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After identifying reportable segments, it is necessary to decide in what format to present information about their activities. The regulation distinguishes two concepts of information by segments: “primary” and “secondary”. The decision on which of them should be primary, ultimately, depends on the organizational and managerial structure of the organization, on the construction of an internal reporting system.

The main criteria for distinguishing between reportable segments are risk and reward.

If the risks and profits of the organization are determined mainly by differences in the goods, works, services produced, then disclosure of information by operating segments is recognized as primary, and secondary - by geographical ones: for example, the spread in the levels of profitability of sales is observed more by types of products than by geographical regions.

If the risks and rewards of an organization are determined mainly by differences in the geographical regions of operation, then information on geographical segments is recognized as primary, and information on operating segments is recognized as secondary.

In any case, the following indicators are disclosed as part of the primary information for the reporting segment:

Total revenue, including revenue from sales to external customers and transactions with other segments;

Financial result (profit or loss);

The total balance sheet value of assets;

The total amount of liabilities;

The total amount of capital investments in fixed assets and intangible assets;

The total amount of depreciation on fixed assets and intangible assets.

Secondary information in this case will be represented by data on the activities of operating segments. They are allocated additionally and must satisfy one of two conditions:

Revenue from external sales of this segment is at least 10% of the total revenue of the organization;

The value of this segment's assets is at least 10% of the value of the assets of all operating segments.

If operating segments are highlighted, financial statements they provide the following secondary information:

Revenue from sales to external customers;

Balance value of assets;

The amount of capital investments in fixed assets and intangible assets.

If organizational and management structure organizations, as well as the internal reporting system, are not based either on the goods, works, services produced, or on the geographical regions of activity, then the procedure for generating primary and secondary information by segments is determined by the decision of the organization's management. Reportable segment information should be prepared in accordance with the entity's accounting policies. The organization, which is entrusted with the preparation of consolidated financial statements, also establishes an accounting policy in relation to information on the reporting segment. Changes in accounting policies that significantly affect the assessment and decision-making of interested users of information on reportable segments (definition of reportable segments, methods of distributing income and expenses between reportable segments, etc.), as well as the reasons for these changes and the assessment of their consequences in monetary terms are subject to separate disclosure in the financial statements (consolidated financial statements).

In this article, Doctor of Economics, Professor of the St. Petersburg Trade and Economic Institute V.V. Patrov talks about how the financial statements disclose the segment information necessary for users of such statements. Article provided by SPUTNIK-101, St. Petersburg.

In some cases, it is difficult for users of financial statements to evaluate the activities of an organization on the basis of such statements without its special training, since they need not only generalized, but also more detailed information. Based on this, by Order No. 11n dated January 27, 2000, the Ministry of Finance of Russia approved the next Accounting Regulation “Information by segments” (PBU 12/2000). It was put into effect from the financial statements of 2000.

The unsuccessful edition of paragraph 1 of PBU 12/2000 allowed some experts to argue that this Regulation is applied only when compiling consolidated financial statements by organizations if they have subsidiaries and affiliates, as well as associations legal entities(associations, unions, etc.) created on a voluntary basis.

In our opinion, based on the content of PBU 12/2000, it should be used not only in the above cases, but also by all commercial organizations whose accounting users need information that allows them to better assess the organization's activities, its development prospects, risk exposure and profit.

PBU 12/2000 does not apply when compiling reports compiled for state statistical observation, reporting information submitted to a credit institution, and compiling reporting information for other special purposes. This Regulation may not be applied in the formation of financial statements by small businesses.

Paragraph 5 of PBU 12/2000 defines several concepts of information on the segment in general, incl. by operating and geographical, income, expenses, financial result, assets and liabilities of the segment.

PBU 12/2000 is devoted to the disclosure of segment information in financial statements.

The usual definition of a segment in encyclopedic dictionaries(lat. Segmentum, from seco - I cut):

Part of a circle bounded by an arc and its chord;

Line segment.

In PBU 12/2000, a segment is understood as a part of the organization's activities in a certain context (by type of product, geographical region, etc.). Based on this, segments are divided into two types: operational and geographical.

Operating segment - part of the organization's activities for the production of a certain product (performing a certain work, rendering a certain service) or homogeneous groups of goods (works, services), which is subject to risks and profits that are different from the risks and profits for other goods (works, services) or homogeneous groups goods (works, services).

