Minerals with the letter t - encyclopedia of minerals. The main minerals of titanium and types of titanium ores Gemstone with the letter t

Health

Nature gives man the opportunity to enjoy the benefits it produces. Therefore, people live quite comfortably and have everything they need. After all, water, salt, metals, fuel, electricity and much more - everything is created naturally and subsequently transformed into the form necessary for a person.

The same goes for natural products such as minerals. These numerous diverse crystalline structures are an important raw material for a huge number of the most diverse industrial processes in the economic activity of people. Therefore, we will consider what types of minerals are and what these compounds are in general.

Minerals: general characteristics

In the generally accepted sense in mineralogy, the term "mineral" means solid, consisting of chemical elements and having a number of individual physical and chemical properties. In addition, it should be formed only naturally, under the influence of certain natural processes.

Minerals can be formed both by simple substances (native) and complex ones. The ways of their formation are also different. There are such processes that contribute to their formation:

Large aggregates of minerals collected in single systems are called rocks. Therefore, these two concepts should not be confused. Mountain minerals are mined precisely by crushing and processing whole pieces of rocks.

The chemical composition of the compounds under consideration can be different and contain a large number of various impurities. However, there is always one main thing that dominates the composition. Therefore, it is it that is decisive, and impurities are not taken into account.

The structure of minerals

The structure of minerals is crystalline. There are several options for lattices with which it can be represented:

cubic;
hexagonal;
rhombic;
tetragonal;
monoclinic;
trigonal;
triclinic.

These compounds are classified according to chemical composition defining substance.

Types of minerals

The following classification can be given, which reflects the main part of the composition of the mineral.

In addition to the above groups, there are also organic compounds that form whole natural deposits. For example, peat, coal, urkit, calcium oxalates, iron and others. As well as several carbides, silicides, phosphides, nitrides.

native elements

These are minerals (the photo can be seen below), which are formed by simple substances. For example:

Often these substances occur in the form of large aggregations with other minerals, pieces of rocks and ores. Extraction and their use in industry are important for humans. They are the basis, the raw material for obtaining materials, from which a variety of household items, structures, jewelry, appliances, etc. are subsequently made.

Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates

This group includes rocks and minerals that are predominantly of exogenous origin, that is, they are found in the outer layers of the earth's crust. Only phosphates are formed inside. There are actually quite a lot of salts of phosphoric, arsenic and vanadic acids. However, if we consider the overall picture, then in general their percentage in the bark is small.

There are several of the most common crystals that belong to this group:

apatite;
vivianite;
lindakerite;
rosenite;
carnotite;
paskoit.

As already noted, these minerals form rocks of a rather impressive size.

Oxides and hydroxides

AT this group minerals include all oxides, both simple and complex, which are formed by metals, non-metals, intermetallic compounds and transition elements. The total percentage of these substances in earth's crust- 5%. The only exception that applies to silicates, and not to the group under consideration, is silicon oxide SiO 2 with all its varieties.

You can give a huge number of examples of such minerals, but we will designate the most common:

Granite.
Magnetite.
Hematite.
Ilmenite.
Columbite.
Spinel.
Lime.
Gibbsit.
Romaneshit.
Holfertite.
Corundum (ruby, sapphire).
Bauxite.

Carbonates

This class of minerals includes a fairly large variety of representatives, which are also of great practical importance for humans. So, there are the following subclasses or groups:

calcite;
dolomite;
aragonite;
malachite;
soda minerals;
bastnäsite.

Each subclass includes from several units to dozens of representatives. In total, there are about a hundred different mineral carbonates. The most common of them:

marble;
limestone;
malachite;
apatite;
siderite;
smithsonite;
magnesite;
carbonatite and others.

Some are valued as a very common and important building material, others are used to create jewelry, and others are used in technology. However, all are important, and their mining is very active.

silicates

The most diverse group of minerals in terms of external forms and number of representatives. This variation is due to the fact that the silicon atoms underlying their chemical structure are able to combine into different kind structures by coordinating several oxygen atoms around itself. So, the following types of structures can be formed:

island;
chain;
tape;
leafy.

These minerals, photos of which can be seen in the article, are known to everyone. At least some of them. After all, they include:

topaz;
pomegranate;
chrysoprase;
rhinestone;
opal;
chalcedony and others.

They are used in jewelry, are valued as durable designs for use in technology.

One can also cite as an example minerals whose names are not so well known to ordinary people not associated with mineralogy, but nevertheless they are very important in industry:

Datonite.
Olivine.
Murmanite.
Chrysocol.
Eudialyte.
Beryl.

