The definition of a syllable presents certain difficulties, although every speaker can pronounce words syllable by syllable. The definition of a syllable from an articulatory point of view is most often used: a syllable is a part of a measure, consisting of one or more sounds and pronounced in one breath. However, the pronunciation of syllables without exhalation in the language is possible, for example, when the sound of a kiss or the smacking of horses is depicted, but one syllable cannot be pronounced in more than one exhalation. Based on this, L.V. Shcherba proposed a theory of pulsation, according to which syllables are segments of speech corresponding to the alternations of pumping and discharging the muscular tension of the speech apparatus during pronunciation. From an acoustic point of view, a syllable is a sound segment of speech in which one sound is distinguished by the greatest sonority in comparison with others. Syllabic, i.e. forming a syllable, in modern Russian are vowels as the most sonorous. Consonants, as sounds of the least sonority, do not form syllables, although sonorous consonants have the ability to form syllables. In modern Russian, the syllabic property of sonorants manifests itself in the ability to replace the disappeared weak consonant, for example, in colloquial fluent speech, the combination actually sounds like [fsa?m d?e?l?b], instead of<о>between two [m] syllabic became [m]. Sometimes even deaf consonants become syllabic, for example, when pronouncing the interjection ks-ks-ks.

Syllables are separated by syllable sections. A syllable division is a real or potential boundary between syllables. In speech, we meet with a syllable section when scanning, clearly pronouncing, dictating words. The structure of a syllable in Russian obeys the law of ascending sonority, i.e. The sounds in a syllable are arranged from the least sonorous to the most sonorous. Sonority can be indicated by numbers: 1 - noisy deaf, 2 - noisy voiced, 3 - sonorous, 4 - vowels. In accordance with this law, we will make a syllable division:

In Russian, the syllable division usually passes between the most contrasting sounds in sonority. In the examples given, the syllable division occurred at the place of the greatest decline in sonority: in the word vata, the syllable division passes between the sound [a], which has a sonority of 4, and the sound [t], whose sonority is estimated at 1, the same is observed in the words prostor and sunrise; in the word girl, the syllable division passes between the sounds [e] (sonority 4) and [v] (sonority 2), between [y] (sonority 4) and [w] (sonority 1), in the word break - between [/] (sonority 4) and [h] (sonority 2), in the words flight, feed, throat between a vowel (sonority 4) and sonorant (sonority 3); in the word sing - between sounds with sonority 4 and 3 and 4 and 1.

The syllable section may or may not coincide with the division of words into syllables during hyphenation. So, the word girl can be transferred: girl, i.e. the way a syllable division, or a girl, goes; however, in some cases, the division into syllables for transfer is strictly regulated by the rules: the transfer of the word sunrise does not correspond to the syllable section, the word can only be transferred in this way: sunrise, since when transferring one letter cannot be torn off from the prefix and attached to the root, the syllable section of the word break is also different from the transfer of the word to break, since it is impossible to tear off one letter from the root and attach it to the prefix; many words that have two vowels in their composition, therefore, from an articulatory and acoustic point of view, consisting of two syllables, cannot be transferred from one line to another, for example: dinner, autumn, deer, perch, etc.

As we could see, syllables are indeed built according to the law of ascending sonority, and since vowels have the greatest sonority, most often syllables end in a vowel, i.e. is open. This applies primarily to non-final syllables; final syllables can be open and closed, i.e. end in a consonant: hello [pr?i|v?e?t], lunch, bear [m? ie|dv?e?t?].

However, non-final syllables can also be closed. This applies to words in which a vowel is followed by a sonorant consonant, and then a noisy consonant: regiment [po?l|k], cloak [bu?r|k], mark [ma?r|k], tape [l?e? n|tb], flask [ko?l|bb], brick [k?ir|p?i?ch?], hurdy-gurdy [w/|rma?n|kj], [a?r|kt?i|kj ]. Despite the fact that in the above words the first syllable is not open, nevertheless, in them the syllable section passes at the place of the greatest decline in sonority: in the words polka, burka, mark, the syllable section did not pass between the vowel with sonority 4 and sonorant, having sonority 3, and between sonorous (sonority 3) and deaf consonant (sonority 1); in the word flask, the syllable division runs between a sonorant (sonority 3) and a voiced consonant (sonority 2).

