River in italy russian federation. Ancient Italy. The origin of ancient Roman civilization

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Translated from ancient Greek "Italy" means "country of calves". So the Hellenes called only the southern part of the Apennine Peninsula and the large and small islands adjacent to it, fat herds grazed here already in those days.
Conventionally, ancient Italy consisted of three parts:

• South- Calabria, Apulia, Bruttius and Lucania.
• Medium- Latium, Etruria, Umbria, Campania, Samnium and Picenum.
• Northern- Cisalpine Gaul, Liguria and Venice.

Rome by the 1st century BC. e. subjugated the entire peninsula, Romanized it, and the established Italian people began to speak Latin. Legend calls the exact date of the formation of the city of Rome - April 21, 753 BC. e. The concept of "ancient Rome" refers to the entire state and the then civilization, which lasted more than 1200 years, when the Western Roman Empire fell in 476. At the dawn of its existence, Rome was a modest policy, but then:

• subjugated all the Apennines by 265;
• by the middle of the 2nd century BC. e. became the strongest power in the Mediterranean;
• for the I-II centuries AD. e. Rome turned into a colossal empire, absorbing all the richness of the cultures of conquered even more ancient civilizations.

The origin of ancient Roman civilization

The geographical position of ancient Rome largely predetermined the history of its civilization. The Apennine Peninsula became the center of settlement of the future boundless empire. Rome was founded at the mouth of the Tiber River, it was from here that the formation of the Roman state began. when several local settlements, whose inhabitants migrated at the end of the second millennium BC. e. to the Apennines from Central Europe, merged together. These include the Indo-European tribes of the Sabines and Latins. These and other tribes that flooded the Apennines were collectively called "Italics". There was quite a lot in common in their languages, way of life and beliefs. The settlers spoke Latin among themselves, they called the area along the Tiber bed Latium. Thanks to this, various peoples rather quickly "melted" into a single ethnic group, which we call the "ancient Romans".
Long after the arrival of the Apennine tribes were mainly engaged in cattle breeding, which was facilitated by natural conditions. Fertile valleys were located near the sea and along the banks of the rivers, for example, the famous Campania, where Vesuvius smokes. As soon as people learned how to make iron tools, intensively arable farming began to develop. True, the lack of land was immediately discovered. The Romans solved this problem simply - they unleashed constant wars first on the territory of Italy itself, and then rushed beyond the Apennines. The conquered lands inside Italy were called colonies by the Romans, and remote acquisitions were called provinces. This predetermined the development of the social system and way of life of the ancient Romans in line with the solution of military tasks. For every Roman military service seemed honorable. To take a public office, a citizen had to make 10 equestrian or 20 foot trips.

Early Roman state and society

At the beginning of the first millennium BC. e. not only Italics came to the north-west of Italy, but also the Etruscans, whose homeland was the territory where Turkey is now located. Hellenes created their numerous colonies in Sicily and the south of the Apennine Peninsula. Their influence on the formation of the civilization of the Romans was incomparable. But the attributes of royal power, religious rites and rituals, the use of facing in the architecture of temples, the Romans borrowed from Etruscans. The last to be dug under Rome was also a system of sewers with stone-lined walls that converged to the main canal.
In an agrarian state, such as ancient Rome was, each of its citizens could cultivate a free piece of land.
At some point in time, seven kings successively ruled Rome, elected by the people and approved by the council of elders - the senate. Their descendants became patricians - the Roman tribal nobility, and commoners were called plebeians. Both of them had external insignia that reinforced political inequality. During the period of royal rule in Rome, the craft separated from Agriculture. Excavations have shown the development at that time of metal processing, weaving, spinning, and pottery. All this created good ground for the activation of internal exchange. Market days were appointed, on which the surrounding villagers could come to trade in the city. The minting of coins began: asses from copper and denarius from silver. Divided by that time into classes, Roman society was drawn into the struggle between the plebeians and the patricians. As is typical of any growing state, Rome periodically experienced crises and periods of prosperity.

