How many seas are there on Earth? No one will tell you the exact answer. For example, the International Hydrographic Office identifies only 54 seas; some scientists believe that there are more than 90 seas on our planet (not counting the Caspian, Dead and Galilee, which are often classified as lakes). The most common version is that there are 81 seas. This discrepancy arises due to the fact that scientists interpret the very concept of “sea” differently.

The most common interpretation: sea ​​- a body of water separated by parts of land or elevations of underwater relief . From a geological point of view, seas are young formations. The deepest ones were formed at the break of tectonic plates, for example, the Mediterranean. Smaller ones are formed on the outskirts of continents when continental shallows are flooded.

Characteristics of the seas

The seas actively participate in creating the temperature regime of the globe. Sea water is very lazy and heats up slowly. Therefore, for example, the water in the Mediterranean Sea becomes warmest not in July, when it is hot, but in September. As the level drops, the water cools quickly. At the bottom of the deepest seas it is about 0ºC. In this case, salt water begins to freeze at a temperature of -1.5 ºC; - 1.9 ºC.

Warm and cold currents move huge masses of water - warm or cold. This greatly influences climate formation.

Ebbs and flows, frequency of their changes and height also play a big role. The occurrence of high and low tides is associated with the changing phases of the Moon.

An interesting feature of sea water is known. When diving, the sea gradually “eats” the colors. At a depth of 6 m, scarlet colors disappear, at a depth of 45 m - orange, 90 m - yellow, at a depth of over 100 m only violet and greenish shades remain. Therefore, the most colorful underwater world is located at shallow depths.

Types of seas

There are several classifications that unite seas according to certain characteristics. Let's look at the most popular ones.

1. Across the oceans(list of seas by ocean)

2. By degree of isolation

Internal - do not have access to the ocean (isolated), or are connected to them through straits (semi-isolated). In fact, isolated seas (Aral, Dead) are considered to be lakes. And the straits connecting semi-isolated seas with the ocean are so narrow that they do not lead to the mixing of deep waters. Example - Baltic, Mediterranean.

Marginal - located on the shelf, have an extensive network of underwater currents and free access to the ocean. They are separated from each other by islands or underwater hills.

Interisland - such seas are surrounded by a close group of islands that prevent connection with the ocean. The largest number of such seas among the islands of the Malay Archipelago are Javanese and Sulawesi.

Intercontinental - seas lying at the junction of continents - Mediterranean, Red.

3. By water salinity There are lightly saline (Black) and highly saline (Red) seas.

4. According to the degree of ruggedness of the coastline There are seas with highly indented and slightly indented coastlines. But, for example, the Sargasso Sea has no coastline at all.

Coastlines are characterized by the presence of bays, estuaries, bays, spits, cliffs, peninsulas, beaches, fjords and capes.

The difference between a sea and a lake, a bay and an ocean

Despite the great similarity in the interpretations of the concepts “sea”, “lake”, “bay” and “ocean”, these words are not synonymous.

So, the sea differs from the lake:

Size. The sea is always bigger.

The degree of water salinity. In the sea, water is always mixed with salt, while in lakes it can be fresh, brackish or salty.

Geographical location. Lakes are always located inside continents and are surrounded on all sides by land. The seas most often have a connection with the ocean.

It is more difficult to separate seas and oceans. It's all about size here. It is generally accepted that the sea is only a part of the ocean that has unique flora and fauna. The sea may differ from the ocean in the degree of salinity of the water and the relief.

The bay is also part of the ocean, deeply cut into the land. Unlike the sea, it always has a free connection with the ocean. In some cases, the name bay is assigned to water areas, which, according to their hydrological characteristics, are more likely to belong to the seas. For example, Hudson Bay, California, Mexico.

The saltiest sea

(Dead Sea)

If we consider the Dead Sea to be a sea, and not a lake, then the palm in terms of the degree of salinity of the waters will belong to this water area. The salt concentration here is 340 g/l. Because of the salt, the density of the water is such that it is impossible to drown in the Dead Sea. By the way, this is why there are no fish or plants in the Dead Sea; only bacteria live in such a salt solution.

Of the recognized seas, the Red Sea is considered the saltiest. 1 liter of water contains 41 g of salt.

In Russia, the saltiest sea is the Barents Sea (34-37g/l).