The same applies to combinations [j] (this sound is more sonorous than sonorants) and a noisy consonant: washing [my? y | k], like [la? y | k], puck [sha? y | b].

The Russian language has non-finite syllables ending in noisy consonants [zh] and [sh]. This is possible when after [g], [w] there is noisy, and the indicated sibilants are after the sonorant [p], with which they have close articulation ([p], [g], [w] are anterior-lingual palatine-tooth), and therefore, when pronouncing, they join it: [g / rsh | k? and?], but [g / r | sho? k].

The characteristic of syllables takes into account not only the final sound of the syllable, but also the initial one. A syllable can be covered if it starts with a consonant: in the words [kn? and? | gb], [pr? and | you? | h? kb], [l / | zu? | rny]; the initial syllable can be undisguised: , [u?|vb], . Note that the syllable starting with the initial iotated vowel is covered: apple, if, fir-trees.

28. Types of syllables. Syllabary in Russian

In a word, where there is a fall in sonority, there is a syllable division. For example: from 1 h 1 a 4 / s 1 t 1 l 3 and 4 / in 2 s 4 th 3, o 4 / b 2 r 3 s 4 in 2

A syllable section may not coincide with a hyphenation.

There are languages ​​in which consonants can be syllabic.

According to d dynamic In theory, a syllable is a wave of strength, intensity. The strongest is a syllabic sound, the weaker ones are non-syllabic.

At the beginning of a syllable, covered and uncovered syllables are distinguished. Covered syllable begins with the consonant sound mo / lo / ko, po / yes / rock. naked syllable starts with a vowel. For example: a / orange, o / break, e / electron.

At the end, syllables are open and closed. An open syllable ends with a vowel - ve / che, ko / ro / va; closed - consonant. For example: house, fight / cat.

The division of the speech stream into syllables is observed in all languages ​​of the world. However, it is not always possible to detect the boundaries between syllables by ear. Except for those cases when a person deliberately divides phrases into syllables. Compare: “Fry the potatoes” or “Fry the potatoes.”

29. Supersegment means of speech flow. Features of Russian stress.

Supersegment language units It's accent, intonation.

Their main difference from sounds is that they do not exist separately from the material shells of language units, they characterize these material shells as a whole, as if built on top of them. Therefore, supersegmental units cannot be pronounced separately. They, like sounds, are involved in distinguishing words and sentences.

Wed: mú ka - flouŕ , about́ rgan - orǵ n(the meaning of the word depends on the place of stress).

We will go to the theater today. “Are we going to the theater today?”(the different purposes of these sentences are conveyed by different intonation)

word stress- a supersegmental unit that combines syllables into a phonetic word. A phonetic word has one stressed syllable and may have unstressed syllables. A stressed syllable may differ from an unstressed syllable in greater duration, strength, tone, and a special quality of sounds. The ratio of durations of different vowels in a word creates the rhythmic structure of the word. The types of this structure are different in different dialects.

For Russian literary language A.A. Potebnya proposed a formula that conditionally assesses the "tonic strength" of stressed and unstressed vowels: 1-2-3-1, where 3 units correspond to the stressed vowel, 2 to the first pre-stressed, 1 to the rest of the unstressed, for example cut, yelled. However, in dialects there are other types of rhythmic structure of the word.

In northern Russian dialects, 2-3-3-1 is found. In Central Russian 1-3-3-1. In South Russian dialects 1-1-3-1, 1-3-3-1. Dialect differences can also refer to the place of stress in words and in individual grammatical forms.

Differences in the place of stress can characterize the word in all its forms: and wa, krap and ve, krap and you. It's actually lexical differences. Differences in the place of stress may refer to individual grammatical forms, in about du-water y, R at ku-ruk at.

