The age and sex composition of the Chinese population. Promotion of the brand to the market. You have a product - we have a merchant
Population of China: size, national composition
12.06.2019
The population of China as of June 11, 2019 is 1,397,730,000 according to . The population of China was estimated in 2013 to be 1,363,950,000. The population of China according to the 6th national census in 2010 was 1,339,724,852 people (the population of mainland China except for: Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, according to data 2) and increased by 94,614,026 compared to the previous census in 10 years person, i.e. in 2000, the population of China was 1,245,110,826. Thus, the population growth of mainland China in the interval 2000-2010 averaged about 9.5 million people a year. China's population growth rate is only 0.47%, which is 159 among all countries in the world. [Source here and below: 1 or 2]
The People's Republic of China includes mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau. China is the largest country in the world by population. Only 2 countries in the world have a population of over 1 billion people: China and India. The population of China is characterized by a high average age, which is a consequence of the "one family - one child" policy.
China population statistics
The population of China was estimated in 2013 to be 1,363,950,000.
Population Growth Rate in China: 0.47% p.a. (2009 est.)
Birth rate in China: 12.37 births/1000 population (2014 est.).
Mortality: 7.16 deaths/1000 population (2014 est.)
Life expectancy in China is 73.18 years (2008), among them men 71.37 years, women 75.18 years.
Fertility rate 1.18 children born/woman (2010 est.) (183rd among all countries in the world).
Infant mortality rate 1.51 deaths/100 live births.
The age structure of the population of China: from 0-14 years old 17.2% (2012 est.), from 15-64 years old 73.4%, from 65 years old and over 9.4%.
Male to female ratio in China: At birth 1.18 male(s)/female (2010 census), under 15 1.13 male(s)/female (2008), 15 to 64 years old 1.06 male(s)/female ( 2008), 65 years and older 0.91 male(s)/female (2008).
Historical population change in China and demographic projection of the population of China
2100 BC : 4,000,000, 700 BC : 12000000, 210 BC : 22000000, 57: 38000000, 290: 240000, 630: 49000000, 800: 70000000, 1000: 87000000, 1100: 102,000,000, 1200: 105,000,000, 1290: 77000000, 1400: 89000000, 1500: 110 000 000, 1650, 1650, 1650, 1650, 1650, 1650, 1650, 1650 : 123,000,000, 1800: 260,000,000, 1900: 400,000,000, 1910: 439,214,000
In 1910, China's population was almost a quarter of the world's population according to the census.
Demographic projections of the population of China:
US Census Bureau 2010 est: 2020: 1384545000, 2030: 1391491000, 2040: 1358519000, 2050: 1303723000
The United Nations Organization, 2010 SID: 2020: 1387792000, 2030: 1393076000, 2040: 1360906000, 2050: 1295604000, 2060: 1211538000, 2070: 1125903000, 2080: 1048132000, 2090: 984 547 000, 2100: 941 042 000.
Population density of China, map of China by population density and map of China by nationality
According to the 2010 census, 91.51% of China's population was Han (Chinese) and 8.49% were other nationalities. Table of distribution of the population of China by nationality:| People | Census 2010 | Census 1990 | Census 1953 | |||
| population | % | population | % | population | % | |
| Han Chinese | 1 225 932 641 | 91,51 | 1 042 482 187 | 91,96 | 547 283 057 | 93,94 |
| Minorities | 113 792 211 | 8,49 | 91 200 314 | 8,04 | 35 320 360 | 6,06 |
| Zhuang | 16 926 381 | 1,26 | 15 489 630 | 1,37 | 6 611 455 | 1,13 |
| Manchus | 10 387 958 | 0,78 | 9 821 180 | 0,87 | 2 418 931 | 0,42 |
| Hui people | 10 586 087 | 0,79 | 8 602 978 | 0,76 | 3 559 350 | 0,61 |
| Miao (people) | 9 426 007 | 0,7 | 7 398 035 | 0,65 | 2 511 339 | 0,43 |
| Uighurs | 10 069 346 | 0,75 | 7 214 431 | 0,64 | 3 640 125 | 0,62 |
| Tujia (people) | 8 353 912 | 0,62 | 5 704 223 | 0,5 | ||
| I (people) | 8 714 393 | 0,65 | 6 572 173 | 0,58 | 3 254 269 | 0,56 |
| Mongols | 5 981 840 | 0,45 | 4 806 849 | 0,42 | 1 462 956 | 0,25 |
| Tibetans | 6 282 187 | 0,47 | 4 593 330 | 0,41 | 2 775 622 | 0,48 |
| Bui (people) | 2 870 034 | 0,21 | 2 545 059 | 0,22 | 1 247 883 | 0,21 |
| Koreans | 1 830 929 | 0,14 | 1 920 597 | 0,17 | 1 120 405 | 0,19 |
| Other | 22 363 137 | 1,67 | 16 531 829 | 1,46 | 6 718 025 | 1,15 |
| Total, PRC | 1 339 724 852 | 1 133 682 501 | 582 603 417 | |||
3. Age and sex composition of the population
At present, the age structure of the Chinese population is characterized by an intensive growth in the number of people of working age. In the early years of the PRC, young people accounted for 34% of the population, but due to tough population policy aimed at reducing the birth rate, the number of people under the age of 15 has decreased and now amounts to 33.6% of the total population.
Age table of the population.
The main feature of the age composition of the population of modern China, as well as a serious demographic problem, is the significant predominance of the male population over the female. In China, only 100 girls are born for every 120 boys. The reason for such a serious demographic imbalance is connected with the ancient Chinese tradition: in every Chinese family there must be a son - the support and continuation of the family. In the conditions of demographic policy, parents often go to the trick. They ask doctors in advance about the sex of the unborn child, and if the sex turns out to be female, they terminate the pregnancy to try to give birth to a boy. According to the results of 2006:
If the imbalance between the male and female population continues to increase, then by 2020, 40 million Chinese men are at risk of being left without a spouse.