The largest sea

(Philippine Sea)

The largest sea in the world is the Philippine Sea (5,726 thousand sq. km). Located in the western Pacific Ocean between the islands of Taiwan, Japan and the Philippines. This sea is also the deepest in the world. The greatest depth was recorded in the Mariana Trench - 11022 m. The sea territory covers 4 climatic zones at once: from equatorial to subtropical.

The largest sea in Russia is the Bering Sea (2315 thousand sq. km.)

What's the best thing about summer? Of course, only the summer spent at sea. The period of the longest school holidays, hot sun and fresh fruits, is much more pleasant to spend near the water. Moreover, the larger the body of water and the cleaner the water in it, the better the impressions will be left there.

I love sitting on the beach and watching the waves crash on the shore. But most of all, I like to peer into the horizon. Look at the border between water and sky. At such moments, I understand that the world is much larger than the city in which I live. There are also beautiful sunsets at sea. But this is a topic for another essay.

Option 2

This summer, our whole family went on vacation to the Black Sea again, as every year we try to adhere to this tradition. I am looking forward to this magical time and am trying to thoroughly prepare for the next trip.

This year we went to Sochi again, as we all really like this resort town. It has a very developed infrastructure for vacationers and tourists. But first, there was a long road ahead, which I really love, since we got to the place by train. This is my favorite type of transport, because during the journey you have the opportunity to think and dream. Sochi always welcomes its guests very hospitably.

I really love excursions to the mountains, as the mountains have very beautiful nature and fresh air. I am glad that I took several boat trips and jeep rides along mountain roads, as this entertainment is very exciting. There was an opportunity to go to the water park and admire the sports facilities that were built for world sports competitions and arouse admiration among vacationers.

The city has a lot of different entertainment options that are suitable for people of all ages. The beaches that stretch along the city are very clean and equipped with the opportunity to play beach volleyball and rent various sports equipment. I hope that I will spend these holidays very cheerfully and with benefit for my health. A holiday at sea has many advantages: fresh sea air, sea water and simply a cool environment and the energy of nature.

Every year we look forward to new and unforgettable holiday experiences, because during the school year we get very tired and we simply need to restore our strength, and the sea is an excellent way to restore our health. In general, there is no better place than the sea...

Essay Trip to the sea

All people love to dream and they each have their own dream, the fulfillment of which they dream and try to make into reality. The fulfillment of a dream also depends on the people themselves - some do everything to make their dreams come true, while others just sit in place, doing nothing, and wait for the dream to come true on its own. All people are different, so not all people's dreams come true.

My dream is to visit the Dead Sea, located between Jordan and Israel. This is the only body of water in which it is impossible to drown, because the concentration of salts in it exceeds all standards familiar to people and their pressure simply does not allow a person to drown. Water also contains many useful substances of organic and inorganic nature, such as bromides and iodides. These substances in moderate concentrations are extremely beneficial for the body, and receiving the substances in the form of rest and bathing will allow a person to calmly enjoy life and receive all the necessary microelements.

The healing mud that is extracted from the bottom of the sea is also very attractive. These muds formed the basis of many cosmetic masks and lotions. They also contain many compounds of different structures, with their own individual composition, which are extremely beneficial for the body. Many tourists go to the Dead Sea as a resort, not only to have a wonderful holiday on the coast of a truly exotic body of water, but also to improve their health as one of the best and most popular healing resorts.

The dream of visiting the Dead Sea is one of the main ones in my life, so I will never give up and will do everything to make my dream come true. I want it to be fulfilled sincerely and with all my heart, so I simply won’t wait until a ticket there just falls out of the sky for me, because it’s unrealistic, nothing in life happens for nothing, everything needs to be done with the necessary and possible efforts. Then only the dream will come true and be fulfilled in the best expectations.

Sample 4

We arrived at the seaside by car. We were greeted by warm weather and a very kind woman, the owner of the house where we will live. Mom and Dad took out suitcases with things, we settled down and on the very first day we went to the sea, it can be seen from our window.

The sea was stormy all day; this is when the waves are very high, almost as tall as my father’s, they reach unprecedented heights, my mother says, even several stories high. It was scary even to approach the sea; specially trained people walked along the shore and made sure that no one went into the water, it was very dangerous, it could be carried away.

The next day we went to sunbathe again, the sea was calmer, but still people did not allow vacationers to swim, it was a little offensive, but the main thing is that the sea is not far from home, we could go back and forth often. We decided that day to just sunbathe, lie on special sunbathing chairs, there were not many people and they were free. Sometimes the waves even reached us, drowning our flip-flops in the water, once even the towel got wet, my mother gave me hers.

