Decoding of 41 accounts. Accounting for finished products and goods according to the new chart of accounts. Methods for accounting for receipt of goods

41 accounting accounts are goods purchased for sale. The account is used in trade, catering and, in some cases, in production. The article discusses the features of maintaining synthetic and analytical accounting for this account in trade.

Wholesale and retail sale of goods

Material assets purchased for sale are goods. For example, light bulbs purchased for your needs are materials. If they are intended for sale, then they are goods. In accordance with section. Account 4 41 of accounting - these are goods owned by the organization by right of ownership.

Account 41 collects the actual cost of goods, which includes:

• purchase price;
• customs duties;
• transport costs;
• payment to intermediaries;
• other costs associated with their purchase.

Organizations using the simplified tax system include VAT in their cost.

In retail trade, goods may be recorded at purchase cost or sales prices. In the second case, you must use account 42 “Trade margin”. The method of accounting for the account must be reflected in the accounting policy.

Example

LLC "Svet" (applies OSN), under a supply agreement with LLC "Pharaoh", goods in the amount of 68,300.00 rubles were purchased and posted to the warehouse, including VAT of 10,418.64 rubles. The transport company delivered the goods to the warehouse of Svet LLC in the amount of 6,830.00 rubles, including VAT of 1,041.87 rubles. Inventory was sold at a price of RUB 95,620.00, including VAT of RUB 14,586.11. The cost of delivering the goods to the buyer at the expense of the seller is RUB 4,440.00, including VAT RUB 677.29. The product has been written off from the warehouse.

The table shows the entries for account 41 for accounting in wholesale trade:

Balance sheet for account 41: characteristics

One of the registers most in demand by accountants is the balance sheet for account 41, which shows the initial and final balances of goods in cash and in kind, their movement in the context of subaccounts, storage locations and types of goods. The register form is simple and understandable to internal users, who use it for analysis and operational decision-making.

Turnover can be generated for any period of time: month, quarter, year. Analytics for accounting account 41 is carried out by product range, batches, and types of goods. The balance at the end of the period for account 41 - goods - is calculated using the formula:

The initial balance is Dt 41 - Kt 41.

Sample turnover for account 41:

Filling out account card 41

Account card 41 is used by accountants to check the correctness of data, since in this register you can track where this or that amount came from, check turnover and balance. The report is generated for any period, even for one shift. The report is not regulated, but an accountant can protect himself from the mistakes of others by preparing a report for his shift and signing it. The register is used by managers online.

The title of the card reflects the selected period, account and department. The tabular part indicates the details of each transaction: date, document, debit or credit amount, current balance. The totals for the account at the beginning and end of the period and turnover are displayed.

Sample card:

Subaccounts to account 41

The chart of accounts dated October 31, 2000 No. 94 provides for subaccounts to account 41:

Firms, depending on their needs, have the right to specify, combine subaccounts established in the chart of accounts, or supplement the existing list. The chosen accounting method must be described in the accounting policy.

Active or passive account 41?

A novice accountant may wonder: is account 41 active or passive?

Accounts are divided into 3 groups in relation to the balance: active, passive and active-passive. To assign an account to a specific group, it is enough to consider the form of the balance sheet (Form 1 dated July 22, 2003 No. 67n). Current assets, including goods for resale and goods shipped, belong to Sec. 2 balance sheet assets. In the accounts of this group, an increase in property is recorded as a debit, a decrease as a credit, the balance can only be in a debit. If a negative balance occurs, then an error has been made in accounting that needs to be corrected.

Material assets acquired for sale are called goods and are reflected on account 41 in monetary and quantitative terms. The presence and movement of goods is shown in the account balance sheet broken down by subaccounts.

The main characteristic of account 41 is that it belongs to the group of active accounts. Therefore, credit balances or negative balances on the debit side of the account are excluded from accounting.

When carrying out any activity related to production, trade or provision of services need to keep accounting records. In this case, it is necessary to maintain certain documentation that allows you to control incoming funds, as well as costs.

