Who has ruled Belarus over the last century? Which of the leaders remained in the memory of people for last century? What names, besides Pyotr Masherov, can you name, remembering the leaders of the Communist Party of the BSSR? TUT.BY offers a brief overview.

Exactly 100 years ago Belarus was the front line of the First World War. The war, the German and Polish occupations - a time that left no chance for a full-fledged leadership of the country. It depended little on one specific person, and therefore, in the vicissitudes of several pre-revolutionary years, it is not possible to single out specific persons on the move.

A curious phenomenon of this troubled time was the Belarusian People's Republic(BNR) - a political entity in the territories liberated by the Bolsheviks and captured by the Germans. However, the republic was not officially recognized either by the German authorities or later by the Soviet authorities.

The first communists Myasnikov and Kapsukas

Soon after the revolution, the Communist Party of the BSSR became the body that was supposed to govern our lands (of course, in complete dependence on the Moscow government). The first secretaries of the party had influence on the events in the country until 1991. Let's remember what kind of people they were.

He led Belarus in 1918-1919. He became the first of the revolutionaries to take the reins of government in Belarus. Myasnikova Street is now in Minsk, despite the fact that this person has always opposed the Belarusian statehood and language. We also have Myasnikov Square, with a stone, which is already a narcissistic revolutionary.

Myasnikov was the first editor of the Zvezda newspaper (the modern Zvyazda was published in Russian for the first few years). He died in 1925 in a plane crash. At his funeral in Armenia he delivered a speech Leon Trotsky.

There were many like him at that time. The revolutionary wave captured people who had not previously been involved in politics. They discovered in themselves the true talents of leaders of the masses and at the same time found themselves life path that satisfies them much more than the previous activity. I want to say by this that the revolution made people like Myasnikov happy. He himself told me this, and it was evident from his smile, from his movements. Myasnikov was handsome and looked a bit like Napoleon. He knew this and was very proud of it.

(Vaclav Solsky, "1917 in the Western Region and on the Western Front", excerpts from the book are published on the website minsk-old-new.com).

From February to July 1919, Belarus was part of a buffer state between the USSR and Poland, which was called Litbel (Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belarus). During these months, he led our lands. He was an active participant in the Lithuanian national movement, a revolutionary. Kapsukas died in 1935 in Moscow from tuberculosis. In Lithuania, the city of Marijampole was called Kapsukas for several decades.

Executed revolutionaries

He was a revolutionary of 24 years old, who very soon lost in the struggle for power to Wilhelm Knorin. Very little is known about this leader of Belarus, except that there is a card of a certain Efim Borisovich Genkin, who was shot in 1937 near Moscow and rehabilitated two decades later.

Wilhelm Knorin (Knorinsh)- a Latvian who led Belarus. From November 1920 to May 1922, and then from May 1927 to December 1928. Like Myasnikov, he was the editor of Zvezda, like Myasnikov, he did not consider Belarusians a nation. The unforgiving Belarusians named an entire street in Minsk after Knorin. Knorin was shot near Moscow and rehabilitated in 1955.

The time of nation-states has already passed ... We believed that the Belarusians are not a nation, and those ethnographic features that separate them from the rest of the Russians should be eliminated. Our task is not to create new nations, but to destroy the old national slingshots. The Belarusian movement is such an erection of national slingshots ...

After Knorin, he took over the leadership of the party in our area, whose point of view on the development of Belarus was very different from that of his predecessor. In less than two years (from May 1922 to February 1924) he managed to do a lot for Belarusians as a nation. He insisted that the BSSR should be enlarged - at the expense of lands with a large percentage of the Belarusian population. In 1924, lands from the Vitebsk, Gomel and Smolensk provinces entered the borders of Belarus.

Vaclav Bogutsky advocated Belarusianization. He and other party leaders who adopted the "Platform on the National Question" believed that office work should be gradually translated into local languages. Belarusian, Jewish, Russian and Polish were considered such in Belarus. From that time on, the Belarusian language was considered compulsory in schools.

In February 1924, Bogutsky was demoted. In 1937, Vatslav Bogutsky was accused of belonging to the "Polish Military Organization". As the historian Immanuel Ioffe said in one of his articles, in December 1937 Bogutsky was shot. He was rehabilitated in 1956. A street in Grodno bears his name.

Alexander Asatkin-Vladimirsky led the party in Belarus for a short time - from February to May 1924. He was also subjected to repression in 1937, and in the fifties he was rehabilitated.

Alexander Krinitsky led Belarus for three years (September 1924 - May 1927). Then he was a party official in Transcaucasia, People's Commissar of Agriculture of the USSR. In 1937, Krinitsky was shot, rehabilitated in 1956.

Jan Gamarnik worked as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Belarus from December 1928 to 1930. During these years, he fully supported the policy of collectivization. Later he became a military leader, played a big role in increasing the combat readiness of the Red Army, assisted Tukhachevsky in the reconstruction of the army. On the eve of the likely arrest in the Tukhachevsky case, he shot himself. After his death, he was called an enemy of the people. Rehabilitated in 1955. There is Gamarnika street in Minsk.

Konstantin Gay led the republic from January 1930 to January 1932. In addition to Belarus, he worked in party positions in various parts of the Union. In the late thirties he took part in the Great Terror. He was one of the organizers of the purges of the party. In 1939 he was shot, in 1956 he was rehabilitated.

Nikolai Gikalo was at the helm of the party from January 1932 to March 1937. He was a party worker, except for Belarus, in the Caucasus and Ukraine. In 1938 he was shot, in 1955 he was rehabilitated. There is Gikalo street in Minsk.

Vasily Sharangovich was the first face of the BSSR for several months - from March to July 1937. In July 1937, Sharangovich was arrested. He was brought in as a defendant in the case of the Right-Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Bloc. This man was shot in 1938, and in 1957 he was rehabilitated. There is Sharangovicha street in Minsk.

When I was Yakova Yakovleva (Epitaina) The Holodomor of 1932-1933 happened to be the Commissar of Agriculture of the USSR. During a short work at the head of the Communist Party in Belarus (July 27 - August 11, 1937), he made several arrests of "national fascists" in our area. In 1937 he was shot. Rehabilitated in 1957.