On the third day we were already walking and did not expect to swim, but it was already allowed, the sea was calm, and finally we swam, sunbathed, and ate corn. The guy who sold it came up with funny poems about it. We laughed.

Sometimes it rained, I went outside, there was a gazebo, looked at the mountains in the distance and read books.

Then we went to these mountains, they were called gorges, we had to walk there, I thought that these were obstacles on the way. There were rocks, we jumped on them, some thin logs that we had to step on to cross streams, there were descents and steep ascents, but we walked and did not complain, even though the sun was very hot.

We first got to the moonstone, mom said that there is a belief that the moonstone brings energy to anyone who touches it with their hand. I held it for a while and it really felt like it was charging. Then we went along another road and reached a huge waterfall, my mother stood right under the water and said that the water was cold. And my dad and I climbed to the very top of the rock so that my mom could take photos with us. It was a little scary because it was very slippery, we could have fallen from a great height, but it’s good that we didn’t fall.

Of course, I didn’t want to leave, because it means I’ll have to go to school soon, but I also just liked being at sea. It was fun there, we swam a lot, sunbathed and walked together. They also brought everyone various souvenirs from the sea, a lot of magnets.

Art workshop
in the art of speech in 5th grade

"My verse sings in the waves of its tide"
M. Voloshin

Lesson type: integrated lesson of Russian language, literature and MHC.

Lesson format: visit to the marine painters' studio.

Office interior: on the desks there are photographs with images of the sea; the cabinet curtains are decorated with blue patches in the form of waves; stand with reproductions of marine paintings; stand “Poetic dedication to the sea” and other attributes reproducing the atmosphere of the marine painter’s house.

Equipment: reproductions of marine paintings by I. Aivazovsky, M. Voloshin, A. Bogolyubov, K. Bogaevsky, W. Turner, M. Ciurlionis and others; photographs and postcards with images of the sea, with views of the house-museums of A. Green and M. Voloshin; cassettes (= disks) by C. Debussy “Sounds of Nature”; reproduction of the painting by K. Vasiliev “Sadko visiting the Sea King”.

Lesson objectives: 1. Contribute to modeling the verbal space of the concept "sea" by immersing children in the creative world of artists, poets and musicians who dedicated their works to the sea; introduce the spelling of complex color epithets and teach them to use them in their own texts.

2. Expand and supplement children's fragmentary ideas about the sea with new metaphorical and pictorial concepts.

3. To develop artistic taste, the ability to understand and appreciate beauty.

A recording of the instrumental composition “Sea Mood” (album “Sounds of Nature”) is playing.

Teacher's opening speech

Teacher. The ever-changing sea is amazing and you can admire it endlessly. People have long been drawn to the sea: its moist breath soothes and fills with extraordinary energy. Today I invite you to move from school everyday life to the fascinating world of the sea elements, without leaving the classroom. To do this, we will turn on our imagination, and the almighty power of our imagination will help us find ourselves in the creative studio of marine painters. This studio consists of several amazing rooms. We will move from one room to another and complete tasks that a mysterious natural artist named More helped me come up with.

POETRY HALL

Poets of all times and peoples dedicated their poems to the sea. One of the best poetic gifts to the sea still remains the poem written more than 100 years ago by I.A. Bunina:

The whole sea is like a pearl mirror,
Lilac with a milky golden tint.
A rainbow shone in the sunset rain.
Now a thin smoke is fragrant over the saklya.

There's a seagull sitting in a rocky cove -
Like a float. Sometimes it takes off
And you can see how a stream of silver
Water runs off the pink paws.

There are rocks frozen in the water off the coast,
A liquid emerald shines beneath them,
And there, in the distance, are pearls and opals
They flow through the golden yachts.

(Children read the prepared poems expressively.)

NOSTALGIC HALL

Teacher. The sea not only surprises and delights us, it evokes a slight sadness that always appears after parting with the sea.

(Exchange of summer impressions on sea pages.)

When I remember the sea, then...

...I feel the sea air - clean, invigorating, calling me on a fabulous journey.

...I dream of seeing its waves again, the sun reflected in the water, jumping dolphins, warm sand and seagulls circling in the sky.

...I rush into the mysterious distances, from which the melody of happiness and peace seems to be calling.