Example 1

The organization produces several types of products. The profitability of sales of one of them is significantly lower (higher) than others. More detailed information on these products should be separated into a separate operating segment.

If an organization produces many types of goods (performs many types of work, provides many types of services), then information can be disclosed for homogeneous groups of goods (works, services). Paragraph 7 of PBU 12/2000 lists the factors that are taken into account when combining certain types goods (works, services) into a homogeneous group. At the same time, there should be similarity in all or most of these factors (the purpose of the goods, the process of their production, buyers, methods of sale, etc.).

Geographic segment - part of the organization's activities for the production of goods (performance of work, provision of services) in a certain geographical region of the organization's activity, which is subject to risks and profits that are different from the risks and profits that occur in other geographical regions of the organization's activities.

Example 2

The organization operates in different regions, while the profitability of sales for some of them is significantly lower (higher) than the average level of profitability. It is expedient to single out information on activities in these regions separately.

Paragraph 8 of PBU 12/2000 lists the factors that should be taken into account when highlighting information by geographical segments (similar operating conditions, the presence of stable relationships, the commonality of currency control rules, risks, etc.).

Formation of information on the geographical segment can be carried out:

a) for a certain state (several states);

b) for a certain region (regions of the Russian Federation).

In addition, information by geographic segments can be highlighted:

a) by the location of the assets of the organization;

b) by location of sales markets (consumers (buyers)

goods, works, services).

Based on the above, reportable segment(operational and / or geographical) is a segment, information on which is subject to mandatory disclosure in the financial statements or in the consolidated financial statements.

Paragraph 9 of PBU 12/2000 specifies the principles for separating information by reportable segments. A segment (operational or geographic) is considered to be a reporting segment if:

A) a significant amount of its revenue is received from sales to external customers;

B) one of the following conditions is met (the 10 percent rule):

Segment revenue is at least 10 percent of the revenue of all segments;

The financial result of the segment (profit or loss) is at least 10 percent of the total profit or total loss of all segments (depending on which value is greater in absolute terms);

Segment assets represent at least 10 percent of the assets of all segments.

The list of reportable segments is established by the organization independently. At the same time, risks (general economic, currency, credit, price, political) to which the organization's activities may be exposed are taken into account. At the same time, the assessment of these risks does not imply their precise quantitative measurement and expression.

Paragraph 10 of PBU 12/2000 states that reportable segments must account for at least 75 percent of the organization's revenue. If the reportable segments allocated in the preparation of financial statements account for less than 75 percent of revenue, then additional reportable segments must be allocated, regardless of whether they satisfy the conditions provided for in clause 9 of PBU 12/2000. We consider this requirement unreasonable: the financial statements should disclose only such information on segments that are of interest to users, regardless of their revenue (more or less than 75 percent of the organization's total revenue).

Paragraph 11 of PBU 12/2000 states that there must be consistency in the allocation of reportable segments. The reporting segment allocated in the previous period must also be allocated in the reporting period, regardless of whether it satisfies the conditions provided for in paragraph 9 of PBU 12/2000. Again, we consider this unlawful: only the information that is of interest to users of the financial statements should be highlighted in the financial statements.

Disclosure of information on reportable segments is carried out by presenting a specific list of indicators. In this case, the information may be:

a) primary (more important for users);

b) secondary (less important).

The allocation of primary and secondary information by segments is based on the prevailing sources and the nature of the existing risks and profits of the organization's activities. The predominant sources and nature of risks and rewards are identified based on the organizational and management structure of the organization, as well as the internal reporting system.

Paragraphs 17-20 of PBU 12/2000 disclose the principles for dividing information into primary and secondary. If risks and profits are determined mainly by differences in the goods (works, services) produced, then information on operating segments is recognized as primary, and information on geographical segments is recognized as secondary.

For example, if there is a greater spread in the levels of return on sales (compared to general level organization as a whole) is observed by product type than by geographic region, then information on operating segments is recognized as primary, and information on geographic segments is recognized as secondary.

If risks and rewards are determined mainly by differences in geographic regions, then disclosures by geographical segments are recognized as primary, and disclosures by operating segments are recognized as secondary.

