What is the difference between advanced training and retraining programs that are implemented as part of vocational training and additional vocational education? Line manager school. Professional training of personnel Professional training

1. Vocational training is aimed at acquiring professional competence by persons of different ages, including for working with specific equipment, technologies, hardware, software and other professional means, obtaining qualification ranks, classes, categories by the specified persons in the profession of a worker or position of an employee without changing the level education.

2. Vocational training under vocational training programs for blue-collar professions and white-collar positions means vocational training for persons who have not previously had a blue-collar profession or white-collar position.

3. Vocational training under retraining programs for workers and employees means vocational training of persons who already have a worker profession, a blue-collar profession or an employee position, an employee position, in order to obtain a new profession of a worker or a new employee position, taking into account the needs of production, the type of professional activity.

4. Vocational training under advanced training programs for workers and employees is understood as vocational training for persons who already have the profession of a worker, the profession of a worker or the position of an employee, the position of employees, in order to consistently improve professional knowledge, skills and abilities in the existing profession of a worker or an existing position of an employee without improving educational level.

5. Vocational training under vocational training programs for blue-collar professions, employee positions within the framework of mastering the educational program of secondary general education, educational programs of secondary vocational education, as well as in other cases provided for by federal laws, is provided free of charge.

6. Vocational training is carried out in organizations engaged in educational activities, including in training centers for professional qualifications and in production, as well as in the form of self-education. Training centers for professional qualifications can be created in various organizational and legal forms of legal entities provided for by civil legislation, or as structural divisions of legal entities.

7. The list of professions of workers, positions of employees for which vocational training is carried out, indicating the qualifications assigned to the corresponding professions of workers, positions of employees, is approved by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing and implementing state policy and legal regulation in the field of general education.

(see text in the previous edition)

Each employer has the right to decide for himself whether to train or not train his staff. It depends on the needs of a specific production, financial and technical capabilities of the company. However, we must not forget that there are categories of workers whose advanced training is a legal necessity. Tell me, do you have such employees? Well, life does not stand still, and even if you have selected highly qualified personnel, their knowledge and skills simply need to be constantly developed, which means that issues of professional training for employees will always be relevant.

The Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Article 21) classifies the right to professional training, retraining and advanced training as one of the basic labor rights of an employee. The procedure for exercising this right is defined in Art. 196 and 197 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. However, recognizing it as an employee does not mean that the employer is obliged to satisfy any wishes of its employees regarding retraining and advanced training. As a general rule, the employer determines the need for professional training and retraining independently.

FORMS OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

Article 196 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides for four different forms of vocational training. These include:

Form 1. Professional training.

Form 2. Retraining.

Form 3. Training.

Form 4. Training for second professions.

Note! As a general rule, the employer determines the need for professional training and retraining independently.

In addition, an employee may be sent for training at the expense of the employer to an appropriate educational institution under one of the professional educational programs:

Program 1. Primary vocational education.

Program 2. Secondary vocational education.

Program 3. Higher professional education (bachelor's programs, specialist training, master's programs).

Program 4. Postgraduate professional education.

Professional training

Note!
Professional training is not accompanied by an increase in the educational level of the student

Vocational training is aimed at accelerating the student’s acquisition of the skills necessary to perform a specific job or group of jobs. However, it is not accompanied by an increase in the educational level of the student.

Professional training can be obtained in educational institutions, in educational departments of organizations that have the appropriate licenses, as well as through individual training from specialists with the appropriate qualifications (Article 21 of the Law of the Russian Federation of July 10, 1992 No. 3266-1 “On Education”) .

Professional retraining and advanced training

Professional retraining is one of the types of additional professional education. It is carried out taking into account the specialist’s educational profile and involves expanding his qualifications in order to adapt to new economic and social conditions, conduct new professional activities, including taking into account international requirements and standards. The purpose of professional retraining is for specialists to obtain additional knowledge, skills and abilities in educational programs involving the study of individual disciplines, sections of science, engineering and technology necessary for a new type of professional activity (clause 7 of the Model Regulations on an educational institution of additional professional education (advanced training) specialists, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 26, 1995 No. 610; hereinafter referred to as the Regulations on the educational institution).