Alexey Volkov(he was acting first secretary of the party in the BSSR from August 11, 1937 to June 1938) is known as a man who pulled "execution trail". As the researcher Immanuel Ioffe noted in an article in the Belaruskaya Dumka magazine, a month after his appointment, Volkov reported to Stalin about dozens of Central Committee officials and members of the city party committee exposed, arrested and fired "for ties with enemies of the people." "... The government apparatus of the republic was and still is heavily clogged with enemies"- added Volkov.

Postwar leaders

Management Panteleimon Ponomarenko torn apart by the war and the German occupation of Belarus. Excluding the war years, Ponomarenko led the party from June 18, 1938 to March 7, 1947.

During the war, Ponomarenko led the partisan movement, was a member of the military councils of fronts and armies. He was the head of the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement. It is known that Stalin spoke well of Panteleimon Ponomarenko.

Nikolai Gusarov ruled the party in Belarus from March 7, 1947 to June 3, 1950. An aviator by education, he is now described as an outstanding, bright and original personality. However, Gusarov was removed from the post of first secretary of the party for mistakes and miscalculations in his work. He "Ignored the collegial nature of the leadership, personally changed the decisions of the Bureau of the Central Committee, treated criticism of shortcomings incorrectly, did not work with party activists, did not truthfully inform the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks about the state of affairs in the republic".

Nikolai Patolichev was at the head of the party for six years - from June 1950 to July 1956. After he managed to rise to the rank of Minister of Foreign Trade of the USSR.

Under Patolichev, they decided to build the building of the Minsk circus exactly on the spot where it stands now.

Mikhail Volodin in the book "Minsk Stories" recalls the singer Alexandrovskaya, who asked to build a circus near her house. Prior to this, a place for the circus was supposed to be allocated on the outskirts of the city, in the area of ​​​​the current Mogilevskaya metro station.

Kirill Mazurov led the party in Belarus from July 1956 to March 1965. After he received the post of First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Led the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.

In his book "Minsk Historians" Mikhail Volodin cites a story related to the time of Mazurov. They say that Kirill Trofimovich in Moscow in 1959 saw a curiosity - a circular film panorama, with a 360-degree screen.

"Everything here was unusual: the fact that the films were produced in a single copy, and that they were shown using twenty-two projectors, and the fact that the audience in the hall stood continuously turning their heads ... The action took place simultaneously everywhere".

Volodin talks about how the leader of Belarus got excited about the idea of ​​repeating the miracle in Minsk. The Kremlin did not support him. Then Mazurov decided to build a less grandiose cinema center in Minsk. "We will build on Lenin Square. On the site of the Red Church! Mazurov said to the architects. The Red Church offered to blow it up. From destruction Historical building The Red Church was saved by a happy coincidence. One of which was the departure of Mazurov for party work in Moscow.

Petr Masherov was the leader of Belarus from March 1965 to October 1980, until his tragic death. At the end of the war he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. He died on October 4, 1980 in a car accident on the Moscow-Minsk highway. A version is being considered that the car accident was rigged in order to prevent Pyotr Masherov from taking the post of party secretary general.

Peter Masherov remained in my memory as an intelligent and thoughtful leader. The name of Masherov is associated with the policy of urbanization, under him the republic began to turn from an agrarian into an industrial one. On the other hand, unrestrained land reclamation in the Belarusian lands is also connected with the years of his leadership.

Tikhon Kiselev led Belarus from October 16, 1980 to January 11, 1983. During the reign of Kiselyov, active construction of the subway was necessary. He died of cancer in January 1983 in Minsk.

Nikolay Slyunkov led the party from January 13, 1983 to February 6, 1987. Slyunkov was sent from Moscow to Belarus, where he was disliked even before his arrival. During the reign of Nikolai Slyunkov, there was a disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which greatly affected Belarus.

Efrem Sokolov led the party from February 6, 1987 to November 28, 1990. In the apparatus of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus since 1969. Prior to his promotion, he was the leader of the party in the Brest region.

For residents of the Brest region, Sokolov is almost an ideal leader. No one had ever heard him raise his voice to a subordinate. Nobody saw him drunk. No one could even suspect him of uncleanliness. All the years of his work in Brest, Efrem Evseevich was engaged in one thing: he built. He built houses, roads, and gigantic livestock complexes. There is a complex for 50 thousand heads - well, but it will be for 100 thousand. The entire USSR should eat Brest pork. And the people of Brest themselves should have enough. And if there are gigantic agricultural enterprises, good roads should lead to them. And people should live in normal, comfortable houses. And the fact that the stern and unsmiling Efrem Evseevich was awarded the Star of the Hero of Labor - the only party functionary under Gorbachev! - and then was elected first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPB, in the region they took it for granted (A. Feduta).

Anatoly Malofeev led Belarus from November 30, 1990 to 1991. Member of the last Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

In August 1991, he showed himself to be an open supporter of the State Emergency Committee, advocated the use of forceful methods to combat dissent. After the suspension of the activities of the Communist Party and the CPSU, he refused to sign documents on the transfer of the former party property to the state.

Sovereign Belarus

Vyacheslav Kebich in 1990 . In the early 90s, he initiated the adoption of progressive government regulations that were designed to help build a market economy. At the same time, Kebich was a supporter of the Russian-Belarusian union, and his active actions in this direction did not allow the market to develop. In the early 1990s, the standard of living of Belarusians was falling, protests were frequent for economic reasons.

On the achievements and failures of the era of the President of Belarus Alexandra Lukashenko(and this is the last 20 years) TUT.BY wrote very detailed not so long ago. they attributed the unreformed economy, the growth of debts, regular devaluations of the national currency, systematic violations of human rights, the terrible state of the Belarusian language, the lack of change of power, and much more. - low crime rate, preserved production, gasification of the country, improvement of infrastructure.

When preparing the material, Wikipedia, the local history site minsk-old-new.com, Mikhail Volodin's book "Minsk Historians" and open Internet sources were used.

In March 2019, the first president of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, resigned. Today, the wording "first president" in the post-Soviet space seems to be very outdated. Who will remember them now, the first leaders of the former Soviet republics, many of whom have long disappeared from the political field and have become part of history?

VATNIKSTAN decided to turn to the early 1990s and find out who ended up in power in 15 new states created on the ruins of the Soviet Union, and what was their subsequent political career.