Growth of the Roman Empire

The culture of ancient Greece had a decisive influence on the young ancient Roman state. Take at least mythology: in fact, the Romans simply copied all their gods from the Greeks, giving them only their names. So, Zeus turned into Jupiter, Zeus into Hera, Ares into Mars, Aphrodite into Venus, Hermes into Mercury, etc. But at the same time in 280-270 BC. e. a struggle began with the Greeks and South Italians during the wars of conquest. In a short historical period, the Roman Republic subjugated central and southern Italy. But in Sicily, she had to face a powerful Punic power, as a result from 265 BC e. a chain of Punic wars began, stretching for 120 years. Gradually, during these wars, all the lands belonging to Carthage, except for Africa, fell under the possession of Rome, along with war elephants and a fleet. Having successfully completed three Punic Wars, the Roman Republic has become the most powerful state in the entire western Mediterranean.

Having achieved external power, the state faced a crisis of competent management of new territories. Some Roman generals claimed full power in Rome, trying to imitate the Greek tyrants. The first in 82 BC. e. seized power Lucius Cornelius Sulla, turning into a full-fledged dictator. He ruled for only 3 years and renounced power himself, but there were a lot of dissatisfied with his rule. But the republic was no longer able to return to the previous model of governance, therefore since then began a long time of incessant civil wars. Slave riots periodically broke out on the territory of the empire, for example, the well-known uprising of Spartacus, lasting 3 years. Only the best Roman commanders were able to cope with the rebellious slaves: Mark Lucullus, Mark Crassus and Gnaeus Pompey. The latter, much later, defeated the Pontic king and the Armenians in the East and himself began the struggle for sole power in the republic. Pompey was opposed by the commander beloved in the troops, who managed to capture Gaul and the first to invade the British Isles - he was Gaius Julius Caesar. Caesar won, who became in 49 BC. e. ruler of Rome with unlimited rights, that is, a dictator. He removed all dangerous political opponents, became close with the Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra, subjugating her country along the way. But after 5 years, Caesar fell from the knife of the conspirators, and civil wars continued again. The next contenders were two former assistants to Caesar - Gaius Octavian and Mark Antony. The latter was supported by Cleopatra. But Octavian defeated the fleet of Cleopatra and Antony, forcing them to commit suicide soon after. Octavian finally annexed Egypt to Rome, turning into the all-powerful ruler of a vast state that stretched almost the entire Mediterranean Sea. He began to call himself Augustus and proclaimed himself the first emperor.
His The Roman Empire reached its peak during the reign of Trajan from 98 to 117. It became maximum in size after the annexation of the eastern part of the Parthian kingdom. True, after the death of this emperor, the Parthians returned their lands. Trajan was replaced by Adrian, during whose reign not only the Parthians, but also the eastern and northern barbarian tribes began to attack the empire. From that moment on, the empire was forced to go on the defensive, starting to build powerful defensive fortifications along the borders everywhere.

The Roman Empire gradually assimilated the culture and traditions of the eastern countries it captured. For example, during the reign of Emperor Diocletian, they began to call him "dominus", which means "master", and complex rituals in the oriental style appeared at the imperial court.
During the reign of Diocletian, the previously united Roman Empire broke up into a western one with its capital in Rome and an eastern one with its capital in Constantinople. Each part was headed by its ruler - "August", whose first deputy was "Caesar". Tired of ruling, August transferred all power to Caesar, and retired himself. This system of transferring power lasted two centuries.