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FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"SAINT PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY
WATER COMMUNICATIONS»
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
Course workOn the topic:
“ Demographic situation in China”
Head: Performer:
Kapitalina Fedorovna Student of the group
EU-42
Gorya I.Yu.
- "__" _________ 2010
2010
Content
Introduction
- Brief economic and geographical characteristics of China
- 2.1.
Characteristics of the population
- 2.2.
Age - sex composition of the population
- 2.3. Birth and death rates
4. Demographic problems of the PRC
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
The problem of the demographic situation in the PRC has long ceased to be an issue that is relevant exclusively for the country's leadership. The imbalance between the number of inhabitants and natural resources in China, the uneven distribution of the population both across the country and between the city and the countryside, are factors that directly affect not only the internal security of the PRC, but also carry a potential threat to stability on a global scale.
An analysis of the state and main measures regulating the demographic and migration policy of the PRC is necessary to understand not only the problems associated with the population in China, but also to understand the development prospects of the country as a whole, as well as to consider and evaluate its impact on global economic and social processes.
The demographic policy pursued by the PRC at the present stage is a unique example of the creation and functioning of a well-functioning mechanism for coordinating demographic and economic processes within the country. Therefore, a detailed consideration of the main measures of demographic policy, their consequences, as well as the problems that the state encountered when implementing these measures, seems necessary.
Basic goal This study was to review and assess the adequacy of the demographic policy pursued by the Chinese government in the context of the country's development prospects, as well as to identify hidden risks for both the PRC itself and the world community.
- Brief economic and geographical characteristics of China
China has a land border with almost all the major states of East Asia, and a significant part of it falls on Russia and the Central Asian countries of the CIS - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan. China's neighbors in the west are also Afghanistan, India, Nepal, in the south - Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam, and in the northeast - North Korea. At sea, China also borders Japan and the Philippines. In the territorial waters of China, there are up to 5 thousand islands, among which Taiwan and Hainan.
The People's Republic of China consists of 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 4 cities central subordination(Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Chongqing) and special administrative regions: Xianggang (Hong Kong), Macao (Macao) and the island of Taiwan. The capital of the country and the seat of government is Beijing.
Most of the territory is in the zone temperate climate with hot summers and mild winters. The southern island of Hainan has a tropical climate, where all year round the sun is shining. The coldest winter is in northern China.
Over the past decades, China, whose economy is based on public property, has become a large industrial state with the highest rates of development. The coal industry forms the basis of China's fuel and energy complex. Coal mining is dispersed in many basins of Northern and Eastern China. Oil and gas production is growing. Electricity generation is based on thermal power plants (3/4 of electricity). In China, a hydropower development program is being implemented: the main cascades of hydropower plants are being built in the upper reaches of the Yangtze and the Yellow River.
2. Demographic indicators of the PRC
2.1. Characteristics of the population
- China's demographic resources are unparalleled in the world. In terms of population, China, as you know, is far ahead of all other countries in the world. Now China has more than 1.3 billion inhabitants, which is 20% of the world's population.
- Chinese society is made up of 340 million families, with an average of 363 people for every 100 families. An ordinary Chinese family consists of spouses and children, but there are also families where people of three or more generations live together.
- China is a single multinational state. The ancient Chinese ethnos developed in the 7th-6th centuries BC. on the territory of the Central Chinese Plain, due to the contacts of different peoples who spoke Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Sino-Tibetan and Proto-Altaic languages. As a result of further historical development China appeared a large number of national minorities. The modern composition of the population includes over fifty nationalities belonging to different linguistic groups and families. More than 93% of the population are Chinese (Han), the rest of the population is Uighurs, Miao, Mongols, Tajiks, Duluns, Salars, Bulans, Yugurs, Orochons, Jino, Hani, Loba and others.
These "censuses" were imperfect, incomplete; undercounting and double counting existed simultaneously, national minorities were not subject to registration, and migrants were not taken into account.
After the formation of the People's Republic of China, a universal population count began to be established in the country, and in 1953 the first nationwide census was conducted, the results of which showed the population - 582.6 million people (without Taiwan). The second census of the PRC took place in 1964, the population on that date was 698.6 million people. In the summer of 1982, the third nationwide census was conducted; the number was 1008.2 million people, i.e. surpassed 1 billion for the first time. The 1990 census data showed that the population of China's 29 provinces and autonomous regions was 1.160 billion. The last census of 2000 showed that the population increased by 149.7 million people over 10 years.
Table 1. Population dynamics and growth in China
| years | Population, million people | Population growth, % |
| 1950 | 551,9 | - |
| 1955 | 614,6 | 11% |
| 1960 | 662,1 | 8% |
| 1965 | 725,4 | 10% |
| 1970 | 829,9 | 14% |
| 1975 | 924,2 | 11% |
| 1980 | 987,1 | 7% |
| 1985 | 1048,0 | 6% |
| 1990 | 1160,0 | 11% |
| 1992 | 1205,1 | 4% |
| 2000 | 1309,7 | 9% |
| 2025 | 1539,7 | 18% |
- Age - sex composition of the population
The process of population aging in the PRC is proceeding at a much faster pace than in other countries, which is explained by the success in implementing a strict policy of birth control and the improvement of the social and living conditions of the Chinese people in recent decades.
In the first years of the existence of the PRC, young people accounted for 34% of the population, in the late 60s - 43%. However, as a result of measures to limit the birth rate, the proportion of the population under the age of 15 has somewhat decreased and now stands at 33.6% of the total population. In 1953, the share of persons under the age of 14 accounted for 36.3%, from 15 to 64 years - 59.3%, in 1964 - respectively, 40.4 and 56.1%; in 1972 - 35.8 and 59.4%; in 1982, this ratio changed quite significantly: up to 14 years old - 33.6%, 15-64 years old - 61.5, and in 2000 - 23 and 70%. China has every chance of becoming the oldest (in terms of population) country in the world.
A feature of the population structure of China is a significant excess of the male population over the female population (519.4 million, or 51.6%, and 488.7 million, or 48.5%, respectively). In China, the number of men exceeds the number of women by 30.7 million people. There are a number of provinces and districts in China with a large male population. This applies primarily to peripheral areas of intensive migration.