This issue has become widespread accounting account 41. The fact is that it is where all the information that is associated with the values ​​purchased as products for further sale is summarized.

general information

In enterprises, this type of account is used in cases where products and materials are purchased so that they can be sold in the future. They are necessary in cases where the cost of finished goods purchased for assembly cannot be included in the cost of sold objects and, accordingly, must be reimbursed separately by buyers.

Enterprises conducting trading activities also reflect in account 41 the products purchased or produced for them. The only exception in this matter can be package, which is intended for economic or production needs.

Additional items are created in the chart of accounts, for example, subaccount 41-1 to reflect inventories as they are available or in transit. Moreover, they must be located in postal warehouses, bases or other facilities intended for mass storage.

There is also subaccount 41-2. It is intended to summarize information about the products of organizations engaged in retail trade. In particular, this includes small retail stores, tents and other small retail facilities. In addition, here you can reflect the movement of glass containers in retail trade establishments, as well as in buffets of organizations working in the field of public catering.

IN subchat 41-3 information is provided about the presence and movement of containers under products, as well as empty packaging. There is no need to record information related to the use of glass containers in enterprises that specialize in retail trading activities or work in the catering industry.

Speaking about subaccount 41-4, it is used in the process of summarizing information about purchased products that are used in the field of production and industry.

At the moment when products or containers arrive at the warehouse, they must be debited. During the accounting process, postings for capitalization must be compiled using this account.

It is worth noting that he points to performing calculations with those who are contractors, as well as with product suppliers. In this case, it is assumed that the value from the debit of the item in question is multiplied by the difference between the purchase and sales costs.

Please note that, if necessary, the organization can perform transfer of products for processing to third party companies. In this situation, the procedure cannot be carried out. Information on products of this type can be displayed separately. Records must be kept by persons in charge, batches, names, and varieties.

How is accounting done?

According to experienced specialists, account 41 is one of the first to require reporting. It is for this reason that its purpose is multifunctional. First of all, it is an inventory. If data about information about products is reflected at a price that is a purchase or sale, then the function can be fully implemented. It is also worth mentioning that the article is capable of performing a calculation-type task.

A function of this type can be implemented if there is movement of products. In this situation, the cost should be reflected, since the purchase price increases by the corresponding costs. First of all, to such costs should be attributed:

1. Transportation process.
2. Shortage at the time of departure on the way.
3. Interest on the loan rate and so on.

It is impossible not to say that this article relates to financial performance. For a large number of years, products have been valued not at the debit acquisition cost, but at the credit realization price.

The difference should be reflected in the process of loss or profit. At the same time, this result was distorted, since there were certain residuals.

In accordance with score 41, today's products are reflected at the purchase price. This, in turn, allows for the return of the financial and performance functions of the article being reviewed.

When considering this invoice, it is necessary to understand as accurately as possible what the goods are. Practical experience allows you to give two definitions. In the first case, they mean inventories of material and production types that were received for future sales.

From the wording it is necessary to conclude that the objects in question are intended for the implementation process. In the same case, if the car was purchased for the process of its further sale, then it will be classified as goods.

When talking about a different definition, you need to refer to . The third paragraph states that absolutely any property that is sold or intended for sale must be classified as such objects. Similar wording is used for taxation purposes. The data on this definition are broader than the interpretation proposed in the accounting regulations.

Procedure for reducing tax payments

It should be noted that the definition presented in the Tax Code can be used in most cases in order to minimize the amount of tax deductions.

For example, if we are talking about a 10% rate for value added tax, then it is used when selling certain types of goods belonging to the production group. In order to use a bid, it is necessary that the object being sold was a commodity.

Most enterprises not only manufacture products, but also sell them. This also applies to the example given - bakery products. In order to apply the rate that was indicated, it is necessary that the object act as a product.

In accordance with the definition that was provided in the Accounting Regulations, they do not act as goods. In accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, they, on the contrary, are goods. First of all, this means that the company that carries out the sale has the right to charge a 10% VAT rate.

Cost reflection procedure

In accordance with the requirements of PBU, it is possible to allow such accounting cost options, How:

1. Cost of acquisition (can be full or incomplete).
2. Selling price.

The second option is used only by enterprises that are used for retail trade. The selling price can consist of full and incomplete (with a markup). This work option has many advantages. First of all, we are talking about the fact that it is possible to determine the sales price for absolutely any date. In addition, the cost of sold items that are subject to exceptions in accordance with account 41 is quite easily established.