The Ligurians, who inhabited in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. northwestern Italy, they called this river Bodincos, which means "bottomless". Bodingus, repeated after them those who displaced the Ligurians in the 5th century. BC e. Celts. The ancient Greeks gave her the name Eridanus, the ancient Romans - Padua, the linguistic trace remained in the names of Padania (the Po plain) and Padua (a city in the Veneto region). And the name "Po" is very similar to the abbreviation of the dialect variant Podus, as well as Pau and echoes the first syllable of the name Bodinkos. In the north-east of Italy, in the river delta, the Etruscans lived at the same time as the Ligurians. The Romans arrived there in the 3rd century. BC e., but the economic development of the territory began in the I century. BC e. Local clay soils are excellent raw materials for the production of bricks and terracotta tiles, and soon brick began to flow from here to Rome. The Romans also mined wood and salt here. In parallel, and there is also a lot of material evidence for this, the Romans drained the swamps by digging canals, and strengthened the banks, lining them with stone and planting pine trees on the sandbanks. And from the III century. created their fortresses, ports and cities.
The Po begins in the Kotsky Alps and rushes first to the northeast, and then to the east. Near the city of Po, it reaches a width of 200 m and an average water discharge of about 100 m 3 / s. Continuing its way to the east, it sometimes makes arcuate retreats to the north or south and receives full-flowing tributaries into its channel. After confluence with Tanaro, the flow of water becomes already more than 500 m 3 / s, merging with Ticino in the province of Pavia, the Po accelerates its flow to 900 m 3 / s and becomes navigable from Piacenza. Rivers from the spurs of the Apennines increase the water flow to 1540 m 3 / s. Until 1797, the Apennine Reno River was also a tributary of the Po, but due to severe floods at their confluence, the Reno channel was set aside. The Po flows into the Adriatic Sea, forming a small but branched delta, in which there are only six large groups of branches, and small ones, interspersed with islets and lagoons, cannot be counted. Traditionally, the Po River basin is associated with the regions of Piedmont, Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Balle d "Aosta, and partly with Veneto, the autonomous province of Trento and Liguria. Among major cities The Padana plain is celebrated primarily by Turin, Venice, Bologna and Ferrara. The Po basin also includes Piacenza, Cremona, Parma, Mantua and other, not so famous, but also historical cities, standing on its tributaries or connected with it through a complex network of man-made canals. Between the cities, connected by good roads, there are abundant pastures and fertile fields where rice, wheat, oats, and sugar beets are cultivated. Numerous farms with over 4 million cattle and over 5 million pigs are surrounded by orchards and vineyards. The products of these, as a rule, small farms are enough, however, to fill the markets of all cities in the north of the country with local products.
The Po Delta is a world with a unique landscape: mighty elms on the islands, thickets of reeds, and between them - swampy backwaters dotted with lilies and water lilies, and thickets of other "water roses". The National Natural Park of the Delta, belonging to the regions of Emilia-Romagna and Veneto, occupies 58,000 hectares. This is a habitat for many species of fish, amphibians, reptiles, about 380 species of vertebrates, including more than 300 species of birds, for the sake of observing which thousands of tourists come here. Since ancient times, on the arms of the delta, people created dams on the way of schools of fish, in which fish were bred. Salt was mined from salt marshes. The so-called salt towers and tabarras have been preserved - sheds made of stone for storing boats, nets and other fishing equipment. Some of them are now turned into small ethnographic museums. And today almost all the islands of the delta are inhabited by fishermen. Delta has seven beaches, the total length of which is 23 km.
As for the architecture of cities, almost every sight of them is a work of high art. As in many other regions of Italy. But here it should be noted that the Padan Plain in this sense is far from the end of the list. Turin, the fourth largest city in Italy after Rome, Milan (which is also located on the Padana Plain) and Naples, has been the industrial and financial center of the country since the 6th century. was the center of the Lombard kingdom (Lombardy), in the XIII century. went to the Dukes of Savoy, who left in the city and its environs the largest number architectural monuments. In 1720-1860 (with interruptions) Turin was the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1861-1870 - of the Kingdom of Italy. One of the most famous sights of the city is the Shroud of Turin, the debate about the authenticity of which does not subside. Piacenza, founded by the Romans in 218, who called it in Latin Placentia (“pleasing to everyone”), tries to live up to this, one might say, programmatic name, and it succeeds quite well - both due to the sights and thanks to the refined atmosphere, as noted many travelers. For the church of San Sisto of this city, Raphael painted the “Sistine Madonna” (her copy is now hanging there). Cremona is the same age as Piacenza. This small town has a huge world fame in music, thanks to the unsurpassed violin makers Amati, Stradivari and Guarneri. In Cremona, its medieval part has been perfectly preserved. Ferrara arose as a refuge for refugees from Aquileia during the invasion of the Huns (452). Art historians speak of the "Ferrara civilization", referring to the number of architectural masterpieces left by the d'Este house that ruled this duchy city. In addition to the world famous Po Delta Park, which is divided into two regional parks of the Emilia-Romagna and Veneto regions, in In the Po basin, there are about 60 small but well-groomed regional natural parks and reserves, where the flora and fauna of the valley are represented, and each of the cities of the plain has its own unique individual features and historical monuments.
The relationship between man and the valley, in addition to economic and cultural, has another important aspect - natural and ecological. Here in the foreground is the problem of floods, especially in autumn, during the period of intense long rains (in autumn 2011, one of the bridges in Turin collapsed). On the one hand, much is being done to protect cities and agricultural land from them. On the other hand, the pumping of groundwater during reclamation leads to a decrease in the level of the drained territory, which expands the area of ​​floods: it is known that soils in the Po Valley sink by an average of 2-3 cm per year. Therefore, motorways near large cities often stand on monumental concrete supports . Equally important is the problem of water pollution. Surprisingly, but true: in 2002, Milan did not yet have reliable urban wastewater treatment plants; the situation has now been corrected. In the same year, the Interregional Agency for the River Po was created, in which the regions of Piedmont, Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna and Veneto are represented. The Agency controls the construction and operation of hydraulic structures, port infrastructure, monitors the state of the river in order to predict floods. Since 1990, the interregional Po River Basin Council has been operating, in 2009 it adopted a 60-point plan for the period up to 2015, which includes such measures as raising and strengthening dams, expanding natural protected areas, especially wetlands, preserving and restoring hydromorphological characteristics rivers, forest plantations.