Intonation- a supersegmental unit that combines phonetic words into speech beats and speech beats into phrases. The main intonational means is the rise and fall of tone at different points of the speech tact. North Russian speech is often more melodious, and South Russian speech is more monotonous. Intonation helps to divide the speech stream into segments - speech measures and phrases. In many Northern Russian dialects, there is a tendency to turn each phonetic word into a separate measure.

1. Stress in Russian is free and can fall on any syllable.

2. Russian stress can be mobile and fixed in different words. If in different forms of the word the stress falls on the same part, then it is motionless: I speak, I speak, I speak, I speak, I speak, I speak. An accent that changes its place in different forms of the same word is called movable. : run out, run out, grass - grass.

Emphasis can change over time. Not so long ago it was considered correct pronunciation metallurgy, industry, polygraphy. Now the normative is metallurgy, industry, printing.

In some words of the Russian language, stress fluctuations are noted. In most dictionaries, stress options are recognized as equal in the following words: August - August, jeans - jeans, Cossacks - Cossacks, keta - keta, etc.

Diversity and mobility are important means of distinguishing the forms of words and words. For example, the words acquire different semantic meanings: protein and protein, flour and flour, tongue (barrier) and tongue (sausage), glacier (cellar) and glacier, book (fix) and book (door), busy person and busy place

Syllable

Syllable- the minimum unit of pronunciation of speech sounds into which you can divide your speech with pauses. The word in speech is divided not into sounds, but into syllables. In speech, it is syllables that are recognized and pronounced. Therefore, with the development of writing among all peoples, syllabic signs first appeared in alphabets, and only then letters reflecting individual sounds.

The division into syllables is based on the difference in sonority between sounds. A sound more sonorous than neighboring sounds is called syllable-forming and forms a syllable.

A syllable usually has a top (core) and a periphery. As a core, i.e. the syllabic sound, as a rule, is a vowel, and the periphery consists of a non-syllabic (non-syllabic) sound or several such sounds, which are usually represented by consonants. But a syllable can consist of only one vowel without periphery, e.g. diphthong in English pronoun I"I" or two or more vowels (Ital. vuoi). Peripheral vowels are non-syllable.

But syllables may not have a vowel, for example, in the patronymic Ivanovna or in the interjections “ks-ks”, “tsss”. Consonants can be syllable-forming if they are sonants or if they are between two consonants. Such syllables are very common in Czech: prst"finger" (cf. Old Russian. finger), trh"market" (cf. Rus. bargain), vlk"wolf", srdce, srbsky, Trnka(famous Czech linguist). In a sentence Vlk prchl skrz tvrz(the wolf ran through the fortress) there is not a single vowel. But in examples from the Czech language, it is clear that the syllable-forming consonant is always sonorant.

The division into syllables is explained by different theories that complement each other.

Sonor theory: in a syllable, the most sonorous sound is syllabic. Therefore, in order of decreasing sonority, syllabic sounds are most often vowels, sonorous voiced consonants, noisy voiced consonants, and sometimes voiceless consonants (shh).

Dynamic theory: syllabic sound - the strongest, most intense.

expiratory theory: a syllable is created by one moment of exhalation, by a push of exhaled air. How many syllables are in a word, so many times the candle flame will flicker when pronouncing the word. But often the flame behaves contrary to the laws of this theory (for example, with a two-syllable "ay" it flickers once).

Types of syllables

open syllable is a syllable ending in a vowel, e.g. yes, ay.

Closed syllable is a syllable ending in a consonant, e.g., hell, mind, cat.

Covered syllable starts with a consonant, e.g. happy, pop.

naked syllable starts with a vowel: ah, he, ah,.

In Russian, there are mostly open syllables, and in Japanese almost all are open (Fu-ji-ya-ma, i-ke-ba-na, sa-mu-rai, ha-ra-ki-ri).

There are also cases of extremely closed and covered syllables, for example, splash, Eng. and fr. strict(strict), German. sprichst(speaking), Georgian - msxverpl(victim).

There are languages ​​where roots and syllables are the same. Such languages ​​are called monosyllabic, for example. whale. lang. - typical monosyllabic.

Often in speech it is very difficult to determine the boundary of a syllable.

