Deep-sea inhabitants of the oceans presentation. Presentation on the theme "Pacific Ocean". Flora of the seas and oceans

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Natural community - a set of plants, animals, microorganisms adapted to the conditions of life in a certain area, affecting each other and environment. It carries out and maintains the circulation of substances.

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The main form of links between organisms in a natural community is food links.

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Plants are the initial, main link in any natural community, which creates a reserve of energy in it. Only plants, using solar energy, can create organic substances from the minerals and carbon dioxide in the soil or water.

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Plants are eaten by herbivorous invertebrates and vertebrates.

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Carnivores eat herbivores.

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The natural community also includes various organisms that feed on waste: dead plants or their parts (branches, leaves), as well as the corpses of dead animals or their excrement. They may be some animals - gravedigger beetles, earthworms.

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But the main role in the process of decomposition of organic substances is played by fungi and bacteria. It is they who bring the decomposition of organic substances to mineral substances, which can again be used by plants.

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cycling occurs in natural communities

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Biogeocenosis (from the Greek βίος - life γη - earth + κοινός - general) - a system that includes a community of living organisms and a closely related set of abiotic environmental factors within one territory, interconnected by the circulation of substances and the flow of energy (natural ecosystem). It is a stable self-regulating ecological system

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The concept of biogeocenosis, introduced by V. N. Sukachev (1940), has become widespread mainly in Russian literature. Abroad, especially in English-speaking countries, the term “ecosystem” is more often used in a similar sense, although the latter is more ambiguous and is also used in relation to artificial complexes of organisms and abiotic components (aquarium, spaceship) and to individual parts of the biogeocenosis (for example, a rotting stump in a forest with all the organisms inhabiting it). Ecosystems can have arbitrary boundaries (from a drop of water to the biosphere as a whole), while biogeocenosis always occupy a certain territory.

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Ecosystem, or ecological system (from other Greek οἶκος - dwelling, location and σύστημα - system) - a biological system consisting of a community of living organisms (biocenosis), their habitat (biotope), a system of connections that exchanges matter and energy between them. One of the basic concepts of ecology.

State Educational Institution " secondary school No. 12 in Pinsk

Plants - inhabitants seas and oceans

Mesha Svetlana Leonidovna

teacher primary school

World Ocean

Rich and varied plant and animal world ocean. Currently, about 160 thousand species of animals and more than 10 thousand species of algae have been found in the ocean.

• Most of the ocean (almost 5%) has a complex relief, and its depth is over 4000 m.

• Most deep place on the ground - Mariana Trench(11.034 m).

Distribution of living organisms

• Living organisms are located everywhere, but unevenly
• The species difference depends on:

- latitude of the place

- from depth

- distance from the coast

- from salinity and density of waters

Deep layers

• Poor lighting
• High pressure
• Low temperatures

Surface layers

• Good illumination
• oxygen saturation
• hotter zone

Conditions for the existence of organisms are very favorable

1. The buoyant force of water acts, therefore organisms of large sizes can live in it.

• 2. There are no sharp changes in water temperature during the seasons.
• 3. Oxygen is dissolved in water, marine organisms breathe.

Vegetation in the ocean

• Aquatic plants are algae. Distributed to a depth of 200-250 m.

• Divided into attached and free-floating
• Absorb oxygen throughout the surface

Seaweed

Seaweeds are ancient plants that live primarily in water. Here we meet with unicellular and multicellular, and with large forms of various structures.

Seaweed

• Even in color, seaweeds are not the same, since some contain only chlorophyll, others still have a number of additional pigments that color them in different colors.

Vegetable world seas and oceans

• The flora of the ocean and seas is as rich and varied as the flora of the land. Most of the biomass is in the Pacific Ocean (about 50%).

• These are unicellular and red algae.

Wolffia rootless is the smallest plant in the world.

• Fucus plants among which there are sea oaks.

The main feature is the many pairs of air bubbles that help the plant to maintain a vertical position in the water.

• sea ​​grapes

king algae

And the coasts of the Pacific Ocean

• are famous for their magnificent mangroves that can grow in salt water.

• kelp

sargasso

• In the northern part of the Indian Ocean, closer to the equator, there are amazing dinophytes that can glow at night.

Dinophyte glow of algae

• About 240 species of phytoplankton and the hardiest algae live there. There are only 18 types of them:

diatoms, dystomea, red algae, kelp, fucus, sea anemones, sea ​​lilies, and others.

diatoms

The nature of the oceans Grade 7. The history of the study, the topography of the ocean floor, the properties of the waters, the inhabitants and economic activity man in the oceans. The Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Indian Ocean

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Arctic Ocean

Arctic Ocean, Arctic Ocean (English), Nordishavet (Norwegian), Ishavet (Danish) - part of the World Ocean in the Arctic, around North Pole between Eurasia, America and Greenland. The northernmost, shallowest (depth up to 5449 m) and the smallest ocean of the Earth. The area, together with the seas, is 14.7 million km².