If the usual gender balance is expressed as a proportion of 105 men to 100 women, then in China in 2000 it was, respectively, 117 to 100. Moreover, Beijing's demographic policy aimed at reducing population growth, combined with the traditional desire of every Chinese family exacerbates this trend: the Chinese kill female embryos. At the International Congress of Demographers in Tours (France), American scientists presented a forecast according to which between 2015 and 2030. adult men in China will be 25 million more than women.
- Birth and death rates
Due to the change in the age structure and the increase in the proportion of older age groups in it, there will be a gradual increase in mortality - up to 7.3% by the year 2000 and 9.4% in the first third of the next millennium, according to UN projections.
Table 2. Dynamics of mortality rate in China
| years | Mortality rate, % | years | Mortality rate, % | |
| 1950 | 18,00 | 1975 | 7,32 | |
| 1955 | 12,28 | 1980 | 6,34 | |
| 1960 | 25,43 | 1985 | 6,57 | |
| 1965 | 9,50 | 1990 | 6,59 | |
| 1970 | 7,60 | 1992 | 6,60 |
Table 3. Dynamics of the birth rate in China
| years | Fertility rate, % | years | Fertility rate, % | |
| 1950 | 37,00 | 1975 | 23,01 | |
| 1955 | 32,60 | 1980 | 18,21 | |
| 1960 | 20,86 | 1985 | 17,80 | |
| 1965 | 37,88 | 1990 | 19,37 | |
| 1970 | 33,43 | 1992 | 18,20 |
In the early 1950s, it remained at a high and almost unchanged level, which was determined by the persistence of a complex of factors that determined the traditionally high birth rate in old China. The presence of peaceful conditions during this period of time, the favorable socio-economic situation in the country contributed to the formation of new families. The results of 16 surveys conducted in various provinces of China in 1951-1954 give an average birth rate of 41.6%. In the subsequent period of time, there is a clear trend towards a decrease in the birth rate - by the end of the 70s, the indicator had halved compared to the period of the 50s - 60s. The decrease in the birth rate occurred under the influence of changes in socio-economic conditions, the action of a number of long-term factors, among which the following should be noted:
- 1) an increase in the level of general and sanitary culture of the population, which led to a decrease in child mortality; fewer births required to achieve the desired family size;
- 2) changing the functions of the family, the transformation of traditional family relations, reducing the economic usefulness of children;
- 3) the weakening of the religious norms of traditional Chinese society, the loss of the significance of many religious rituals;
- 4) involvement of women in active labor activity both in urban and rural areas, dissemination of education.
- Demographic policy of the Chinese government
The main goal of population policy in China is the transition from a large family to a one-child or, at least, two-child family. Therefore, it is carried out under the mottos: "One child in the family", "One married couple- one child", "People without brothers and sisters", etc.
In the early 1980s, a number of laws and government regulations were adopted to implement birth control.
On January 1, 1981, a new law on marriage came into force, which provides for an increase in the age of marriage.
Officially, the age of marriage for women is 20 years, for men - 22 years, but additional restrictions are introduced, for example, it is strictly forbidden for students to create a family up to the threat of expulsion from the institute.
Provisions were also made regarding birth control. In Chinese family law, the so-called civil, or de facto, marriage is not recognized as legal. This amendment was made to the law in order to maximum limit common practice in rural areas of marital relations without registration.
In China, there is the State Committee for Demographic Policy and Planned Childbirth, which deals with planning measures and indicators aimed at creating an optimal demographic environment for the development of the country. Particular attention is paid not only and not so much to the issues of achieving the indicators of natural growth laid down in the plan, but in general to the creation of a state strategy for the development of population, aimed at promoting a balanced development of the economy and society, combined with the rational use of resources and environmental protection.
On September 1, 2002, the first Law on demography and planned childbearing. The development of this law, consisting of 7 chapters and 47 articles, took 23 years. The adopted law provides not only the obligations of citizens to carry out planned childbearing, but also the legitimate rights and interests of people in this area, as well as ways to protect their own rights and interests. In accordance with this Law, the current state policy of planned childbearing is not reduced to the simplified formula "One family - one child". A second child is allowed for spouses if all the requirements of the law and regulations are met.
Since September 2002, the country also has a mechanism for financing family planning from government budgets.
Regulations on the management of the collection of social dependency contributions have been introduced, which provide for the separation of the collection of social dependency contributions from the interests of family planning structures: social dependency contributions and penalties collected in various places are fully surrendered to the state treasury, and the costs of planned childbearing are provided with financial allocations various governments.
The main content of the family planning policy - this is the encouragement of late marriages and late childbearing, limiting the number of babies with an emphasis on improving the complex characteristics of the quality of the nation, calling on spouses to have only one child. Peasant families experiencing difficulties due to a lack of labor are allowed to have a second child, subject to a certain interval after the birth of the first. In areas inhabited by national minorities, various rules are followed, depending on the will of the titular nation (as well as on the number of the latter), the availability of local resources, the state of the economy, cultural traditions and folk customs. In general, each such family can have two children, in some areas - three. There are no restrictions for the smallest national minorities.
In order to curb the excessive birth rate, a system of punishment measures for "violators" of the "one family - one child" principle has been developed. They are subject to fines and deductions from their salaries. They are the last to receive housing, their children (the second, third child) are not taken to kindergartens, sometimes they are not allowed to study at school, they will not be admitted to higher educational institutions. Parents who violate this principle risk even losing their jobs. For spouses with two or more children, sanctions have been introduced in a number of areas.
For example, at the birth of a second child, parents are required to return the bonus that they were paid monthly as a family with one child, and in addition, pay a fine, the amount of which, depending on income and place of residence, ranges from several hundred to several thousand yuan.
Families that adhere to the “one family - one child” policy receive various benefits, for example, the right to priority housing, free maintenance of a child in kindergarten, advantages in admission to universities, the right to a salary supplement until the child reaches the age of 14, as well as a five percent pension supplement. For peasant families with one child, the size of allotted household plots has been increased.