Russia. Boris Yeltsin (1991−1999)

Photo 1990

In the Russian Federation, Yeltsin became the epitome of the 1990s. Coincidentally, he resigned (like Nazarbayev now - voluntarily) at the very end of the chronological 90s - December 31, 1999, and began to lead the country in 1990 - May 29, being elected chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. Before the advent of the post of president, the leader of the Soviets was considered the formal head of the Soviet country.

Yeltsin very quickly got into the taste of a leader: he defiantly left the CPSU, criticized Gorbachev, and contributed to the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the RSFSR on June 12, 1990. And exactly one year later, on June 12, 1991, while still part of the USSR, nationwide presidential elections were held in Russia. For comparison: Gorbachev was elected president only at the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR.

Yeltsin became one of the participants in the Belovezhskaya Accords, which sent the united Union to the grave. And he extended his own presidency for a new term in 1996, overtaking the communist Gennady Zyuganov in the second round. However, poor health no longer allowed him to actively manage the state, and a long search for a successor began. The famous "I'm tired, I'm leaving" marked the end of an era after which Yeltsin disappeared from the radar completely. In 2007, the heart of the first president of Russia stopped.

Photo 1999

Estonia. Lennart Meri (1992−2001)

Photo 1995

Estonians consider Konstantin Päts, the leader of the Baltic Republic until its liquidation in 1940, to be the first president. But, if we talk about the new Estonia, then the position of president was established in 1992 according to the new constitution. Yes, and the position turned out to be very limited in its powers - Estonia is a parliamentary republic, and the president is elected there by the Riigikogu (parliament) or a special electoral college.

Lennart Meri gained popularity in the 1970s as a writer, and from the late 1970s he began to make contacts with the foreign diaspora (this was facilitated by his occasional trips abroad). Mary became interested in politics and joined the environmental movement. Namely, environmental protests became one of the prerequisites for the general perestroika indignation at the Soviet center in the Baltics. Since 1988, Meri has been a member of the Popular Front, and since 1990, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Estonia.

During his two presidential terms in 1992-2001, the first president of Estonia was remembered for a 1994 speech at a gala reception in Hamburg: Meri announced (and this was still in the mid-90s) that a new imperial expansionist policy was brewing in Russia. Vice Mayor of St. Petersburg Vladimir Putin, who was present at the event, defiantly left the hall. For Estonians, Meri, according to opinion polls, is still one of the most respected presidents.

In the 2000s, the already middle-aged politician (Mery was born in 1929) died. Tallinn International Airport is named after him.

Latvia. Guntis Ulmanis (1993−1999)

Guntis Ulmanis on the right

The process of Latvia's transition to the new tracks took quite a long time. In particular, until 1993, Anatoly Gorbunov, chairman of the Supreme Council of Latvia, remained the de facto head of state there - by the way, he retained influence in politics even after that. But in 1993, Latvia, obeying the restored constitution of 1922, elected the Saeima of the 5th convocation, and that, in turn, the first president.

They became Guntis Ulmanis, the great-nephew of the president and de facto dictator of Latvia of the 1930s, Karlis Ulmanis, and at the same time, a former member of the CPSU and director of a public services complex in the Riga region, well integrated into the Soviet elite. Apparently, the connection with the pre-war Latvian elite and exile in childhood in the 1940s outweighed the party and economic career of the era of stagnation in the eyes of Latvians.

As you can see from the presented video, the main task of the 1990s for Latvia, like for many other post-Soviet republics, was to get rid of the Soviet legacy. Hence the main events of the presidency of the 1990s: the withdrawal of Russian troops, the adoption of the law on citizenship. After the end of two terms, the modestly behaving President Ulmanis took an even more modest place in public life: in politics, he was noted only for a short stay in the Seimas in 2010-2011.

Lithuania. Algirdas Brazauskas (1993−1998)

The political place of Brazauskas in the life of Lithuania is not similar to the fate of Mary and Ulmanis. The point is not only that in the parliamentary republic of Lithuania, the president is still directly elected by citizens, in contrast to Latvia and Estonia. Brazauskas himself is a typical member of the party and economic elite, whose biography will vaguely resemble Yeltsin (as, indeed, many other first presidents).

Since 1977, Brazauskas was the secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania, in 1988 he even became the first secretary, and in 1990 he was elected chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Republic. That is, in the key years of perestroika, he was already the de facto leader of the country. The Democratic Party of Labor, created by him in 1990, took the majority in the Seimas, and before the presidential elections he was the chairman of the Seimas. In short, it is not for nothing that Brazauskas is called the “father” of modern Lithuania.

Despite the fact that after the first term, Brazauskas did not quite voluntarily go to the second one, he eventually returned to politics anyway, making his way through parliament to the post of prime minister, which he held from 2001 to 2006. Brazauskas died in 2010, so we can say that almost until the end of his days he tried to stubbornly hold on to a place in the political life of Lithuania.

Belarus. Alexander Lukashenko (since 1994)

In 2019, the Belarusian “Batka” known to us can celebrate an anniversary in political life - he has been holding the position of the first and so far the only president of Belarus for exactly a quarter of a century. The director of the state farm broke into political life in 1990, becoming a people's deputy of the Supreme Council of Belarus. He criticized the policy of the chairman of the Supreme Council Stanislav Shushkevich and even, according to some sources, was the only deputy who voted against the ratification of the Belovezhskaya agreements.

Lukashenka and his team understood what it is necessary to rely on in the presidential election campaign - on the desire of the people to restore order and prevent a drop in the socio-economic standard of living. The second round of the 1994 elections brought Lukashenka a landslide victory with 80% of the vote, and then he strengthened his legitimacy with a 1995 referendum. Questions were brought to the referendum on giving the Russian language a state status, on the introduction of a new flag and coat of arms using elements of Soviet-Belarusian symbols, on the course towards integration with Russia and on the right to dissolve the obstinate Supreme Council.

Having received the approval of the people, Lukashenko began to create the Belarus that we know today. Another referendum, held in 1996, expanded the powers of the president and at the same time proposed to count the presidential term from the moment of the referendum. That is, the next elections were to be held not in 1999, but in 2001. Instead of the Supreme Council, a new parliament (National Assembly) was created, but the deputies who lost power decided not to disperse and even tried to hold their own presidential elections in 1999.

