower one can affect the work of the circulatory system. However, with prolonged acclimatization, the negative effect disappears.

High and low atmospheric pressure

How is atmospheric pressure related to temperature?

When the temperature rises, the air heats up, becomes lighter and rises. Therefore, the atmospheric pressure at the earth's surface decreases. and when the temperature drops, the air cools, becomes heavy and falls down, so the atmospheric pressure rises. everything is simple!

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Warm air is less dense and rises up, which reduces pressure on the surface, while cold air is denser and heavier and presses on the earth's surface, of course more. This is how the difference in atmospheric pressure is formed due to the difference in air temperature.

As a result, atmospheric pressure is created. History of the discovery of atmospheric pressure

§ 31. Atmospheric pressure (textbook)

Remember from the course of natural history what is called atmospheric pressure.

The concept of atmospheric pressure. Air is invisible and light. However, it, like any substance, has mass and weight. Therefore, it exerts pressure on the earth's surface and on all the bodies on it. This pressure is determined by the weight of an air column as high as the entire atmosphere - from the earth's surface to its uppermost boundary. It has been established that such an air column presses on every 1 cm 2 of the surface with a force of 1 kg 33 g (respectively, per 1 m 2 - More than 10 tons!) So, Atmosphere pressure- This is the force with which air presses on the earth's surface and on all objects on it.

The surface of the human body is on average 1.5 m 2. According to the air, press on it weighing 15 tons. Such pressure can crush all living things. Why don't we feel it? This is due to the fact that the intrahuman body also has pressure - internal, and it is equal to atmospheric pressure. If this balance is disturbed, a person feels bad.

Measurement of atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure is measured using a special device - a barometer. Translated from Greek, this word means "Gravity meter".

Weather stations use mercury barometer. Its main part is a glass tube 1 m long, sealed at one end. Mercury is poured into it - a heavy liquid metal. The open end of the tube is immersed in a wide bowl, also filled with mercury. When turned over, the mercury from the tube spilled out only to a certain level and stopped. Why did it stop, and not pour out all? Because the air puts pressure on the mercury in the bowl and does not let it all out of the tube. If the atmospheric pressure decreases, then the mercury in the tube goes down and vice versa. The height of the mercury column in the tube, on which the scale is applied, determines the value of atmospheric pressure in millimeters.

At a parallel of 45 0 at sea level at an air temperature of 0 0 C, under air pressure, a column of mercury rises in the tube to a height of 760 mm. This air pressure is considered normal atmospheric pressure. If the column of mercury in the tube rises above 760 mm, then the pressure elevated, Below - lowered.Consequently, the pressure of the air column of the entire atmosphere is balanced by the weight of the mercury column 760 mm high.

On hikes and expeditions, they use a more convenient device - aneroid barometer"Aneroid" in Greek means "ridineless": it does not contain mercury. Its main part is a metal elastic box, from which air was downloaded. This makes it very sensitive to pressure changes from outside. When pressure is increased, it contracts; when pressure is reduced, it expands. These fluctuations through a special mechanism are transmitted to the arrow, which indicates on the scale the value of atmospheric pressure in millimeters of mercury.

The dependence of pressure on the height of the terrain and air temperature. Atmospheric pressure depends on the altitude of the area. The higher the sea level, the lower the air pressure. It decreases, because with the rise, the height of the air column that presses on the earth's surface decreases. In addition, pressure also decreases with height because the density of the air itself decreases. At an altitude of 5 km, atmospheric pressure is reduced by half compared to normal pressure at sea level. In the troposphere, with every 100 m rise, the pressure decreases by about 10 mm Hg. Art.

Knowing how pressure changes, it is possible to calculate both the absolute and relative height of a place. There is also a special barometer - altimeter, In which, along with the scale of atmospheric pressure, there is also a scale of heights. So, each locality will be characterized by its own normal pressure: at sea level, Hg, in the mountains, depending on the height - lower. For example, for Kyiv, lying at altitudes above sea level, the average pressure will be 746 mm Hg. Art.

Atmospheric pressure also depends on air temperature. When heated, the volume of air increases, it becomes less dense and light. For this, atmospheric pressure also decreases. On cooling, the opposite occurs. Consequently, with a change in air temperature, the pressure also changes continuously. During the day, it rises twice (in the morning and in the evening) and decreases twice (after noon and after midnight). In winter, when the air is cold and heavy, the pressure is higher than in summer, when it is warmer and lighter. So, for a change in pressure, you can predict changes in the weather. A decrease in pressure indicates precipitation, an increase indicates dry weather. Changes in atmospheric pressure affect people's well-being.

Distribution of atmospheric pressure on the Earth. Atmospheric pressure, like air temperature, is distributed on Earth in bands: there are zones of low and high pressure. Their formation is associated with heating and air movement.

Above the equator, the air warms up well. From this it expands, becomes less dense, and therefore lighter. Lighter than air rises up - happens upward movement air. Therefore, there, at the surface of the Earth, the course of the year is established beltlow pressure. Above the poles, where temperatures are low throughout the year, the air cools, becomes denser and heavier. So it goes down - happens downward movement air - and the pressure increases. Therefore, the upoles formed beltshigh pressure. The air rising above the equator spreads towards the poles. But, before reaching them, at a height it cools, becomes heavier and descends on parallels in both hemispheres. As a result, there are formed high pressure belts. In temperate latitudes, on the parallel of both hemispheres, low pressure belts.

Thus, there is a close dependence of atmospheric pressure on the distribution of heat and air temperatures on Earth, when ascending and descending air movements cause uneven heating of the earth's surface.

Questions and tasks

1. Determine how much the air in the classroom weighs if its length is 8 m, width 6 m, height 3 m.

2. Why does atmospheric pressure decrease with altitude?

3. Why does the pressure change in the same place? How does this change in air temperature affect?

4. Determine approximately the relative height of the mountain peak, if the barometer shows 720 mm at the foot of the mountain, and 720 mm at the top.

5. How is atmospheric pressure distributed on Earth?

6. Remember what the absolute height of your area is. Calculate which barometric pressure can be considered normal for your area.

What is normal atmospheric pressure for a person. Pressure in mm of mercury, in pascals, how it affects health

According to the weather forecast, you can see that the pressure of the atmospheric column changes every day along with the weather. If the numbers on the barometer are higher or lower than the ideal standard 760 mm, weather-dependent metamorphoses feel it by themselves: for many, the indicators of atmospheric pressure and blood pressure of a person correlate.

Relationship between atmospheric and blood pressure

Some weather conditions dictate a way of life - atmospheric pressure and human pressure are so closely related.

The atmosphere surrounding our planet exerts pressure on its surface and on everything that surrounds us - under normal conditions, people do not notice this. The pressure of the air masses is not stable, it is a changeable value. It depends on a combination of many factors:

how high a person is above sea level: the higher, the less concentrated the air, the height of the atmospheric column is lower - respectively, the pressure is lower;
on the temperature characteristics of the air: when the air heats up, its volume increases and it becomes lighter, so the pressure decreases. Cold air exerts higher pressure than warm;
time of day: in the morning and in the evening the pressure is higher, at noon and at night it is lower;
from the time of year: higher in winter, lower in summer;
air circulation in the atmosphere (cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies);
from geographical location: on the planet there are belts of increased (at the equator and latitude degrees) and low (at the poles and latitudes degrees) pressure.