The procedure and conditions for professional retraining of specialists are regulated by the Regulations of the same name, approved. by order of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated 09/06/2000 No. 2571.

In accordance with the specified Regulations, professional retraining of specialists is carried out in additional professional educational programs of two types.

Type 1. Provides improvement of specialists' knowledge to perform a new type of professional activity. Such professional retraining is carried out on the basis of established qualification requirements for specific professions or positions.

The standard duration of such professional retraining should be over 500 hours of classroom training.

Note! Professional retraining is carried out on the basis of higher and secondary vocational education

Type 2. Provides improvement of specialists' knowledge to obtain additional qualifications.

Professional retraining to obtain additional qualifications is carried out according to additional professional educational programs, formed in accordance with state requirements for the minimum content and level of requirements for specialists for the assignment of additional qualifications, established by the Ministry of Education of Russia jointly with other federal executive bodies within their competence. Such training is carried out for specialists who have mastered one of the main educational programs of higher or secondary vocational education, for which this additional qualification is intended.

Training is also one of the types of additional professional education, which is carried out with the aim of updating the theoretical and practical knowledge of specialists in connection with increasing requirements for the level of qualifications and the need to master modern methods for solving professional problems.

In accordance with clause 7 of the Regulations on an educational institution, advanced training includes three types of training ( table 1).

Table 1

Types of training during advanced training

Professional retraining and advanced training of specialists is carried out in educational institutions for advanced training:

• academies (with the exception of academies that are educational institutions of higher professional education);
• institutes for advanced training (improvement) - sectoral, intersectoral, regional;
• at courses (schools, centers) for advanced training, at training centers of the employment service.

Educational programs for advanced training and professional retraining of specialists can also be implemented by structural units of advanced training of educational institutions of higher professional education (faculties for advanced training of teachers and specialists, intersectoral regional centers, departments for retraining of specialists with higher education, etc.) and educational institutions of secondary vocational education ( retraining departments for specialists, advanced training courses for specialists of enterprises (associations), organizations and institutions).

Advanced training and professional retraining of specialists in educational institutions for advanced training are carried out in various forms.

Form 1. With a break from work.

Form 2. Without interruption from work.

Form 3. With a partial break from work.

Form 4. According to individual forms of training.

The terms and forms of advanced training are established by the educational institution of advanced training - in accordance with the needs of the customer - on the basis of an agreement concluded with him.

Note! Mastering educational programs for professional retraining and advanced training ends with mandatory final certification

Mastering educational programs for professional retraining and advanced training ends with a mandatory final certification. Final certification Students are trained by specially created commissions, the composition of which is approved by the head of the educational institution.

Students who have successfully completed a course of study in state educational institutions for advanced training, as well as those who have been accredited in non-state educational institutions for advanced training, are issued the following state-issued documents:

• certificate of advanced training - for persons who have completed short-term training or participated in thematic and problem-based seminars on the program in the amount of 72 to 100 hours;
• certificate of advanced training - for persons who have completed training in the program for more than 100 hours;
• a diploma of professional retraining - for persons who have completed training under the program in excess of 500 hours;
• diploma of qualification - for persons who have completed training in a program of more than 1000 hours.

Information on the results of advanced training and professional retraining of specialists is sent to personnel services at the place of their main work.

Personnel Dictionary

Training for second professions

Training workers in second professions is the vocational training of persons who already have a profession, with the aim of giving them a new one with an initial or higher level of qualification. Training of workers in second professions is organized to expand their professional profile, as well as for combined professions. The list of second professions for which workers are trained is determined by the employer, based on specific production conditions (clause 14 of the Model Regulations on continuous professional and economic training of personnel of the national economy, approved by Resolution of the State Committee for Labor of the USSR, the State Committee for Education of the USSR and the Secretariat of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions dated June 15, 1988 No. 369/92-14147/20/18-22, valid to the extent that does not contradict the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

VOCATIONAL TRAINING – A LUXURY OR A NEED?

The need to adequately respond to changes in the commodity market conditions and the development of new areas of economic activity often entails the repurposing of production. This, in turn, requires updating the staff. In such a situation, the employer can use the existing human resources potential by providing retraining and training in second professions for workers who cannot be used in the future, taking into account their existing knowledge and skills. In addition, the employer can meet its needs for personnel in a particular specialty through professional training of persons who do not have a profession, followed by concluding an employment contract with these persons.