At the same time, there are certain disadvantages. First of all, we are talking about such disadvantages as:

1. The need to perform additional work to bring the appraisal to the sale price.
2. Application of count 42.
3. Reflection of the revaluation process.
4. Drawing up a special calculation that determines foreign exchange profits.

With all this, despite the presence of certain disadvantages, a similar option is used most stores operating today. First of all, it is a kind of “tradition”. The fact is that during the USSR period, goods that were stored in vegetable warehouses were fixed at a retail price. The second reason is that a cash receipt can serve as a document that records the fact of purchase in a store. Revenue should be reflected in the total amount and presented as the cost of production at a price that is suitable for sale.

If you understand the nuances of maintaining account 41, then no serious problems will arise. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that the management work must be carried out by specialists who have qualified skills and, accordingly, understand the nuances of this procedure.

In the event that they do not have necessary skills, then during the submission of annual reports serious problems may arise, accompanied by fines and requiring immediate resolution.

If the enterprise is small and does not have the opportunity to hire a staff of specialists who will be responsible for maintaining account 41, as well as other accounting procedures, then it is recommended to seek help from third-party companies providing such services.

In such a situation, specialists from the company with which the cooperation agreement was concluded will perform similar work with a certain frequency. When choosing services, you should give preference to those that have proven themselves. Reviews of the work of such companies can always be found on the Internet.

As you can see, the accounting process in this case is not very complicated. At the same time, it requires the management of the enterprise to have a certain responsibility and the right approach to implementation. If you approach accounting correctly, you can be sure that any situations involving a violation of current legislation will not occur, and reporting at the end of the working year will be submitted without any significant problems.

Let's look at 41 accounting accounts (for dummies), because the topic of accounting for goods occupies a key place in the financial and economic activities of the organization. Here goods are meant as a set of inventory items acquired by an enterprise for the purpose of further sale (clause 2 of PBU 5/01). Inventory and materials can also be transferred to the organization by other legal entities.

Account 41 in accounting - “Goods”, is used by organizations on the basis of the chart of accounts approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 94n dated October 31, 2000. Account 41 reflects only those inventory items that directly belong to the institution as property rights. All inventory items that are in storage or on commission and do not belong to the enterprise (accounts 002, 004).

What applies to goods

A product is understood as the result of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, which is subject to sale, operation or exchange. At the same time, goods in the general sense include not only manufactured material products, but also objects of civil rights, intangible property, work performed by the company or services provided.

In other words, goods are property assets of an organization that are produced directly for sale. This definition is specified in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The economic definition of a product is the result of labor, including works and services. All produced goods must have a certain consumer value and are intended for sale in order to exchange for other products or money.

Products include:

• material (material) products that have different physical characteristics and properties;
• services or intangible property (provision of services, results of mental work).

Tangible goods are the most common group. They are also called inventory assets, which are used directly for the purpose of further sale. At the same time, the materials themselves, which are purchased for the manufacture of goods, performance of work, provision of services, general production and general economic needs, are also inventory items.

Accounting for such property is carried out at actual cost. The cost is formed from the costs of purchasing inventory items (money paid personally or transferred to the seller’s account), transportation costs, commission payments and other expenses.

Count 41 - active or passive?

Account 41 is active, used by the accountant to reflect the cost and quantitative characteristics of products. The acquisition and receipt of goods and materials is recorded as a debit, the decrease (disposal) of inventory is reflected as credit 41. Goods are current assets of the enterprise, therefore, data on 41 accounts are indicated in the asset form No. 1 - balance sheet (Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 67n dated July 22, 2003 G.). The balance for 41 accounts is formed only by debit. If the generated report reveals a negative balance, it means that the accountant made a mistake in accounting for goods, and the information needs to be double-checked.

To check accounting data and transactions performed, an accountant can create a balance sheet. It presents information on movements and balances at the beginning and end of the reporting period for account 41 and its sub-accounts. The document can be generated based on various analytical accounting data - organizational units, types and batches of goods (works/services), as well as storage locations of products. A specialist can check the balance at the end of the period using the following formula - the balance at the beginning of the period DT 41 minus CT 41.