The paradoxical situation of dual power did not lead to a conflict like , although persecution fell upon the opposition. Having passed the 2001 elections, Lukashenka pushed through a new referendum an amendment to the constitution that would abolish presidential term limits. To date, "Batka" is the only "first and current" president in the post-Soviet space.

Ukraine. Leonid Kravchuk (1991−1994)

Unlike neighboring Belarus, Ukraine is an example of a country with a very frequent change of presidents. The first president could not stay in office for even one full term.

Leonid Kravchuk advanced in the party and state elite to the first roles only during perestroika, although his party career began in the early 1970s. In 1990, he became chairman of the Supreme Council of Ukraine and a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. However, this did not prevent him from leaving the party the very next year after

Kravchuk, along with Yeltsin and Shushkevich, was one of the participants in the Belovezhskaya Accords. There are suggestions that it was he who became the main initiator of these agreements, and the Ukrainian people themselves, at the referendum on the preservation of the USSR, spoke out mainly against it. So Kravchuk, one might say, fulfilled the will of his people. Free Ukraine, in his opinion, was to become a peacefully developing European country - hence the decision to give all nuclear weapons to Russia under the 1993 Massandra Accords.

In 1993, a major strike of miners began in the Donbass, and the Verkhovna Rada, together with the president, faced with a political crisis, decided to hold early presidential elections in 1994. Kravchuk with the majority of votes advanced to the second round along with Leonid Kuchma, but in the end Kuchma was able to overtake him. The lion's share of the reforms to create a new state fell on Kuchma's presidency (the adoption of a new constitution, the introduction of the hryvnia) - Kravchuk simply did not have time to participate in the key processes of state building.

He did not give up politics and until 2006 was a member of parliament. In the 2006 parliamentary elections, the Social Democratic Party, which he was a member of, could not get into the Rada, and Kravchuk went into an independent and not particularly intense public activity.

Moldova. Mircea Snegur (1990−1997)

Photo 1992

Mircea Snegur in Soviet times took place as a chairman of a collective farm and an employee of the Moldovan Ministry of Agriculture, while simultaneously developing a party career up to the post of secretary of the republican Central Committee. In 1990, he repeated the fate of many repainted major partycrats: he was elected chairman of the Supreme Council of the republic, then he left the CPSU, and at the end of the year presidential elections were held.

It is curious that the new president had a conflict with the Popular Front of Moldova, which had previously supported him (democratic “popular fronts” appeared in most of the union republics during perestroika). Social activists wanted to quietly join Romania, and President Snegur, on the contrary, decided to build an independent Moldovan state. However, Transnistria soon reconciled them.

In addition to the protracted crisis in Transnistria, economic problems, unemployment and emigration covered Moldova. Despite the relative majority in the first round of the 1996 elections, Snegur lost the second round. Like Kravchuk, he continued to participate in parliamentary life, which became less noticeable to him and his supporters every year. Since the mid-2000s, Snegur has disappeared from active politics.

Georgia. Zviad Gamsakhurdia (1991-1992)

Zviad Gamsakhurdia in the list of the first presidents can claim the title of the most tragic leader. This is his successor, Eduard Shevardnadze, similar to Yeltsin, Kravchuk and Brazauskas - a loyal party member and former member of the CPSU Central Committee, who became a democrat and supporter of the independence of his native republic. But Gamsakhurdia was a dissident in the Soviet years: he maintained contacts with Moscow human rights activists, created the Georgian Helsinki Group, and thanks to persecution by the authorities, he even came to the attention of some US congressmen who wanted to nominate him for the Nobel Peace Prize. In addition to human rights activities, Gamsakhurdia also established himself as a writer, translator and journalist.

In perestroika, he made his way into politics not through the division of government posts in the collapsing Union, but through a real struggle. In 1989, he was one of the organizers of a nationalist rally, suppressed by the police and the army - these events went down in history as the "April 9 tragedy" or simply the "Tbilisi events". The prosecutor's office wanted to try Gamsakhurdia, but the criminal case was quickly closed due to the changed situation. During the elections to the Supreme Council of Georgia, the nationalist bloc of Gamsakhurdia received the majority of votes, and he became the chairman of the Supreme Council - the head of state.

1991 brought Georgia a referendum on independence in March and the election of Gamsakhurdia as president in April at a session of the Supreme Council and in May - nationwide. The leader of Georgia was too straightforward a politician and too staunch nationalist. In a short time, he spoiled relations not only with social forces, entrepreneurs and the National Guard, but also with other nationalities. A real civil war has begun in Georgia. Already at the end of this year, there was a military coup in the capital; in January 1992, Gamsakhurdia was deposed and fled the city.

After a short wandering abroad, the first president of Georgia illegally returned to his homeland and organized an armed struggle. Government troops, however, were stronger. The circumstances of the death of Zviad Gamsakhurdia on December 31, 1993 have not yet been clarified: perhaps he was poisoned, perhaps he shot himself, or perhaps he was killed in some other way. His story continued after his death: the body was buried in Grozny (Gamsakhurdia maintained contacts with Chechen separatists) and was discovered only in 2007. Despite the controversial role of the first president in the history of the 1990s, his ashes were solemnly buried in Tbilisi.

Azerbaijan. Ayaz Mutalibov (1990−1992)

Photo 1991

The fate of the first president of Azerbaijan was less tragic and, in addition, seems to have a happy ending. The classical party career of Ayaz Mutalibov did not stop even at the peak of perestroika: he became the first secretary of the Azerbaijani Communist Party and a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1990, at the same time the Supreme Council of the republic elected him president.

Mutalibov also received popular approval in the 1991 elections. However, he could not stay in power - at that time the military conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh was growing. The failures of the military operations of the Azerbaijani army lead to political pressure from the Popular Front and the resignation of Mutalibov. Mutalibov did not want to share power and tried to use the support of his supporters. In May 1992, the Supreme Council reinstates him as president, and he declares: "If the country needs a dictator to save it from disaster, then I am such a dictator." The dictator did not work out - the military forces of the opposition Popular Front turned out to be stronger, and the confrontation in Baku ended in the flight of the president.