In the human body, blood pressure exerts pressure on the walls of arteries, veins and capillaries, which is constantly pushed by the heart. Often the load on the vascular walls is too high or low due to jumps in atmospheric pressure.

When the barometer needle goes down, the external influence on the vessels decreases. If the decrease in atmospheric pressure is combined with low blood pressure, the person feels unwell.

When the air pressure readings increase, its effect on the vessels also increases; if it is combined with high blood pressure blood - the consequences for health are devastating.

The human body was created with a large margin and is arranged in such a way that it easily adapts to any climate, weather and their change. People who were born in regions with abnormal pressure for the majority perceive it as normal. Unpleasant sensations arise when conditions change rapidly: the weather changes or a person moves to another climatic region.

People with illnesses, injuries or high susceptibility are statistically more likely to seek medical care. Doctors register especially many complaints and crises in the off-season - when the weather changes almost every day.

Weather sensitivity - risk group

The science that studies the effect of weather on the body and its functioning is called biometeorology. Research has proven that weather conditions can have an adverse effect on all inhabitants of the planet, without exception.

Violations in the work of the body are determined by its individual characteristics - the relationship between atmospheric pressure and human pressure can be indirect. Those who have high working blood pressure (hypertension) or low (hypotension) need increased attention.

There are three impact effects atmospheric phenomena for well-being:

direct influence. With an increase in the mercury column, blood pressure rises, with a decrease in it, it falls. Often this phenomenon is observed in hypotensive patients.
Reverse partial influence. When the atmospheric parameters change, the systolic pressure (during the contraction of the heart, the upper number) changes, and the diastolic pressure (pressure with a relaxed heart muscle, the lower number) remains the same. The clinical picture may be reversed. It happens in people with a working pressure of 120/80.
Reverse influence. Blood pressure rises in response to a decrease in atmospheric pressure - this is a common occurrence in hypertensive patients.

More than 50% of people living on Earth can be called meteosensitive - not everyone has a high adaptive resource. When the weather changes, weather-sensitive people experience discomfort and malaise.

With meteorological dependence (meteopathy), a person’s condition is more serious - a sharp change in weather, combined with adverse factors and an unhealthy lifestyle, can adversely affect physical and mental health.

People with chronic injuries, diseases are at increased risk of cardio-vascular system, gastrointestinal tract, mental disorders. For them, the load on the vessels and joints is especially painful and sensitive.

Factors affecting weather sensitivity and weather dependence:

gender - women, as they better understand their condition, often complain of feeling unwell when the weather changes;
age - young children and the elderly are the most vulnerable categories of the population;
hereditary predisposition: if parents have meteopathy, children usually have it too;
lifestyle - people who have bad habits, pay for them with health;
Availability chronic diseases is the most pronounced factor in the likelihood of meteopathy.

The influence of weather on a person

Many experienced the manifestations of the connection between atmospheric pressure and human pressure: headache, drowsiness during the day and insomnia at night, decreased or increased appetite, fatigue from light work, causeless emotional outbursts for no apparent reason and bad mood.

Many people complain that they are worried about long-term injuries, dislocations and fractures, sore joints and osteochondrosis, scars after surgical interventions.

All weather parameters affect well-being: wind strength and direction, air temperature and humidity, precipitation, sunlight intensity, magnetic storms:

In strong winds, doctors are aware of complaints about headache, drowsiness, lethargy, anxiety. Babies respond to strong wind on the street: they sleep restlessly, often require breasts, do not get off their hands, cry. Phobias, manic states become aggravated in mental patients at this time;
Too low or high temperatures, jumps during the day (more than 10 degrees) have a negative impact on patients with vegetative-vascular dystonia. They may be disturbed by migraines, pain in the heart area;
The well-being of patients with asthma and heart disease worsens with high humidity. The other extreme in Russia is more common: extremely low humidity in apartments. In our country, windows and balconies are closed most of the year, and the radiators are very hot. Dry hot air in apartments contributes to a decrease in local immunity and frequent SARS;
The amount of sunlight affects both physical well-being (the production of vitamin D in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation directly affects the state of bone tissue, heart and nervous system), and on the mental state (lack of insolation can lead to seasonal depressive disorders);
The influence of magnetic storms is ambiguous, scientific data on their action differ. Data have been accumulated on an increase in the number of man-made disasters during magnetic storms. Some people clearly attribute the deterioration of their condition to strong magnetic storms and solar activity.

Low pressure

If the barometer shows less than 747 mm, weather-sensitive people immediately feel it: the body works like a weather bureau. Atmospheric pressure drops - and the pressure of a person immediately reacts.

In areas of reduced pressure, oxygen saturation is reduced, which causes an increase in heart rate and respiration in humans. The phenomena of hypoxia are growing: shortness of breath, lethargy, nausea, bleeding from the nose. The heart rate increases.

Hypotonic patients at this time feel especially exhausted: they complain of dizziness, weakness and nausea.

Patients with cardiac arrhythmias experience severe discomfort in the region of the heart. People with arthritis, arthrosis, osteochondrosis complain of back and joint pain, muscle pain.

People with a labile psyche experience bouts of anxiety, fear, inexplicable longing and panic attacks. Individuals with depression may attempt suicide.

High pressure

Atmospheric pressure above 756 mm is harmful for human pressure: people with cardiovascular and digestive pathologies, high blood pressure and asthma patients quickly feel such changes. It exacerbates some mental disorders.

For hypertensive patients, high blood pressure is dangerous. The course of chronic pathologies is aggravated: hypertension and ischemic diseases, vegetative-vascular dystonia - which manifests itself in the form severe consequences: hypertensive crises, myocardial infarction, cerebral stroke.

The consequence of exacerbation of the course of vegetative-vascular dystonia are not only fluctuations in blood pressure, but also violations of the regulation of functions internal organs Key words: gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, hormonal background, urinary system.

Spasms of the gastric muscles may occur - patients complain of a feeling of heaviness in the upper abdomen, discomfort, belching and heartburn.

Since the regulation of the biliary tract is disturbed, this causes stagnation of bile and the development of cholelithiasis: patients complain of pain and heaviness in the right hypochondrium.

High numbers on the barometer also affect healthy people: everyone can fluctuate systolic and diastolic pressure, both upward and downward. For people with normal blood pressure, no special measures are usually required.

Anticyclones

Anticyclone is clear weather no wind. In the urban environment, the influence of the anticyclone is felt more strongly, because due to calmness in the air, the concentration of exhaust gases and harmful emissions increases.

With an anticyclone, atmospheric pressure rises and unequivocally affects the pressure of a person. The combined strength of these factors in patients with high blood pressure results in increased heart rate, flushing of the skin, a feeling of weakness, sweating, pain behind the sternum and in the left arm. Hypertensive patients should meet the anticyclone in full readiness and especially carefully.