The Arctic Ocean was once a freshwater lake connected to the Atlantic by a narrow strait. 18 million years ago, the strait between Greenland and Europe began to expand. Gradually salty water The Atlantic began to flow into the Arctic, turning the freshwater lake into an ocean.

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE OCEAN Describe geographical location Arctic Ocean Name the seas of the Arctic Ocean

STRUCTURE OF THE OCEANIC DEEP Shelf - ½ of the ocean - the shallowest

LOMONOSOV RIDGE During the second expedition, in which the Rossiya icebreaker took part, scientists found out that the Lomonosov and Mendeleev Ridges in the Arctic Ocean are a continuation of the Russian continental shelf

HISTORY OF THE RESEARCH In the course of an attempt to reach the pole on the Fram ship - reached 86 ° 13 ′ 36 "N on April 8, 1895, it was found that no land at the North Pole exists, and the pole itself is covered with ice. The depths of the ocean were measured , discovered warm current passing through the North Pole under the ice Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (1861 - 1930) Norwegian polar explorer, scientist, founder of a new science - physical oceanography, laureate Nobel Prize world for 1922.

ICE REGIME Ice drift - the movement of ice in the sea or ocean under the influence of wind and currents The ice of the Arctic Ocean is constantly drifting, forming a cyclonic, that is, counterclockwise, circulation. Part of the ice is carried into the Atlantic Ocean

"Chelyuskin" in the ice of the Arctic On August 2, 1933, the steamer under the command of the polar captain V. I. Voronin and the head of the expedition O. Yu. Schmidt left Murmansk for Vladivostok, working out the cargo delivery scheme along the Northern Sea Route for one summer navigation on February 13 1934 the ship was crushed by ice. About three weeks later, on March 5, pilot Anatoly Lyapidevsky on an ANT-4 aircraft made his way to the camp and removed 10 women and 2 children from the ice floe. 104 people, who spent two months in the conditions of the polar winter on an ice floe, were rescued.

Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov 1877 - 1914 - Russian hydrographer, polar explorer, senior lieutenant. The organizer of an unsuccessful expedition to the North Pole, which covered about 200 kilometers of the required 2000 km. On February 2, 1914, sick Sedov, together with sailors G. I. Linnik and A. I. Pustoshny, on three dog teams (having only 20 dogs) left Tikhaya Bay to the Pole. A week later, he could not walk and ordered himself to be tied to the sled. On February 20, 1914, Georgy Yakovlevich died among the ice near Rudolf Island.

The official opening of the world's first drifting station SP-1 took place on June 6, 1937, 20 km from the North Pole. The expedition lasted 9 months (274 days), the ice floe covered more than 2000 km. The icebreakers "Taimyr" and "Murman" removed the four winterers on February 19, 1938 beyond the 70th latitude, a few tens of kilometers from the coast of Greenland. Composition: station manager I.D. Papanin, meteorologist and geophysicist E.K. Fedorov, radio operator E.T. Krenkel, hydrobiologist and oceanographer P.P. Shirshov. Polar station SP -1

MODERN RESEARCH

ICE TYPES SEA ICE FAST DRIFT (PACK) Attached to the shores and can form continuous fields (several km) Formed from first-year ice Practically impassable for icebreakers Move under the influence of sea currents A mixture of glacial fields of different ages Rarely are continuous: abound in leads and polynyas

hummocks - a heap of ice fragments, up to 10-20 m in height, which are formed as a result of compression of the ice cover.

ICEBERGS "BLACK ICEBERG" - floating black ice Mountains covered with a thick layer of volcanic dust, the Titanic encountered this in 1912

CLIMATE Polar day 0 º - +1-4 º Polar night t -32-40 º summer winter 16 The ocean is located in the arctic illumination zone The polar night lasts 189 days, and the polar day - 178. Snow and ice reflect 90% of solar radiation.

ORGANIC WORLD OF THE OCEAN Polar bears

ORGANIC WORLD OF THE OCEAN Grouper Cod Herring

pinnipedia

The ice is home to many inhabitants. Which ones?

ECONOMIC USE The Northern Sea Route is the shortest sea route between the European part of Russia and Far East. Serves the ports of the Arctic and major rivers Siberia (import of fuel, equipment, food, export of timber, natural resources). What seas does it cross? cross-polar air bridge passes (the shortest route between North America and Asia)

The Arctic contains a colossal amount of undeveloped energy resources - oil and gas. 90 billion barrels. These reserves will last for 3 years. Among the major Russian fields are gas fields - Shtokmanovskoye, Rusanovskoye and Leningradskoye in the western Arctic.

ECONOMIC USE Some of the seas are commercial (cod, halibut, haddock are caught, algae are collected). Mariculture is developing. For example, in Russia, mussels are grown in the White Sea.