PORTRAIT HALL

Teacher. There are people who could not part with the sea. They decided to devote their creativity to the alluring depths of the sea. They are called marine painters. These include writer A.S. Green (it is no coincidence that his house-museum in Feodosia is designed in the shape of a ship); artist I.K. Aivazovsky, who painted more than 6,000 paintings during his life, two-thirds of which are dedicated to the sea. The sea, mountains and clouds are the favorite themes of the poet and artist M. Voloshin, the brightest representative of the Silver Age. Let's take a look into the marine painter's house, because the owner himself invites us:

The door is unlocked. Cross the threshold
My house is open to all roads.
In transparent cells, whitewashed with lime,
The wind sighs, a dull roar lives
Waves rushing up onto the flat shore,
Wormwood spirit and the harsh crackling of cicadas.

And outside the window is the molten sea
Burns like brocade in the azure expanse...
Full chest to the sea, straight to the east
Converted like a church, a workshop.
And again the human flow
It flows through the door without drying up.

Come in, my guest, shake off the dust of life
And the mold of thoughts is at my doorstep...
From the bottom of centuries he will greet you strictly
The huge face of Queen Taiakh.
My shelter is poor. And times are harsh.
But the shelves of books rise like a wall.
Here at night they talk to me
Historians, poets, theologians.

(M. Voloshin. Poet's House)

The teacher shows images of the house-museums of A. Green and M. Voloshin.

Teacher. The workshops of famous writers and artists, as you can see, necessarily contain bookshelves, paintings, portraits, fancy sea souvenirs... But today we have to look into the most unusual workshop of the most unusual marine painter, which, of course, is the Sea King. His workshop is a mysterious seabed. The Romans call the ruler of the sea elements Neptune, and the Greeks call him Poseidon. Our ancestors, the Slavs, also had a Sea King; it is not for nothing that epics about the stay of the famous Novgorod merchant Sadko as a guest of the Sea King were preserved. Look how dashingly the lord of the sea dances to the amazing harp of Sadko in the painting by K. Vasiliev. (Children look at a reproduction of the painting.) How do you imagine the Sea Slavic Tsar? Describe it.

Mythological dictionary entry

Sea king is an elderly man who is dressed in Russian folk costume. On his head is a crown of shells. On his feet are bast shoes woven not from straw, but from the most beautiful seaweed. It has a fish tail and claws like a crayfish. In one claw he holds the staff of the seas and oceans, in the other - a model of a pirate ship, one of those that he likes to sink. (Katya Shilo)

The sea king is a huge octopus that sits on a coral throne. Sometimes he harnesses magical whales to huge sleighs decorated with the most beautiful pearls. Then the sea rages, covering the king from prying eyes. When his dolphin daughters dance for him, he rejoices. The sea begins to smile and dance along with them. (Sonya Kuzmenko)

WRITERS' HALL

Teacher. Everyone can admire the sea, but not everyone can express their admiration in words. I suggest learning from the masters of artistic expression. Please note that no one in their description limited themselves to one color shade. All authors resorted to the use of complex adjectives, i.e. adjectives consisting of two roots. Such adjectives denoting color shades are written with a hyphen.

Selective dictation

Exercise. From these sentences, write down phrases consisting of nouns and complex adjectives dependent on them.

1. Ahead, sharply separated from the yellow water of the estuary, lay a black-blue strip of shaggy sea. (V. Kataev)

2. Thousands of reflections crushed and swayed on the gray-golden sea. (D. Bykov)

3. The sea lay right under our feet, calm, like a tightly stretched grayish-blue satin, and only wrinkled slightly here and there. (Z. Voskresenskaya)

4. The sea in the harbor was a dirty green color, and the distant sand spit that crashed into it on the horizon seemed soft purple. (A.I. Kuprin)

5. Here is a bench and a straw umbrella,
Further there is a cliff - and foggy,
Hazy purple sea ​​horizon,
The West is sinister and strange. (I.A. Bunin)

MARINIST PICTURE GALLERY

Teacher. In our art gallery you can see paintings by those artists who could depict their reverently enthusiastic attitude towards the sea in paint. The sea element in their paintings can raise gigantic waves, break into myriads of rainbow spray, seethe and rage, destroy ships... At the same time, they could depict the sea as quiet and gentle, calm and thoughtful, playful and playful, or lurking anxiously before a thunderstorm... To select the right paint, the artist mixes and tries hundreds of different shades several times on his palette. We will also try now to mix verbal colors and describe the calm and stormy sea. Of course, reproductions of paintings by famous painters will help you find the most suitable color. Don't forget: if you try to paint the range of the sea using two color shades, you will need a hyphen.