Cardiological ambulance teams confirm that the number of calls for heart attacks and strokes is maximum during anticyclones.

Hypotension patients can also not easily endure anticyclones: complain about different types migraines and stomach problems.

Cyclones

Overcast, cloudy, precipitation and heat are the phenomena of a cyclone. The pressure during the action of the cyclone is low - this reduces the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere and increases the amount of carbon dioxide: blood filling and microcirculation worsen, the nutrition of tissues and organs is disturbed, intracranial pressure reflexively increases.

Such changes in the body cause difficulty in breathing, drowsiness, a feeling of inexplicable fatigue, dizziness, nausea, weakness, and various types of migraines.

It is difficult for people with low blood pressure to endure cyclones, they sharply lose their ability to work.

If a person with low blood pressure is not provided with timely assistance and he continues to be active in this state, complications are possible in the form of a hypotensive crisis and coma.

Air temperatures

With temperature changes, people who suffer from coronary heart disease and hypertension are at risk - a vasospasm occurs, begins oxygen starvation brain.

Cold air causes a reflex contraction of blood vessels, therefore, with a sharp temperature drop - diving into a river on a hot afternoon or going out into the cold - there is a high probability of an attack of angina pectoris.

Hypertensive patients are deadly dangerous sudden changes in temperature.

With an increase in temperature indicators, atmospheric pressure decreases - people with hypotension at this time feel unwell.

Low temperatures are accompanied by an increased index of atmospheric pressure - this worsens the well-being of a person with pathological pressure.

You can pay attention that in cold weather the skin remains dry and weather-beaten even when you are at home. This is caused by vasospasm of the skin, which occurs when the mercury column is high.

Humidity

Too low air humidity levels create problems for people with chronic respiratory infections and a tendency to allergic reactions.

Dry hot air in houses during the heating season is the main cause of reduced immunity, frequent SARS and ENT infections.

extreme high humidity air is harmful to patients with diseases of the urinary system and joints and worsens their condition.

General basic rules for constant phenomena of meteopathy:

Every day you need to listen to or watch the weather forecast in the application. On risky days, it is better to reduce the load, arrange rest and relaxation, and not plan important responsible affairs;
Dream. Good sleep is a prerequisite for normal adaptation to changes in atmospheric pressure. Healthy full sleep increases the adaptive resources of the body;
Water. The most important condition for the normal functioning of the body is the intake of a sufficient amount of fluid. Ideal - pure water, but if there is no desire to drink plain water, the body can receive it from any drinks and liquid dishes. It is advisable to minimize carbonated sweet drinks and those containing a lot of caffeine;
Traffic. Hypodynamia leads to disturbances in the work of large and small vessels, blood stagnation, muscle atrophy, a decrease in the viscosity of the joint fluid, and a decrease in the oxygen concentration in tissues. All these phenomena provoke and exacerbate meteorological dependence, reduce the adaptation of the body. Regular physical education, calm walks, light warm-up or gymnastics train blood vessels, saturate the blood with oxygen, speed up metabolic processes, improve tissue nutrition;
Hardening perfectly relieves the unpleasant symptoms of meteopathy. Daily contrast showers, air baths, walking barefoot on a cool floor, drinking drinks from the refrigerator in small sips, frequent airing of the apartment, no fear of drafts, walking in any weather - all these activities strengthen the body and make it ready for pressure drops;
Nutrition should be complete: vegetables, fruits, lean meat, fish, cereals, wholemeal bread, nuts, dairy products. Preference should be given to boiling and steaming; fried, too spicy, fatty and sweet foods should be avoided or consumed in small quantities;
Normalization of weight increases the body's resistance to weather changes. If you have bad eating habits, you should reconsider them: do not overeat, do not eat at night, have a hearty breakfast, give up fast food;
Eliminate or minimize contact with allergens: food, household chemicals and cosmetics;
Try to eliminate stress and emotional stress - the nature of meteorological dependence is often psychosomatic. In the event of unresolved conflict situations, psychological trauma, nervous shocks, it is recommended to contact a professional psychologist;
Alcohol and smoking are destructive and negate any preventive measures. Weather-dependent people will have to refuse them or use them rarely;
If you experience disturbing symptoms, you should consult a doctor, find out the cause of the disease and eliminate it or alleviate the symptoms. You should follow the recommendations of the doctor and take the drugs on time;
At extremely low or high temperatures, it is extremely undesirable to go outside.

Coffee raises blood pressure. It is better to drink it in the morning no more than 6 cups a day;
Citramon tablet relieves headache and increases low blood pressure;
Regular visits to the bath, sauna and pool strengthens and trains blood vessels;
A small amount of red wine can improve the condition during a cyclone.

Constantly monitor blood pressure;
If possible, reduce the consumption of table salt;
It is advisable to replace heavy meat food with low-fat and vegetable foods;
Lemon, cranberries and lingonberries slightly reduce pressure and alleviate the condition during the anticyclone;
It is better to replace black tea and coffee with water, herbal tea or chicory;
Physical activity in the heat is prohibited;
You should carry and take medications that reduce blood pressure with you on time.

Atmospheric pressure and human pressure are closely related - weather conditions affect the functioning of the body. Knowing about the effect of weather changes on a person will help you take care of yourself: pay attention to alarming symptoms, observe hygiene rules and provide the necessary assistance to maintain health.

Video clips about the relationship of atmospheric pressure on human well-being

How does atmospheric pressure and human pressure affect overall well-being:

How does atmospheric pressure affect hypertensive patients:

Low atmospheric pressure and relationship with well-being

Have you ever thought about why on some days you feel worse and lethargic, although everything seems to be going on as always? Perhaps you even associated this with worsening weather conditions, noticing that bad weather worsens diseases. However, it remains unclear exactly how bad weather affects health. The answer is simple - it's all about the effect of atmospheric pressure on a person.

about atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric pressure is the force with which air presses on the surface of the Earth, as well as on all objects that are on it. It is constantly changing and depends on the height and mass of air, its density, temperature, direction of circulation of flows, height above sea level, latitude.

It is measured in the following units:

torr or millimeter of mercury (mm Hg);
pascal (Pa, Ra);
kilogram-force per sq. cm;
other units.

To measure atmospheric pressure, you will need mercury and metal barometers.

Which atmospheric pressure is low and which is high

The impact of the atmosphere decreases as the temperature rises (in summer) and increases as it falls (in winter). It also decreases after 12 hours and after 24 hours, and rises from morning to evening.

On the high points a smaller layer of air presses on the surface of the Earth than on low ones, so the severity of the atmosphere at such points is less. At points closer to the poles, the atmosphere presses harder due to the cold. Therefore, it became necessary to define a starting point. As a norm, it is customary to consider an indicator at sea level and a latitude of 45 °.