general information

The most big river Italy. Navigable for small coasters from Piacenza to the mouth.
Source: Kotsky Alps, at an altitude of 2022 m.
Left tributaries: Pellice, Dora Riparia, Dora Baltea, Agony, Ticino, Lambro, Adda, Olho, Mincio, Olona.
Right tributaries: Varanta, Maira, Tanaro, Scrivia, Nure, Curone, Trebbia, Taro, Parma, Enza, Secchia, Panaro. In the delta, it breaks up into five large groups of branches (Po di Maestra, Po della Pila, Po delle Tolle, Po di Gnocca and Po di Goro). Po di Maestra through the Bianco (Tartaro) channel forms the sixth arm - Po di Levante.
Population of the Po Plain: about 16 million people
Population density: maximum - on the banks of the Lambro tributary (Lombardy), 1478 people / km 2, minimum - south of the Trebbia river basin, 25 people / km 2.
Mouth: Adriatic Sea.
The largest cities on the banks of the Po: Turin, Piacenza, Cremona.
Major airport: international airport in Turin.

Numbers

Length: 652 km.
Pool area in Italy: 71,057 km2.
Average water consumption: 1540 m 3 /s: at the mouth: up to 13,000 m 3 /s.
Maximum width to mouth: 400 m (after the confluence of the Olho).
Total water intake: 20.5 billion m 3 /year.
Water intake from underground sources: 6 billion m 3 / year.
Water abstraction from surface waters: 14.5 billion m 3 /year.
Delta area: 380 km 2 (the territory of the National Park in the delta is 58,000 ha, or 580 km 2). In a broader sense, the Po Delta also includes swampy and connected by small channels lands in the province of Ferrara in the area between the city of Ferrara and the Valli di Comacchio lagoon, taking this into account, the area of ​​​​the delta is about 1500 km 2 and tends to increase.
Salinity level of water in the delta: 3% o.

Economy

The Po basin area is home to approximately 46% of the economically active population of Italy, which creates about 40% of the country's GDP. Electricity consumption in the region accounts for 48% of domestic consumption. Cascades of hydroelectric power stations operate on several left tributaries of the Po.
The largest industrial center of the Po basin is Turin: heavy metallurgy, automotive industry (80% of all cars produced in the country), mechanical engineering (wagons, tractors), production of marine engines and ball bearings, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, clothing, food industries; River navigation. Almost all cities below Piacenza have ports or marinas. There are 14 ports for fishing and pleasure boats in the delta region. In the delta - fishing and shellfish farming.
Service sector: tourism (including river cruises and ecological tourism in the delta).