Sea color scheme

Portrait of a calm sea

Turquoise, blue, light blue, violet, sky pink, silver azure, emerald azure, ...

Portrait of a stormy sea

Lead, gray, steel, black, blue-black, ash-brown, dirty purple, charcoal-crimson, ...

Teacher. Well, I think the sea will be grateful to us for the outfits we gave it. After all, it dresses up to bring joy to people.

Any night, any day
The sea is busy with itself:
In the morning it is dressed
In a pink dress.
During the day - dressed in blue,
With a white surf ribbon.
At night on the black surface -
Soft velvet outfit,
And on a velvet dress
Jewels are burning.
The sea, if it's not a secret.
Please give me the answer:
What are your outfits for?
- So that people are happy!

(V. Orlov)

MUSIC HALL

Listening to the instrumental composition “The Sea” by C. Debussy.

HALL OF SPELLING AWARENESS

Teacher. Artists and poets have always perceived the sea as a living organism. They understood that the sea, like a person, has its own character, its own hobbies, its own sorrows and joys. The sea is offended when some students consider it a feminine noun and assign the ending -A. Let's not offend the sea and prove that we know how to correctly enter verb endings in accordance with the defined nouns.

Complicated copying with grammatical justification

1. The sea breathed_ calmly and easily.

2. And the sea swayed, boiled and collapsed like a blue wave.

3. The turquoise sea basked in the rays of the sun, the water surface breathed calmly and deeply.

WRITERS' HALL

Teacher. I suggest returning to the writers' room to once again enjoy the verbal marine palette of outstanding masters.

Melodeclamation

Against the background of an instrumental composition in which you can hear the splash of sea waves and the cries of seagulls, the teacher (or a trained student) expressively reads an excerpt from V. Kataev’s story “The Lonely Sail Whitens.”

No matter how much you look at the sea, you will never get tired of it. It is always different, new, unprecedented.

It changes before our eyes every hour.

Sometimes it is quiet, light blue, covered in several places with almost white trails of calm. It is bright blue, fiery, sparkling. Then it plays with lambs. Then, under a fresh wind, it suddenly becomes indigo-colored, woolen, as if it were being ironed against the pile. Then a storm comes and it changes menacingly. The storm wind drives a large swell. Seagulls fly screaming across the slate sky. The agitated waves drag and throw the glossy body of a dead dolphin along the shore. The sharp green of the horizon stands like a jagged wall above the brown clouds of the storm. Malachite boards of the surf, sweepingly covered with runaway zigzags of foam, crash onto the shore with cannon-like thunder. The echo rings like bronze in the deafened air. A thin mist of spray hangs like muslin across the entire enormous height of the shocked cliffs.

But the main charm of the sea lay in some secret that it always kept in its spaces.

Wasn’t it a mystery its phosphorescent glow, when on a moonless July night a hand dipped into black warm water suddenly lit up, all showered with blue sparks? Or the moving lights of invisible ships and the pale, slow flashes of an unknown lighthouse? Or the number of grains of sand inaccessible to the human mind?

Eurythmic warm-up “Capricious waves”

Children stand between the rows and hold hands. Depending on the number of children in the class, organize two or three groups of “waves”. Each group needs to first turn into a raging wave, and then into a calm one. Give the opportunity to first discuss the nature of the movements. Choose appropriate music.

POETRY HALL

Teacher. Before you try your hand at creating a verbal image of the sea, let’s choose an epigraph for the essay “The Secret of the Seabed.”

A. Good between underwater stems.
.... Pale light. Silence. Depth.
.... We will notice only the shadow of the ships,
.... And the wave does not reach us. K. Balmont

B. Silent sea, azure sea,
.... Reveal to me your deep secret:
.... What moves your vast bosom?
.... What is your tense chest breathing? V. Zhukovsky

IN. But suddenly the forest smells of reality,
.... When through the blue seas,
.... Through the moon-star shine
.... You will see the fairy tale in reality. L.Vyunnik

G. Farewell, free elements!
.... For the last time before me
.... You roll blue waves
.... And you shine with proud beauty. A.S. Pushkin

Justification for the selected epigraphs.

Writing optional essays:

fantasy essay “The Secret of the Seabed!”;

descriptive essay “When the sea frolics (worries, gets angry...”);

essay-fairy tale “Visiting the Sea King.”

Best student works

WHEN THE SEA FROLS

When the sea frolics, the white lambs of its waves roll in and run away, dragging them along with them. The sea seems to be alive: it is trying to catch up with me, to knock me off my feet. When the lambs hit the stones, it seems that the stones are shepherds of the sea coast. They don't let the waves hit the shore.