Video: atmospheric pressure Accordingly, if the pressure is more than 760 mm Hg. Art., it will be increased for meteorologists, if less - reduced. However, this statement does not apply to specific people. Normal atmospheric pressure is a conditional concept, it does not mean optimal for a person.

People live in different climatic zones, at different latitudes, at different heights above sea level, so they feel different gravity of the air, so it is impossible to determine the optimal level for everyone.

We can only say that for a particular person, the optimal level will be that which is the norm (taking into account the height above sea level and other factors) for the area in which he lives.

In other words, the pressure that would be considered normal for the inhabitants of Africa in the equatorial region may be lowered for the inhabitants of the Arctic if they come to Africa on an excursion.

Influence and relationship with the human body

About ¾ of the world's population are meteorologically dependent and react to a decrease in atmospheric pressure with a deterioration in well-being. Weather-dependent people feel the fluctuations of the mercury column when it is about 10 mm.

The deterioration of well-being at low atmospheric pressure is primarily associated with a reduced oxygen content in it and an increase in air pressure inside us.

The liquid boils in the presence of air resistance at +100 ° C, when it weakens, the temperature drops. If you rise to a height above sea level, the blood in the body will boil.

There are 3 types of addiction:

Direct - when blood pressure rises following an increase in atmospheric pressure, and vice versa. This type is familiar to hypotensive patients, whose blood pressure is usually below normal.
The reverse is when blood pressure falls when atmospheric pressure rises, and vice versa. Basically, this is typical for hypertensive patients.
Incomplete reverse - when only the upper or lower level of blood pressure changes. Thus, changes in meteorological conditions can affect people who are not normally familiar with hypertension or hypotension.

The gravity of the atmosphere decreases before the deterioration of weather conditions, this is manifested in humans by the following symptoms:

nervousness;
migraine;
lethargy;
aches in the joints;
numbness of fingers and toes;
labored breathing;
accelerated heartbeat;
vasospasm, circulatory problems;
blurred vision;
nausea;
suffocation;
dizziness;
rupture of the eardrum.

Why is low atmospheric pressure dangerous?

The mechanism of influence of the reduced gravity of air manifests itself in the following way:

The humidity in the air rises and it becomes more difficult to breathe.
The air becomes lighter because there is less of it, that is, the amount of oxygen contained in it also decreases. Oxygen starvation sets in.
Brain cells, heart, blood vessels, and respiratory organs suffer from a lack of oxygen.
Oxygen starvation of brain cells causes changes in the mental state - euphoria is replaced by apathy and depression.

What to do at low atmospheric pressure

Most often, weather sensitivity problems occur in people who are overweight, leading a sedentary lifestyle and eating poorly.

Limit the influence of other factors that cause changes in blood pressure.
Do not physically overload the body.
Every minute get up from the table, walk, stretch your limbs.
Drink plenty of fluids, it's better - green tea with honey.
Limit your coffee intake to one cup in the morning.
Exclude from the diet fried, smoked, sweet, salty, spicy.
Enrich the diet with foods rich in vitamin B6, magnesium, potassium (mackerel, chicken, liver, tuna, dark chocolate, green leafy vegetables, tomatoes, pumpkin, fruits, herbs, cereals, dairy products, legumes, avocados, nuts, cocoa, garlic) .
Quit smoking and alcoholic beverages.
Take a contrast shower in the morning.
You can go swimming or yoga.
Massage and acupuncture will help relieve fatigue.
To walk outside.
Avoid stressful situations, nervous overload.
Take medicines and infusions of medicinal herbs prescribed by a doctor.
Hypertensive patients should additionally measure blood pressure and refuse to take medications when it is normal.
Go to bed earlier, follow the daily routine.

Thus, the indicator of reduced atmospheric pressure will be different for residents of different areas, so there is no optimal indicator for everyone. Measures to be taken at low atmospheric pressure Lowering the gravity of the air negatively affects the well-being of most people, so such indicators should be carefully monitored. To reduce the negative influence, on such days one should lead a more calm and healthy lifestyle life.

How does high atmospheric pressure affect hypertensive patients?

Atmospheric pressure depends on many factors and is constantly changing. It is affected by the movement of anticyclones and cyclones, as well as indicators of humidity and temperature, the climate of a particular region and its location relative to sea level. Many people feel these vibrations. And how does high atmospheric pressure affect people - hypertensive patients? They are especially tolerant of weather changes.

Air pressure fluctuations and its features

Atmospheric pressure depends on a number of factors and varies within fairly wide limits. The location of a particular territory, taking into account sea level, is one of them. The higher you climb, the lower the pressure will be (a drop of 1 mm Hg is noted when you rise for every 10 m.).

It also depends on the temperature regime - this is due to the unequal heating of the earth's surface. There are separate areas with high or low pressure. So, in places of especially strong heating, when air rises, zones with reduced pressure appear, which is called a cyclone. In cold weather, the air begins to move down, which causes the formation of high pressure zones, called anticyclones.

Fluctuations in this indicator are possible when changing the time of day.

The human body is sensitive to environment and its variability. Individuals diagnosed with problems with the cardiovascular system, hypertension react most sharply to changes in external pressure.

Relationship between human pressure and the atmosphere

Blood pressure in humans characterizes how strongly the blood flows are pushed out by the heart muscle and what resistance is observed from the vessels. Depending on the arrival of cyclones and anticyclones, blood pressure indicators begin to change. Problems can be more pronounced if a person has some disorders in this area - hypotension, hypertension.

In practice, low atmospheric pressure creates problems for hypotensive patients, and hypertensive patients tolerate it relatively normally. But with an increase in this indicator, the condition of people with high blood pressure worsens. This is due to the increase in the load on the body as a whole.

Hypertension and high atmospheric pressure

How are atmospheric pressure and hypertension related? With such an ailment, a person’s well-being worsens significantly against the background of weather changes. High blood pressure is considered to be greater than 760 mm Hg. Art. It is usually accompanied constant temperature and normal humidity in the absence of precipitation and winds.

What changes are characteristic at high atmospheric pressure? The well-being of people whose blood pressure is elevated does not remain normal. In this case, the following symptoms are usually noted:

decrease in working capacity;
the appearance of noise;
headache;
"flies" in the eyes;
pain in the region of the heart;
rapid heart rate;
redness of the skin of the face;
weakness and apathy.

In addition to external, there are some internal changes in the body: with a combination of high atmospheric pressure and hypertension, there is a drop in

the number of blood leukocytes. Against this background, the risk of ailments of an infectious nature increases. If problems with the work of the heart and blood vessels are chronic, a person feels fluctuations in atmospheric pressure especially sharply. In this case, the risk of developing complications of high blood pressure in the body, such as a hypertensive crisis, as well as other conditions - thrombosis, embolism, and even coma, increases.

Why does the anticyclone affect people with high blood pressure?

The anticyclone involves a number of changes, among other things, the atmospheric pressure increases. Dry and sunny weather, in the absence of wind - this is its typical description. This further worsens the condition of a person, makes his breathing more difficult. Outwardly, this manifests itself in redness. skin and sweating of the hands, pulsations of the blood.