TAAFFEIT- a mineral of the oxide class, BeMgAl 4 O 8.
TABASHIR- amorphous opal, opal-like silica of organic origin, found in the knees of bamboo.
TAVMAVIT- a dark green variety of epidote, rich in chromium (chromepidot).
TAVUSIT- labrador.
TAGANAIT- aventurine. Name after Mount Taganay in the Urals.
TAGESTEIN- the traditional name for ornamental stones, the merits of which are better seen in daylight than in artificial lighting.
TAI-PEARL- freshwater pearls, found in the bed of the Scottish River Tay, this is a giant pearl, which is often called royal, up to 12.7 mm in diameter and weighing about 8.6 carats, geographical name.
TAYRA MARBLE- pink marble with noticeable diopside crystals, mined on the small island of Tyree (Inner Hebrides) off the coast of Scotland.
TAIRUM GEM- synthetic rutile.
TAKIN- a trade name for a faceted emerald with a recessed or convex ornament, used in the countries of the Far East, mainly in India.
TAXOIT- green serpentine from Pennsylvania (USA), local name.
TALTALIT- green tourmaline from Taltala (Chile), local geographical name.
TALC- a mineral of a subclass of layered silicates, Mg 3 2 Si 4 O 10.
TAMA is the Japanese name for jade.
TAMPANIAM- the ancient name of button pearls (Pliny the Elder).
TANGANITE- tanzanite.
TANGIVAIT- antigorite or translucent dark green bowenite from Mildford Sound in the west of Otago (New Zealand).
TANZANITE- transparent bluish-violet zoisite from the Miralani Hills in Tanzania.
TANYA-59- synthetic rutile.
TANTALITE- a mineral of the oxide class, iron and manganese tantalate with a small content of niobium.
TAPROBANIT- sapphire-blue taaffeite.
TARNOWITZIT- tarnovskite.
TARNOVSKIT- lead aragonite, a variety of aragonite rich in PbCO 3, found in Lazarovka in the vicinity of the Tarnovsky mountains and in Tsumeb (Namibia).
THAUMASIT- a mineral of the island silicate group, forming needle-like or columnar crystals, dense, earthy and fibrous masses.
TOWSONITE- mineral, strontium titanate, SrTiO 3 .
TAHILIT- dark basalt glass.
TASHERANIT- one of the numerous modifications of ZrO 2 .
THEKLA-EMERALD- emerald imitation - a triplet of quartz and aquamarine or only quartz with a green glass inlay.
TEKTIT GEORGIA- crater glass from the state of Georgia (USA) from yellowish green to olive green.
TEKTIT - common name natural glasses with a high content (more than 75% of the composition) of silica.
TELESIA- cornflower blue sapphire with a silky black luster.
TELKIBANYASTEIN- the geographical name of the yellow wax opal from Telkibanya (Hungary).
TENIX- cellon.
tenorite- a mineral, copper oxide CuO, in structure resembles cuprite CuO 2, is formed in the oxidation zones of copper ores.
THEOTETEL- the Aztec name for obsidian, meaning "sorcerer's stone."
TERRALIA- red mediterranean coral, as well as the trade name for usually very thin branches of coral.
tesselite- apophyllite.
TIGERITE- eye of the Tiger.
TIGER- eye of the Tiger.
EYE OF THE TIGER- golden yellow or golden brown quartz with a wave-like sheen.
TINCENITE- a honey-yellow variety of axinite mined in Franklin Furnace (New Jersey, USA).
TITANIUM STONE- synthetic rutile.
titanioferrite- old, currently not used, the name of ilmenite.
TITANITE- sphene, a mineral of the island silicate class (titanium-calcium silicate).
TITANIUM
TITANIA- synthetic rutile, trade name.
TITANIUM BRILLIANT- synthetic rutile with a brilliant cut, used as an imitation of a diamond.
TODOMUNDO- the local name for dark green, pale yellow and brown tourmaline from Barra de Salinas (Brazil).
THOMSONITE- a mineral of the zeolite group.
TONPAZ is an obsolete name for topaz.
TOPAZ- a mineral of a subclass of island silicates, aluminum fluorosilicate.
TOPAZ BOHEMIAN- citrine.
TOPAZ ORIENTAL- yellow sapphire, as well as Indian topaz.
TOPAZ HAWAIIAN- green labrador.
TOPAZ SMOKE- smoky quartz (rauchtopaz).
TOPAZ WESTERN- citrine or amethyst
TOPAZ STAR- polished yellow corundum with asterism effect.
TOPAZ GOLDEN- golden quartz, as well as citrine or amethyst with thermally altered color.
TOPAZ IMPERIAL- white wine-colored topaz from Brazil or wine-yellow topaz.
TOPAZ INDIAN- yellow sapphire from India.
TOPAZ SPANISH- light yellow citrine.
TOPAZ QUARTZ- citrine or heated amethyst.
TOPAZ COLORADIAN- local name for yellow quartz, incorrect name.
TOPAZ ROYAL- transparent yellow-orange corundum (king topaz) or blue topaz (royal topaz).
TOPAZ FALSE- citrine or yellow fluorite, an ambiguous term.
TOPAZ MADEIRA- brown quartz from the island of Madeira, as well as heated amethyst, and golden brown synthetic sapphire, an ambiguous term.
TOPAZ NEVADA- yellow-brown obsidian from Nevada (USA).
TOPAZ ORANGE- brownish-yellow quartz, incorrect name.
TOPAZ PALMEIA- brown synthetic sapphire.
TOPAZ PALMIRA- brownish synthetic sapphire and pale yellow heated amethyst or citrine.
TOPAZ PEREDELSKY- yellowish green topaz.
TOPAZ SAXONIAN- yellow quartz.
TOPAZ OF SALAMANCA- citrine or heated amethyst from Salamanca (Spain), trade name.
TOPAZ SAFIRAS- light blue topaz from Marambay (Minas Gerais, Brazil).
TOPAZ SAFFRONITE- yellow-brown quartz.
TOPAZ serra- citrine or amethyst with thermally changed color.
TOPAZ SIBERIAN- dark blue natural topaz, geographical name.
Topaz Uruguayan- yellow-brown quartz.
TOPASION- in different times Antiquity and the Middle Ages, this term was attributed to different stones.
TOPAZOLITE- garnet, a yellow variety of andradite.
TOPAZ-SAPPHIRE- yellowish to yellow corundum.
TOPTIUS is the ancient name for olivine.
TOSA CORAL- Japanese coral.
TRAVERSELLITE- green, partially uralitized diopside from Traversella (Piedmont, Italy).
TRAVERTINE- a dense variety of calcareous tuff with a banded structure.
TRAINIT- polished, heavily contaminated variscite with a banded structure, found in the USA (Nevada and Utah).
TRAYMOND- one of the names of synthetic yttrium-aluminum oxide.
TRANSVAAL-TURMALINE- emerald green tourmaline from South Africa.
TRAUTVINIT- greenish-black uvarovite with a significant admixture of chromite.
TREMOLIT- a mineral of the amphibole group, forms an isomorphic series with actinolite and ferroactinolite (actinolite series).
CRACK- opal.
TRILLIUM- a dark green variety of fluorapatite.
TRINITITIS- green silica glass, a man-made product that arose from a nuclear explosion in New Mexico in the United States.
TRIOPHTHALMOS- the ancient name of stones with the effect of a cat's eye (Pliny, Agricola).
TRIP- yellow-brown tourmaline.
TRISTIN- two-tone amethyst and citrine quartz from La Gaiba (Santa Cruz, Bolivia).
TRIFAN- spodumene, obsolete unused name.
TRIFILITE- perovskine, a mineral of the class of anhydrous phosphates, a representative of the continuous isomorphic series of triphylite - lithiophylite, the extreme members of which are not known in nature.
TRICHITS- hair-like crystals in rock-forming minerals, often found in tourmalines.
TRUST- a pink variety of willemite with a significant admixture of manganese.
TSILAIZIT- a mineral of the tourmaline group.
TUGTUPIT- a mineral of the beryllosilicate group, sodium beryllosilicate, containing additional chloride and sulfur ions.
TUXTLIT- jadeite diopside.
TULIT- rosaline, pink dense variety of zoisite.
spinel.
TOURMALINE OF SARAPUTK- Ural tourmaline of carmine-red or violet-blue color.
TOURMALINE TRIP- trip.
TOURMALINE CHROME- chromdravite, dark green dravite with a high content of chromium and vanadium impurities. It is also called the emerald green grossular from Tanzania, a misnomer.
TOURMALINE MOOR HEAD- colorless or light green tourmaline crystals with black tops, mined mainly on the Elbe.
TOURMALINE TURK HEAD- colorless or multi-colored tourmaline crystals, the ends of which are colored red, are mined mainly in Brazil.
TOURMALINE SUN- columnar aggregates of tourmalines with a concentric-radial structure.
HEAVY WEIGHT - Ural name