The generated account card 41 also helps with accounting, which reflects data on transactions and postings, balances and turnover for the specified period.

Subaccounts

Account 41 “Goods” is subject to detailed financial analysis; a number of sub-accounts are opened for it, detailing accounting:

1. Account 41.01 - “Goods in warehouses”. The subaccount is used to register cost data on inventories at wholesale and distribution bases, warehouses, storerooms, refrigerators of public catering organizations, etc.
2. 41.02 — “Products in retail trade.” Reflection of the cost of inventory items that need to be sold in retail outlets, buffets of catering organizations, etc.
3. 41.03 - “Containers under the goods and empty.” The subaccount takes into account packaging and other containers used by the buyer during the sales process (except for glass containers).
4. 41.04 — “Purchased products.” It is used if you need to buy inventory materials of industrial and manufacturing enterprises using account 41.

An institution can open other sub-accounts depending on the scope of its activities, information and analytical needs, as well as the level of accounting organization.

Analytical accounting for this account is carried out in the context of the names of commodity values, persons responsible for storage, and storage locations directly (Order No. 94n).

Methods of accounting for goods

Accounting for goods on 41 accounts can be carried out in the following ways:

1. At purchase price (at acquisition price) - in this case, the cost of purchased products reflects not only their prices minus VAT, but also acquisition costs. For example, among other things, this cost includes procurement and delivery costs. The entire list of such costs is given in clause 6 of PBU 5/98.
2. At sales price (at selling price) - with this method, products are accounted for at cost, taking into account the trade margin. This method is only possible for companies engaged in retail trade
3. At the discount price - all products are accepted at the established discount prices. To reflect the difference between the purchase and accounting price in rubles. or other currency, account 15 is used - “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”. The difference is written off through account 16 - “Deviation in the cost of material assets.”

Let's consider an example for method 1 - imagine postings for the receipt of products at the purchase price.

Example 2 - for accounting at sales price.

Example 3 - for receipts at discount prices.

Typical accounting transactions

We present the main accounting records for operations with inventory items in the table:

In inventory accounting, account 41k is also used - adjustment of goods from the previous period. It is used to correct detected errors if the reporting period has already closed.

Personal account 41 in the Treasury

Account 41 in accounting is responsible for the presence and movement of inventory items, but it should not be confused with a special treasury register. There is a special 41 personal account in the Treasury, why it is opened, we will explain further on our website.

Personal account 41 is registered with the Federal Treasury in the case when legal entities - non-participants in the budget process - need to make mutual settlements with state and municipal customers as executors under concluded contracts. However, not every contract that is concluded with such a contractor in accordance with the legislation in the field of public procurement requires the opening of a special personal account.

For example, the need to register special accounts with the Federal Treasury applies to suppliers fulfilling obligations under or under specialized government programs and areas. The condition of special account 41 is necessarily stated in the contractual provisions.

Account 41 “Goods” is intended to summarize information about the availability and movement of inventory items purchased as goods for sale. This account is used mainly by organizations engaged in trading activities, as well as organizations providing public catering services.

In organizations engaged in industrial and other production activities, account 41 “Goods” is used in cases where any products, materials, products are purchased specifically for sale or when the cost of finished products purchased for assembly is not included in the cost of products sold, but Reimbursable by buyers separately.

Organizations carrying out trading activities also take into account purchased containers and containers of their own production on account 41 “Goods” (except for inventory, used for production or economic needs and accounted for in the account “Fixed Assets” or “Materials”).

Goods accepted for safekeeping are accounted for in an off-balance sheet account (002 Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping). Goods accepted for commission are recorded in the off-balance sheet account “Goods accepted for commission.”