THE OCEAN IS IN DANGER The Arctic Ocean during the Cold War was a dumping ground for radioactive waste from the USSR, is turning into a cesspool for harmful chemicals from around the world nuclear tests) 135 nuclear explosions were carried out at the test site: 87 in the atmosphere (of which 84 air, 1 ground, 2 surface), 3 underwater and 42 underground On Novaya Zemlya in 1961, the most powerful explosion in the history of mankind H-bomb- 58-megaton "Tsar bomb"

Melting permafrost, in addition to raising the water level in the world's oceans, will also lead to a large release of carbon into the atmosphere. Bacteria in the soil, after the ice melts, will actively multiply and produce methane, which is 20 times more dangerous in terms of the greenhouse effect than carbon dioxide. According to scientists, the northern provinces of Canada, Alaska and Russia will suffer the most from the release of gases as a result of the melting of ice.

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The Pacific Ocean is the most restless Pacific " fire ring» - a zone of earthquakes and volcanoes The highest waves are up to 34 meters. The strongest storms

The Pacific Ocean is the most restless Pacific typhoons - hurricane winds. Every year they hit Japan, the Philippines, Vietnam, China.

RESIDENTS

Island record holder Aleutian Islands

Record holder for the Kuril Islands

Island record holder Hawaiian Islands The total height of Manua Kea is 10203 meters

Island record holder New Zealand

ATOLLS The word "atoll" comes from the name used by the peoples of Oceania for reefs that form a chain of small islands. The lake-like waters within the atolls are called lagoons.

The GREAT BARRIER REEF is a range of coral reefs located along the northeast coast of Australia. It stretches along the edge of the continental shelf for 2300 km from the southern coast of New Guinea to Cape Sandy Cape. The width of the reef in the northern part is about 2 km, in the southern part up to 150 km.

Human development Transport routes Districts fishing Mining Water desalination Tourism and recreation

GARBAGE ISLAND 90% plastic, the total mass is six times the mass of natural plankton. The area exceeds the territory of the USA! Every 10 years the area increases by an order of magnitude.

Planet Ocean Planet Ocean Earth life originated in water. Earthly life originated in water. Everything that is now crawling, running and growing Everything that is now crawling, running and growing on the ground, everything that flies above the earth and everything that grows underground - everything was once on the earth, everything that flies above the earth and everything that grows underground - everything once came out of the water came out of the water

Area (million sqm)Depth max. M Pacific - 178, 611.0333 Atlantic - 91.18648 Indian - 76.28648 North - 14, Arctic

Planet Ocean Land divides a huge body of water into four parts - these are the oceans The World Ocean covers 2/3 the globe, contains 97% of all water on earth The largest of them is the Pacific Ocean, and there is also the Atlantic, Indian, Arctic Ocean

Inhabitants of the planet Ocean Life in the ocean is extremely diverse: it is inhabited by species of organisms from microscopic unicellular algae and tiny animals to whales exceeding 30 meters in length

sea ​​fish are striking in the diversity of their species: many exotic fish are found, but they are not the basis of its biological balance Marine fish are striking in the diversity of their species: many exotic fish are found, but they are not the basis of its biological balance the main role belongs to small mass forms sardines, anchovies, horse mackerel, herring The main role belongs to small mass forms sardines, anchovies, horse mackerels, herring These slender fish that feed on plankton are the main products of marine fisheries, they also serve as food for many predatory fish, seabirds, dolphins, seals and squids These slender, plankton-eating fish are the main product of marine fisheries, they also serve as food for many predatory fish, seabirds, dolphins, seals and squid

Dolphins Dolphins are very easy to tame because they are very smart and have exceptional learning abilities Dolphins are very easy to tame because they are very smart and have exceptional learning abilities. They are incredibly friendly.

Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is second in size only to the Pacific; its area is approximately 91.56 million km2. It is distinguished from other oceans by its strong indentation. coastline, forming numerous seas and bays, especially in the northern part.

Giant ray fish The massive 1 kg black ray fish known as "Zeus" is 4 meters in diameter including a 1 meter mouth. The massive 1-pound black ray fish is known as Zeus and is 4 meters in diameter, including a 1-meter mouth.

The owners of the ocean The Indian Ocean has sheltered many animals dangerous to humans. There are a large number of poisonous animals in the ocean. sea ​​snakes, there are even saltwater crocodiles. Among birds, frigates and albatrosses can be called owners. Penguins live in cold southern waters

The Arctic Ocean About 40 million years ago was a giant lake The Arctic Ocean, the smallest ocean on Earth, is located between Eurasia and North America. Eurasia North America Area 14.75 million square meters. km, average depth 1225 m, maximum depth 5527 m in the Greenland Sea. The volume of water is 18.07 million km³. The Greenland Sea

Narwhal Narwhal lives in the latitudes of the Arctic Ocean. Body length m. The mass of males reaches 1.5 tons. The only tooth in males has grown in length and turned into a tusk

Polar bear- one of the largest land mammals and the largest predatory beast on the planet. Weight reaches kg, and sometimes even tons. AT vivo lives for about 19 years. The polar bear is one of the largest land mammals and the largest predatory animal on the planet. Weight reaches kg, and sometimes even tons. Lives under natural conditions for about 19 years. polar bear polar bear