Note! For some categories of workers, advanced training is a prerequisite for performing a job function

It is also the responsibility of the employer to resolve the issue of the need to improve the qualifications of employees. The presence of qualified personnel is the key to the success of any organization. In this regard, the main tasks of the employer are not only the selection of personnel with the necessary qualifications, but also the maintenance of compliance of their professional level with the dynamically increasing qualification requirements. Constant improvement of educational standards, modernization of technological processes, increasing complexity of professional tasks facing employees and other factors determine the need for continuous professional development.

It should be taken into account that, in accordance with clause 7 of the Regulations on an educational institution, advanced training is carried out at least once every five years throughout the employee’s entire career. The frequency of specialists undergoing advanced training is determined by the employer.

For certain categories of workers, due to special regulations, advanced training is a mandatory condition for performing a job function ( table 2). In such cases, the employer is obliged to provide employees with advanced training in the manner and under the conditions provided for by the relevant federal law or other regulatory legal act of the Russian Federation.

table 2

Specialists for whom mandatory advanced training is provided

Still, let’s assume that your employer decides to provide vocational training and retraining for employees. What's next? Preparation of necessary documents, provision of guarantees to students and creation of necessary conditions. This is what we will talk about in the next issue.

As a result of studying this chapter, the student should:

know

• classification of vocational training programs;
• features of the implementation of vocational training programs;
• requirements for the implementation of vocational training programs;
• concept and requirements for conducting a qualifying examination in vocational training;

be able to

• classify vocational education programs as one type or another;
• distinguish between vocational training programs and training programs for skilled workers and employees;

own

Skills in applying legal norms on vocational training in law enforcement practice.

Types of vocational training programs and features of their formation

The most significant feature of vocational training as a type of education is that the legislation does not establish requirements for the educational level of persons who can be admitted to master this type of program. In other words, in order to master the programs under consideration, it is not necessary to have any education at all, including general education. This provision is expressly provided for. 6 The procedure for organizing and carrying out educational activities in basic vocational training programs, approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated April 18, 2013 No. 292, according to which persons of various ages are allowed to master basic vocational training programs in vocational training programs for blue-collar professions and office positions, including without basic general or secondary general education, including persons with disabilities (with various forms of mental retardation).

Expert opinion

Despite this circumstance, there are other opinions in the literature. Thus, V.I. Shkatulla argues that “the right to vocational training arises for a student who has at least a basic general education.” Unfortunately, this statement is not accompanied by the author with any references to current legislation or any arguments, so it is difficult to judge on what it is based.

Vocational training programs play an important social role, as they allow almost any person to acquire the professional competencies necessary for professional activity. Mastering these programs is also an accessible option for continuing education, including for persons with disabilities (various forms of mental retardation) who have received a training certificate after graduating from a general education institution that does not confirm receipt of basic general education.

Another feature of vocational training is that mastering these programs is not accompanied by a change in the graduate’s level of education (Part 1, Article 73 of the Education Law). In other words, if a person who has basic general education has started mastering a program, then after completing this program the level of education of such a person will remain the same - basic general education. It is no coincidence that vocational training is the only type of education that does not contain the word “education” in its name. In part, vocational training programs can be conditionally compared with training programs for skilled workers (employees), if courses, modules, and disciplines aimed at developing general cultural competencies are removed from them.

Parts 2-4 tbsp. 73 of the Law on Education identifies the following types of vocational training programs:

• vocational training programs for blue-collar professions and white-collar positions (implemented for persons who have not previously had a blue-collar profession or white-collar position);
• retraining programs for workers and employees (implemented for persons who already have the profession of a worker, the profession of a worker or the position of an employee, the positions of employees, in order to obtain a new profession of a worker or a new position of an employee, taking into account the needs of production, the type of professional activity);
• advanced training programs for workers and employees (implemented for persons who already have the profession of a worker, the profession of a blue-collar worker or the position of an employee, the positions of employees, in order to consistently improve professional knowledge, skills and abilities in the existing profession of a worker or an existing position of an employee without increasing the educational level).