Hypertensive patients feel such fluctuations best of all: the already high blood pressure further increases, the risk of stroke and heart attack increases.

Experts note the active influence of atmospheric pressure on hypertensive patients. They are more acutely aware of not only the increase, but also the fall of this indicator in the atmosphere, unlike hypotensive patients, whose pressure is usually slightly below average.

How to ease the impact of this change

The association between high blood pressure and hypertension is strong. Therefore, all people who have such health problems need to be able to alleviate their condition for these periods of time.

To get started, you should regularly monitor weather forecasts:

The cyclone will bring a drop in atmospheric pressure, along with precipitation and temperature changes. But, given how low pressure affects hypertensive patients, it is still worth monitoring the state of your body.
The anticyclone will bring high pressure and calm weather. In general, the effect of high atmospheric pressure on the human body is negative; in hypertensive patients, activity and its defenses are especially clearly reduced.

To alleviate the effect of atmospheric pressure in anticyclone conditions, it is recommended:

do simple exercises;
take a contrast shower, sometimes several times throughout the day;
control your diet - nutrition should be complete and balanced;
eat during this period more fruits, which contain potassium;
eliminate stress and strong emotional experiences;
observe the sleep and rest regimen;
avoid overeating.

What to do in advance

People suffering from high or low blood pressure should clearly understand how low or high atmospheric pressure affects their body in order to be able to counteract.

The influence of the anticyclone is strongest in the hot summer period, while frost makes it softer, although breathing is difficult in any case, which means that the cells of the body do not receive the amount of oxygen they need.

All those who suffer from hypertension should take care of their body in advance, regardless of how atmospheric pressure changes.

To minimize the effect of external factors, it is necessary:

bring body weight to normal levels, which will facilitate the activity of the body as a whole;
eat regularly and properly;
take timely measures to treat identified ailments and stabilize the condition;
walk in the fresh air, ideally, away from dusty city highways;
rest enough.

Particular attention should be paid to the state of the nervous system. Stress is not good for anyone, especially for hypertensive patients. Emotional instability, like atmospheric pressure, affects overall well-being. Therefore, you need to minimize watching the news, other exciting activities.

For sedation, you can take medicines if prescribed by a doctor. From folk remedies apple juice, infusion of chamomile and mint are characterized by a calming effect.

Meteopathy and its features

Changes in the weather and atmospheric pressure affect the human body to one degree or another. Some have only mild impairment of well-being, while others may have severe impairment, fraught with irreversible tissue damage.

Meteopathy and its severity are largely determined by a person's age and body weight, the state of the body as a whole and the presence of chronic ailments. Another reaction to changes in the weather is determined by the individual sensitivity of a single person. Experts identify three levels of the problem:

mild, accompanied by minimal deterioration;
average, expressed in fluctuations in heart rate and blood pressure;
severe or meteopathy suggests the most pronounced deterioration.

If hypertension is combined with a serious degree of weather dependence, this is a particularly dangerous combination. In this case, the general condition of a person worsens, both under the influence of atmospheric pressure and other weather changes. It is important for such people to take timely preventive measures to stabilize their well-being.

Many people suffer from weather dependence. It is most acutely felt by hypertensive and hypotensive patients. These diseases require careful attention to the body and the timely adoption of measures that will help prevent significant deterioration.

Atmosphere pressure

Atmospheric pressure is measured in millibars (mbar), pascals (Pa), or millimeters of mercury (mmHg). 1 mbar = 100 Pa.

Atmospheric pressure fluctuations act in two ways:

They reduce blood oxygen saturation with a drop in atmospheric pressure (the effect of barometric "pits");

Mechanically irritate the receptors of the pleura, peritoneum, synovial membranes of the joints, as well as vascular receptors.

Patients with cardiovascular autology are especially sensitive to changes in atmospheric pressure.

Humidity: a) - plays a role in maintaining the density of oxygen in the atmosphere; b) - affects heat transfer and sweating. The air is considered dry with a humidity of up to 55%, moderately dry - at 56-70%, humid - at 71-85%, highly humid (damp) - over 85%. Relative humidity changes in opposite directions with respect to seasonal and diurnal temperature fluctuations.

The most favorable conditions for a person are those under which the relative humidity is 50%, the temperature is -C, and the wind speed does not exceed 3 m / s.

Bad influence high humidity on human health:

In hot weather, it prevents evaporation, and in cold conditions, it contributes to a greater loss of heat by conduction.

Contributes to the spread of airborne infection. This is due to the fact that pathogens contained in moisture droplets penetrate into smaller airways than with dry dust.

In industrial areas, fog (condensed moisture in the air as the temperature drops) can absorb toxic gases. These gases can enter into chemical compounds with water, form sulfurous substances (toxic smog). This can lead to mass poisoning of the population.

Patients with hypertension and atherosclerosis are very sensitive to high humidity. In most cases, exacerbation of cardiovascular disease occurs with relative humidity 80-90%. Rainy days even leave a mark on appearance people: the face becomes pale (decreased oxygen content).

Low humidity (dry air)

Since dry air makes it difficult for oxygen to enter the body and its participation in the respiratory process, staying in such an atmosphere causes a deterioration in well-being, fatigue, and does not contribute to concentration. Dry air (humidity below 40%) worsens the general well-being even in healthy people, causing drowsiness, dry skin and mucous membranes, and also increases the likelihood of acute respiratory infections.

A more serious consequence is the occurrence of dehydration addiction. As a result of dehydration, the ear-throat-nasal and bronchial areas are affected. The respiratory epithelium loses its protective function.

Wind is characterized by direction and speed. The strength of the wind is determined by the 12-point Simpson-Beaufort scale:

0. - speed 0-0.5 m / s according to the anemometer (calm)

1. quiet wind (0.6 -1.7);

2. light wind (1.8 - 3.3);

3. weak (3.4 - 5.2);

4. moderate (5.3 - 7.4);

5. fresh (7.9 - 9.8);

6. strong (9.4);

7. strong (12.5 -15.2);

8. very strong (15.3 - 18.2);

9. storm (18.3 - 21.5);

10. strong storm (21.6 - 25.1);

11. severe storm (25.2 - 29);

12. hurricane (more than 29).

A slight wind tones and stimulates the body.

The wind is gusty, strong, lasting 1-3 days often causes meteorological

tic reactions. Influence of strong wind:

Excitation of the nervous system, irritating skin receptors (irritation, fatigue);

Difficulty breathing, causes shortness of breath (hypoxemia);

At low temperatures enhances heat transfer, which can lead to hypothermia;

Air temperature

The air temperature is determined mainly by solar radiation, with which its periodic (daily and seasonal fluctuations) are associated. There may also be sudden (non-periodic) changes in temperature due to common processes atmospheric circulation.

The temperature regime is characterized by:

The maximum and minimum values,

Average daily, monthly and annual temperatures.

Sudden changes in temperature lead to:

An outbreak of SARS, tonsillitis;

Pain in the heart with fever;

The electrical state of the atmosphere is determined by:

The strength of the electric field;

Electrical discharges in the atmosphere.