.
TAGANAIT, -a, m. - the same as aventurine. # Name after Mount Taganay in the Urals.
TALC SCHERLE- the same as kyanite.
TANGIVAIT, -a, m. - the same as antigorite.
TASMANI DIAMOND- trade name of rock crystal.
TAUCINE STONE 1- the same as a labrador.
TAUCINE STONE 2- grayish sapphire.
HARD SPAR- the same as corundum.
tesselite, -a, m. - the same as apophyllite.
TIGERITE, -a, m. - the same as tiger's eye.
EYE OF THE TIGER- see tiger's eye golden yellow or golden brown stone with an undulating sheen, a variety of quartz. Name options: crocidolite, tigerite. Deposits: South Africa, Western Australia, Burma, India, USA, Ural. Properties: - favors economic activity (Lipovsky, Nikolaev); - protects from damage and the evil eye (Lipovsky); - sharpens intuition (Rybas); - Protects the financial position; - warns the owner of the danger, becoming heavier (Nikolaev); - saves from the pangs of unreasonable jealousy (Nikolaev); - helps to relieve fatigue and irritability (Nikolaev); - stimulates pedagogical abilities (Nikolaev).
TIGER STONE- brown jasper with black or white stripes.
TONPAZ, -a, m. (us.) - the same as topaz.
TOPAZ, -a, m. - see topaz, a colorless mineral or wine-yellow, blue, pink, and other colors. # Probably through the French. topaze, cf. lat. topazius The name comes from about. Topazos in the Red Sea (now St. John's, ARE). According to another version - from the Sanskrit tapas (fire). Name variant: Siberian diamond, heavyweight, tonpaz, tumpaz (Vladimirsky), tumpasia (ancient Russian. Fasmer). Deposits: Ural, Forgotten deposit in Primorye, Ukraine (Volyn), Eastern and North-Eastern Siberia. Mongolia was famous for its golden topaz, the Gorikho (Lipovsky) mine. Of the foreign deposits, the Brazilian ones are the most famous: in the province of Minas Geraiji in the district of Minas Novas (Betehtin). In Europe, golden topaz symbolizes the fullness of happiness. Properties: - relieves violent passions and lusts - golden topaz (Lipovsky); - relieves fears - pink topaz (Lipovsky); - heals obsession and madness - blue topaz (Lipovsky); - leads to enlightenment and peace - golden topaz (Lipovsky); - is a remedy for insomnia and the evil eye - blue topaz (Lipovsky).
TOPAZ CAT'S EYE- trade name for yellow topaz with opalescence.
TOPAZOLITE, -a, m. - yellow garnet. # Derived from topaz by color similarity. Deposits: Brazil, Italian Alps, Zermatt in Switzerland.
AX STONE- the same as jade.
TRADING CHRYSOLITH- same as demantoid.
POINT AGATE- agate with a pattern in the form of dots.
TRANSVAAL (TRANSVAAL) JAD- the same as grossular. Deposit: Transvaal province in South Africa.
TRANSVAL EMERALD- the same as fluorite.
TRENTON DIAMOND- trade name of rock crystal.
CRACK, -a, m. - the same as opal. # So named because it has the ability to absorb water, and when it dries, it cracks.
TUBE-SHAPED AGATE- chalcedony (agate) tubular tonsils, sometimes branching.
TUBE AGATE– agate with tubular foreign inclusions.
TUMPAZ, -a, m. (us.) - 1. The same as tumpasia. 2. Ural name for smoky rock crystal.
TUMPASIA, -i, f. (us.) - Ural name for topaz. # From topaz with phonetic changes.
TOURMALINE, -a, m. See tourmaline - a mineral of black, brown, pink and blue. # German Turmalin (Ushakov). From the Sinhalese turmali - attracting ash (Betekhtin). The term among Ceylon jewelers originally referred to zircon and other precious stones (Mitchell). Name variant: jet stone. Varieties: pairite, achroite, dravite, indicolite, rubellite, chameleonite, chromtourmaline, schorl. Stone of love and passion (Lipovsky). Deposits: Transbaikalia, Ural, Greenland, Madagascar, Norway, USA (California), Tyrol, Ceylon. Properties: - stimulates potency in men (Lipovsky); - strengthens marriage and childbearing (Lipovsky).
TOURMALINE CAT'S EYE- tourmaline with a "running" light strip.
HEAVYWEIGHT, -a, m. - Ural name for topaz. # So named because of its high density