Programs for advanced training and professional retraining of workers and employees should be distinguished from programs of additional professional education that have similar names(professional development and professional retraining). Let us recall that to master the latter in accordance with Part 3 of Art. 76 of the Law on Education, only persons who have or are receiving secondary vocational and (or) higher education are admitted. Despite the similarity in name, these are different programs.

Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated July 2, 2013 No. 513 approved the List of worker professions and employee positions for which vocational training is provided. Also, qualification categories, classes, and categories can be established for these professions and positions. Moreover, the range of possible ranks, classes, categories is different for each profession or position. So, for example, for the profession “janitor” only one qualification level is provided, and, for example, for the profession “diver” qualification levels from 4 to 8 are provided.

Vocational training programs can be completed in various forms of education and training provided for by law. For organizations implementing these educational programs, Part 6 of Art. 73 of the Law on Education provides for a separate type of organization carrying out educational activities - training center for professional qualifications. This center can be created either as an independent legal entity, in fact, in almost any organizational and legal form, including a commercial organization, or as a structural division of a legal entity. The legal status of such a center, created as an independent legal entity in the form of a non-profit organization, was not entirely clear before recent changes to the Education Law, since Art. 23 of the Law did not provide for this type of educational organization. In the current version of the Law educational organizations, those implementing vocational training programs as the main goal of their activities are classified as professional educational organizations.

In addition, vocational training programs can be implemented directly in production. This is actually a direct reference to the norms of Chapter. 32 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation on the student agreement. Article 202 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, speaking about organizational forms of apprenticeship, states that it is organized in the form of individual, team, course training and other forms.

Also, according to Part 6 of Art. 73 of the Education Law, vocational training can be obtained in the form of self-education. Part 5 Art. 73 of the Law establishes a number of guarantees for the provision of vocational training. It is provided free of charge:

• within the framework of mastering the educational program of secondary general education;
• the limits of mastering the educational program of secondary vocational education;
• other cases provided for by federal laws.

Such cases include, for example, the provision of free vocational training:

• persons with disabilities (with various forms of mental retardation) who do not have basic general or secondary general education (Part 9 of Article 79 of the Education Law);
• disabled people (Article 19 of the Federal Law of November 24, 1995 No. 181-FZ “On social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation”);
• citizens who performed military service under a contract and were discharged from military service when they reached the age limit for military service, for health reasons or in connection with organizational measures (clause 5 of article 19 of the Federal Law of May 27, 1998 No. 76-FZ “On status of military personnel");
• Heroes of Socialist Labor, Heroes of Labor of the Russian Federation and full holders of the Order of Labor Glory (Part 1, Article 6 of the Federal Law of 01/09/1997 No. 5-FZ “On the provision of social guarantees to the Heroes of Socialist Labor, Heroes of Labor of the Russian Federation and full holders of the Order of Labor Glory” ).

In general, the legislation does not establish requirements for the duration of vocational training programs. So, in part 8 of Art. 73 of the Education Law stipulates that duration of vocational training is determined by a specific vocational training program developed and approved on the basis of established qualification requirements (professional standards) by the organization carrying out educational activities, unless otherwise established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

A professional standard is a characteristic of the qualifications required for an employee to carry out a certain type of professional activity (Part 2 of Article 195.1 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

For example, by order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated July 14, 2015 No. 457n, the professional standard “Gearcutter” was approved. To carry out such a job function as “preliminary cutting of external straight teeth of cylindrical gears and gears on established gear-cutting machines of the same type,” a gear cutter must be able to carry out the technological regulations for preliminary cutting of external straight teeth of cylindrical gears and gears on established similar gear-cutting machines; read kinematic diagrams of machines and mechanisms, etc. Accordingly, when developing and approving a vocational training program for a given profession, it is necessary to provide for the formation of these skills.

Part 9 of Art. 73 of the Law on Education establishes that standard vocational training programs in the field of international road transport are approved by the Ministry of Transport of Russia.

There are other exceptions. For example, Order No. 188 of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated July 17, 2014 approved standard basic vocational training programs in the field of training ship crew members in accordance with international requirements, which also establish requirements for the duration of implementation of these vocational training programs.

Furthermore, in accordance with Art. 26 of the Federal Law of December 10, 1995 No. 196-FZ “On Road Safety”, special requirements are established for completing vocational training in the profession of “car driver” in order to obtain the right to drive vehicles.

