Psychological toughness. Psychological stability. understanding the life situation and the ability to predict it

beauty

Productive functioning, adequate self-regulation, dynamic development, and fairly complete adaptation are possible if the individual is mentally stable.

What allows a person to maintain true inner balance, find peace of mind, and pacify passions? This mental stability of the individual. The list of main components of sustainability includes activity dominants: dominant of cognition and self-knowledge, dominant of activity, dominant of interaction.

Lack of motivation for self-knowledge, self-regulation and self-development creates the basis for weakening mental stability, and then for illness. Lack of appropriate psychological competence may be the reason that a person is not aware of the connection between deepening emotional discomfort, personality disharmony and somatic disorder.

Mental stability should be understood as moderation, a balance of constancy and variability of personality. We are talking about the constancy of the main life principles and goals, dominant motives, modes of behavior, and reactions in typical situations. Variability is manifested in the dynamics of motives, the emergence of new ways of behavior, the search for new ways of activity, and the development of new forms of response to situations.

In the case of such an understanding, the basis of a person’s mental stability is harmonious (dimensional) unity of personality stability and dynamism, which complement each other. On the base constancy the life path of the individual is built. It supports and strengthens self-esteem, promotes self-acceptance as a person and individuality. Dynamism and the adaptability of the individual are closely related to the very development and existence of the individual. Development is impossible without changes occurring in individual areas of the individual and the individual as a whole. They are determined by both internal dynamics and environmental influences. In fact, personality development is the totality of its changes.

MENTAL STABILITY - This is a personality property, individual aspects of which are stability, balance, and resistance. It enables the individual to withstand life’s difficulties, unfavorable pressure from circumstances, and maintain health and performance in various trials.

Mental stability depends on poise as the ability to compare the level of stress with the resources of your psyche and body. The level of tension is always determined not only by stressors and external circumstances, but also by their subjective interpretation and assessment. Balance as a component of mental stability is manifested in the ability to minimize the negative influence of the subjective component in the occurrence of tension, in the ability to keep tension within acceptable limits. Equilibrium is also the ability to avoid extremes in the strength of the response to current events. That is, to be sensitive, sensitive to various aspects of life, caring, on the one hand, and not to react too strongly, with increased excitability, on the other.

Another aspect of mental stability is important - proportionality of pleasant and unpleasant feelings, which merge in a sensual tone, proportionality between feelings of satisfaction, well-being and experiences of joy, happiness, on the one hand, and feelings of dissatisfaction with what has been achieved, imperfection in business, in oneself, feelings of sadness and sum, suffering - on the other. Without both, it is hardly possible to feel the fullness of life, its meaningful fullness.

Reduced stability and balance lead to the emergence of risk states (stress, frustration, nervous, subdepressive states).

Resistance - this is the ability to resist what limits freedom of behavior, freedom of choice both regarding individual decisions and regarding the choice of lifestyle in general. The most important component resistance there is individual and personal self-sufficiency in the aspect of freedom from addiction (chemical, interactional, and unidirectional behavioral activity).

Finally, one cannot fail to note constant interpersonal interaction, involvement in many social connections, influential openness, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, resistance to excessive interaction. The latter can disrupt the necessary personal autonomy, independence in choosing a form of behavior, goals and style of activity, lifestyle, and prevent you from feeling your “I”, going your own way, building your own path in life. In other words, mental stability includes the ability to find a balance between comfort and autonomy and maintain this balance. Mental stability requires the ability resist external influences, adhering to one’s intentions and goals (Petrovsky).

Factors of mental stability. Psychological stability of an individual can be considered as a complex personality property, a synthesis of individual traits and abilities. How pronounced it is depends on many factors. Psychological stability is supported by internal (personal) resources and external (interpersonal, social support). Personal resources that support psychological stability and adaptability and thus contribute to the emergence and maintenance of a harmonious mood. This is a fairly large list of factors that relate to personal characteristics and the social environment.

Social environmental factors:

factors supporting self-esteem;
conditions conducive to self-realization;
conditions conducive to adaptation;
psychological support from the social environment (emotional support from loved ones, friends, employees, their specific assistance in business, etc.).

Personal factors. Personal attitude (including towards oneself):

an optimistic, active attitude towards the life situation in general;
philosophical (sometimes ironic) attitude towards difficult situations;
confidence, independence in relationships with other people, lack of hostility, trust in others, open communication;
patience, accepting others as they are;
a sense of community (in Adler's sense), a sense of social belonging;
status in the group and society that satisfies;
fairly high self-esteem;
consistency of the perceived I and the desired I (the real I and the ideal I).