Sub-accounts can be opened for account 41 “Goods”:

• 41.1 "Goods in warehouses"- the availability and movement of inventory located at wholesale and distribution bases, warehouses, storerooms of organizations providing catering services, vegetable storehouses, refrigerators, etc. are taken into account.
• 41.2 "Goods in retail trade"- the availability and movement of goods located in organizations engaged in retail trade (in shops, tents, stalls, kiosks, etc.) and in buffets of organizations engaged in public catering is taken into account. The same sub-account takes into account the presence and movement of glassware (bottles, cans, etc.) in organizations engaged in retail trade and in buffets of organizations providing catering services.
• 41.3 "Containers under the goods and empty"- the presence and movement of containers under goods and empty containers are taken into account (except for glassware in organizations engaged in retail trade and in buffets of organizations providing catering services).
• 41.4 "Purchased items"- organizations carrying out industrial and other production activities using account 41 “Goods” take into account the availability and movement of goods (in relation to the procedure provided for accounting for inventories).
• and etc.

The posting of goods and containers arriving at the warehouse is reflected in the debit of account 41 “Goods” in correspondence with the account “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” at the cost of their acquisition. When an organization engaged in retail trade records goods at sales prices, simultaneously with this entry, an entry is made in the debit of account 41 “Goods” and in the credit of the “Trade margin” account for the difference between the acquisition cost and the cost at sales prices (discounts, markups). Transport (for delivery) and other costs for the procurement and delivery of goods are charged from the credit of the "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" account to the debit of the "Sales expenses" account.

The receipt of goods and containers can be reflected using the account “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” or without using it in a manner similar to the procedure for accounting for corresponding transactions with materials.

When recognizing revenue from the sale of goods in accounting, their value is written off from account 41 “Goods” to the debit of the “Sales” account.

If revenue from the sale of goods sold (shipped) cannot be recognized in accounting for a certain time, then until the revenue is recognized, these goods are recorded in the “Goods Shipped” account. When they are actually released (shipped), an entry is made on the credit of account 41 “Goods” in correspondence with the account “Goods shipped”.

Goods transferred for processing to other organizations are not written off from account 41 “Goods”, but are accounted for separately.

Analytical accounting under account 41 "Goods" is maintained by responsible persons, names (grades, lots, bales), and, if necessary, by storage location of goods.

Account 41 “Goods” corresponds with the following Plan accounts:

by debit

• "Procurement and acquisition of material assets"
• "Goods"
• "Trade margin"
• "Settlements with suppliers and contractors"
• "Calculations for short-term loans and borrowings"
• "Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings"
• "Calculations for taxes and fees"
• "Calculations with accountable persons"
• "Settlements with personnel for other operations"
• "Settlements with founders"

Dt 41 Kt 41 — such posting is accompanied by accounting in all trade organizations that sell goods both retail and wholesale. Our article will help you understand the features of using the debit and credit of account 41, as well as the contents of some transactions involving this account.

What is reflected in the score 41

Wiring Dt 41 Kt 41 shows information about the movement of inventory items (hereinafter referred to as goods and materials) related to:

• with their acquisition;
• moving;
• sale;
• other movements both within the organization and outside it.

In accordance with the instructions for the chart of accounts given in the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia “On approval of the chart of accounts for accounting financial and economic activities” dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n (hereinafter referred to as the chart of accounts), Dt 41 Kt 41 used by organizations operating in the field of:

• catering;
• trade;
• production.

Depending on the type of activity in the chart of accounts, the following recommendations are given for the use of subaccounts to account 41:

• 41.01 - to reflect information about inventory items in a warehouse or catering storerooms;
• 41.02 - for goods and materials in retail trade and public catering;
• 41.03 - for information on containers for catering and trade;
• 41.04 - for inventory items in production.

At the same time, the organization can approve its own sub-accounts that are unique to it, the use of which may differ from those recommended. They will need to be recorded in the organization's working chart of accounts.

When is the entry Debit 41 Credit 41 applied?

The debit of account 41 according to the instructions for the chart of accounts is often used with the following accounts:

• 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”;
• 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”;
• 91 “Other income and expenses”, etc.

The credit of this account is often in correspondence with the accounts:

• 10 "Materials";
• 20 “Main production”;
• 90 “Sales”, etc.

In addition, account 41 can correspond with itself, then the posting will look like this: Dt 41 Kt 41. For example, an organization sent purchased goods for processing. She will reflect such an action in accounting as follows: Dt 41 Kt 41. If the organization uses subaccounts, then posting Dt 41 Kt 41 may look like: Dt 41.05 Kt 41.01 (account 41.01 “Inventory in warehouse”, 41.05 “Inventory in processing”).