Rus. They led by the hand - they took their friends away. They beat the viper - they killed the vipers. Palette - half a liter.

English. an ocean - a notion; an aim - a name.

Supersegmental units of language

The sound units of a language can be segmental (linear) and supersegmental.

Segment units- these are sounds (phonemes), syllables, words, etc. Longer language units are divided into shorter segments.

Supersegment units, or else prosodic(from Greek. prosodia- chorus, stress) are layered on a chain of segments - syllables, words, phrases, sentences. Typical supersegmental units are stress and intonation.

Tact- a group of words united by one stress and separated from each other by a pause.

Proclitic- unstressed syllable before stressed, e.g., I dat small.

Enclitic- an unstressed syllable after a stressed one, e.g. zna YuI .

Unstressed words often act as enclitics - articles, prepositions, particles. Sometimes they pull the stress on themselves: “p about d hand."

Thus, word and bar boundaries may not match.

stress

Stress (accent) is the selection of a sound, syllable, word, group of words.

The three main types of stress are power, quantitative and musical.

Power (dynamic) stress is related to the amplitude of the vibrations of the sound wave, the larger the amplitude, the stronger the sound is pronounced.

Quantitative (quantitative) stress is associated with the duration, longitude of the sound, the stressed syllable has a longer duration than unstressed syllables.

Musical (polytonic) stress is related to the relative pitch, with the change in this pitch.

Usually in languages ​​with stress, all three stresses are intertwined, but one of them prevails and the main type of stress in a particular language is determined from it.

In Russian, power stress, being the main one, is accompanied by the longitude of the stressed syllable.

In Swedish, musical stress is accompanied by power stress.

There are languages ​​in which there is no stress at all, for example, in the Paleo-Asiatic languages ​​(Chukotian, etc.).

The languages ​​with power stress as the main ones include Russian, Eng., French, German, Bash., Tat. and many others.

Quantitative stress as the main one is not used and is only used as a component in combination with other types of stress. In some languages, for example, Latin, versification is based on the alternation of long and short syllables (which corresponds to stressed and unstressed syllables in Russian versification). Therefore, to the ear of an Italian who is accustomed to verses based on dynamic stress, Latin verses are not rhythmic.

The languages ​​in which musical stress is widely used or plays the role of the main stress primarily include such oriental languages ​​as Chinese (4 tones in the literary, 6 tones in the Hong Kong dialect), Thai (5 tones), Vietnamese (6 tones), etc. In these languages, each syllable has its own tone, and since in these languages, as a rule, the syllable coincides with the word, each a simple word its constant tone, which changes only occasionally when wording.

In whale. lang. ma(1) with even tone means "mother" ma(2) with rising tone means "cannabis", ma(3) with a descending-ascending tone - "horse" and "number," ma(4) with a falling tone means "to swear."

Another example from the whale. lang.: verb Mai with a falling tone means "sell", a Mai with a descending-ascending tone - “buy”.

An even more amazing example of the distribution of tones in syllables can be found in the south of China in the Cantonese (Hong Kong) dialect, where there are 6 tones (tones are indicated by numbers): Fu 55 (upper case) - man, husband; Fu 35 (ascending upper register) - suffer, suffer; Fu 33 (outgoing upper case) - wealth, rich; Fu 21 (smooth lower case) - support, lean; Fu 13 (ascending lower case) - woman; Fu 22 (outgoing lower case) - father, older relative.

There are three types of musical stress in Japanese, but they only fall on stressed syllables, similar to dynamic stress in Russian.

hana (0) pronounced low on the first syllable and medium on the second means "nose, snot"; hana (1) pronounced high on the first syllable and low on the second means "beginning, end"; hana (2) pronounced low on the first syllable and high on the second means "flower".

In ancient Greek, there were also three types of musical stress. The stressed syllable was pronounced no stronger than the unstressed one, but with a higher tone.

Acute (lat. acutus) stress with a higher note, e.g., πατηρ [ pate r] - father; heavy accent (lat. gravity) with a lower note, e.g. αρχη [ arche ] - Start; light accent (lat. circumflex) with a combination of acute and heavy stresses, e.g., σωμα [ so ma] - body.