If risks and profits are equally determined by differences in the goods (works, services) produced and differences in geographical regions, then information on operating segments is considered primary, and information on geographical segments is considered secondary.

If the organizational and managerial structure of the organization, as well as the internal reporting system, are not based either on the goods (works, services) produced, or on the geographical regions of activity, then the allocation of primary and secondary information by reporting segments is based on the decision of the head of the organization.

Paragraph 21 of PBU 12/2000 provides a list of primary information indicators for reportable segments (operating or geographical): total revenue, including that received from sales to external buyers and from transactions with other segments; financial result (profit or loss); total balance sheet value of assets; the total amount of liabilities; the total amount of capital investments in fixed assets and intangible assets; the total amount of depreciation deductions for fixed assets and intangible assets; the aggregate share in the net profit (loss) of dependent and subsidiaries, joint activities, as well as the total amount of investments in these dependent companies and joint activities. In our opinion, it is not appropriate to disclose certain indicators by segments, in particular, the amount of liabilities (as a rule, they relate to the organization as a whole); depreciation charges (they are included in segment expenses to determine financial results). In some cases it will be difficult to determine the value of assets and capital investments in fixed assets and intangible assets for each segment.

Paragraph 22 of PBU 12/2000 provides a list of indicators of secondary information for geographical segments:

The amount of proceeds from sales to external buyers in the context of geographic regions identified by the location of sales markets;

Balance sheet value of assets by location of assets;

The amount of capital investments in fixed assets and intangible assets by location of assets.

At the same time, the share of each reportable segment must be at least 10% of the above indicators of all geographical segments.

Paragraph 23 of PBU 12/2000 provides a list of indicators of secondary information on operating segments:

Revenue from sales to external buyers;

Balance value of assets;

These figures are provided for each operating segment whose sales to external customers represent at least 10% of the entity's total revenue or whose assets represent at least 10% of all operating segments.

Paragraph 21 lists key primary information indicators for any reportable segment (operational or geographic). At the same time, in paragraphs 23.1 and 23.2 an additional list of indicators of primary information by geographical regions is given.

If information on geographical segments allocated based on the location of assets is recognized as primary information, then for each geographical segment allocated based on the location of sales markets, and the proceeds from the sale to external buyers of which is at least 10% of the organization's total revenue from sales to external buyers, in addition to the figures in paragraph 21, disclosures are made of revenue from sales to external customers.

If the primary information is recognized as information on geographical segments, allocated on the basis of the location of sales markets, then for each geographical segment, allocated on the basis of the location of assets, in addition to the indicators specified in paragraph 21, the following indicators are disclosed:

The carrying value of the segment's assets;

The amount of capital investments in fixed assets and intangible assets.

At the same time, for this segment, the proceeds from sales to external buyers must be at least 10% of the organization's total revenue from sales to external buyers, or the value of its assets must be at least 10 percent of the value of all assets of the organization.

Paragraph 12 of PBU 12/2000 refers to the specifics of the formation of some indicators of primary information on the reporting segments listed in paragraph 21 (revenue, expenses, financial results, liabilities). In particular, revenue (income) of the reporting segment is not, for example, extraordinary income; expenses do not include income tax, general and extraordinary expenses; liabilities do not include income tax debt, etc.

Clause 13 of PBU 12/2000 provides the principles for determining certain indicators of primary information (income, expenses of assets and liabilities) for reportable segments. In particular, it is said that when determining these indicators, first of all, those data that are directly related to this reporting segment are taken into account. In addition, in some cases, data relating to several reportable segments may be distributed among them in different ways.

Assets used jointly in two or more reportable segments are allocated between those segments when the related income and expenses are allocated. The method of distribution between the reportable segments of income, expenses, assets and liabilities depends on the nature of the objects of accounting, the types of activities of the organization, the degree of isolation of the reportable segments. For example, general production costs can be distributed between types of products in proportion to revenue, direct costs, wages production workers, etc. The organization must consistently apply the chosen methods of allocating indicators between reportable segments.

Reportable segment information should be prepared in accordance with the entity's accounting policies.