Atmospheric electricity parameters have daily and seasonal periodicity. This periodicity is often overridden by more powerful periodic fluctuations caused by the change of air masses.

The earth is a negatively charged conductor, while the atmosphere is a positively charged one. The potential difference between the earth and a point located at a height of 1 m (electric potential gradient) averages 130 V. The voltage of the electric field of the atmosphere depends on:

Geographic latitude and altitude of the area;

From the time of year;

Passage of clouds (within 1 minute varies from +1200 doV/m);

From the peculiarities of precipitation;

The electrical conductivity of air is determined by the amount of positively and negatively charged atmospheric ions (aeroions) contained in it.

Air ions are formed by ionization of air molecules due to the detachment of electrons from them under the influence of cosmic, short-wave sun rays, radioactive soil radiation and other ionizing effects. The released electrons immediately join other molecules, forming positively and negatively charged molecules (light air ions), which have greater mobility.

Primary small (light) ions settle on suspended air particles and form secondary air ions. Secondary aeroins are medium, heavy and ultra-heavy. In moist and polluted air, the number of heavy air ions sharply increases.

The unipolarity coefficient (KU - the ratio of the number of positively charged ions to the number of negatively charged ions) is usually higher than 1. Near mountain rivers, waterfalls, on the sea and ocean, due to water spraying, the concentration of negative anions increases sharply and the KU in these places is less than 1. Hydroaeroionization is based on balloelectric effect. Its essence lies in the fact that when a liquid is sprayed, dipole water droplets break apart. In the air, along with gas ions of oxygen and nitrogen, hydroions are formed - hydroxyl and hydroxonium. The highest concentration of light negative ions, exceeding the ionization in ordinary atmospheric air by 2030 times, was found in the karst caves of Georgia.

The degree of air ionization is used for medical assessment of the microclimate (resort, settlement, premises). How cleaner air, the more light and medium air ions are in it. Maximum amount light anions in the fresh air is determined in the early morning hours.

The predominance of heavy air ions in the air indicates the presence in it of a significant amount of suspended particles (moisture, dust, smoke, etc.). The formation of heavy aeroanions on the sea coast may be due to the presence of salts in the coastal air.

Negative ions accumulate when:

When water evaporates;

Positive ions accumulate when:

water vapor condensation;

The mechanism of action of air ions is associated with direct irritation of the receptors of the respiratory tract and skin, followed by a reflex effect on the organs and systems of the body. Depending on the concentration and type of charge, they increase or decrease the level of receptor excitability. Getting on the surface of the mucous membranes and skin, air ions lose their electric charge. A weak direct current is formed in the tissues, and the human body acquires a positive or negative potential relative to the Earth.

Influence of negative ions:

Normalization of the functional state of the central nervous system

Increased mental and physical performance

Improves the activity of the cardio-respiratory system

Stimulates metabolism (protein, carbohydrate, water)

Improved redox processes in tissues

Positive ions affect neuro-humoral regulation: they cause an increase in serotonin levels.

An excess of positive aeroions formed in hot, humid weather can exacerbate cardiovascular disease.

Natural air ionization (hydroaeronation) is provided by a long stay

in areas with clean ionized air (in the mountains, near waterfalls, on the seashore during the surf). To obtain ionized air in natural conditions

Viyah use artificial waterfalls, fountains, water sprinklers in parks, on beaches.

Meteosensitivity (meteorological lability) is a decrease in the body's resistance to the effects of adverse climatic factors. For a healthy person, fluctuations in meteorological factors, as a rule, are not dangerous.

Weather sensitivity is quite widespread. It has long caused surprise, and even fear among people of an incomprehensible phenomenon of nature. People who feel the weather were called "living barometers", "petrels", "weather prophets".

The weather "feels" about one-third of the inhabitants of the middle latitudes. It is more common in areas where climatic conditions are less favorable and the weather is less stable. On the territory of the CIS, it is most often found in the northwest and north, as in these areas the atmospheric pressure is most variable. Occurs with any, but more often unusual for a given person climatic conditions. Unusually stable weather, as a rule, also adversely affects the body.

Reactions in most people occur synchronously with changes in weather factors, or even ahead of schedule. For example, pain in the region of the heart may occur on the eve of a sharp cold snap, an increase or decrease in atmospheric pressure. Pain in the joints and bones appears on the eve of a sharp increase in atmospheric pressure. Neurological pain increases on the eve of increased humidity.

Meteopathic reactions on the eve of a sharp change in weather factors are associated with a change in the intensity of the GMF. The change in GMF activity plays an informational role, being a signal of impending changes. external environment(weather). This informational role of the GMF has been fixed in the process of evolution. The CNS responds to EMF intensities several orders of magnitude lower than the sensitivity of other organs.

Depending on the state of the body, the GMF information signal causes:

Physiological adaptive-compensatory reaction, which makes it possible to maintain the homeostasis of the body even in conditions of sharp shifts in natural factors;

In case of violation, overstrain and depletion of adaptation mechanisms, it leads to the development of pathological reactions. Pathological reactions develop in systems and organs, the function and structure of which, including biorhythmological, is impaired for any reason.

Meteopathic reactions can also develop after changes in meteorological factors. On the-

For example, the frequency of heart pain increases by 2-3 times the next day after a sharp rise in atmospheric pressure.

The time of development of meteopathic reactions is associated with the seasons. For example, it was found that a warm front in spring and summer causes the maximum number of sudden deaths from myocardial infarction and stroke during the days of the passage of the front. In winter and autumn, this maximum falls on the 2nd day after the passage of the front.

The human body is affected by both the weather as a whole and its individual components.

Meteorologically labile (meteosensitive) are persons who have a history of indications of meteorological reactions that occur before, during or immediately after weather changes, as well as those who have seasonal deterioration in their general condition during the transitional seasons of the year:

Exacerbation of chronic diseases;

Increased sensitivity to heat and cold;

Deceleration of acclimatization with changing climatic conditions.

Manifestations of meteosensitivity depend on:

The initial state of the person;

The presence of any disease and its nature;

The microclimate in which a person lives;

Type of nervous system: more often in persons with a weak (melancholic) and strong unbalanced (choleric) type. In people of a balanced type (sanguine), meteosensitivity manifests itself only when the body is weakened.

Seasons and days.

Meteosensitivity is more often observed in people leading a sedentary and sedentary lifestyle, engaged in mental work, who rarely go out into the open air. It increases in people who live for a long time in an environment that excludes or sharply limits the impact of natural factors, especially sunlight. Such people have narrowed zones of so-called microclimatic comfort.

As a result of overwork or any disease, adaptation mechanisms are depleted. At the same time, there is a decrease in internal reserves and resistance. Significant changes in meteorological factors can cause overvoltage and disruption of adaptation mechanisms.