Of modern European languages, musical stress (2-3 types) is found in Serbian, Croatian, Latvian, Swedish, but always in combination with the main power stress.

Musical stress can be on a syllable or a word.

Syllable stress: Chinese, Tibetan, Burmese, Siamese (Thai), Vietnamese, Latvian, Serbian.

Accent: Japanese, Ainu, Tagalog, Malay, Swedish, Norwegian.

The word is stressed main(or secondary(\), e.g., yellowe zobetabout n.

Stress in languages ​​can be permanent (fixed), i.e. stressed syllables have a permanent place in a word, or free, i.e. not associated with a specific place in the word (tv about horn, creative about G).

One of the calculations showed that in the 444 studied languages, 25% of languages ​​have stress on the initial syllable, 18% on the penultimate syllable, 20% on the final syllable, and 33% of the languages ​​have free stress.

Constant stress on the first syllable is characteristic of the Czech, Hungarian, and Latvian languages. Wed Czech so bota"Saturday about ta", vo jak"soldier a t"; hung. a lma « I blocko, ba lta"axe".

Constant stress on the penultimate syllable (the second syllable from the end) is inherent in the Polish language, for example. matmaty ka, ko ziol"goat".

Most Spanish words also have stress on the penultimate syllable, especially those with a final vowel ( si esta).

Constant stress on the last syllable is characteristic of fr. lang., Turkic languages ​​​​(Bash., Tat., etc.), Persian (Farsi): fr. revolutio n, Bash., Tat. alma (apple), balta (axe), Tehran.

The most typical free-accent language is Russian.

Sometimes stress helps to distinguish the meanings of homographs - words with the same spelling, for example, kr at zhki - mug and, P about lki - regiment and.

In addition to the traditional stress, logical stress can be made in speech in order to emphasize the significance of a particular part of the sentence or to express an additional meaning to the main meaning of the phrase. For example, in the book A. M. Artaud “The Word Sounds”, the following example of logical stress is given:

“Let's take the standard phrase Give me a glass of tea and decompose it into its component meanings. If we focus onfirst word , open the following: “Enough chit-chat! I came tired, thirsty, give me a glass of tea, and then I will tell you all the news. Emphasis onsecond word : “They gave the neighbor on the right, they gave the neighbor on the left, they poured everyone, they asked everyone, they forgot about me - why is that? Give to me, if you give to everyone ... ". On thethird word : “You know perfectly well that I do not drink from a cup, give me a glass. You can at least a little reckon with my habits! And finally onfourth : "Tea! You see - no wine, no coffee! Nothing quenches thirst like good, fragrant tea!”

Intonation

All prosodic phenomena in syntactic units - phrases and words are called intonation.

Intonation consists of the following 5 elements, the first two of which are the main components of intonation:

stress;

1. speech rate;

   SYLLABLE- a sound or a combination of sounds united by a wave of sonority, that is, the degree of sonority (glasnost). This is based on the specifics of the work of our speech apparatus, according to which breathing is associated with the work of the vocal cords, and their maximum tension is sonority. As a rule, the syllable-forming sound is a vowel, but if for some reason there is no vowel in a given rhythmic grouping of sounds, its role can be taken over by a sonorant (r, l, m, n) and even noisy: Sh-Sh ... TS-S -S ... And vice versa, the vowel may lose its "syllabicity" - in diphthongs: AU, OH (KOYKA).

   From the point of view of education, from the physiological point of view, a syllable is a sound or several sounds pronounced with one expiratory push.

   From the point of view of sonority, from the acoustic side, a syllable is a sound segment of speech in which one sound is distinguished by the greatest sonority in comparison with neighboring ones - the previous and subsequent ones. Vowels, as the most sonorous, are usually syllabic, and consonants are non-syllabic, but sonorants (r, l, m, n), as the most sonorous of the consonants, can form a syllable. Syllables are divided into open and closed depending on the position of the syllabic sound in them. An open syllable is a syllable ending in a syllable-forming sound: va-ta. A closed syllable is called a syllable ending in a non-syllable sound: there, barking. A syllable that begins with a vowel sound is called undisguised: a-orta. Covered is a syllable that begins with a consonant sound: ba-tone.