• Shkatulla V.I. Educational law in Russia: a textbook for universities. M.: Justice-forms, 2015. P. 189.

The learning process of a person continues throughout his entire adult life. Primary education is carried out in schools, vocational schools, technical schools, colleges, lyceums, and universities. Secondary training takes place in universities, institutes and faculties of advanced training and retraining of personnel, in training centers, specially organized courses and seminars, in organizations, etc. The purpose of training is to obtain an education.

Education is the process and result of mastering systematized knowledge, skills, habits and behaviors necessary to prepare a person for life and work. The level of education is determined by the requirements of production, scientific, technical and cultural level, as well as social relations. Education is divided into two types: general and vocational. Education must be ongoing.

Continuing education is a process and principle of personality formation, providing for the creation of educational systems that are open to people of any age and generation and accompany a person throughout his life, contribute to his constant development, involve him in the continuous process of mastering knowledge, skills and methods behavior (communication). Continuing education provides not only advanced training, but also retraining for changing conditions, and stimulating constant self-education.

Vocational education as a process is one of the links in a unified system of continuous education, and as a result, a person’s preparedness for a certain type of work activity or profession, confirmed by a document (certificate, diploma, certificate) of graduation from the relevant educational institution.

In the future, we will talk about the professional education of personnel, which is carried out through training.

Personnel training is the main way to obtain professional education. This is a purposefully organized, systematically and systematically carried out process of mastering knowledge, abilities, skills and methods of communication under the guidance of experienced teachers, mentors, specialists, managers, etc.

Three types of training must be distinguished.

Personnel training is a systematic and organized training and production of qualified personnel for all areas of human activity, possessing a set of special knowledge, abilities, skills and methods of communication.

Advanced training of personnel - training of personnel in order to improve knowledge, skills, abilities and methods of communication in connection with increasing requirements for the profession or promotion.

Retraining of personnel - training of personnel in order to master new knowledge, abilities, skills and methods of communication in connection with mastering a new profession or changing requirements for the content and results of work.

Domestic and foreign experience has developed three concepts for training qualified personnel.

• 1) The concept of specialized training is oriented towards the present or near future and is relevant to the relevant workplace. Such training is effective for a relatively short period of time, but, from the employee’s point of view, it contributes to job retention and also strengthens self-esteem.
• 2) The concept of multidisciplinary training is effective from an economic point of view, as it increases the employee’s intra-production and non-production mobility. However, the latter circumstance represents a known risk for the organization where the employee works, since he has the opportunity to choose and is therefore less tied to the corresponding workplace.
• 3) The concept of personality-oriented learning aims to develop human qualities inherent in nature or acquired through practical activities. This concept applies primarily to personnel who have a penchant for scientific research and have the talent of a leader, teacher, politician, actor, etc.

Thus, the subject of training is:

• -Knowledge - theoretical, methodological and practical, necessary for an employee to perform his duties in the workplace;
• -Skills - the ability to perform the duties assigned to an employee at a specific workplace;
• -Skills - a high degree of ability to apply acquired knowledge in practice; skills presuppose such a measure of mastering work when conscious self-control is developed;
• -Methods of communication (behavior) - a form of personal activity, a set of actions and deeds of an individual in the process of communicating with the surrounding reality, the development of behavior that meets the requirements of the workplace, social relationships, sociability.

The object of professional training is the employee.

Learning is a two-way process. In it, teachers and students closely interact (teaching and learning), which ensures holistic pedagogical activity, since the teacher not only teaches, but develops and educates. Thus, the process of vocational training is designed to carry out three interrelated functions: educational, educational and developmental.

Functions of vocational training

Educational Formation of vocational and technical knowledge, skills and abilities; increasing professional competence. Formation of experience in qualified performance of professional activities.

Educational Formation of the professional orientation of the student’s personality: the need for professional work, sustainable positive motives for work, inclination and interest in professional activities. Nurturing professionally important personality qualities: independence, the ability to make decisions, a creative approach to any business, the ability to constantly learn, the ability to cooperate, social and professional responsibility.

Developmental Mental development of students' personality - sensorimotor, intellectual and emotional-psychological potential, formation of qualifications, forecasting professional growth.