The sea shines and shimmers. It plays with different colors: green, blue, pearl, emerald purple. These colors escaped from one artist who came to the sea every day to paint a picture. But he couldn’t get the picture right, and then the offended colors ran away from the loser.

When any wave rises upward, it seems that Neptune himself is about to emerge from it to inspect his possessions. Usually he watches how people behave, to see if they litter. And if he sees that they do litter, he hits them with a big wave. White lambs always accompany Neptune during such control examinations.

In the evening the sea calms down. Neptune is sailing away to solve very important issues deep, deep in the sea. And people go home.

Alena Makarenko

THE MYSTERY OF THE SEA BOTTOM

I go down to the very bottom and walk slowly, slowly (or am I still swimming?). Oh! Here a dolphin flashes by, on the right the fish are working on pearls: they are preparing decorations for the wedding dress of Neptune’s daughter. He himself sits on a throne in the distance, watching over his subjects through special binoculars.

- What should we order, dear?

I was surprised by her good manners and answered:

– I really want to try some water with seaweed.

The shrimp looked at me and suddenly backed away. I was surprised by her strange movements, but then I remembered that shrimp swim backwards. I look, and she’s already standing in front of me and holding a tray with a glass twice her size!

- Thank you! – I thanked the strange waitress.

– You can keep the glass! – she answered and backed away again.

I walk (or swim?) along the streets of the sea, drink water, sea life is in full swing under my feet: stingrays-buses swim, crustaceans-geologists dig the earth... It’s good here! But, unfortunately, it's time to go home! To the surface! I ascend slowly to once again enjoy the sea views.

A few moments later I find myself at home, in a warm bed, with a cat purring peacefully at my feet. Tomorrow I will definitely tell her about the amazing marine life.

Sonya Kuzmenko

VISITING THE SEA KING

Once I was sailing on the sea on a yacht with white sails. Mountains could be seen sleeping in the fog; the bright sun reflected in the clear water.

Suddenly I saw dolphins jumping. Imagine my surprise when they jumped on board and spoke in a human voice.

– Would you like to visit the fabulous underwater kingdom? - they asked me.

This was my old dream, and without a moment’s hesitation I agreed. I just wanted to put on a mask, but the dolphins stopped me.

- But how will I breathe under water? – I asked.

The dolphins did not answer and dived. They soon returned with seaweed, which they offered me to eat. I ate them and found myself... in a fairy tale. I discovered that I could breathe, swim and even talk underwater.

Accompanied by dolphins, I headed to the Sea King. When I found myself in his palace, he turned me into a mermaid to make it easier for me to swim. I swam past a reef, fire-breathing volcanoes, and a garden of wonderful berries. Met amazing creatures. But suddenly I wanted to go home. And then I realized that I couldn’t return to the yacht, because instead of legs I had a shiny mermaid tail.

I returned to the king, but he refused to help. Then I thought about the berries that I saw in an unusual garden. I found myself in the garden again. There I began to remember what exactly the dolphins told me about these berries. A magical transformative berry grew in the garden. I tore it off and returned to the palace. The sea king was incredibly surprised when he heard my story about this berry. He decided to plant it in his palace, so he took the berry from me.

I had to turn to the fairy Mermedia, the great sea sorceress, for help. She gave me the glory pendant. With his help I had to get my legs back. Thanking the fairy, I swam. Of course, the mermaid’s tail helped me move faster. I swam ashore, and then a miracle happened: the magic tail turned into ordinary human legs. As a souvenir of this unusual dive, I still have Mermedia’s pendant.

Tanya Tsurupa

LITERATURE

1. Vachyants A. Project “World of the Sea” in fine arts classes in elementary school. M.: Art, No. 3, 2007. pp. 4–5.

2. Voloshin M. House of the Poet: Poems. Chapters from the book "Surikov". L.: Det. lit., 1991. pp. 173–178.

3. Kataev V. A Lonely Sail Whitens: A Tale. For high school age. Vilnius: Vituris, 1987. P. 10.

N.I. NEMYKINA,
gymnasium No. 3,
Belgorod

Sea. I really love the sea. It is never monotonous or uninteresting, because every day, even every minute it is different. Mysterious, fickle, immense - it excites the soul and does not leave the heart indifferent. One day it is quiet and calm, like a large mirror, cold and transparent. The sun's rays, penetrating the salt water, reach the bottom, gently touch the golden sand and bright shining shells, smooth pebbles and greenish algae, catching small dexterous fish, which play in schools merrily near the shore. On

The next day everything suddenly changes.