To assess the degree of meteosensitivity, a meteopathological index (MI) is proposed. It is calculated using the following formula:

n, N – periods (in days) respectively of medical and meteorological observations and with unfavorable weather for the same period, m, M – total number clinical deterioration

(m) and worsening due to weather changes (M). Patients with meteorological lability need:

Meteorological preventive measures in case of unfavorable weather forecast;

Optimization of adaptation processes when changing climate zone(including during rest and treatment).

Meteopathic reactions - meteotropic pathological reactions that occur in the body in response to adverse weather. There is also the term "heliometeotropic reactions", taking into account the role of SA as the initial link in the formation of these effects.

Types of meteopathic reactions:

1. Weakly expressed (1st degree). It is characterized mainly by subjective symptoms:

Pain in joints, muscles;

Pain in the region of the heart.

At the same time, a number of people may show unconscious reactions, such as a decrease in concentration (increased risk of injury).

2. Moderately expressed (2nd degree). It is characterized by objective symptoms:

Objective changes (BP, ECG, etc.);

Subfebrile temperature for 3-5 days

Intercurrent diseases develop, more often colds (ARVI, tonsillitis).

3. Strongly expressed (3rd degree). It is characterized by general reactions, such as general weakness, pain and aches in the joints, muscles, frequent asthenoneurotic syndrome (irritability, irritability, insomnia, changes in blood pressure), as well as exacerbation of the underlying disease:

Exacerbation of chronic pneumonia, etc.

Pathogenetic varieties of meteopathic reactions:

Cardiac type (pain in the region of the heart, shortness of breath);

Cerebral type (headaches, dizziness, noise and ringing in the head);

Mixed type (a combination of cardiac and cerebral symptoms);

Spastic (spasms of the coronary vessels and / or bronchi). They are observed during: a) - an increase in the partial density of oxygen, b) - during the passage of a cold front with a strong wind, c) - an increase in atmospheric pressure (bronchospastic syndrome);

Hypoxic (various hypoxic symptoms, such as shortness of breath). It is observed when: a) - with a decrease in the partial density of oxygen, b) - with the passage of a warm atmospheric front, c) - when a low pressure area (cyclone) is established.

Meteoprophylaxis (prevention of meteopathic reactions) is a set of medical measures aimed at preventing the development of meteopathic reactions.

Meteorological prophylaxis is planned and urgent.

Seasonal meteorological prevention is especially relevant in spring and autumn, when weather conditions are characterized by great instability.

Activation of protective forces;

Improvement of adaptation mechanisms;

Development of the most expedient and energy-efficient adaptation reactions;

Reducing the allergic mood of the body.

For this purpose, apply:

Hardening procedures (air baths, bathing, rubbing, etc.);

Gradual increase in physical activity;

Balneotherapy (pool, baths, showers, sauna);

FT hardware (electrosleep, ultraviolet radiation, aeroionotherapy, etc.);

Drug therapy (vitamins, antioxidants, adaptogens, hyposensitization);

It is carried out when receiving an unfavorable prognosis. Includes:

General approaches (for all weather sensitive individuals):

Decreased physical activity (reducing the load during exercise therapy, canceling hikes, excursions, sports games, reduction of household loads);

In hot weather - prevention of overheating of the body;

In cold weather - prevention of hypothermia;

Special measures consist in prescribing medications in accordance with the disease and the type of meteopathic reaction. Usually they are prescribed on the eve of weather changes for 2-4 days. Appoint:

Sedative and psychotropic drugs;

External reflex action (mustard plasters, "collars", mustard foot baths, etc.).

Prevention of spastic reactions (with arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, bronchial asthma, kidney stone disease, cholelithiasis) should be carried out the day before:

The onset of the cold front;

Increase in atmospheric pressure.

For the prevention of spastic conditions, antispasmodic and / or vasodilating drugs, external reflex effects are prescribed.

Prevention of hypoxic conditions (hypotension, bronchopulmonary pathology,

VSD) lead the day before:

Passage of a warm front;

Decrease in atmospheric pressure;

During a strong wind

For the prevention of hypoxic conditions, antihypoxants and oxygen therapy are prescribed.

Prevention of vascular catastrophes should be carried out on days with high humidity.

The relationship between pressure p, density r and absolute temperature T is given by p = rRT, where R is the gas constant equal to 287.14 m2/s2CHK for air. Boyle's law follows from this formula, according to which at a constant temperature p / r \u003d const, i.e., the change in density is directly proportional to the change in pressure.

Atmospheric pressure - the pressure of atmospheric air on objects in it and on the earth's surface. At each point in the atmosphere, atmospheric pressure is equal to the weight of the overlying column of air with a base equal to unit area; atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude.

An indicator of pressure is the height of the mercury column in mm, balanced by air pressure. In the CGS system, atmospheric pressure is measured in millibars (mbar), in the SI system - in hectopascals (hPa).

When the temperature rises, the air expands and convectively rises, and the pressure drops. As the temperature decreases, the air contracts, becomes denser, and the pressure increases.

The distribution of atmospheric pressure over the earth's surface determines the movement of air masses and atmospheric fronts, determines the direction and speed of the wind.

8. Thermal regime of air, water, soil.

The thermal regime of the atmosphere is the nature of the distribution and change of temperatures in the atmosphere. It is determined by heat exchange with the environment - the active surface of the Earth and outer space. Solar heat is absorbed mainly by the upper layers, but in general the atmosphere absorbs it weakly, and in some layers - insignificantly. The lower layers receive heat mainly from the active surface, which heats up in the daytime, becomes warmer than the air and gives it its heat, at night, on the contrary, the active surface loses heat by radiation, becomes colder, and then the air gives up its heat to the soil.

Land returns to the air most of the radiant heat received by it - 35-50%, while water gives off most of the heat to the underlying deep layers. It takes a little heat to heat the air, since it is also spent to a large extent on the evaporation of water. It follows from this that during periods of land heating, the air above it is warmer than over water spaces. AT warm time oceans, seas and large lakes accumulate huge reserves of heat in the water column and give it to the air in winter time. That is why in winter the air over water surfaces is warmer than over land.

9. Basic equation of atmospheric statics.

An equation that describes the change in atmospheric pressure with height under the assumption of static equilibrium, i.e., when the force of gravity and the vertical component of the baric gradient are in equilibrium:

The integral of this equation is called the barometric formula.

Barometric step (baric step) - a value that determines the change in altitude depending on changes in atmospheric pressure. It is used for barometric leveling and when converting statoscope readings into height difference.

Depends on air pressure and temperature.

The visual meaning of the barometric step is the height to which one must rise in order for the pressure to decrease by 1 hPa.

Some weather conditions dictate a way of life - atmospheric pressure and human pressure are so closely related.

how high a person is above sea level: the higher, the less concentrated the air, the height of the atmospheric column is lower - respectively, the pressure is lower;
on the temperature characteristics of the air: when the air heats up, its volume increases and it becomes lighter, so the pressure decreases. Cold air exerts a higher pressure than warm air;
time of day: in the morning and in the evening the pressure is higher, at noon and at night it is lower;
from the time of year: higher in winter, lower in summer;
air circulation in the atmosphere (cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies);
from the geographical position: on the planet there are belts of increased (at the equator and at a latitude of 30-35 degrees) and low (at the poles and at latitudes of 60-65 degrees) pressure.