TAAFFEIT(taaffeite) - the original name (1951) of the BeMgAl 4 O 8 oxide class mineral; in 2002 IMA revised its name to magnesiotaaffeite-2N'2S (magnesiotaaffeite-2N'2S) and composition to Mg 3 BeAl 8 O 16 .
TABASHIR- amorphous opal, opal-like silica of organic origin, found in the knees of bamboo.
TAVMAVIT- a dark green variety of epidote, rich in chromium (chromepidot).
TAVUSIT- Labrador.
TAGANAIT- the local name for aventurine, mined on Southern Urals. The name is given according to the place of discovery - the Taganay Range.
TAGESTEIN- the traditional name for ornamental stones, the merits of which are better seen in daylight than in artificial lighting.
TAI-PEARL- freshwater pearls found in the bed of the Scottish River Tay, this is a giant pearl, which is often called royal, with a diameter of up to 12.7 mm and a mass of about 8.6 carats, a geographical name.
TAYRA MARBLE- pink marble with noticeable diopside crystals, mined on the small island of Tyree (Inner Hebrides) off the coast of Scotland.
TAIRUM GEM- synthetic rutile.
TAKIN- a trade name for a faceted emerald with a recessed or convex ornament, used in the countries of the Far East, mainly in India.
TAXOIT- green serpentine from Pennsylvania (USA), local name.
TALTALIT- green tourmaline from Taltala (Chile), local geographical name.
TALC- a mineral of a subclass of layered silicates, Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2.
TAMA is the Japanese name for jade.
TAMPANIAM- the ancient name of button pearls (Pliny the Elder).
TANGANITE- tanzanite.
TANGIVAIT- antigorite or translucent dark green bowenite from Mildford Sound in western Otago, New Zealand.
TANZANITE- transparent bluish-violet zoisite from Miralani Hills, Tanzania.
TANYA-59- synthetic rutile.
TANTALITE- a mineral of the oxide class, iron and manganese tantalate with a small content of niobium.
TAPROBANIT- sapphire-blue taaffeite.
TARNOWITZIT- tarnovskite.
TARNOVICITIS- tarnovskite.
TARNOVSKIT- a variety of aragonite containing lead.
THAUMASIT- a mineral of the island silicate group, forming needle-like or columnar crystals, dense, earthy and fibrous masses.
TOWSONITE- mineral, strontium titanate SrTiO 3 .
TAHILIT- dark basalt glass.
TASHERANIT- one of the numerous modifications of ZrO 2 .
TV STONE (TV STONE) is a television stone.
THEKLA-EMERALD- imitation emerald, quartz and aquamarine triplet or only quartz with green glass inlay.
TEKTIT GEORGIA- crater glass from the state of Georgia (USA) from yellowish green to olive green.
TEKTIT- the general name of natural glasses with a high content of silica (more than 75%).
TELEVISION STONE- thin polished plates of ulexite.
TELESIA- cornflower blue sapphire with a silky black luster.
TELKIBANYASTEIN is the geographic name for a yellow wax opal from Telkibány, Hungary.
TENIX- cellon.
tenorite- a mineral, copper oxide CuO, in structure resembles cuprite CuO 2, is formed in the oxidation zones of copper ores.
THEOTETEL Obsidian is the Aztec name for "sorcerer's stone".
TERRALIA- red Mediterranean coral, as well as the trade name for usually very thin coral twigs.
tesselite- apophyllite.
TIGERITE- the same as the tiger's eye.
TIGER- the same as the tiger's eye.
EYE OF THE TIGER- pseudomorphosis of quartz after asbestos-like riebeckite (crocidolite), which has golden yellow or yellow-brown shades of a predator, often with a wavy tint. Trade name for a gemstone.
TINCENITE is a honey-yellow variety of axinite mined in Franklin Furnace, New Jersey, USA.
TITANIUM STONE- synthetic rutile.
titanioferrite- old, currently not used, the name of ilmenite.
TITANITE- sphene, a mineral of the island silicate class (titanium-calcium silicate).
TITANIUM
TITANIA- synthetic rutile, trade name.
TITANIUM BRILLIANT- synthetic rutile with a brilliant cut, used as an imitation of a diamond.
TODOMUNDO is the local name for dark green, pale yellow and brown tourmaline from Barra de Salinas, Brazil.
THOMSONITE- a mineral of the zeolite group.
TONPAZ is an obsolete name for topaz.
TOPAZ- a mineral of a subclass of island silicates, aluminum fluorosilicate.
TOPAZ BOHEMIAN- citrine.
TOPAZ ORIENTAL- yellow sapphire, as well as Indian topaz.
TOPAZ HAWAIIAN- green labrador.
TOPAZ SMOKE- trade name for smoky quartz (rauchtopaz).
TOPAZ WESTERN- citrine or amethyst
TOPAZ STAR- polished yellow corundum with asterism effect.
TOPAZ GOLDEN- golden quartz, as well as citrine or amethyst with thermally changed color.
TOPAZ IMPERIAL- white wine-colored topaz from Brazil or wine-yellow topaz.
TOPAZ INDIAN- yellow sapphire from India.
TOPAZ SPANISH- light yellow citrine.