A gusty wind will blow and drive the waves towards the shore. The water turns cloudy green, sometimes dark blue, and once I saw it was even shockingly black. No more fish, no shells, no sand are visible: there are only frantic waves that forcefully hit the coastal sand. Then my parents and I sit on the shore and can only watch the power of the sea. Although even at such moments the sea seems amazing to me. I think that it is a giant that I can compete with, and I throw pebbles into the sea or scream loudly. But victory always goes to him, the sea. It muffles my voice and throws my pebble onto the shore. Sometimes it seems to me that I can look at the sea forever. And it always makes me feel welcome.

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Description of the Black Sea

Description: The Black Sea is connected to the Sea of ​​Marmara and the Mediterranean by the Bosphorus Strait, and to the Sea of ​​Azov by the Kerch Strait. Oceanic salinity in the Black Sea is 1.8%. (in the Mediterranean 37%). The area of ​​the Black Sea is 423 thousand sq. km, depth - 2245 m, holds 527 cubic km of water.
The peculiarity of the Black Sea is that at a depth of over 150 meters, the habitat of anaerobic bacteria begins, the result of which is the release of hydrogen sulfide. Organisms that need oxygen cannot live there. Life develops only in the upper layer of the sea, constituting 12 - 13% of the total volume of the sea, 80% of the entire fauna of the Black Sea are marine species that penetrated here through the Bosphorus. The rest are brackish-water organisms, common in similar bodies of water throughout the planet. And fresh species from rivers flowing into the Black Sea. The water in the Black Sea is moderately cold.

Marine life

The Black Sea is poorer in species than the Mediterranean; it is home to species that tolerate a wide range of water salinity and do not require great depths at any period of development. All types can be divided into two large groups: permanent and temporary.
The Black Sea is home to 2.5 thousand species of animals: 500 species of unicellular organisms, 160 species of vertebrates - fish and mammals (sharks, dolphins), 500 species of crustaceans, 200 species of mollusks, the rest are invertebrates of various groups.
Large mobile animals enter the Black Sea from the Mediterranean of their own free will. But a large number of species are constantly brought here, regardless of their desire, through the straits: Black Sea - Bosphorus - Sea of ​​Marmara - Dardanelles - Mediterranean Sea.
There are constantly two currents in the Bosphorus Strait - the upper one carries desalinated water from the Black Sea to the Sea of ​​Marmara and further to the Mediterranean. The lower one delivers saltier, warmer water to the Black Sea. With it, the thickness of the stream is 2-8 meters, planktonic organisms are carried into the sea. Live starfish, brittle stars, and sea urchins were found here.
The flora of the Black Sea includes 270 species of green, brown, red bottom algae, 350 species of microscopic planktonic, and a lot of different bacteria.
Most planktonic algae build themselves from simple compounds using solar energy. Some algae, like animals, can only feed on ready-made organic substances.
The noctiluca algae (nightlight) has become a predator - noctiluca has no chlorophyll, it looks like a miniature transparent apple with a stringy tail, and got its name for its ability to glow.

Sea water balance

Water balance is a very important characteristic of the marine ecosystem, since any changes in the natural mechanism of inflow and outflow of water affect the salinity, temperature, density and other properties of water masses and, consequently, the living conditions in them.

There are no and cannot be established once and for all components of the water balance of the sea. From year to year they change depending on weather conditions, the magnitude of river flow, temperature and air humidity, affecting the evaporation of moisture from the sea surface, the strength, direction and duration of winds and many other reasons. Therefore, it is more correct to talk about some long-term average water balance indicators, calculated on the basis of observations, measurements and assessments made over a number of years.