The birth reduction policy encourages abortion as well as sterilization of both women and men.
However, the country exceeds the state-established birth rates. Some families have two or even three children. People prefer to get off with a fine for having a child "in excess of the norm", especially if the first child is a girl.
Despite the success of birth control measures, population growth and economic development are still experiencing a period of imbalance. According to projections based on the total fertility rate, in 2010 and 2020 the total population of the country will reach 1.37 billion and 1.46 billion, respectively. By 2033, China will come up with a population of 1.5 billion people.
In connection with such forecasts, the main task of demographic policy at present is to maintain a stable demographic situation for the further development of the country.
- Demographic problems of the PRC
It is expected to pay Special attention development of new technologies for birth control, monitoring the health of newborns, mastering the latest medicines, equipment and related health products to create the scientific and technical base necessary for effective population control and maintaining the level of possible defects in newborns within 3%.
Other areas of development include disease prevention.
Another component of the demographic policy of the country's leadership is the desire to increase the life expectancy of the population and, accordingly, to reduce the death rate as one of the components of natural population growth. The average life expectancy of the country's population in 2004 was 71.4 years. By early 2006, the average life expectancy of the Chinese population had risen from 35 in the 1950s last century up to 72 years, in particular in Shanghai it exceeded 80 years. At the same time, the death rate of newborns decreased from 200 per thousand to 25 per thousand. Child mortality is considered an important indicator reflecting the level of socio-economic development of the state. Reducing child mortality is planned at 4% per year.
The Chinese government has pledged to reduce the death rate of children under 5 years of age to 20.3 per thousand by 2015.
In 2000, the number of able-bodied citizens aged 15 to 64 accounted for 70.15% of the total population, that is, more than 800 million people. In 2020, these figures will be 65% and 940 million people, which will put a lot of pressure on the problem of employment. At the end of 2005, the population aged 60 and over was 144 million, with an average annual increase of 2 million.
By the middle of this century, the percentage of elderly citizens in the total population of China will grow to 20%, instead of 11% at present.
There are also more pessimistic forecasts. According to the Report on Predicting the Aging Trend of the Chinese Population by the National Committee for the Aging X, the most difficult period for the country in terms of "population aging" will be the period from 2030 to 2050. At this time, the proportion of the elderly can be about 40% of the total population of the country. The report emphasizes that in the second half of the XXI century. a slight decrease in the number of elderly people is expected in the country; it will remain at a level of over 300 million people (about 31% of China's population). In particular, the number of elderly over the age of 80 will reach 80-90 million people. China's population is expected to reach 1.465 billion by 2030; by 2100, the number of elderly will be 318 million people, or 31.09% of the total population of the country.
According to the report of the National Committee for the Elderly, the number of elderly people in China will increase by 6.2 million annually in 2021-2050. And this figure in 2023 will reach 270 million people, which will be equal to the number of children aged 0 to 14; in 2050 will exceed 400 million people, and the share of the elderly in the total population of the country will be more than 30%. In 2051-2100, the number of elderly people in the country will remain at the level of 300-400 million people. In 2051, this figure will reach 437 million people, which is 2 times the number of children in the country.
The most important problem, which continues to be a sore point for the country's leadership, is the predominance of the male population over the female population. . Since the 1980s, the gender disproportion in the number of newborns in China has been steadily growing, going beyond the established limits. Despite a number of measures taken, this problem continues to be acute.
According to the Office of the Committee for Women and Children under the State Council of the People's Republic of China, in 1982, 1990 and 2000, the 3rd, 4th and 5th National Population Censuses were conducted in China, as a result of which the ratio of newborn boys and girls was 108.5:100, 111.3:100 and 116.9:100. While according to UN standards, a reasonable ratio of newborn boys and girls is 103-107:100.
The main features of gender imbalance are:
- the ever-increasing quantitative imbalance between newborn boys and girls. Compared to 1990, the number of newborns in 1999 decreased by more than 50%, and the gap in the sex ratio of newborns increased by 10%. The main reason for the increase in the quantitative disproportion of the sexes is the illegal intrauterine sex determination of the unborn child and termination of pregnancy for reasons of choosing the desired sex;
etc.................
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Moscow State University Instrumentation and Informatics
abstract
in the discipline "Demography"
on the topic:"Demography of the People's Republic of China»
Completed by: Kiseleva Alena Mikhailovna
Checked by: Kazakova Nelli Dakhievna
Group UP-1
Moscow, 2010
Introduction ( general information about China)
1. Population and natural increase
2. Birth and death rates
3. Age and sex composition of the population
4. Features of urbanization
5. Demographic policy
Conclusion
Introduction
China (People's Republic of China) is one of the largest countries in the world, which is located in the eastern part of the Eurasian continent, on the western coast of the Pacific Ocean. Almost the entire territory of the PRC (98%) is located between 20 ° and 50 ° north latitude, most of the state belongs to the temperate (45.6% of the territory) and subtropical (26.1% of the territory) belts. In terms of the size of the state territory with an area of about 9.6 million square meters. km, the country ranks fourth in the world, behind Russia, Canada and the United States. China ranks first in the world in terms of population, amounting to more than 1.3 billion people in 2009. Chinese society is made up of 340 million families, with an average of 363 people for every 100 families. An ordinary Chinese family consists of spouses and children, but there are also families where people of three or more generations live together.
China is a single multinational state. The ancient Chinese ethnos developed in the 7th-6th centuries BC. on the territory of the Central Chinese Plain, due to contacts different peoples who spoke Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Sino-Tibetan and proto-Altaic languages. As a result of the further historical development of China, a large number of national minorities appeared. The modern composition of the population includes more than fifty nationalities belonging to different language groups and families. More than 93% of the population are Chinese (Han), the rest of the population is Uighurs, Miao, Mongols, Tajiks, Duluns, Salars, Bulans, Yugurs, Orochons, Jino, Hani, Loba and others.