TOPAZ QUARTZ- citrine or heated amethyst.
TOPAZ COLORADIAN- local name for yellow quartz, incorrect name.
TOPAZ ROYAL- transparent yellow-orange corundum (king topaz) or blue topaz (royal topaz).
TOPAZ FALSE– citrine or yellow fluorite, an ambiguous term.
TOPAZ MADEIRA- brown quartz from the island of Madeira, as well as heated amethyst and golden brown synthetic sapphire, an ambiguous term.
TOPAZ NEVADA- yellow-brown obsidian from Nevada, USA.
TOPAZ ORANGE- brownish-yellow quartz, incorrect name.
TOPAZ PALMEIA- brown synthetic sapphire.
TOPAZ PALMIRA- brownish synthetic sapphire and pale yellow heated amethyst or citrine.
TOPAZ PEREDELSKY- yellowish-green topaz.
TOPAZ SAXONIAN- yellow quartz.
TOPAZ OF SALAMANCA- citrine or heated amethyst from Salamanca (Spain), trade name.
TOPAZ SAFIRAS- light blue topaz from Marambay, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
TOPAZ SAFFRONITE- yellow-brown quartz.
TOPAZ serra- citrine or amethyst with thermally changed color.
TOPAZ SIBERIAN- dark blue natural topaz, geographical name.
Topaz Uruguayan- yellow-brown quartz.
TOPASION- at different times of antiquity and the Middle Ages, this term was referred to different stones.
TOPAZOLITE- garnet, a yellow variety of andradite.
TOPAZ-SAPPHIRE- yellowish to yellow corundum.
TOPTIUS is the ancient name for olivine.
TOSA CORAL- Japanese coral.
TRAVERSELLITE- green, partially uralitized diopside from Traversella, Piedmont region, Italy.
TRAVERTINE- a dense variety of calcareous tuff with a banded structure.
TRAINIT(trainite) is an ambiguous term: (1) a trade name for polished, highly impure, banded variscite from Nevada and Utah, USA; (2) "trainite" was used as a trade name for the mineral vashegyite Al 11 (PO 4) 9 (OH) 6 .38H 2 O from Hesse, Germany and (3) as a synonym for vashegyite. Since variscite and vashegiitis occur in association, and vashegiitis was discovered later (in 1909), it is possible that vashegiitis caused the banding in (1) case.
TRAYMOND- one of the names of synthetic yttrium-aluminum oxide.
TRANSVAAL-TURMALINE- emerald green tourmaline from South Africa.
TRAUTVINIT- greenish-black uvarovite with a significant admixture of chromite.
TREMOLIT- a mineral of the amphibole group, forms an isomorphic series with actinolite and ferroactinolite (actinolite series).
CRACK- opal.
TRILITIONITE- lithium-containing mineral KLi 1.5 Al 1.5 (Si 3 Al)O 10 F 2 of the lepidolite group.
TRILLIUM- a dark green variety of fluorapatite.
Trimontite- a synonym for scheelite.
TRINITITIS- green silica glass, an artificial product that arose from a nuclear explosion in New Mexico, USA.
TRIOPHTHALMOS- the ancient name of stones with the effect of a cat's eye (Pliny, Agricola).
TRIP- yellow-brown tourmaline.
TRISTIN- two-tone amethyst and citrine quartz from La Gaiba (Santa Cruz, Bolivia).
TRIFAN- spodumene, obsolete unused name.
TRIFILITE- perovskine, a mineral of the class of anhydrous phosphates, a representative of the continuous isomorphic series of triphylite - lithiophylite, the extreme members of which are not known in nature.
TRICHITS- hair-like crystals in rock-forming minerals, often found in tourmalines.
TROILITE(troilite) - a very rare mineral of the earth's crust, ferrous sulfide. It is found mainly in iron meteorites. The IMA "inherited" and lists troilite FeS and pyrrhotite Fe 7 S 8 as two minerals in its official list of minerals. However, according to modern IMA concepts, both of these minerals are polytypoids (that is, one mineral) in the range of Fe 1-x S compositions, where x = and belong to the same mineral species - pyrrhotite.
TRUST- a pink variety of willemite with a significant admixture of manganese.
TSILAIZIT(tsilaisite) - a manganese-containing variety of elbaite (a mineral of the tourmaline group); maroon, chestnut color. Since tsilaizite was discovered on Mount Tsilaizina of the island of Madagascar, in Russian it would be correct to call it cilaizin and not tsilaizite. This variety was declared as a new mineral with the composition Na(Mn,Al,Li) 3 Al 6 (BO 3) 3 Si 6 O 18 (O,OH,F), but was rejected by the IMA.
TUGTUPIT- beryllium-containing mineral of the silicate class Na 4 BeAlSi 4 O 12 Cl.
TUXTLIT- jadeite diopside.
TULIT- rosaline, pink dense variety of zoisite.
TUMIT- axinite from Tum (Saxony, Germany).
TUMPAZ- an outdated Ural name for smoky quartz (rauchtopaz) or topaz.
TUMPASIA- an obsolete name for topaz, the same as tumpaz.
TUNGSTEIN- a synonym for scheelite.
TURKISH STONE- turquoise.
TOURMALINE(tourmaline) - a group of minerals-boron-containing ring silicates, similar in composition and structure (