The components of the Black Sea water balance include river flow, precipitation in the form of rain and snow, evaporation from the sea surface, water exchange through the Bosphorus and the Kerch Straits. It should be noted that there are two currents in opposite directions in the straits. In the Bosphorus Strait, the upper current is directed from the Black Sea to the Marmara Sea, and the lower current is directed from the Marmara Sea to the Black Sea. In the Kerch Strait, the upper current is directed from the Azov Sea to the Black Sea, and the lower current is directed from the Black Sea to the Azov Sea. According to averaged long-term data (Shimkus and Trimonis), the water balance of the Black Sea can be expressed by the following values:

Water inflow into the Black Sea (km per year)

• With river flow 346
• With precipitation - 119
• From the lower reaches in the Bosphorus Strait - 176
• From the upper reaches in the Kerch Strait - 32

Total - 694

Source of water from the Black Sea (km per year)

• Through evaporation - 332
• Through the upper reaches of the Bosphorus Strait - 340
• Through the lower reaches in the Kerch Strait - 32

Total - 704

As you can see, the rivers bring 346 cubic meters into the Black Sea. km of fresh water and almost the same amount (340 km), but now salt water flows from the Black Sea through the Bosphorus. Atmospheric precipitation supplies almost three times less fresh water to the sea than it leaves into the atmosphere through evaporation. In other seas, all components of the water balance are significantly different, this is understandable. But in the Black Sea, more than in some other seas, people have recently interfered with the mechanisms of regulating the water balance. For example, through irreversible withdrawal of fresh water for irrigation or other economic purposes. In these cases, river flow to the sea is reduced, which entails a number of changes in the functioning of the ecosystem. Here the modern fate of the Aral Sea comes to mind, reduced to a small body of water precisely because of the excessive use of river flow in cotton fields in the region. However, the fate of the Aral Sea in no way threatens the Black Sea, if only because it will not become shallow as long as there is a connection with the Mediterranean Sea through the Bosporus. And they don’t grow particularly water-intensive crops here. However, fresh water is also consumed here in considerable quantities. For example, in the sixties and seventies of the last century, plans were made to use large volumes of water from rivers flowing into the Black and Azov Seas, primarily for the development of irrigated agriculture in the arid regions of the Northern Black Sea and Azov regions. From the standpoint of agriculture and livestock farming, this then seemed like a major project to transform nature for the better for humans.
On the other hand, this promised great changes in the marine environment and loss of biological resources in both the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Azov. Specialists, hydrologists and oceanologists, made forecasts of expected events in the sea and assessed the possible damage that they would cause to commercial fish and other valuable organisms. For example, Professor A.M. Bronfman and Dr. E.P. Khlebnikov wrote in 1985 that with the expected increase in irreversible water consumption in the Azov Sea basin from 1980 to 2000, the average salinity of water in it will increase from 12.13% in 1981 (the % sign means the number of grams of salts per kilogram of sea water) to 14.46% in 1995 and up to 15.58% in 2000. It was with this accuracy that the constructed mathematical models predicted the value of water salinity. In relation to the Black Sea, Professor K.A. Vinogradov and Dr. D.M. Tolmazin noted in 1971 that, subject to the removal of 40% of river flow, the salinity of water in the Black Sea will tend to 33%, reaching this value in about 7000 years. By 2000, a number of authors predicted an increase in salinity in the Black Sea from 18% to 21-22% and a sharp deterioration by this time of living conditions for many marine organisms, primarily for Pontic relics. In connection with the reduction in river flow, the “advance” of the sea into open estuaries, such as the Dniester and Dnieper-Bugsky, and an increase in the salinity of water in them from the current level of 2-3% to 18-20% were predicted. As a precautionary protective measure, Professor F. S. Zambriborshch (1971) proposed building dams at the mouths of these estuaries in the Ochakov and Zatoka areas. This will create reservoirs of a new type, warned F.S. Zambriborshch, but no other effective way to save the brackish-water fauna of the estuaries and their rich fish resources is known. These examples are given in order to show how seriously scientists took the prospect of reducing river flow and how confident they were then in various forecasts obtained using mathematical models. It later became clear that mathematical "ecological models" are often based on extremely simplified conceptual models of systems. Therefore, when answering practical questions on environmental problems, ecologists, as one of them wrote, are often more like ancient Greek oracles than scientific experts and consultants Of course, this applies to the ecological mathematical models of the 60s and 70s of the last century. Later, time has passed, and now some conclusions can be drawn. As modern research shows, events in the Black Sea region developed according to a different scenario than predicted. For various reasons, including economic and political, a large irreversible withdrawal of river flow had not yet occurred by the end of the century. Rivers continue to pour practically the same volumes of fresh water into the Black Sea. Salinity in the open waters of the Black Sea remained at the same level - about 18%. It increased somewhat in open estuaries and in the Sea of ​​Azov, but far from reaching the predicted values.
For example, the current average salinity of water in the Sea of ​​Azov is 13.8%, and was predicted to be 14.46% in 1995. It can be argued that the salinity of the water has remained at a level at which serious biological changes in the ecosystem cannot be expected.