1.Population and natural increase
The first censuses of the population of China were carried out after the formation of a centralized state (the kingdom of Zhou 778 BC, the kingdom of Chu 589 BC). During the reign of the Western Han Dynasty, the population was first recorded (2 AD). However, early censuses were not perfect, as only taxpayers and women between the ages of 15 and 30 were counted.
After the formation of the People's Republic of China (October 1, 1949), the first nationwide census was conducted (1953). According to the results of the first census, China's population was 583 million people. The second census of the People's Republic of China (1964) showed a population of 699 million people. The results of China's third nationwide census (1982) exceeded 1 billion for the first time, totaling 1,008.2 million. In 1997, the Chinese government scheduled the next census for 1990, and each subsequent census every 10 years. Census data of 1990 - 1.160 billion people, and 2000 - 1.2 billion people.
Table of population size and growth rate
As a result of social stability, the development of production, the improvement of sanitary and medical conditions, and also due to the lack of birth planning, the population grew rapidly. From the 70s. The Chinese government is increasingly aware that fast growth population negatively affects the socio-economic development of the country and the standard of living of the population. Soon the Chinese government embarked on birth control and a comprehensive improvement in the quality of life of the population. Thanks to the measures taken, the birth rate began to decline every year. At present, China has made the transition to a new model of population reproduction with low fertility, low mortality and low population growth.
2. Birth and death rates
For many centuries, China has been characterized by exceptionally high mortality. Only in the early 1950s was it possible to significantly reduce mortality rates. Currently, due to the change in the age structure and the increase in the proportion of older age groups in it (the process of population aging), there is a gradual increase in mortality.
Population death rate table
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Mortality rate(%) |
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In the early 50s, it remained at a high and almost unchanged level, which was determined by the persistence of a set of factors that determine the traditionally high birth rate in China (the absence of wars, favorable socio-economic conditions in the country contributed to the formation of new families). In the 1950s and 1970s, China had a high birth rate, but by the end of the 1970s, there was a clear trend towards a decrease in the birth rate, which continues to this day. The decrease in the birth rate occurs under the influence of changes in socio-economic conditions, as well as the action of other important factors:
1) an increase in the level of general and sanitary culture of the population, which influenced the decrease in infant mortality (i.e. fewer births were required to achieve the desired family size)
2) changing family functions (changing traditional family relationships, reducing the economic usefulness of children)
3) the weakening of the religious norms of traditional Chinese society, the loss of the significance of many religious rituals
4) involvement of women in active labor activity
5) the spread of education.
Population birth rate table
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Birth rate(%) |
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3. Age and sex composition of the population
At present, the age structure of the Chinese population is characterized by an intensive growth in the number of people of working age. In the early years of the existence of the PRC, 34% of the population accounted for young age, but due to a tough demographic policy aimed at reducing the birth rate, the number of people under the age of 15 began to decrease and now accounts for 33.6% of the total population.
Population age table
The main feature of the age composition of the population of modern China, as well as a serious demographic problem, is the significant predominance of the male population over the female. In China, only 100 girls are born for every 120 boys. The reason for such a serious demographic imbalance is connected with the ancient Chinese tradition: in every Chinese family there must be a son - the support and continuation of the family. In the conditions of demographic policy, parents often go to the trick. They ask doctors in advance about the sex of the unborn child, and if the sex turns out to be female, they terminate the pregnancy to try to give birth to a boy. According to the results of 2006:
If the imbalance between the male and female population continues to increase, then by 2020, 40 million Chinese men are at risk of being left without a spouse.
4.Features of urbanization
China belongs to the countries with a low level of urbanization. Prior to the founding of the PRC, this was primarily due to the underdevelopment modern production in cities. A significant increase in the urban population began to be observed in 1953-1957. The urban population increased more rapidly than the rural population. By the beginning of 1958, about 3 million people had been expelled from urban areas. During this period, China's urban population increased to about 115 million. At the same time, there was also a movement from populous areas to sparsely populated ones - from cities of central subordination - Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing, as well as from some densely populated provinces of the country.
There are currently 207 million people living in China's cities. The proportion of the urban population in the total population of the country is still very small. Urban growth is mainly due to natural population growth.
The growth of the city creates a lot of problems in the field of employment, housing, transport and medical treatment. Currently, due to the lack of housing, housing construction in cities is increasing. The maintenance of a rationed food supply system in cities also does not create conditions for the development of urbanization processes in the PRC.
The most urbanized areas include: the provinces of Heilongjiang (38170000 people) and Liaoning (42180000 people). largest cities are: Shanghai (37420000 people), Beijing (14560000 people), Tianjin (11240000 people), Harbin (3279454 people).
5.Population policy
population demographic china
The goal of China's demographic policy is, on the one hand, the coordinated development of the population, and, on the other hand, the development of the economy, society, resources and the environment. When planning the birth rate, the policy of the state is combined with the principle of voluntariness of the masses. The main content of birth planning is: encouragement of late marriages and late childbearing, limiting the number of babies, with an emphasis on improving the quality of the nation, calling for a married couple to have only one child (by all possible ways The Chinese are inspired by the main demographic slogan of the PRC, which reads: "One family - one child").
However, the policy of planned childbearing, which is carried out in cities, differs significantly from the policy pursued: in villages, in areas densely populated by national minorities and areas where the khan population predominates (that is, in rural areas and areas of national minorities, concessions are allowed). Peasant families experiencing difficulties due to a lack of labor are allowed to have a second child, but with a certain interval after the birth of the first. In areas of national minorities there are different rules, depending on various factors: the size of this nationality, the availability of local resources, the state of the economy, cultural traditions, folk customs and other indicators. In general, each family can have one or two children, and in some other areas even three. In some special cases, restrictions on the number of children in families are not set at all (for example, for too small national minorities).