Personal consciousness:

faith (in its various forms - faith in the achievability of set goals, religious faith, faith in common goals);
existential certainty - understanding, sense of the meaning of life, consciousness and behavior;
the attitude that you can be the manager of your life;
awareness of social belonging to a certain group.

Emotions and feelings:

dominance of positive emotions;
experiences of successful self-realization;
emotional saturation from interpersonal interaction, experiencing a feeling of cohesion, unity.

Knowledge and experience:

understanding the life situation and the ability to predict it;
rational judgments in the interpretation of a life situation (absence of irrational judgments);
adequate assessment of the workload and your resources;
structured experience of overcoming difficult situations.

Behavior and activities:

activity in behavior and activity;
using effective ways to overcome difficulties.

This list shows the positive poles of the properties and factors that influence psychological stability. In the presence of these factors (positive poles of properties), the dominant mental state and elevated mood remain favorable for successful behavior, activity and personal development. If there is an unfavorable influence, the dominant position becomes negative (apathy, despondency, depression, anxiety, etc.), and the mood becomes low and unstable.

If factors in the social environment support self-esteem, promote self-realization, and obtain psychological support, then all this generally contributes to the appearance of elevated mood and support of the state adaptability. If factors in the social environment reduce self-esteem, make adaptation difficult, limit self-realization, and deprive a person of emotional support, then all this contributes to a decrease in mood and the appearance of the condition maladjustment.

An important component of mental stability is positive self image in which, in turn, the positive group identity of the individual plays a significant role. A person always needs to feel like a part of “WE”, a part of some group, realizing that it belongs to which it finds support in life. Such groups include ethnic groups, parties, church organizations, professional associations, informal associations of peers, people with similar interests.

Family plays a special role in the life of every person. Family relationships are of great importance for the development of personality and the achievement of social maturity. A family can influence each of its members and provide emotional support that cannot be replaced by anything. However, the family atmosphere can also negatively affect the mental balance of the individual, reduce emotional comfort, increase internal-personal conflicts, generate personal disharmony, and weaken its psychological stability.

You can select individual characteristics, which most responsible for the decrease in stability: increased anxiety; anger, hostility (especially repressed), aggression directed at oneself; emotional excitability, instability; pessimistic attitude towards life situation; isolation, closedness. Psychological stability is also reduced by complications of self-realization, the perception of oneself as a loser; internal personal conflicts; bodily disorders. A significant factor in reducing resilience is the type of behavior. Research doctors R.G. Rosenman and G. Friedman and their followers described two types of behavior that differ in the degree of risk for cardiovascular disorders. Personal characteristics and behavior styles that increase risk are called type A, or coronary type, and those that reduce such risk - type B.

Coronary is typical: ambition; need for approval; impulsiveness; impatience; inability to reduce activity; the desire to do everything; emotionality; irritability; hostility; anger.

Among the personal qualities of people of the coronary type are, in particular, high achievement motivation, the desire to compete, the spirit of struggle, high activity even in situations with low demands. People of this type are not always able to accept the play aspect in outdoor games and activities. They easily find a new source of stress. The motive of competition gives them the opportunity to find an assessment of achievements in motor exercises and move towards improving performance.

Faith as a support for mental stability. Faith is a subject of study not only of psychological science. In psychology, it should be noted that the phenomenon of faith has not been sufficiently studied. One of the main reasons for this is that faith is often identified with purely religious belief. However, the concept of trust and distrust (to another person, organization, party, approach, etc.) or the concept of self-confidence (conviction in one’s rightness, confidence in one’s adequacy, accuracy, strength) are widely used. The concept of belief refers to various cognitive constructs that are not necessarily associated with religious faith.

Faith is often accompanied by a feeling of confidence and a number of other feelings. In the history of philosophy and psychology, there are three approaches to understanding faith:

faith is mainly an emotional, sensory phenomenon (Hume, James, etc.);
faith as a phenomenon of the intellect (J. St. Mill, Brentano, Hegel, etc.);
faith as a phenomenon of freedom, as an attribute of freedom (Descartes, Fichte, etc.).

FAITH - a necessary element of individual and social consciousness, an important aspect of people’s activities. The objects of faith - facts, phenomena, trends in the development of natural and social reality - the subject does not have the opportunity to perceive sensually, they appear only as possibilities.

The word “faith” has many meanings. Two meanings are basic: worship anyone, anything and sustainability- calm confidence in your choice, which does not require reliance on the opinions of others, self-sufficient confidence, independent of the views of others. On the other hand, worship is determined by internal reasons, not external ones. For a religious person, God lives primarily in the heart, and this is his strength. It is no coincidence that the word “sustainability” has one common root with the words “stand, withstand.” Having resistance, you are more likely to survive various tests. Don't fall, but keep the strength to stand and walk. Resilience is the ability not to succumb to this or that passion, this or that grip, the ability to remain calm among the temptations of the world.