It is worth noting that the victory of the Popular Front was short-lived. Already in 1993, incapable managers gave way to politics new force, which came from the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic - the New Azerbaijan Party of Heydar Aliyev. And Mutalibov lived in Moscow until 2011 - only then he was allowed to return to his homeland, and now they even pay a personal pension. In 2012, Mutalibov, previously co-chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan, announced his final retirement from politics.

Photo 2013

Armenia. Levon Ter-Petrosyan (1991−1998)

The most successful first president of the three Caucasian republics was neither a dissident nor a partocrat in the Soviet years. He is a simple intellectual and a researcher at several institutes. Ter-Petrosyan became interested in politics only in perestroika, joining the Karabakh committee, which demanded the withdrawal of Nagorno-Karabakh from the jurisdiction of Azerbaijan, for which he was arrested in 1988.

Times changed, and in the spring of 1989 he was released. This gave a good start in his political career, and in 1990 Ter-Petrosyan was already the chairman of the Supreme Council of the republic, and in 1991 - the president. The Karabakh conflict in the early 1990s was a factor in the political crisis in neighboring Azerbaijan, but the relative success of the Armenian army and the establishment of the de facto independence of Nagorno-Karabakh clearly contributed to the stability of Ter-Petrosyan's presidency.

Having won the 1996 elections, he eventually resigned in 1998, and all because of the same Karabakh - the president proposed the demilitarization of the conflict zone and the transfer of a number of settlements occupied by the army to Azerbaijan, but the government's power bloc turned out to be more persistent. Ten years after Ter-Petrosyan's resignation, he was content with a position at the Institute of Ancient Manuscripts of the Matenadaran, but in 2007-2008 he tried to solemnly return to big politics.

In the 2008 elections, Serzh Sargsyan received more than half of the votes, closing the election campaign with the first round, and Ter-Petrosyan was in second place with 21.5%. Attempts to organize rallies like the "orange revolution" ended in failure. Since then, Ter-Petrosyan has occupied a modest place in the political life of the country as the leader of the Armenian National Congress party.

Kazakhstan. Nursultan Nazarbayev (1990−2019)

If Lukashenko is now the only acting first president of the post-Soviet space, then Nazarbayev is so far the first in terms of the length of his reign. Nursultan Nazarbayev was the president of Kazakhstan for almost 29 years, and if we take into account the time since his appointment as first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, then it turns out to be 29 years 8 months and 26 days.

The state and party career of Nazarbayev began a long time ago, since the late 1960s. Since 1984, he served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR. In a word, the entire restructuring passed before the eyes of Nazarbayev, who was already in one of the republic's key state posts. At this time, he had to be a witness of Zheltoksan (performances by Kazakh youth in 1986 - the first signs of a future surge of nationalist sentiments in the USSR).

Perhaps this specific managerial experience, and perhaps the Eastern cunning, contributed to the fact that Nazarbayev was quite skeptical about the process of the collapse of the Union - for example, he ignored the invitation to come to Belovezhskaya Pushcha, and the independence of Kazakhstan was proclaimed last, already when everything was obviously - December 16, 1991.

As Nazarbayev's presidential terms increased, the Constitution was amended. In the end, the concept of the “First President” was introduced by law, to which the two-term limit does not apply. The oriental flavor of Kazakhstan was expressed in the fact that Nazarbayev became not just a president unlimited in time - he was proclaimed the "leader of the nation", and the perpetuation of memory in toponymy, sculptures and the official holiday "First President's Day" has been going on for many years. There is no doubt that after the recent resignation, it will only continue and intensify.

Further political biography of Nazarbayev is still vague, but it is obvious that he will try to retain significant control over the political system of the state he created.

Turkmenistan. Saparmurat Niyazov (1990−2006)

Saparmurat Niyazov (sitting in the center) before he dyed his hair

In the ranking of the cult of personality, however, the president of Kazakhstan can only be put in second place. The first rightfully belongs to Turkmenbashi, namely to Saparmurat Niyazov. It is unlikely that the former molder of the Leningrad Kirov Plant, the senior foreman of the power plant in the Ashgabat region and a member of the CPSU since 1962, could have guessed where the collapse of the USSR would lead him.

The party career made Niyazov the first secretary of the Republican Party at the end of 1985. Since then, the head of Turkmenistan has not let go of power. Having become the President of the Turkmen SSR in 1990 in an uncontested election, in 1992 - already in an independent country living under a new constitution - he advanced ... to an uncontested election. In 1993, when in most of the post-Soviet republics the painful process of establishing a new statehood was still in full swing, the Turkmen Mejlis proclaimed Niyazov the "leader of the Turkmens" (that's how "Turkmenbashi" is translated). In 1994, a popular referendum supported the idea of ​​extending the powers of the president automatically until 2002, without re-elections. Niyazov received official life presidency in 1999.

Turkmenbashi's domestic policy has been overgrown with rumors and anecdotes over the long years of isolation of Turkmenistan, and therefore it is no easier to filter accurate facts from speculation than with regard to facts about the DPRK. Niyazov established new holidays (melon festival, for example), renamed the calendar months, ordered to divide a person’s life into “life cycles”, canceled opera, ballet and circus, forbade wearing long hair, video games and make-up for television announcers ... Finally, the most important book of the Turkmen people Ruhnama was proclaimed - a philosophical essay about the great Turkmen people, written by Turkmenbashi himself.

Saparmurat Niyazov died in 2006 from acute heart failure. Despite the mild process of transfer of power, the personality cult of the first president has softened significantly: many monuments have been removed, the name of Turkmenbashi has been deleted from the anthem, and one of the main symbols of his rule - the Arch of Neutrality in Ashgabat, symbolizing the foreign policy of neutrality of the new Turkmenistan - has been moved from the center to outskirts of the city.

Kyrgyzstan. Askar Akaev (1990−2005)

Askar Akaev stands out from the ranks of the first presidents, somewhat reminiscent of the Armenian Levon Ter-Petrosyan. Like the latter, Akaev is a member of the intelligentsia who had no interest in politics before perestroika. But at the same time, he is not a humanist, but a specialist in the field of exact sciences, who has achieved notable results in optics and computer technology research. Educated in Leningrad and defending his doctorate in Moscow, Akaev became president of the Academy of Sciences of the Kirghiz SSR at the end of perestroika.