Titanium was discovered at the end of the 18th century, when the search for and analyzes of new minerals not yet described in the literature fascinated not only chemists and mineralogists, but also amateur scientists. One such hobbyist, the English priest Gregor, found black sand mixed with fine, off-white sand in his parish in the Menachan Valley in Cornwall. Gregor dissolved a sample of sand in hydrochloric acid; at the same time, 46% of iron was released from the sand. Gregor dissolved the rest of the sample in sulfuric acid, and almost all of the substance went into solution, with the exception of 3.5% silica. After evaporation of the sulfuric acid solution, a white powder remained in the amount of 46% of the sample. Gregor considered it to be a special kind of lime, soluble in excess acid and precipitated with caustic potash.

Continuing to study the powder, Gregor came to the conclusion that it was a combination of iron with some unknown metal. After consulting with his friend, the mineralogist Hawkins, Gregor published the results of his work in 1791, suggesting that the new metal be named Menachine after the valley in which the black sand had been found. Accordingly, the original mineral was named menaconite. Klaproth got acquainted with Gregor's message and, independently of him, began to analyze the mineral, known at that time as the "red Hungarian schorl" (rutile). Soon he managed to isolate from the mineral an oxide of an unknown metal, which he called titanium (Titan) by analogy with the titans - the ancient mythical inhabitants of the earth. Klaproth deliberately chose a mythological name as opposed to the names of the elements according to their properties, as suggested by Lavoisier and the Nomenclature Commission of the Paris Academy of Sciences, and which led to serious misunderstandings.

Fig.1. Rutile

Suspecting that Gregor's menachin and titanium were the same element, Klaproth made a comparative analysis of menaconite and rutile and established the identity of both elements. in Russia at the end of the 19th century. titanium was isolated from ilmenite and studied in detail from the chemical side by T. E. Lovitz; however, he noted some errors in Klaproth's definitions. Electrolytically pure titanium was obtained in 1895 by Moissan. In Russian literature of the beginning of the 19th century. titanium is sometimes called titanium (Dvigubsky, 1824), and the name titanium appears there five years later.

In the periodic system of elements, titanium is included in the 4th group of metals (zircon, hafnium, vanadium, scandium, niobium, tantalum) with atomic radii close in size. In chemical compounds, it exhibits valency 2, 3, 4. The atomic mass of titanium is 47.9, the radius of the Ti +4 ion is 0.064 nm.

Titanium exists in two states: amorphous - dark gray powder, density 3.392-3.395 g / cm 3, and crystalline, density 4.5 g / cm 3. For crystalline titanium, two modifications are known with a transition point at 885° (below 885°, a stable hexagonal form, above - cubic); t°pl. OK. 1680°; t b.p. above 3000°. Titanium actively absorbs gases (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen), which make it very brittle. Technical metal lends itself to hot pressure treatment. Perfectly pure metal can be cold rolled. In air at ordinary temperature, titanium does not change; when heated, it forms a mixture of Ti 2 O 3 oxide and TiN nitride. In a stream of oxygen at red heat, it is oxidized to TiO 2 dioxide. At high temperatures ax reacts with carbon, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, etc. Resistant to sea water, nitric acid, wet chlorine, organic acids and strong alkalis. It dissolves in sulfuric, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, best of all - in a mixture of HF and HNO 3. The addition of an oxidizing agent to acids protects the metal from corrosion at room temperature. In compounds, it exhibits valency 2, 3 and 4.

Fig.2. Ilmenite

The derivatives of Ti (2) are the least stable. Ti(3) compounds are stable in solution and are strong reducing agents. With oxygen, titanium gives amphoteric titanium dioxide, TiO oxide and Ti 2 O 3 oxide, which have a basic character, as well as some intermediate oxides and TiO 3 peroxide. Tetravalent titanium halides, with the exception of TiCl 4 - crystalline bodies, fusible and volatile in an aqueous solution, hydrolyzed, prone to the formation of complex compounds, of which potassium fluorotitanate K 2 TiF 6 is important in technology and analytical practice. Of great importance are TiC carbide and TiN nitride - metal-like substances that are distinguished by high hardness (titanium carbide is harder than carborundum), refractoriness (TiC, t ° melt 3140 °; TiN, t ° melt 3200 °) and good electrical conductivity.

The main minerals of titanium raw materials

Currently, 214 titanium minerals are known, in which it is one of the main components; of these, 85 are oxide titanium minerals, about 100 are the silicate group, two are nitrides, four are borates, one is a carbonate, four are phosphates, and three are arsenates.

In rock-forming minerals, titanium is concentrated mainly in dark-colored silicates. Titanium minerals forming deposits include ilmenite (FeTiO3) - (43.7-52.8% TiO2), rutile (TiO2) - (94.2-99.0%), anatase, leucoxene - (56.3- 96.4%), sphene, loparite - (38.3-41.0%), sphene, titanite - (CaTi (SiO4)(O,OH,F) - (33.7-40.8%), perovskite and others, but the first four minerals are of major industrial importance.Titanomagnetite is a promising mineral of titanium.It contains TiO 2 from a few to 305 and, as a rule, an admixture of V 2 O 5. When melting titanomagnetite, cast iron and titanium-containing slag are obtained (up to 4% TiO 2), which is usually considered as a waste.The most promising are high-titanium titanomagnetites containing more than 16% TiO 2

Industrial types of deposits

Industrial types of titanium deposits are represented by the main genetic groups: igneous, metamorphogenic (primary) and exogenous (placer). Alluvial deposits in the global raw material base of titanium occupy a leading position in terms of reserves (52.3%), production (67 - 70%).