   Theories of the syllable

   There are several theories of syllable and syllable division.

   1) expiratory theory(“expiratory”): a syllable is a combination of sounds pronounced by one push of exhaled air. This theory does not explain cases of gaping vowels in a word, where there are two syllables on one exhalation (ay>), and, conversely, cases of a junction of three or more consonants, where two or more exhalations per syllable (alloy).

   2) Sonor theory(Moscow Phonological School, R.I. Avanesov) examines the syllable through the acoustic properties of speech - described in the textbook. According to this theory, the syllable is a wave of sonority; combining sounds in ascending order around the reference sound with the greatest degree of sonority. Sounds are assigned a sonority index: noisy deaf -1, noisy voiced - 2, sonorous - 3, vowel - 4.

   3) Ttension theory: According to the theory of tension or articulatory theory, which was put forward by the Soviet linguist Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba, the syllable is formed due to articulatory muscle tension, which grows towards the top of the syllable (that is, the vowel and sonorant sound), and then subsides. Tension thus acts as an analogue of sonority, and, indeed, it also decreases in the direction from vowels through sonorants to voiced and voiceless consonants. In this case, the syllable is interpreted from the point of view of the unity of the pronunciation impulse (which, accordingly, explains its - syllable - indivisibility).

   4) Dynamic syllable theory: According to the dynamic theory, the syllable is considered as a complex phenomenon, which is determined by the action of a number of factors: acoustic, articulatory, prosodic and phonological. According to the dynamic theory, the syllable is a wave of intensity, force. The loudest, strongest sounds in a word are syllabic, the less strong are non-syllabic.

   In Russian linguistics, there has not been a single definition of the syllable, although the problem of the syllable and syllable division of the word has long attracted the attention of researchers in Russian phonetics: one of the first to speak on this topic was V.G. Trediakovsky. A significant contribution to the development of this area was made by such well-known domestic linguists as L.V. Bondarko, L.R. Zinder, M.V. Panov, R.I. Avanesov, L.V. Shcherba. Several theories of syllable and syllable division have been created, which are based on different approaches to the syllable and, more broadly, to phonetics and different aspects of the study of the syllable.
   From the point of view of representatives of the expiratory (physiological) theory, a phonetic syllable is a sound stream pronounced with one expiratory push. By conducting an experiment with a candle flame, supporters of this theory tried to demonstrate the legitimacy of this approach. If you pronounce the words tom over the flame of a candle, then the flame will tremble once, and in the word dark - twice. But this theory does not explain why in the word spray the flame of the candle sways twice.

   Proponents of the sonor theory define a syllable based on its acoustic features. According to this theory, a syllable is a wave of sonority, therefore sounds are grouped in a syllable varying degrees sonority. R.I. Avanesov, developing a sonor theory in relation to the Russian language, assigned indices to all groups of sounds, taking into account the degree of their sonority: vowels - 4, sonorants - 3, noisy voiced - 2, deaf - 1. For example, the word amplitude will correspond to a number of indices 431341424. Place syllable division will coincide with the place of maximum decline in sonority. The syllable element is the vowel; syllabic consonants are atypical for the Russian language, so they often develop a vowel in front of them - pronounced [zhyzin], [tiatar]. Noisy consonants are sometimes syllabic; a syllabic consonant is, for example, the sound [s] in the interjections ks-ks-ks (when a cat is called) or ts! (call for silence).