Politics tore Akaev out of science for 15 years. He became president according to the standard scheme - first through elections to the Supreme Soviet in 1990, and then through a popular campaign in 1991. Despite a government crisis similar to the events in Russia in 1993, Akayev held on to power. One should not think that he remained a modest academician - critics of the president reproached him for the fact that the wave of privatization at the turn of the 1990-2000s allowed the Akaev "clan" to get many key positions in the country's politics and economy.

Despite the stable support of the population in three elections and two referendums, the events of 2005, known as the "Orange" type "Tulip Revolution", excluded Akaev from the political life of Kyrgyzstan, leading not only to his flight, but also to criminal cases against him and members of his family. Since then, the first president of Kyrgyzstan has been living in Russia, doing science and publishing serious works on the economy and global issues.

Uzbekistan. Islam Karimov (1990−2016)

Like Turkmenbashi, Islam Karimov died as the first president of a Central Asian state. Although the democratic facade of Uzbekistan is more like the Kazakh system. An engineer, party worker, minister of finance and first secretary of the Central Committee of the Uzbek Communist Party since 1990 became the president elected by the Supreme Council, and since 1991 - the popularly elected president. Despite the presence of alternative candidates in three subsequent elections in 2000, 2007 and 2015, more than 90% of voters voted for Karimov.

Naturally, Karimov was reproached for both dictatorial inclinations and the brutal suppression of the opposition. Let us add that Karimov's personality cult did not develop. The unofficial title "Yurtbashi" is more a joke of journalists than the real intention of the president to go down in history with some special status. The installation of monuments and renaming began after the death of Karimov from a stroke and cerebral hemorrhage, and a mausoleum was built at the site of his burial.

Tajikistan. Kahar Mahkamov (1990-1991)

Of course, the current leader of Tajikistan, Emomali Rahmon, who came to power as a result of a long civil war in the 1990s, is more suitable for the role of a typical long-lived president from Central Asia. But formally he was not the first. The post of president appeared in the Tajik SSR in 1990. By this time, the obvious and already familiar leader of the republic was Kakhar Makhkamov, since 1985 - the first secretary of the Central Committee of the party.

In 1990, the Supreme Council elected Makhkamov as its chairman, and six months later, as the president of the republic. In the same year, mass riots took place in Dushanbe: Armenians who fled from Baku arrived in the city, and rumors spread that they were being given apartments, while there was a shortage of housing in the city; as a result, this led not only to rallies, but also to pogroms. In parallel, the Islamic movement developed, and the Islamic Renaissance Party demanded official permission to operate.

Mahkamov could not stand the increasingly complicated political process, and at the end of August 1991, when the deputies of the Supreme Council expressed their distrust of him, he resigned, and in early September he also resigned from his duties as the first secretary of the party. Makhkamov's political activity continued until his death in 2016, but it was limited to representative positions in parliament and in the Eurasian Economic Community.

Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko - President of the Republic of Belarus. He was first elected to the post of Head of State on July 10, 1994.

Alexander Lukashenko is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the country, heads the Security Council, and heads the National Olympic Committee.

The President of Belarus has been the Chairman since 1997 Supreme Council Union of Belarus and Russia, and since the beginning of 2000 he was elected Chairman of the Supreme State Council of the Union State.

Activities of the President of Belarus Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko

Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko became the first president in the history of independent Belarus. He is called one of the most popular and charismatic politicians of our time, who takes an independent position in matters. Alexander Lukashenko demonstrates a desire for an open dialogue and is a supporter of integration and a peaceful policy in building relations with partner countries. In his activities, the Belarusian leader Special attention pays, the implementation of social guarantees to the population, strengthening the international prestige of Belarus. The head of state keeps a number of issues of the life of the country under special control. The President pays priority attention to the issues of combating manifestations of corruption, the work government agencies with appeals from citizens, support for motherhood and childhood, a lot of attention to the development of sports. By the way, Belarus is one of the top twenty strongest sports powers and is the venue for major international competitions.

There are a number of important State awards and special prizes in Belarus, which are awarded by decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus.

On the initiative of A. Lukashenko, special Funds were created to support talented youth, gifted pupils and students.

News about the President of Belarus

In information releases and analytical projects, Belarus 24 reports on events related to the activities of the President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko. The most significant international meetings and summits, as well as press conferences of the head of state are broadcast on live"Belarus 24".

Pro-Russian politicians and officials in Belarus have lost their influence, while contacts between Minsk and Western intelligence services are developing, writes the Bulba Thrones Telegram channel. "From the outside, this looks like a full-fledged preparation for cooperation and a turn to the West, building bridges," the authors believe.

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Experts called what is happening in Belarus a repetition of the Ukrainian scenario. According to the Telegram channel, after Alexander Lukashenko, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the republic, Vladimir Makei, who has a reputation as a Westerner in the expert community, can take the presidency.

The authors did not rule out that, under a certain scenario, Makei could "throw off" Lukashenka, especially since the rating of the Foreign Minister in Minsk is 21% and exceeds the level of Batka's approval. "And the control of the capital, even "mental" is the actual guarantee of victory in political upheavals," the analysts added.

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Lukashenka will arrive in Karelichi when the long-haired man is teased there

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— RB of the brain (@belamova)

The Republic of Belarus is a country in Eastern Europe that has close ties with Russia that have developed over the centuries. The head of the Republic of Belarus is the guarantor of the country's constitution, the rights and freedoms of citizens, the Supreme Commander of the armed forces. Theoretically, any citizen of the republic can become president, which was demonstrated in the last elections in 2015: one of the candidates was an unemployed woman. The head of state must not be a member of political parties, after the election, membership is automatically suspended. Currently, the post of President of the Republic of Belarus is held by Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko.

The first states on the territories of the modern Republic of Belarus

The city of Polotsk is the center of the principality of the same name, which until the 14th century was the strongest state on the territory of the modern Republic of Belarus. In the 14th century it became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

The first nomadic tribes appeared on the territory of the Republic of Belarus at the end of the 3rd - beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. These were the ancient Indo-European tribes that became the ancestors of the Balts and Slavs. Having mixed with each other and with other tribes, they became the progenitors:

• Yatvyagov;
• Lithuania;
• Krivichi;
• Radimich;
• Dregovichi.