When compiling consolidated financial statements, the accounting policy for information on the reporting segment is established by the organization entrusted with the preparation of consolidated financial statements. Changes in accounting policies that significantly affect the assessment and decision-making of users of information on reportable segments (the list of reportable segments, methods of distributing income and expenses between them, etc.), as well as the reasons for these changes and the assessment of their consequences in monetary terms, are subject to separate disclosure in financial statements.

When changing accounting policies, information on reportable segments for previous reporting periods must be brought into line with the accounting policy of the reporting year.

Thus, the segments have their own assets, liabilities are identified with them, income and expenses can reasonably be attributed to them, and, consequently, the financial result of the activity can also be determined.

Reportable segment assets and liabilities Segment assets include short-term assets - inventories, receivables, cash that are used in economic activity segment, fixed assets, intangible assets, but does not include those assets that are used for the general purposes of the organization and for its management. Assets used by two or more segments, to the extent reasonably and reliably determined to be part of that segment's assets, are included in the segment's accounts.

Segment liabilities consist of accounts payable to suppliers, advance receipts, and accrued liabilities. Borrowing and borrowing liabilities are recognized in a segment's financial statements only when the interest on them is paid from the segment's results of operations. Income tax liabilities are not included in segment reporting.

Segment results (segment results) are determined by comparing its income and expenses.

Segment income (revenue) consists of two components:

Revenues that can be directly attributed to the segment;

The portion of an entity's total revenue that can reasonably be allocated to that segment. In practice, indirect calculation methods are used to determine it.

The income of the operating segment is the proceeds from the sale of certain goods, from the performance of certain works, the provision of certain services.

Geographical segment income is revenue from the production of goods, performance of work, provision of services in a certain geographical region of activity.

If the segments sell products (works, services) among themselves, then for an objective assessment of their income, not transfer prices, but external prices are used. The following are not segment revenues:

Interest and dividends, income from the sale of financial investments, unless such income is the subject of a segment;

Extraordinary incomes (receipts) arising as a consequence of extraordinary economic circumstances (natural disaster, fire, accident, etc.). A similar approach is assumed for the accounting of segment expenses. Like income, they consist of two components:

Costs that can be directly attributed to the segment;

The portion of an entity's total expenses that can reasonably be allocated to that segment. This component, unlike the first one, is calculated by indirect methods.

Not included in segment expenses:

Expenses on financial investments, if these financial investments are not the subject of the segment's activities;

income tax;

Extraordinary expenses (losses from natural disasters, strikes, terrorist attacks and other similar events).

The segment's financial result (profit or loss) is defined as the difference between the income it receives and the expenses it incurs.

If the internal segments of the organization are not based on the groups of related goods (services) required by the standard or not on the geographical location of objects, then the next (lowest) level of intracompany segmentation must be considered to determine reportable segments. When choosing reportable segments, the organization independently classifies the reasons for classifying segments into primary and secondary groups.

Significantly less disclosures are required for a secondary group of reportable segments than for primary reportable segments.

The allocation of primary and secondary information by reportable segments is based on the prevailing sources and the nature of the risks and profits of the organization's activities. The predominant sources and nature of risks and rewards are identified based on the organizational and management structure of the organization, as well as the internal reporting system, which is often referred to as the "management approach". This approach provides clear evidence of the predominant source of risk and reward for segment reporting purposes. This risk and reward source determines the primary segment reporting format, and the secondary risk and reward source determines the secondary segment reporting format.

1. If the risks and profits of the organization are determined mainly by differences in the goods, works, services produced, then information on operating segments is recognized as primary, and secondary - on geographical segments.

2. If the risks and profits of the organization are determined mainly by differences in the geographical regions of activity, then information on geographical segments is recognized as primary, and information on operating segments is secondary.

3. If the risks and profits of the organization are determined equally by differences in the goods, works, services and differences in the geographical regions of activity, then information on operating segments is considered primary, and information on geographical segments is considered secondary.

4. If the organizational and managerial structure of the organization, as well as the internal reporting system, are not based either on the goods, works, services produced, or on the geographical regions of activity, then the allocation of primary and secondary information by reporting segments is based on the decision of the head of the organization.

The choice of the composition of operating and geographic segments, their classification into primary and secondary are often based on the subjective decisions of the organization's management. When choosing reportable segments, you should not forget about the users of financial statements. Care must be taken to ensure that segment reporting is relevant, reliable and comparable over time.