Climate and weather

In general - continental, soft, humid, close to the Mediterranean (in different regions of the valley it fluctuates in one direction or another).
Winters are short, short-term frosts occur (in Turin and its environs), but the most frequent winter phenomenon is heavy fogs.
January average temperature:+3°С.
July average temperature:+26°С.
Average annual rainfall: 900 mm.

Attractions

■ Objects world heritage UNESCO: the Po Delta, the palaces of the House of Savoy in Turin and its environs, early Christian monuments in the city of Ravenna, the Renaissance part of the city of Ferrara;
■ city ​​of Turin: Cathedral, Duomo (Renaissance, XV century), Sulerga Basilica (Baroque, XVIII century). Royal Palace (Renaissance, 17th century), Palazzo Cavour (Baroque, 18th century). Palazzo Madama (Museum of Antiquities and fine arts- a castle of the 13th century, built on the ruins of a Roman gate, in the 18th century. decorated with elements in the Lemontian Baroque style), palaces of the House of Savoy, in the city and surroundings, Renaissance and Baroque, XVII in Real (Royal Palace), Valentno. Racconigi, Stupinigi, Carignano; Mole Antonelliana Tower (Cinema Museum, Neo-Gothic, 19th century). Museum of Egypt;
■ city ​​of Pavia: Church of San Michele Maggiore (XI-XII centuries) - an example of the Lombard Romanesque style, Certosa Monastery (XIV-XV centuries): paintings, frescoes, sculptures by Borgognone, Perugino, Luini, Guercino. Cathedral. Duomo (founded in the 15th century);
■ city ​​of Mantua: the historical center of the city - the Rotonda di San Lorenzo (XI century), the churches of San Francesco (XIV century), San Andrea (XV century), San Sebastiano (XV century). Mantua Cathedral (XIV-XVIII centuries), Reggia - the palace of the Dukes of Gonzaga (XIII-XIV centuries). Virgil Academy and its Science Museum.
■ city ​​of Alessandria: Museum of the Battle of Marengo;
■ Piacenza city: religious buildings in the Lombard-Romanesque style with Gothic elements - Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady (1122-1235), Basilica of San Antonio (1122-1253), San Savino (consecrated in 1107, rare floor mosaics of the 12th century .); San Francesco (laid down in 1278); Romanesque and Renaissance: Churches of Santa Maria di Campagna (1522-1528, Pordenone frescoes): San Giovanni on the Canal (XIII century), San Sisto (1499-1511), Palazzo Comunale ( XIII-XIV centuries), Palazzo Landi (XIV-XV centuries), Palazzo Farnese (XVI century), Piazza Cavalli (XVI century), Palazzo dei Mercanti (XVII century);
■ city ​​of Cremona: Lombard-Romanesque style with Gothic elements - Cremona Cathedral, Duomo (XII century), Torrazzo tower 112.1 m high (XII century), Church of San Michele (XIII century). Loggia dei Militi ("Society of Warriors"), buildings of the public meeting, XIII e .; the archaeological museum, the Ala Ponzone Museum (founded in the 16th century, a collection of two thousand paintings and sculptures), the Stradivarius Museum;
■ city ​​of Ferrara: early Christian basilicas of San Michele (V-VI centuries) and San Giorgio (VII century, ХІV-ХVI centuries); Cathedral, Duomo (Romanesque-Gothic style, XII-XV centuries) c.); renaissance - Skifanoia Palace (XIV-XV centuries), D "Este Castle (XV century), Romen House (XV century), Lodovico Moro Palace (XV century), Diamond Palace (XVI century);
■ Pamposa Abbey (Kodigoro commune) - one of the main cultural centers medieval Italy and an architectural masterpiece of Romanesque and Byzantine style. Known since the 9th century;
■ Castle D "Este in the commune of Meeola (Renaissance, 1604).

Curious facts

■ Hydraulic sluices in the Po delta appeared in the 4th century BC. e. They were built by the Etruscans to deepen the channel and extract the salt brought by the sea tides.
■ The Porto Vinciane irrigation canal system in the province of Ferrara is named after Leonardo da Vinci, who designed it. The main technical idea of ​​this system is the use of a network of hydraulic pumps: with their help, excess water flows into the sea, and special locks do not allow it to move back to the plain.
■ The town of Comacchio (about 10,000 people), occupying 13 small islands connected by bridges in the Po delta, is called little Venice. It was founded under the emperor Octavian Augustus in the 1st century BC. on the site of the Etruscan city of Spina, known from the 3rd century BC. BC h. Comacchio hosts the International Ecotourism Fair every year.
■ Antonio Stradivari never left Cremona in his life and created about 2,500 instruments, of which 732 are indisputably authentic, including 632 violins.