Metamorphosed titanium deposits are formed during the metamorphism of ancient placers and bedrock primary igneous ores. The Upper Proterozoic metamorphosed placers within the Bashkir uplift are confined to the sandstones of the Zilmerdak Formation, where interlayers up to 2.5 m thick, enriched in ilmenite (up to 250–400 kg/t) and zircon (up to 30 kg/t), are encountered. High-quality ilmenite-magnetite massive and disseminated ilmenite ores are formed during regional metamorphism of primary igneous ores. The most significant igneous deposits of titanium are confined to large massifs of anorthositic formations with an area of hundreds and thousands of square kilometers. In Russia, they include the deposits of the Eastern Sayan (Malo-Tagulskoye, Lysanskoye, Kruchininskoye), in Canada - Lak-Tio, in the USA - Tegavus.

Fig.3. Perovskite

Modern and buried titanium-bearing weathering crusts are formed on gabbro-anorthosites (Volyn massif) and metamorphic rocks (Ukrainian Shield, Kazakhstan). With the removal of alkaline elements and the formation of clay minerals of the kaolinite group, more stable accessory minerals, including ilmenite and rutile, accumulate in the crust. At the same time, grains of ore minerals retain their original shape of crystals and are not rounded. The thickness of weathering crusts reaches several tens of meters. The content of ilmenite can reach several hundred, and rutile - several tens of kilograms per cubic meter.

There are two types of placer titanium deposits: coastal-marine and continental. The main ones are coastal-marine complex ilmenite-rutile-zircon placers; Continental alluvial-deluvial placers of ilmenite are less important. Rutile and ilmenite are mined from modern coastal-marine placers in Western Australia, India, Sri Lanka, Sierra Leone, partly in Brazil and the USA. Large reserves of ilmenite sands have been found off the northern coast of Greenland, on the east coast of Madagascar, along the shores of Lake Malawi on the coast of Mozambique and New Zealand.

Of great industrial importance in Russia, as well as abroad, are marine (bottom, beach, delta) placers of complex zircon - rutile - ilmenite composition. One of the sources of titanium minerals and zircon are deposits of construction, molding and glass sands. Certain potential opportunities lie in technogenic formations. So, wastes (tails) of enrichment of mining and metallurgical enterprises are considered as technogenic deposits. Tailings of processing of apatite-nepheline ores containing titanomagnetite and sphene accumulate.

Natural and technological types of ores

Natural types of ores are distinguished by their mineral composition: ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile, titanomagnetite, ilmenite-magnetite (titanomagnetite), apatite-magnetite-ilmenite, etc. The typification of natural (mineral) types of ores in primary titanium deposits is based on the ratio of the main ore ilmenite, magnetite, apatite. Ores of primary deposits are also subdivided according to the following features that affect their technological properties:

According to textural features - disseminated, sideronite, spotty-disseminated, massive.

According to structural features, coarse, medium, fine and fine-grained.

According to the composition of the petrogenic base - anorthosites, gabbroids, pyroxenites.

By the nature of its change, e by the degree of replacement of primary minerals by low-temperature ones, weakly altered rocks (up to 30% of non-metallic minerals are replaced, altered 9 from 30 to 50%), intensively altered 9 more than 50%. The above features of titanium ores make it possible to distinguish technological types according to the degree of enrichment: easy, medium, difficult enrichment. Two groups of titanium ores are distinguished by the nature of their complexity. In some cases, the leading (or one of the leading) element in complex deposits is titanium, while associated elements play a secondary role. Such raw materials are mined in order to obtain titanium products and zircon. In another group of ores, the leading components are iron, phosphorus, rare earths, niobium, tantalum; titanium is extracted from this raw material along the way.

Mining

The development of titanium ore deposits is carried out by open, underground and combined methods. The vast majority of deposits, and especially placers, are processed by open-cast mining. When developing, excavator, bulldozer-excavator, dredging and hydromechanical methods are used. First, the soil layer is opened, which is stored separately, and then the empty rocks of the roof are opened.

Underground way. Field development is used in case great depths ore occurrence9 70 m0, as well as at shallower depths, when the technical, economic and environmental indicators of this method of development are preferable.

The hydraulic borehole method for the extraction of titanium ores can be used for deposits with highly disintegrated ores with a size of more than 50 m, which is almost completely satisfied by alluvial deposits occurring at any depth. Of all the methods of field development, it is distinguished by simplicity, high efficiency and environmental friendliness.

Industrial processing of raw materials. Titanium ores are, as a rule, poor in raw materials and require preliminary enrichment before further processing and consumption. Almost all known processes are used for enrichment. Enrichment of placers is usually carried out in 2 stages. At the first stage, rough collective concentrates are obtained. The second stage (finishing) involves the selection of black concentrate using magnetic and electrical separation.

Selection by electrostatic methods of non-magnetic minerals is most widely used. It uses differences in the electrical conductivity of minerals, as it decreases, the indicated objects are arranged in the indicated sequence: magnetite-ilmenite-rutile-chromite-leucoxene-garnet-monazite-tourmaline-zircon-quartz.

Sands of alluvial deposits make up more than 50% of all titanium ores and often have a multicomponent mineral composition. The fraction of heavy minerals contained in them mainly consists of ilmenite, rutile together with leucoxene and zircon, as well as aluminosilicates - disthene, sillimanite, staurolite and tourmaline. Primary titanium ores are subdivided into magnetite - ilmenite, titanium-ilmenite varieties. Magnetite-ilmenite ores are enriched according to combined schemes. Ilmenite-hematite require, due to very fine dissemination, the use of pyrometallurgical processes. Magnetite concentrate is purified from sulfur by the flotation method to obtain magnetite and sulfide raw materials.

Ilmenite-magnetite and ilmenite-hematite ores are processed according to the pyrometallurgical scheme with decomposition of solid solutions of titanium and iron by melting. Titanium ores of almost all industrial types are complex. Associated components are iron, vanadium, cobalt, copper, phosphorus, zirconium, platinum. Alluvial deposits are especially complex.