Some scientists believe that Gothic tribes participated in the formation of the Slavic peoples, but this has not been proven.

Radimichi in the 9th century were conquered by the Kyiv prince Oleg, after which their lands became part of Kievan Rus. The main goal of Prince Oleg was to receive tribute, he tried to conquer as many tribes as possible. When Prince Oleg died, many Radimichi tribes declared independence from Kyiv, but in 984 the army of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich defeated the army of former tributaries. The territories of the Radimichi again became part of Kievan Rus. In the 10th century, Prince Vladimir of Kyiv baptized his subjects. The development of the first principalities on the territory of modern Belarus belongs to this century:

• Polotsky;
• Turovsky;
• Minsky.

The main role among them was played by the Principality of Polotsk, which for about 100 years fought for power with the Principality of Kyiv. Prince Vladimir in 978 captured Polotsk. Despite this, until the 13th century, the Polotsk princes collected tribute from the Baltic lands, carrying out independent expansion. In the 13th century, the Baltics came under the rule of the crusaders.

Belarus as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Commonwealth

In the period from the 13th to the 14th centuries, the Belarusian lands became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). This contributed to the division of the ancient Russian people, since the ON and Kievan Rus were constantly at war with each other. The confrontation of the powers intensified after the emergence of the Russian centralized state in the 15th century. The Belarusian culture was distinguished by a high level of development, which was influenced by the connections of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with Europe:

• In 1517-1525, Frantisek Skaryna printed the first East Slavic books;
• In the 16th century, 3 Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were issued - the Belarusian version of the classical European feudal law;
• From the 14th to the 16th centuries, cities and castles were built according to the European model throughout Belarus.

During Livonian War In 1558-1583, the Belarusian lands suffered greatly: many cities were completely destroyed, the population decreased.

In the 16th century, the ideas of the Reformation began to spread on the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Protestant communities were founded. In 1569, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland united on the basis of a union into a single state - the Commonwealth. In accordance with the decrees of the representatives catholic church, Protestants began to be persecuted: their books were taken away from them and their land plots were deprived. Thanks to this policy, the main task of the Catholic Church to eradicate Protestantism was completely solved by the middle of the 17th century.

XVII century - the time of the Russian-Polish wars. Belarus suffered the most in the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667. In addition to the fact that many military clashes took place on the territory of the country, the anti-Polish uprising in Ukraine gradually spread here. By the end of the war, Russian troops seized the lands of the modern Republic of Belarus, but according to the agreement of 1667, they remained under the rule of the Commonwealth.

The Republic of Belarus as part of the Russian Empire and the USSR

At the end of the 18th century, the Commonwealth experienced 3 sections. As a result of these events, the Belarusian lands joined the Russian Empire. The form of the economic system immediately changed - it was reorganized according to the Russian model. Cheap "taverns" were built all over the country, people got drunk in them. The gentry lost most of their privileges, and Russian officials were in the highest government posts. Such reforms led to the gentry uprisings of 1831 and 1863-1864. A group of determined nobles and part of the intelligentsia tried to restore the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the rise of the national liberation movement began in Belarus. The First World War turned out to be fatal for the country - the battles between Russian and German troops took place on its territory. The peasants suffered both from the Germans and from the Russians - everyone needed food. The army of Kaiser Wilhelm II occupied the territory of the country.

After the revolution of 1917, they tried to declare Belarus an independent republic:

• In December 1917, the First All-Belarusian Congress took place in Minsk. This congress was dispersed by the Bolsheviks;
• On February 21, the Bolsheviks fled on the eve of the German capture of Minsk, the Executive Committee of the Rada of the All-Belarusian Congress declared itself the only legitimate authority in the region;
• On March 25, the country was under German occupation, the Republic of Belarus became an independent republic.

After the Germans left the country, the territory was occupied by the Red Army. On January 1, 1919, the Bolsheviks proclaimed the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus.

Since February 1919, another military conflict broke out on the territory of the Soviet republic - the Soviet-Polish war:

• August 1919 - the Polish army captured Minsk;
• July 1920 - The Red Army recaptured the city;
• 1921 - the signing of the Soviet-Polish peace treaty, according to which the western part of Belarus was ceded to Poland.

The eastern part of the country was declared the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR), which became part of the USSR on December 30, 1922.

During the years of Stalin's rule, numerous economic transformations were carried out on the territory of the Republic of Belarus:

• Industrialization;
• Collectivization;
• Formation of new industries and Agriculture.

Along with the positives, there were a number of negatives:

• A language reform was carried out, which strengthened the process of Russification;
• The best representatives of the Belarusian intelligentsia were shot;
• Tens of thousands of wealthy peasants were repressed or exiled to Siberia.

In 1939, the territories of Western Belarus were annexed to the BSSR after the defeat of Poland by German troops.

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the republic was under the rule of the Nazi troops. The country turned into a partisan region, the resistance units were led by the remaining military and Bolsheviks. In 1943, the Belarusian Central Rada was established - a self-governing body that performed police and propaganda functions. In the summer of 1944 the Red Army liberated the republic. The German occupation and the war years destroyed more than 30% of the population of the BSSR.

The second half of the 1940s and 1950s became a period of renewal for the Republic of Belarus:

• The destroyed cities and towns were restored;
• New factories and enterprises were built;
• Enormous funds were invested in the development of the education system and medical institutions.

In the early 1960s, the country turned into the "assembly shop" of the Soviet Union, which had a favorable effect on the development of the economy of the BSSR until the beginning of perestroika.

Belarus at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century

Perestroika opened the way for Belarusians to Europe, but the first president of the country Alexander Lukashenko (1994-present) decided to develop the republic on the principle of building partnerships with Russia

The beginning of perestroika in the BSSR, as in most of the republics of the Soviet Union, is characterized by the formation of a national liberation movement. Initially, the emphasis was on obtaining extended autonomy, later on secession from the Soviet Union. Formation of the Belarusian independent state:

• In 1988, the Belarusian Popular Front (BPF) appeared;
• In 1989 - the founding congress of the Belarusian Popular Front;
• In March 1990, republican elections were held in the country, communist party was able to stay in power;
• On July 27, 1990, the Declaration of State Sovereignty was adopted by the Supreme Council of the BSSR;
• On August 25, 1991, the country gained independence;
• On September 19, 1991, the BSSR became officially known as the Republic of Belarus.