   In the theory of muscle tension (dynamic), developed by L.V. Shcherba and his followers, understands a syllable as a segment of sound, pronounced by one push of muscular tension. In each syllable, muscular tension rises, reaches a maximum with the formation of vowels, and then falls with the formation of consonants. Usually, a wave of sonority coincides with a wave of muscular tension. This theory, however, makes it possible to draw a syllable boundary in the same word in different ways (spra-zha and spa-rzha). According to the theory of muscular tension, the place of syllable division is influenced by the place of stress: the percussive sound, as the most intense, is able to attract adjacent consonant sounds to itself: [shap-k], but [kA-pkan].
   According to the theory of explosive-implosive put forward by F. de Saussure, sounds are divided into "connectors" (implosive) and "disconnectors" (explosive). For example, in the word Kola, syllables are distributed as follows: [kol-skiu]. Syllable division usually takes place in the same place as according to the theory of sonority.
   Apparently, each of these theories, according to M.V. Panov, contains only part of the truth. Apparently, it should be recognized that in the Russian language there are cases of double and equally acceptable syllable division.

   Syllabic and non-syllabic sounds in Russian

   The division into syllables occurs next to the sound of the least sonority. Sonority - the audibility of sound at a distance. The sound that has the greatest sonority is the syllabic carrier of the syllable.

   Non-syllabic - consonants, but consonants can also be syllabic, but only in fluent speech: in combinations of sonorants with noisy ones, additional syllability may appear at the end and beginning of words. Rhythm, ruble, theater. Soundness can be indicated by numbers. 4 - sonorous vowel, 3 - sonorous sonorant, 2 - sonorous sound-noisy. 1 - deaf-noisy.

   Types of syllables

   The types of syllables are distinguished by the location of the syllable in the word, structure, degree of sonority, and relation to stress.

   1. According to the location of the syllable the word distinguishes between initial, non-initial (middle) and final syllables: [р/\-bo-tъ].
   2. By structure syllables are
   • uncovered (begin with a vowel) and covered (begin with a non-syllable): [i-gla];
   • open (ends in a vowel) and closed (ends in a consonant): [bir-ky].
   • covered - a syllable with a consonant at the beginning, and uncovered
   • full - closed and covered [ juice)
   • truncated from the beginning - closed and uncovered [ mind, lawsuit]
   • truncated at the end [ haze]
   1. According to the degree of sonority distinguish syllables
   • constant sonority (consist of one vowel sound): in the word needle, the first syllable [and] constant sonority;
   • ascending sonority (sonority increases from a consonant to a vowel): for example, the second syllable in the word needle [gla] has a sonority of 234;
   • descending sonority (sonority falls): for example, the first syllable in the word arch [ar] has a sonority of 43;
   • ascending-descending sonority (sonority increases and then falls): the first syllable in the word asparagus has a complex sonority 1143 [spar-zh];
   • descending-ascending sonority (the sonority falls and then increases): for example, the first syllable in the word mossy [.mossy-styj] has a sonority of 314.
   1. In relation to stress syllables are divided into stressed and unstressed, among which one should distinguish between pre-stressed and post-stressed.

   As the most important, two options for classifying syllables are traditionally considered: according to the final sound and according to the number of vowels.

   I. By final sound distinguish syllables:

   1. open- that is, those that end directly with a syllabic sound and do not have a back periphery;
   2. Closed- that is, those that end in a non-syllabic sound and, accordingly, have a back periphery.

   In some languages, both named types of syllables are used equally actively, in others there are no closed syllables. In particular, the Proto-Slavic language belonged to the number of open syllable languages ​​at a certain stage of its development; At present, in Russian, closed syllables are possible, but they are used much less frequently than open ones - consonant groups that are in a position between two vowels are usually referred to as the next vowel in syllable division.

   II. By the number of vowels distinguish syllables:

   1. Long- that is, those that include either a long vowel or a group of several consonants;
   2. Brief- that is, those in which there is a short vowel and at the same time there are no groups of consonants.

   Linguists distinguish such a thing as syllables. Language learners need to be able to correctly determine their boundaries in words and distinguish them by type. Consider the most basic types of syllables, as well as the rules for division.

   Slogs - what is it?

   There are different approaches to the definition of this concept. From a phonetic point of view, a syllable is one sound or a group of sounds accompanied by an expiratory push. There are always exactly as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it. We can say that a syllable is the minimum pronunciation unit.

   Syllabic (or syllable-forming sound) is a vowel. The consonant, respectively, is considered non-syllable.