When processing native titanium ores, vanadium-magnetite, sulfide concentrates and phosphoric acid are obtained along the way. Requirements for titanium concentrates are determined by their value and further processing technology. They include the regulation of physical and chemical properties in terms of mineral composition, TiO 2 content, harmful elements and soluble compounds, humidity, fineness, and surface condition.

Manufacture of synthetic rutile. An intensive search is underway for new methods for producing synthetic rutile containing up to 95-98% TiO 2 with a mass fraction of about 35-55% in the original concentrates and more than 70-80% in slags. The resulting synthetic rutile is superior in reactivity to natural rutile due to the high specific surface area, which has a very favorable effect on the production of pigment dioxide and titanium tetrachloride.

The production of pigment titanium dioxide is carried out in 2 ways: sulfate, based on the decomposition of ilmenite concentrates or special titanium slags with sulfuric acid, and chlorine, which consists in the chlorination of natural rutile concentrates, synthetic rutile or titanium slags, followed by processing the resulting tetrachloride into titanium oxide.

The production of titanium sponge (titanium sponge) is carried out from raw materials, which abroad are mainly rutile, in the CIS countries - ilmenite concentrates, melted slags. For the production of titanium metal, the initial ore raw material is converted into titanium tetrachloride TiCl 4 . The production process of the latter consists of 5 main limits: preparation of raw materials, chlorination, condensation of chlorination products, purification of TiCl 4 and waste processing.

Application of titanium

The main advantages of titanium to other structural methyls are the combination of lightness, strength and corrosion resistance. Titanium alloys in absolute, and even more so in specific strength (that is, strength related to density) surpass most alloys based on other metals (for example, iron or nickel) at temperatures from -250 to 550 ° C, and they are comparable in corrosion with noble metal alloys. However, titanium was used as an independent structural material only in the 1950s. 20th century due to the great technical difficulties of its extraction from ores and processing. The main part of titanium is spent on the needs of aviation and rocket technology and marine shipbuilding Titanium-iron alloys, known under the name "ferrotitanium" (20-50% T.), in the metallurgy of high-quality steels and special alloys serve as an alloying additive and deoxidizer.

Commercial titanium is used to manufacture tanks, chemical reactors, pipelines, fittings, pumps, and other products that operate in aggressive environments, for example, in chemical engineering. Titanium equipment is used in the hydrometallurgy of non-ferrous metals. It is used to cover steel products. The use of titanium in many cases gives a great technical and economic effect, not only due to an increase in the service life of equipment, but also the possibility of intensifying processes (as, for example, in nickel hydrometallurgy). The biological safety of titanium makes it an excellent material for the manufacture of equipment for Food Industry and in reconstructive surgery. Under conditions of deep cold, the strength of titanium increases while maintaining good ductility, which makes it possible to use it as a structural material for cryogenic technology.

Titanium lends itself well to polishing, color anodizing, and other surface finishing methods, and therefore is used in the manufacture of various art products, including monumental sculpture. An example is the monument in Moscow, erected in honor of the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite. Of the titanium compounds of practical importance are oxides of titanium halides, as well as titanium silicides used in high temperature technology; titanium borides and their alloys are used as moderators in nuclear power plants due to their infusibility and large neutron capture cross section. Titanium carbide, which has a high hardness, is part of the tool carbide alloys used for the manufacture of cutting tools and as an abrasive material.

Geochemistry of titanium

Titanium is the ninth most abundant chemical element in the earth's crust. The average titanium content in the earth's crust, according to A.P. Vinogradov, is 0.45%.

There are five stable isotopes in nature: 46 Ti (7.95%), 47 Ti (7.75%), 48 Ti (73.45%), 49 Ti (5.51%), 50 Ti (5.34%) .

Most titanium is contained in the basic rocks of the so-called "basalt shell" (0.9%), less in the rocks of the "granite shell" (0.23%) and even less in ultrabasic rocks (0.03%), etc. K rocks, enriched in titanium, include pegmatites of basic rocks, alkaline rocks, syenites and associated pegmatites and other rocks. Titanium is mostly dispersed in the biosphere. In sea water it contains 1-10 -7%; Titin is a weak migrant.

AT natural conditions it occurs mainly in the tetravalent state, which determines the increased stability of its oxygen compounds. Divalent titanium is very rare in rocks. The presence of TiO +3 is noted in silicate minerals (pyroxenes, amphiboles, biotite). Ilmenite is also found in the rare mineral armocolite. Omilite, trivalent titanium's own mineral, is also very rare. Free titanium is not observed in nature.

Titanium belongs to the lithophilic elements - it does not form natural sulfides and arsenides, as well as salts of weak acids, since it is a weak base itself. Titanium is not very typical for hydrothermal formations, in the form of volatile halogen and sulfur compounds (such as TiCl 4) it is established up to 5.52 mg / l in natural condensates of volcanic gases.

Under conditions of hypergenesis, titanium is inactive. In the surface conditions of the earth's crust, it moves in the form of stable mineral differences by mechanical-water flows, partly by the wind, and not in the form of true solutions. In the sands, rutile and ilmenite remain virtually unchanged. In clays, they are usually present as pelitic particles.

Titanium in the body. Titanium is constantly present in the tissues of plants and animals. In terrestrial plants, its concentration is about 10 -4%, in marine plants - from 1.2 × 10 -3 to 8 × 10 -2%, in tissues of terrestrial animals - less than 2 × 10 -4%, marine - from 2 × 10 -4 to 2 × 10 -2%. Accumulates in vertebrates mainly in horny formations, spleen, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, placenta; poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. In humans, the daily intake of titanium with food and water is 0.85 mg. Relatively low toxicity.