Currently taking place significant changes in the views of the Chinese on marriage, children and family. The desirability of late marriages, late childbearing, limiting the number of children in order to ensure the health and well-being of the next generation has already become a common understanding among the Chinese. In young families, a boy and a girl are equally welcome. The creation of a happy and harmonious small family, a scientific and civilized way of life are gradually becoming the social norm. At the same time, planned childbearing allows Chinese women get rid of the patriarchal traditions of having many children and the severity of household chores, and this significantly affects the increase in the social role of women, the level of health of mother and child.
Conclusion
A huge population gives all the problems in China scale, depth, poignancy and urgency. The difficult-to-control growth of China's population lends scale and depth to all problems and introduces an element of spontaneity into the development of social production. It is now becoming clear that excessive population growth is not conducive to economic and social development, but creates great difficulties. If the government cannot effectively contain excessive population growth, cannot reduce the huge pressure of a growing population on land, forests and water resources, then after a few decades the ecology will inevitably worsen and environment, which undoubtedly becomes a threat to the elementary conditions of human existence and the long-term socio-economic development of society.
Bibliography
1. "Geography of human activity: economics, culture, politics" Moscow "Enlightenment" 2002
2. "Encyclopedia of New China" Moscow "Progress" 2004
3. " encyclopedic Dictionary Population” Moscow “Enlightenment” 2006
4. "Modern China: economics, demography and foreign policy" Moscow "IMEP" 2007
5. "Family - demographic policy in Russia and China" Moscow "Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov" 2000
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Introduction…………………………………………………3
Ethnic structure of the population…………………4
Population estimates and
natural increase………………………………6
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Population migrations………………………………..18
Demographic policy: evolution,
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Appendix 1………………………………………...29
Appendix 2………………………………………...30
References………………………………….31
Introduction.
An analysis of the demographic processes in the post-war world shows that significant changes have taken place in the dynamics and structure of the world's population in recent decades. Population problems are beginning to play an increasing role in the domestic and foreign policy of various states of the globe. Many international organizations are dealing with these issues, including the United Nations, which has included them in the global problems of our time.
Demographic problems have not bypassed Germany and China, which we are considering. Even had a very serious influence on them.
The main objective of our essay is to consider the demography of China and Germany, to give the maximum possible description of these countries, to trace the dynamics of statistical data and draw appropriate conclusions.
1. Ethnic structure of the population
China, People's Republic of China, PRC, is located in Central and East Asia. The world's largest country in terms of population.
The ancient Chinese ethnic community developed in the 7th-6th centuries BC. on the Central Chinese Plain due to the contacts of various peoples who spoke Sino-Tibetan, proto-Altaic, Austro-Asiatic and Austronesian languages. The result of the further historical development of China was the presence in the modern population of a large number of national minorities. Despite the fact that national minorities make up only 6.7% of the total population, they are settled in an area that occupies about 60% of the country's area. The population density in these areas is on average 10 people per 1 sq. km. km, while the average density in areas populated by Chinese is more than 250 people per 1 sq. km. km.
The population of China consists of over 50 peoples belonging to various linguistic groups and families; 93.3% of the population are Chinese (Han), the rest are Hui, Uyghurs, Manchus, Lizu, Tibetans, Bui, Miao and others.
National minorities inhabit the entire western part of the country, as well as a number of regions in the south and north of China. In the south and southwest live peoples belonging to the Sino-Tibetan, Paratai and Austroasiatic families. together they make up 73% of the total number of national minorities. 26% of the total number of national minorities are formed by the peoples of the Altai family and the Koreans, settled in the west and north of China.
The most ethnically complex region is Southwestern China. About 30 nationalities live here in a relatively small area.
The cities of China are distinguished by a peculiar ethnic composition. The vast majority of the population of cities are Chinese; along with them live in a small number of Hui, and in Northeast China - and the Manchus. In the cities of southern Xinjiang, mostly only Uyghurs live, and in the cities of Tibet - Tibetans.
(Ethnic composition of the population, see Appendix 1).
Germany. Located in Central Europe.
Over the past three decades, Germany has turned from a one-national state (the Germans made up more than 99% of the total population until 1960) into a country with a very complex ethnic composition of the population.
The ethnic basis of the German people was the ancient Germanic tribes that inhabited at the beginning of AD. e. the space between the Rhine and the Oder and mixed with earlier inhabitants: in the west and south-west - with the Celts, in the south - with the Rets. the ancient Germans consisted of three groups - Germinonian, Istevonian, Ingevonian.
Germans currently make up 92.7% of the country's population. Indigenous national minority groups are few in Germany. This is about 70 thousand Danes, 30 thousand Dutch, 6 thousand Frisians. All other national groups are made up of recent emigrants, most retaining the citizenship of their countries. ( Ethnic composition of the population, see Appendix 2).
Using appendices 1 and 2, we can conclude that both countries presented in this abstract have a high degree of ethnic diversity, China due to the vast territory and opportunities for activities in this space, Germany due to favorable economic, environmental and other living conditions (implied primarily conditions for migration).
We can also note such a moment that China and Germany, being multinational states, practically do not have people with the same nationalities on their territory. If China is represented mainly by eastern peoples, then Germany is represented by western, i.e. Slavic, Germanic, Romance groups.
2. Population estimates and natural increase.
China
In ancient historical chronicles, it is indicated that in China, the first counts (“censuses”) of the population were carried out in the kingdom of Zhou in 788 BC. and in the kingdom of Chu in 589 BC. such population counts were carried out relatively regularly after the formation of a centralized state. For the first 150 years of this period there were over 10; only taxpayers, as well as women aged 15-30, were subject to registration; the average population according to these censuses is 63.5 million people, adjusted for the entire population - 80-85 million people. These "censuses" were imperfect, incomplete; undercounting and double counting existed simultaneously, national minorities were not subject to registration, and migrants were not taken into account.
After the formation of the People's Republic of China, a widespread population count began to be established in the country, and in 1953 the first nationwide census was conducted, the results of which showed a population of 582.6 million people (excluding Taiwan). The second census of the PRC took place in 1964, the population on that date was 698.6 million people. In the summer of 1982, the third nationwide census was conducted; the number was 1008.2 million people, i.e. surpassed 1 billion for the first time. The 1990 census data showed that the population of China's 29 provinces and autonomous regions was 1.160 billion.