River PO The Cot Alps in Valle Po on the Italian border with France and streams near the Adriatic coast into the Adriatic Sea. With a length of 652 km, it is the longest river in Italy. The basin area is approximately 75.000 km². On the next line the river flows through the Po valley, the most important agricultural- and industrial region in Italy. 1852 Po boat from the Austrian Lloyd was purchased and reorganized. The JV has extensive deltas of approximately 380 km² and continues to grow in area. The five most important weapons Maestra di Rho, PO della Pili, PO delle Tol, Apartments PO della Donzella and Po di Goro. Natural Park was created in the delta, der Parco del Delta del Po regional.

Adige, 410 km

Die Adige rises in the Ötztal Alps of the Reschensee pass (1550 m) in South Tyrol, which leaves its current Inn area, flows through the Reschensee lake (1482 m) and the lake with a rapid slope to Malser Haide and the flat valley of Glurns. Here it flows from the Swiss Rambach valley to the Adige river. It flows further east through Val Venosta, crosses the rapids of the Töll valley and arrives at the denMeraner basin. In the town of Merano, passerby, a tributary of the Adige, then a flat valley causes the direction in which Bolzano takes place. The Adige River flows through the lowlands south of Bolzano and leaves the South Tyrol Salurner Klause. Near Rovereto it happens to be the current narrow, shortly before Verona flows through the Verona Hermitage. The river Adige is at the level of the streams in Verona, the shallow banks are now swampy, the current is even muddy and slow. The bottom reaches the Adige River and tends to be associated with the river's mouth.

The arm of the river Adige branches off south to Tartaro Legnago and joins the Grandi Valli in these, Additional arms branches above Castelbaldo to the south and east as the Canale Bianco flows, connected with the Po Grande and eventually flows into the ro di Levante. The third arm, Naviglio Adigetto, turns southeast into Badia and into the delta flowing in. The river Adige itself flows into Porto Fossone, Province of Rovigo, in the Adriatic Sea and bounded in the north by the Po Delta.

Tiber, 405 km

Der Tiber rises in the Apennines on Monte Fumaiolo (1407 m) at 1348 m Balze above the village, It belongs to the region of Emilia-Romagna. This affiliation goes back to Benito Mussolini, He came from the Romagna region. He set the boundaries of the region so that now the source is no longer in Tuscany, but in his region of birth. A column with a marble inscription was erected: "Here the Tiber rises, the sacred origin of Rome". Already at the foot of the Fumaiolo reached the river Tuscany and runs here, essentially parallel to the "3bis" motorway and reached after about 30 km, shortly after the town of Sansepolcro Umbria. Accompanied by the expressway, flows through the cities of Citta di Castello, Umbertide and Perugia to Todi. From here you can river on road 448 nature reserve"Parco Fluviale del Valle Tevere" follow where the Tiber to Lago di Corbara (138 m) should. The outflow from Orvieto is reached by the motorway A1, She accompanied the Tiber to Rome. The valley of the Tiber forms the border between the regions of Umbria and Lazio here in Lazio after the place in Magliano Sabina. Along ancient roads Through Tiberin and Via Salaria now runs the Tiber to Rome. The island of Tiberina divides the river below the steep Capitoline Hill, something that early allowed the crossing and settlement of the Latins on the Palatine Hill, later Rome was formed through.

Adda, 313km

The Adda River is one of the few women designated rivers of Italy. It rises in Valle Alpisella Livigno 2235 Meters in the Rhaetian Iron Alps. The Upper Adda flows through Valtellina for about 100 Km. There it flows through Bormio, Tirano and Sondrio, before it discharges into Lake Como, its largest tributary is. In the lower Valtellina, the flow of the river Adda is greatly reduced by the hydroelectric power plant of the Italian electricity manufacturer Enel, which derives water through an underground tunnel and brings it 11 km downstream with it back near Lake Como to the earth's surface. The larger municipalities in the lower Adda are Lecco, Trezzo, Cassano d'Adda (where it enters the Po Valley in the flat part), Rivolta d'Adda, Lodi and Castelnuovo Bocca d'Adda, at the mouth of the river.