What typical transactions does account 41 involve?

In order to understand the meaning of entries using posting Dt 41 Kt 41, let's look at a few examples.

Example 1

On March 10, 2016, Luna LLC purchased goods from Zvezda LLC worth RUB 283,200. (including VAT RUB 43,200). On March 14, Luna LLC transferred the payment.

Luna LLC is engaged in retail trade. Zvezda LLC sells goods wholesale.

Let's consider how the implementation of Zvezda LLC will reflect:

• Dt 62 Kt 90 - revenue from the sale of goods in the amount of 283,200 rubles.
• Dt 90 Kt 68 - VAT is charged on revenue of 43,200 rubles.
• Dt 90 Kt 41 - the cost of goods sold is taken into account: 200,000 rubles.
• Dt 51 Kt 62 - payment received for goods in the amount of 283,200 rubles.

Let's look at the accounting of Luna LLC. Note that retail accounting of goods by the buyer has some features. He can lead it:

• at the purchase price (typical for retail and wholesale trade);
• sales price using trade margins (applicable for retail in accordance with clause 13 of PBU 5/01).

Accounting for receipt of goods at purchase prices:

• Dt 41 Kt 60 - the purchase price of the goods is reflected in the amount of 240,000 rubles.
• Dt 19 Kt 60 - input VAT 43,200 rub.
• Dt 60 Kt 51 - paid for goods in the amount of 283,200 rubles.

Accounting for receipt of goods at sales prices.

The markup percentage is 30%.

The cost of goods without extra charge is reflected in the same way: Debit 41 Credit 60— 240,000 rub.

Postings for VAT and payment for goods will be similar to those we discussed above:

• Dt 19 Kt 60 — VAT 43,200 rub.
• Dt 60 Kt 51 - payment 283,200 rub.

Sales of purchased goods with a trade margin:

• Dt 50 Kt 90 - revenue from sales of goods 312,000 rubles. (240,000 + 72,000).
• Dt 90.3 Kt 68.2 — VAT 47,593.22 rub.
• Dt 90 Kt 41 - cost written off in the amount of RUB 312,000.
• Dt 90 Kt 42 - the markup of 72,000 rubles was reversed.

Example 2

Luna LLC returned the low-quality goods to the supplier Zvezda LLC (continuation of example 1).

Luna LLC will make the following entries:

• Dt 41 Kt 60 - goods worth 240,000 rubles were returned. (reversible).
• Dt 42 Kt 41 - write-off of trade margin in the amount of 72,000 rubles. (an entry is made if the organization applied a markup).
• Dt 19 Kt 60 — VAT 43,200 rub. (reversible).

Example 3

Luna LLC identified a defective product (continuation of example 1).

The following entries will be made in the accounting of Luna LLC:

• Dt 94 Kt 41 - write-off of defects in the amount of 240,000 rubles.
• Dt 42 Kt 41 - the markup is written off in the amount of 72,000 (the posting is typical when using a markup).

Example 4

Luna LLC carried out a markdown of goods (continuation of example 1).

Please note that the markdown of goods can be either lower or higher than the markup.

Situation 1. The markdown was 10% of the sale price of the goods. The selling price from example 1 is RUB 312,000. (240,000 + 72,000).

Dt 42 Kt 41 - markdown of goods due to a markup of 31,200 rubles. (312,000 × 10%).

Situation 2. The markdown amounted to 40% of the sale price of the goods.

Dt 42 Kt 41 - markdown of goods due to a markup of 72,000 rubles.

Dt 91.2 Kt 41 - excess markdown of 52,800 rubles. ((312,000 × 40%) - 72,000).

For the rules for drawing up a markdown document, see the article.

Results

Posting Debit 41 Credit 41 reflects transactions with purchased goods that are purchased for the purpose of further resale. At the same time, for trade organizations the use Dt 41 Kt 41 in correspondence with various accounts for wholesale and retail trade when accounting for purchase prices will be similar. Reflection of sales prices is typical only for retail.