The population of the PRC grew by 618 million in 1949-1990, from 542 million to 1,160 million, with an average absolute increase of about 15 million. It should be noted that in the first half of the 20th century, the population increased by only 50-60 million people, the population growth rate was about 0.3% per year. Of the total absolute increase, 120 million people accounted for the 1950s, 145 million for the 1960s, and 146 million for the 1970s.
Germany
Around the middle of the 14th century, the Renaissance began in Western Europe, characterized by a rapid rise in science, technology and culture. The development of material production and the increase in food products created the basis for increasing the rate of population growth.
However, the general process of increasing the growth rate of the population of Foreign Europe in individual countries until the 19th century was still often interrupted by periods of population decline. This was caused by ongoing epidemics (plagues in 1624, 1639, etc.), famines and wars.
The total population of Germany during the 19th century increased from 24 to 56.5 million people. The proportion of the population of Germany by the beginning of the 20th century would have been even higher if during the 19th century. about 5 million people did not emigrate outside Europe. Two world wars caused very strong damage to the population of Germany. Direct military losses amounted to more than 2 million people. If we take into account indirect losses (decrease in the birth rate during the war years due to the mobilization of men and the rupture of family ties, an increase in mortality among the civilian population and losses from the influenza epidemic, the spread of which in 1918-1919 was associated with the hardships of the preceding war years), then total losses will amount to more than 3 million people.
In the postwar years, Germany was characterized by low natural population growth. From 1946 to 1965 it was equal to 5 - 8% per year, and then began to decline even more. Since 1972 the number of deaths in Germany exceeds the number of births; in recent years, the birth rate has been 10% (the lowest in the world; in some years it even dropped to 8%), mortality - 12%, natural decline - 2%. Despite this, a sharp excess of immigration over emigration ensured a fairly rapid population growth; from 1950 to 1983 it increased by 25%, and the number of urban residents - by 1.5 times. But since 1974 the population of the country began to decrease - both due to the excess of exit over entry and due to the excess of the number of deaths over the number of births.
Now the population of Germany is 81 million 337 thousand people.
Comparing the population figures of China and Germany, we conclude that these countries have completely opposite trends. While in China the population is growing annually by a certain high value, in Germany there is a phenomenon of slow population growth, and in recent years the population growth has stopped (according to the latest data, natural increase = 0%). Let's try to show this with the help of tables and diagrams.
Table 1. Dynamics of the number and growth of the population of the PRC.
years Number population, million people Growth (%) Gain Mech.
growth.
1960 662,1 8% 19000 47310000
1965 725,4 10% 316500 62983500
1970 829,9 14% 731500 103768500
1975 924,2 11% 518650 93781350
1980 987,1 7% 220150 62679850
1985 1048,0 6% 182700 60717300
1990 1160,0 11% 616000 111384000
1992 1205,1 4% 90200 44909800
2000 1309,7 9% 470700 104129300
2025 1539,7 18% 2070000 227930000
Table 2. Dynamics of the number and growth of the German population.
Years of us., thousand people Growth(%)
1970 77709 -0,3%
1996
81337 0%
Note. The data in table 2 are proposed by the reference book "Population of the countries of the world" as the sum of the statistical data of the GDR and the FRG. If we compare these two regions, then in the middle of the 20th century the population of the GDR has lower population and natural growth rates.
3. Dynamics of fertility and mortality.
China.
For many centuries, China has been characterized by exceptionally high mortality. Only in the late 1940s and early 1950s was it possible to significantly reduce mortality rates; infant mortality decreased by 3-4 times and amounted to 75 per 1000 children under the age of one year in cities. The number of people dying from infectious diseases has sharply decreased, and the structure of causes of death has also changed. A significant change in mortality, which took place in the 50s, was suspended in the period 1958-1962. Life expectancy at birth in 1981 was 67.9 years (66.4 for men and 69.3 for women).
Due to the change in the age structure and the increase in the proportion of older age groups in it, there will be a gradual increase in mortality - up to 7.3% by the year 2000 and 9.4% in the first third of the next millennium, according to UN projections.
In the early 1950s, it remained at a high and almost unchanged level, which was determined by the persistence of a complex of factors that determined the traditionally high birth rate in old China. The presence of peaceful conditions during this period of time, the favorable socio-economic situation in the country contributed to the formation of new families. The results of 16 surveys conducted in various provinces of China in 1951-1954 give an average birth rate of 41.6%. In the subsequent period of time, there is a clear trend towards a decrease in the birth rate - by the end of the 70s, the indicator had halved compared to the period of the 50s - 60s. The decrease in the birth rate occurred under the influence of changes in socio-economic conditions, the action of a number of long-term factors, among which the following should be noted:
an increase in the level of general and sanitary culture of the population, which led to a decrease in child mortality; fewer births were required to achieve the desired family size;
changing family functions, transforming traditional family relationships, reducing the economic usefulness of children;
the weakening of the religious norms of traditional Chinese society, the loss of the significance of many religious rituals;
involvement of women in active labor activity, both in urban and rural areas, dissemination of education.
Germany.
Currently, Germany is experiencing an unprecedented low birth rate that does not ensure generational replacement. The decline in the birth rate in Germany in 1978 reached a level never before seen in any country in the world (9.4 births per 1,000 population). Thus, the total fertility rate in 1978 was 1.38, in 1933 - 1.58.
Demography , the most reliable measure of the economic situation. In Germany, demographic indicators speak of trouble. In 1985, the average annual population growth rate in Germany was 0.2%, deaths - 12.
Conclusion:
So, we have two countries with completely opposite problems. China is characterized by a high birth rate (at this stage), Germany - by a high death rate. These two countries are trying to solve the problems that have arisen, respectively, in different ways. China seeks to reduce the birth rate, putting forward such slogans as: "One family - one child!" Otherwise, the population of China can grow to incredible proportions. Germany, on the contrary, is trying to stimulate the growth of the birth rate by introducing various benefits (this will be discussed in paragraph 6).