Ollio, 280 km

The Ollo river is created by the confluence of two mountain streams: Narcanello from the Presena glacier and Frigidolfo, formed by Ercavallo's lake national park Stelvio. These two rivers have their origin in Corno dei Tre Signori, at an altitude of approximately 2.600 Meters. The confluence of the rivers near Pezzo di Ponte di Legno towards Oglio.

It flows in a south-westerly direction, through Lago d'Iseo and Valcamonica. It joins the Po after traveling the zone of moraine deposits, at Torredoglio, not far from Cesole and Scorzarolo, in the province of Mantua. Its catchment area It corresponds to the area of ​​Valle Camonica, spreads over 6649 square kilometers. It is part of the larger Po Basin.

The territory of Italy is mostly covered with mountains. That is why the rivers of Italy cannot boast of long duration and full flow.

By

The longest river "boot" is Po, the length of which is 625 kilometers. The confluence of the Po is the waters of the Adriatic Sea. The largest tributaries of the Po: Dora-Riparia; Ticino; Dora Baltea; Adda. On the banks of the river there are many picturesque cities: Piacenza, Turin, Cremona, etc.

The Po River periodically overflows its banks, causing damage to the plains along the banks. That is why, for the most part of its course, the Po is surrounded by dams.

Traveling along the river could be quite exciting:

• Piacenza will be interesting Cathedral and numerous basilicas.
• Cremona boasts many buildings made in an unusual Lombard-Romanesque style, containing elements of the Gothic.
• Padua will delight art lovers with the preserved frescoes of Giotto.

Adige

In the north of Italy is the country's second largest waterway - the Adige River, which is only 410 kilometers long. It is on its banks that the magnificent Verona stands.

Other rivers of the country

The rivers of the Apennine Peninsula, as you have seen, are small. The largest can be called the following: Metauro; potency; Esino; Ofanto. The length of these rivers is not more than two hundred kilometers.

The rivers flowing into the waters of the Tyrrhenian Sea are larger. And the biggest one is the Tiber. This giant, by local standards, stretches across the country for 405 kilometers. Formerly the river was navigable from its source to its mouth. Today, in some places, the channel has become much shallower, and ships sail along the Tiber only in the interval from Rome to the mouth. The Tiber, through numerous lakes, tributaries and canals, has a connection with the Arno River.

Rivers southern Italy quite often dry up in the summer. And in areas of the country where there are karst caves, there are no rivers on the surface at all.

In general, the rivers of Italy are not particularly popular with guests of the country. And there are several reasons for this: shallow water; bad ecological situation. But lovers active rest extremely like small mountain streams.

Rivers are often located above the level of the plain; to prevent floods, they are protected by dams, the breakthrough of which leads to large floods (the latter happened in 2006). The rivers of northern Italy, in addition to rain feeding, are also fed by snow and glaciers, they are characterized by spring-summer and autumn floods, the rivers are used for irrigation. Alpine rivers are a source of hydropower. The rivers of the Apennine peninsula and islands are less abundant in water, they are fed mainly by rain, the flood is autumn or winter, and they often dry up in summer. The largest are the Arno and the Tiber.

List of the largest rivers by length

List of longest rivers in Italy.

Notes

130 (one hundred and thirty) - natural number, located between the numbers 129 and 131.

Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) is a fish of the sturgeon family. Rare little-studied species.

Small sturgeon, as an exception, reaches a length of 2 m and a weight of 25 kg, usually much smaller. It is very close to the Russian sturgeon, possibly being its evaded intraspecific form. It differs from the latter by a large number of gill rakers: it has 30-35 of them, while the Russian sturgeon usually has less than 30 of them. There are 36-48 rays in the dorsal fin, 24-31 in the anal fin. The color of the body varies from grayish-brown to almost black, the belly is whitish.