In 1994, the Supreme Council adopted the first constitution of the Republic of Belarus. In July of the same year, presidential elections were held. Alexander Lukashenko unexpectedly became the winner, although the main contenders were Shushkevich, Kebich and Pozdnyak.

The Belarusian president was not satisfied with the restrictions in the constitution, so he initiated a referendum in 1996. The Supreme Council considered that the head of state grossly violated the constitution, and began to carry out the impeachment procedure. At this point intervened Russian delegation, which settled the political crisis in the Republic of Belarus. The deputies and the president agreed that the results of the referendum would be advisory in nature, and the impeachment procedure would not be continued.

After the referendum on November 24, 1996, Lukashenka violated the agreement, referring to the fact that the voice of the people is above all agreements. The President dissolved the Supreme Council, forming a new parliament - the National Assembly. It included all deputies of the Supreme Council loyal to the president. Thanks to the referendum, Lukashenka's first presidential term was extended until 2001.

In 2001, the president was elected for a second consecutive term. Before the elections, opposition representatives were completely ousted from state authorities. Although the functioning of parties was not prohibited, their members were deprived of the opportunity to hold public office. In 2004, a referendum was held in the Republic of Belarus, which abolished the provision of the constitution that did not allow one person to hold the presidency for more than two consecutive terms. Alexander Lukashenko won all subsequent elections in the country with a huge advantage.

How to become the President of the Republic of Belarus?

A citizen who wishes to become the head of state must meet the following parameters:

• Be Belarusian by birth;
• Reach the minimum age of 35;
• Permanently reside in the territory of the republic for at least 10 years before the elections.

The president is elected for a five-year term and assumes his duties after the inauguration.

A presidential candidate must collect at least 100,000 signatures. Elections of the head of state are appointed by the House of Representatives. The term of appointment is at least 5 months before the end of the powers of the previous head of state. Deadline - at least 2 months before the end of the president's powers. If the position of the head of the republic remains vacant, then elections are held no less than 30 days and no later than 70 days after the opening of the vacancy.

The election of the president is considered valid if at least 50% of the country's population participate in the republican vote. The head of state is considered elected if at least 50% of voters vote for him in the elections.

Status and duties of the President of the Republic of Belarus

The head of the Republic of Belarus has a number of duties enshrined in the constitution of the country:

• Determination of dates for holding republican referendums;
• Calling for elections to the Council of the Republic, the House of Representatives and local representative bodies. Elections can be either regular or extraordinary;
• Dissolution of Parliament in cases stipulated by the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus;
• Appointment of members of the Central Commission for Elections and Referendums;
• Formation and organization of work of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Belarus and other governing bodies under the head of state;
• Approval of a candidate for the position of Prime Minister. This procedure takes place only with the consent of the House of Representatives;
• Determining the structure of the government, appointing and dismissing ministers, deputy ministers, members of the government;
• Deciding on the resignation of the Government and its members;
• Appointment to the positions of the President of the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Supreme Economic Court. These procedures are carried out with the consent of the Council of the Republic;
• Appeals with annual messages to the citizens of the Republic of Belarus, informs them about the achievements, main directions of foreign and domestic politics states;
• Participation in the work of the parliament of the republic, annual appeals to it. The right to speak in Parliament at any time;
• Presiding at meetings of the Government of the Republic (this is not an obligation, but a right);
• Appointment of presidential representatives in the parliament of the republic, heads of government bodies;
• Making a decision on granting citizenship, political asylum;
• Establishing holidays and days, awarding state awards;
• pardoning prisoners;
• Conducting international negotiations, signing contracts.

The Head of the Republic of Belarus is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, the President's orders have the force of legislative acts.

Residences of the President of the Republic of Belarus

Currently, the President of the Republic of Belarus has several residences. The most luxurious of them is the Palace of Independence. The first official events have been held there since 2013. The residence is located on Pobediteley Avenue in the capital of the republic, Minsk. The area of ​​the building is over 50,000 square meters.

According to the leader of the Republic of Belarus, only Belarusian-made materials were used in the construction of the residence, but the builders claimed that even the nails there were foreign. The Palace of Independence has more than a hundred different rooms. Here is the presidential reception, although at one time, the Belarusian leader claimed that the Palace of Independence would not be a residence. In 2013, the inscription "President's Residence" appeared on the facade of the building. The old building, at Marksa 38 in Minsk, now houses the administration of the head of state, there is a hotline.

The main residence of the Belarusian leader is the Drozdy residence, located next to the reservoir of the same name. The huge building is a legacy of the Soviet era, it was built in the middle of the forest, and is reliably guarded by the military and police from casual visitors. Near the "Drozdy" there are several dozen large cottages that serve as a place of permanent residence for ministers and influential businessmen.

The residence of the President "Drozdy" is a huge complex of fifty buildings for various purposes:

• Presidential house with an area of ​​about 2,000 square meters;
• Two luxurious buildings next to the residence. Each has an area of ​​850 m2. Important foreign guests, presidents and ministers from other countries are invited here. At the same time, Lukashenka selectively approaches invitations, only the most important people can count on them;
• 30 residential cottages, which are most often empty. Previously, they housed foreign ambassadors who were evicted in 1998. Many believe that close officials live there, but their houses are a little further behind the fence;
• Large sports complex with an area of ​​1,000 m2;
• Swimming pool 750 m2;
• Several baths for the rest of the president and his guests;
• Separate restaurant;
• Buffet;
• Large store with a wide range of products;
• Water deferrization station.

In general, there is everything you need, so that in case state of emergency hold out for a few months.

Another fairly well-known residence of Alexander Lukashenko is the Ozerny complex in Ostroshitsky Gorodok. Previously, there was a dacha of the Soviet Marshal Timoshenko. Before the "settlement" of the president, the building was rebuilt, and a complex of new buildings appeared nearby. The area of ​​the complex is more than 90 hectares, the main building is three-storey, with total area in 1 500 m2. A small tea house and a luxurious boathouse located on the territory of the complex catches the eye.