When the barometer needle goes down, the external influence on the vessels decreases. If the decrease in atmospheric pressure is combined with low blood pressure, the person feels unwell.

When the air pressure readings increase, its effect on the vessels also increases; if this is combined with high blood pressure, the health consequences can be devastating.

Weather sensitivity - risk group

There are three effects of the impact of atmospheric phenomena on well-being:

direct influence. With an increase in the mercury column, blood pressure rises, with a decrease in it, it falls. Often this phenomenon is observed in hypotensive patients.
Reverse partial influence. When the atmospheric parameters change, the systolic pressure (during the contraction of the heart, the upper number) changes, and the diastolic pressure (pressure with a relaxed heart muscle, the lower number) remains the same. The clinical picture may be reversed. It happens in people with a working pressure of 120/80.
Reverse influence. Blood pressure rises in response to a decrease in atmospheric pressure - this is a common occurrence in hypertensive patients.

More than 50% of people living on Earth can be called meteosensitive - not everyone has a high adaptive resource. When the weather changes, weather-sensitive people experience discomfort and malaise.

People with chronic injuries, diseases of the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, and mental disorders are at increased risk. For them, the load on the vessels and joints is especially painful and sensitive.

Factors affecting weather sensitivity and weather dependence:

gender - women, as they better understand their condition, often complain of feeling unwell when the weather changes;
age - young children and the elderly are the most vulnerable categories of the population;
hereditary predisposition: if parents have meteopathy, children usually have it too;
lifestyle - people who have bad habits pay for them with their health;
the presence of chronic diseases is the most pronounced factor in the likelihood of meteopathy.

The influence of weather on a person

Many people complain that they are worried about long-term injuries, dislocations and fractures, sore joints and osteochondrosis, scars after surgical interventions.

All weather parameters affect well-being: wind strength and direction, air temperature and humidity, precipitation, sunlight intensity, magnetic storms:

With a strong wind, doctors are aware of complaints of headache, drowsiness, lethargy, and anxiety. Babies react to a strong wind outside: they sleep restlessly, often demand breasts, do not get off their hands, cry. Phobias, manic states become aggravated in mental patients at this time;
Too low or high temperatures, jumps during the day (more than 10 degrees) have a negative impact on patients with vegetative-vascular dystonia. They may be disturbed by migraines, pain in the heart area;
The well-being of patients with asthma and heart disease worsens with high humidity. The other extreme in Russia is more common: extremely low humidity in apartments. In our country, windows and balconies are closed most of the year, and the radiators are very hot. Dry hot air in apartments contributes to a decrease in local immunity and frequent SARS;
The amount of sunlight affects both physical well-being (the production of vitamin D in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation directly affects the state of bone tissue, the heart and nervous system), and the mental state (lack of insolation can lead to seasonal depressive disorders);
The influence of magnetic storms is ambiguous, scientific data on their action differ. Data have been accumulated on an increase in the number of man-made disasters during magnetic storms. Some people clearly attribute the deterioration of their condition to strong magnetic storms and solar activity.

Low pressure

Hypotonic patients at this time feel especially exhausted: they complain of dizziness, weakness and nausea.

Patients with cardiac arrhythmias experience severe discomfort in the region of the heart. People with arthritis, arthrosis, osteochondrosis complain of back and joint pain, muscle pain.

People with a labile psyche experience bouts of anxiety, fear, inexplicable longing and panic attacks. Individuals with depression may attempt suicide.

High pressure

For hypertensive patients, high blood pressure is dangerous. The course of chronic pathologies is aggravated: hypertension and ischemic diseases, vegetative-vascular dystonia - which manifests itself in the form of severe consequences: hypertensive crises, myocardial infarctions, cerebral strokes.

The consequence of an exacerbation of the course of vegetative-vascular dystonia is not only fluctuations in blood pressure, but also violations of the regulation of the functions of internal organs: the gastrointestinal tract, the cardiovascular system, the hormonal background, and the urinary system.

Spasms of the gastric muscles may occur - patients complain of a feeling of heaviness in the upper abdomen, discomfort, belching and heartburn.

Since the regulation of the biliary tract is disturbed, this causes stagnation of bile and the development of cholelithiasis: patients complain of pain and heaviness in the right hypochondrium.

High numbers on the barometer also affect healthy people: everyone can fluctuate systolic and diastolic pressure, both upward and downward. For people with normal blood pressure, no special measures are usually required.

Anticyclones

An anticyclone is clear weather without wind. In the urban environment, the influence of the anticyclone is felt more strongly, because due to calmness in the air, the concentration of exhaust gases and harmful emissions increases.

Cardiological ambulance teams confirm that the number of calls for heart attacks and strokes is maximum during anticyclones.

Hypotonic patients can also not easily endure anticyclones: they complain of different types of migraines and stomach problems.

Cyclones

Such changes in the body cause difficulty in breathing, drowsiness, a feeling of inexplicable fatigue, dizziness, nausea, weakness, and various types of migraines.

It is difficult for people with low blood pressure to endure cyclones, they sharply lose their ability to work.

If a person with low blood pressure is not provided with timely assistance and he continues to be active in this state, complications are possible in the form of a hypotensive crisis and coma.

Air temperatures

With temperature changes, people who suffer from coronary heart disease and hypertension are at risk - a vasospasm occurs, oxygen starvation of the brain begins.

Hypertensive patients are deadly dangerous sudden changes in temperature.

With an increase in temperature indicators, atmospheric pressure decreases - people with hypotension at this time feel unwell.

Low temperatures are accompanied by an increased index of atmospheric pressure - this worsens the well-being of a person with pathological pressure.

You can pay attention that in cold weather the skin remains dry and weather-beaten even when you are at home. This is caused by vasospasm of the skin, which occurs when the mercury column is high.

Humidity

Too low air humidity levels create problems for people with chronic respiratory infections and a tendency to allergic reactions.

Dry hot air in houses during the heating season is the main cause of reduced immunity, frequent SARS and ENT infections.

Extremely high air humidity is harmful to patients with diseases of the urinary system and joints and worsens their condition.

General basic rules for constant phenomena of meteopathy:

Coffee raises blood pressure. It is better to drink it in the morning no more than 6 cups a day;
Citramon tablet relieves headache and increases low blood pressure;
Regular visits to the bath, sauna and pool strengthens and trains blood vessels;
A small amount of red wine can improve the condition during a cyclone.

Constantly monitor blood pressure;
If possible, reduce the consumption of table salt;
It is advisable to replace heavy meat food with low-fat and vegetable foods;
Lemon, cranberries and lingonberries slightly reduce pressure and alleviate the condition during the anticyclone;
It is better to replace black tea and coffee with water, herbal tea or chicory;
Physical activity in the heat is prohibited;
You should carry and take medications that reduce blood pressure with you on time.

Video clips about the relationship of atmospheric pressure on human well-being

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