Passage view. For breeding, it enters the rivers of northern Italy, Yugoslavia and Albania: Po, Adige, Brenta, Livenets, Cetina, etc.

In the sea, it keeps near the coast, at depths from 10 to 40 m, usually near the mouths of rivers. In the rivers of Italy goes during the first months of the year, in fresh water remains until October. Spawning occurs in February-March. Growth, reproduction, fertility, caviar development, nutrition and other aspects of its biology have not been studied.

Due to its rarity economic importance this sturgeon does not. There are no data on its population. Efforts are currently being made artificial breeding.

Allia (Aliya, Aya; Italian Allia, lat. Allia) is a small river in the Italian region of Lazio, the left tributary of the Tiber. It originates in the mountains near the location of the ancient Roman city of Crustumerium, flows near the city of Monterotondo and flows into the Tiber about 10 km above Rome.

The Apennine Peninsula (Italian: Penisola appenninica; also Penisola italiana - “Italian Peninsula”) is one of the largest peninsulas in Europe, located in the south of the continent and washed by waters mediterranean sea. The peninsula contains most of mainland Italy, as well as the Republic of San Marino, the theocratic state of the Vatican City, and sometimes considered a dwarf state by the Order of Malta. The peninsula got its name from the Apennine mountains, stretching along its most part.

The area of ​​the Apennine Peninsula is 149 thousand km². Length - about 1100 km, width - from 130 to 300 km. In the north, the peninsula is bounded by the Padan lowland, in the west it is washed by the Tyrrhenian Sea, in the east - Adriatic Sea, in the south - the Ionian Sea.

A feature of the Apennine Peninsula is high seismicity, modern mountain building, ancient and modern volcanic activity (Albanian mountains, Amiata, Vulsini, Vulture, Vesuvius, Phlegrean fields). Strong earthquakes are not uncommon for the Apennine Peninsula. These processes are due to the global tectonic process of the movement of lithospheric plates, when the African plate collides and moves under the Eurasian plate, on which Europe is located.

Vipava (Slovenian Vipava) is a river in Slovenia and Italy, a left tributary of the Sochi River.

The length of the river is 49 km, of which 44 km are in Slovenia, 5 km in Italy. The pool area is 598 km² (not including the underground pool).

It originates from a karst spring in the town of Vipava. It flows along the right edge of the Vipava valley near the Karst plateau. It flows into the Socha River in Italy.

During the Roman Empire, the river was called Frigid (Frigidus - cold). In 394, the Battle of the Frigid River took place near the river, which largely predetermined the fate of the Roman Empire.

Italy is a state in Southern Europe, in the center of the Mediterranean. total area The country is 301,230 km², on its territory there are the southern slopes of the Alps, the Padan Plain, the Apennine Peninsula (famous for its boot-like shape), as well as the islands of Sicily, Sardinia and numerous small islands.

Monte Viso (or Monviso) (Italian Monte Viso, or Monviso; ox. Vísol; drink. Brich Monviso, or Viso) is the highest peak of the Kot Alps. The peak with a height of 3841 meters above sea level is located on the territory of Italy in the Piedmont region of the province of Cuneo, not far from the border with France.

Trigno (Italian: Trigno) is a river in southern Italy.

It originates from Mount Capraro (Apennines), near Vastogirardi in the Molise region, province of Isernia, at an altitude of about 1290 m above sea level. Length 85 km. It flows 35 km through the Molise region and about 45 km through the Abruzzi region, forming a border between them for most of its length. Up to 30 rivers and streams flow into Trigno. In the initial section, the current is calm, smooth, and near Chiauchi it is swift, between Pescolanciano and Chiauchi there is a cascade 60 meters high, after which, the current is calm again. The total area of ​​​​the basin is about 1200 km², of which 40% in the province of Isernia, 32% in the province of Chieti and 28% in the province of Campobasso. It flows into the Adriatic Sea, the mouth is located between the cities of Vasto and Termoli. In the upper reaches of the river, in the territory of Chiauchi dam was built. In 2011, the filling of the reservoir began.

Finta, or Mediterranean finta (lat. Alosa fallax) is a species of ray-finned fish of the herring family.