Table 3. Dynamics of the mortality rate in the PRC.
|
years |
Mortality rate, % |
Table 4. Dynamics of the birth rate in China.
|
years |
Fertility rate, % |
Table 5. Crude fertility rates in Germany (per 1000 population).
Years fertility rate
Table 6. Crude death rates in Germany.
Years death rate
Note. The table up to 1980 shows data for the FRG, since they practically coincide with the data for the GDR.
4. Age and sex structure of the population.
China.
The age structure of the country's population is characterized by an intensive process of increasing the proportion of people of working age. In the first years of the existence of the PRC, young people accounted for 34% of the population, in the late 60s - 43%. However, as a result of measures to limit the birth rate, the proportion of the population under the age of 15 has somewhat decreased and now stands at 33.6% of the total population. In 1953, the share of persons under the age of 14 accounted for 36.3%, from 15 to 64 years - 59.3%, in 1964 - respectively, 40.4 and 56.1%; in 1972 - 35.8 and 59.4%; in 1982 - this ratio changed quite significantly: up to 14 years - 33.6%, 15-64 years 61.5, and in 2000 - 23 and 70%.
A feature of the population structure of China is a significant excess of the male population over the female population (519.4 million, or 51.5%, and 488.7 million, or 48.5%, respectively). In China, the number of men exceeds the number of women by 30.7 million people. For every 100 women, there are 106 men. There are a number of provinces and districts in China with a large male population. This applies, first of all, to peripheral areas of intensive migration.
Germany
According to the data for the end of the 50s in Germany, the proportion of young ages was relatively low; older age - relatively large. In twenty years, differences in the age composition in many European countries have leveled off, while in Germany the lowest proportion of 15-59 year olds remains. If in 1985 in Germany children (under the age of 15) made up 16% of the population, and able-bodied (16-64 years) - 69%, then the forecast for 2025 is 11 and 65%, respectively, for 2035 - 9.7 and 60.3%5.
A feature of the structure of the German population is the excess of the number of women over men. This is due to the consequences of the Second World War, as well as a large role in this is played by low birth rates and a pronounced aging of the population. For example, in 1980 the proportion of men in the German population was 47.3%. The number of men per 100 women is 91.
Conclusion:
If we consider the "sex" structure of the populations of China and Germany, we again see completely opposite characteristics. A feature of China is a significant excess of the male population over the female, while in Germany there is a different situation: the female population is numerically superior to the male, and this has its own explanations, which are given in this paragraph.
As for the “age” structure of the population, this is probably the only parameter that can be presented as a similar characteristic, although there are some differences in the figures. Having examined the data of tables and charts, we come to the conclusion that both countries are characterized by a large population aged 15 to 59 years.
Table 7. Age structure of the population of China.
Year proportion of population aged
0 - 14 years old 15 - 59 years old 65 years and older
1970 37,7% 57,2% 5,1%
The natural movement (reproduction) of the population is a set of processes of fertility, mortality, natural increase or decrease in the population, which provide a change of generations.
25.05.2004 Donich Yu. S 1-2 The main results of the 2002 All-Russian Population Census The State Statistics Committee of Russia reports the following main results of the first stage of automated processing of materials from the 2002 All-Russian Population Census.
The concept of population, the natural and mechanical movement of the population. The natural movement of the population in the Russian Federation. Comparative characteristics natural movement of the population of the Central and Central Black Earth regions of Russia.
Acquaintance with the basic principles of solving the problem of population and the development of individual countries and regions of the planet, improving the quality of life of the peoples of the world, which were adopted at a special International Conference by population in Cairo 1994.
Change in the total number of rural residents. Dynamics of the percentage of rural residents in Belarus and Poland. The balance of migration of the rural population. Imbalance in the distribution of sexes between urban and rural areas. Deformation of the structure of the rural population.
Russia is currently in the third phase of the demographic transition. depopulation is observed.
The concept of population reproduction. Narrowed reproduction (depopulation or demographic crisis). Socio-economic reasons affecting birth rates. The main characteristics of population reproduction, territorial indicators for the Russian Federation.
Distribution of the population on the territory of the Earth. Comparison of population density in Europe and Asia. The process of population reproduction. Phases of the demographic transition. Analysis of the age and sex composition of the population. Demographic policy of the states of the world.
Demographic policy is a purposeful activity government agencies and other social institutions in the field of regulation of population reproduction, designed to maintain or change trends in the dynamics of its size and structure.
Fertility is the process of childbearing in a population. The study of the properties of fertility as a unity of many events in people's lives associated with the birth of children and integrating into a single process of population reproduction. The dynamics of the birth rate in Russia.
It is clear that if for decades the birth rate of the population has been declining, and the death rate is growing, the prospect of population decline (depopulation) becomes inevitable.
For many years, the Voronezh region was one of those areas in which there was a systematic reduction in the total population, since it acted as a "supplier" of labor resources to other regions of the country.
China as a single multinational state, ancient history its ethnos, features of the location of territories. Population and natural increase, birth and death rates, age and sex composition. Urbanization and population policy in China.
Tests in geography Grade 10 textbook (Yu. N. Gladky S. B. Lavrov) Section: Population Compiled by: Nikolai Lomtev December 16, 1996. The period of agrarian civilization was characterized by:
Formation of territorial-group settlement systems in the Sverdlovsk region. Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil and Serov systems of settlements. Gender and age and national structure of the population. Characteristics of the demographic situation in the city of Asbest.
Geographical analysis of the modern natural reproduction of the population (NPR) of the Voronezh region in the 90s of the twentieth century served as the basis for the author to carry out a comprehensive typology of urban settlements and districts.
Population estimates and natural increase. The history of the development of the demography of the People's Republic of China. demographic policy. Ethnic, age-sex structure of the population. Dynamics of fertility and mortality. The results of demographic policy. urbanization process.
Analysis of the natural and mechanical movement of the population in the Central and Central Chernozem regions. Comparative characteristics. Modern forecast.