   Types of syllables

   Syllables are also classified into open and closed. Closed syllables end in a consonant, while open syllables end in a vowel. In the Russian language, there is a tendency towards the openness of the syllable.

   Also, if a syllable begins with a vowel, it is open, and if it starts with a consonant, then it is covered.

   There are also syllables according to the acoustic structure:

   • ascending, where from a less sonorous (deaf consonant) comes and / or a sonorous consonant, and / or a vowel (pa-pa).
   • descending, where, unlike the ascending one, the syllable starts from a vowel, and then sonorous consonants and / or deaf (mind) go.
   • ascending-descending, where a kind of "slide" is obtained, in which consonants first go according to the degree of sonority, then the top is a vowel sound, and then - "descent" down, starting with the most sonorous consonants (ping-pong).
   • even syllables - one vowel, that is, uncovered and open syllables are even and consist of only one vowel (a).

   

   Stressed and unstressed syllables

   A stressed syllable is a syllable whose vowel is stressed, that is, the vowel is in strong position. Unstressed syllables are not stressed.

   And unstressed syllables, in turn, are divided into two types in relation to the stressed syllable: stressed and pre-stressed. It is not difficult to guess that the pre-stressed ones stand before the stressed syllable, the stressed ones, respectively, after. They are also divided into pre-stressed / post-stressed syllables of a different order in relation to the stressed one. The first pre-shock or behind-shock is closest to the one being struck, the second in order is behind the first shock and pre-shock, and so on.

   Take for example the word che-re-do-va-ni-e, where all syllables, it is worth noting, are open. The fourth syllable -va- will be stressed, the first prestressed - syllable -do-, the second - -re-, the third - che-. But the first shock will be -ne-, the second - -e.

   

   How to divide a word into syllables?

   All words can be divided into syllables. In different languages, division can occur in different ways. But how does the division work in Russian? What are the nuances of the rule?

   In general, the division takes place according to general principles:

   • How many vowels, so many syllables. If a word has one vowel sound, then this is one syllable, since vowels are syllable-forming. For example, these are the words: cat, whale, that, current, which consist of one syllable.
   • A syllable can only be a vowel sound. For example, the word "this" is divided into syllables as e-that.
   • Open syllables end in vowels, closed syllables end in consonants. Examples of openness: mo-lo-ko, de-le-ni-e, ko-ro-va. Closed syllables are found, as a rule, at the end of a word or at the junction of consonants (com-pot, mole, give). In the Russian language, as already mentioned, there is a tendency towards openness of the syllable.
   • If the word contains the letter "y", then it goes to the previous syllable. For example, mine.
   • At the junction of two vowels, there is a division in the middle, because there cannot be two vowels in one syllable. In this case, it turns out that the first syllable is open, and the second is open (ha-os).
   • All sonorants (m, n, l, p) at the junction of consonants before the deaf usually "stick" to the sounds preceding them, forming a syllable.

   

   Theories of syllable division

   Nevertheless, there is no clear framework for what exactly is a syllable and where its boundaries lie. The main thing is the presence of a vowel, but the definition of boundaries can occur in different ways. There are several main theories of syllable division.

   • Sonor theory, which is based on the principle of a syllable sonority wave. It was developed by a scientist from Denmark, Otto Jespersen, and for the Russian language, the idea was continued by R. I. Avanesov. He singled out four degrees of sonority, starting with more sonorant ones and ending with non-sonor ones. At the top are vowels, then sonorants go in the second degree, voiced noisy ones in the third degree, and completely deaf consonants in the fourth place. That is, a syllable is a combination of a vowel with less up to non-sonor ones.
   • The expiratory theory (expiratory) implies that a syllable is one expiratory push. How many pushes, so many syllables. However, the minus of this theory lies in the uncertainty of the syllable boundary at the junction of consonants. In this theory, you can use a candle to figure out how many syllables (air pushes) there are in a word.
   • The theory of "muscular tension" carries the idea that the syllable combines levels of maximum and minimum muscular tension (ie, tension of the organs of speech). The syllable boundary will be the sounds of minimal muscular tension.

   Now that you know the rules for dividing words into syllables, you won't have any problems wrapping words.