We understand faith and its derivative phenomena (confidence, optimistic attitude, trust - the sensual (emotional) component of a positive attitude) as an important part of the irrational part of personality, since in a person’s life there is always something unknown, unknowable, unexpected. Any forecast is probabilistic. The situation of uncertainty causes great stress. The dual nature of personality - the unity of two principles - makes it possible to master this circumstance: rational and irrational. Rational requires adherence to logic, common sense, “sober calculation”, etc. Irrational is a step beyond accepting reality, it frees you from the need to reason, build a chain of cause-and-effect relationships, etc.

According to E. Erikson’s theory of psycho-social development, positive personality development at the first psychosocial stage forms a person’s ability to hope.

Religious faith has another lever for maintaining mental balance. Faith in God and love for God “tunes” to the desired height. feeling of pride.

Confidence and uncertainty as factors influencing psychological stability. Since the social environment (macroenvironment and microenvironment) is the main environment for the existence of an individual, mental stability in interpersonal interactions is fundamentally important. In interpersonal interaction, confidence (assertiveness) and the ability for confident (self-assertive) behavior come to the fore. Confidence is manifested in the ability to express one’s thoughts and feelings in a socially acceptable form, that is, without humiliating the honor of others; in the willingness to take responsibility for their actions; in a constructive approach to problem solving; in an effort to take into account other people's interests (Krukovich). The goal of confident behavior is self-actualization. I’m sure a person can express his wishes or requests to another person to change something. She is able to talk about it directly and listen to objections without embarrassment.

A lack of confidence manifests itself in aggressive or unruly behavior. Aggressive behavior is characterized by a tendency to express one's thoughts, feelings and desires in the form of demands and orders, accusations and insults; the desire to shift responsibility for one’s actions to others, to suppress other thoughts and assert one’s views as decisive when solving problems, to make choices for others. The purpose of aggressive behavior is coercion and punishment. Uncertain behavior is most often realized in the form of passive-aggressive behavior, which is characterized by:

inability or unwillingness to directly express one's thoughts and feelings;
non-acceptance of responsibility for one’s actions by avoiding choice, granting this right to others;
sacrificing one's interests to solve problems;
fear of blocking other people's interests through an internal, often unconscious conviction of the hostility of the surrounding world.

In addition, the target of insecure behavior is often manipulation, that is, attempts to covertly control the thoughts and feelings of others and subordinate them to their interests. Passive-aggressive behavior in interpersonal relationships is often aimed at punishing the other person indirectly by making her feel guilty.

Uncertainty and aggressiveness are not opposite qualities, they are two different forms of manifestation of a lack of self-confidence. Empirical research has shown that passivity and inappropriate aggressiveness are associated with anxiety and a hostile attitude towards others. Both of these patterns of behavior negatively affect the mental and physical health of the individual, the well-being and health of his family and other loved ones (Krukovich).

I am sure that the person is partially independent from the environment. A psychologically stable person is able to maintain a balance between the strength of his own influence and sensitivity to influence from the side. Violation of this balance, and even more so extremes, reduce the effectiveness of interpersonal contacts, eliminate the possibility of positive emotional saturation from communication and thus reduce the experience of social well-being. By social well-being we understand satisfaction with one’s social status and the state of the society to which the individual belongs, satisfaction with interpersonal connections and status in the microsocial environment. Social well-being is an integral component of subjective well-being, on which the health of an individual directly depends.

The influence of activity on psychological stability. Dominants of activity in the aspect of mental stability of the individual can be all types of activity: cognitive, active, communicative. Each dominant exists simultaneously and as a certain orientation of consciousness. A more familiar concept that explains the mechanism of a particular orientation of consciousness is attitude as readiness, predisposition to a certain attitude, reaction, interpretation, behavior, activity (Kulikov).

The following types of focus can be distinguished:

Focus on knowledge and self-knowledge. Passion for self-knowledge, knowledge of nature, people, self-development. It manifests itself in a readiness to increase one’s psychological competence, find means for self-improvement, learn self-regulation techniques, etc.
Focus on activities: work, social, educational, social, sports, passion for your hobby. Achievements in various types of activities are convincing evidence of successful self-realization; they increase self-esteem and self-esteem. In addition, passion for activity contributes to frequent and prolonged states of inspiration, that is, it makes this state stable. The state of inspiration has a sanogenic effect on many areas of the psyche.
Interactional orientation - This is a focus on interpersonal interaction or strengthening social connections, social influence. Interaction War the dominant has two subtypes: a) prosocial; b) antisocial. Prosocial dominant - this is love, altruism, self-sacrifice, service to other people. This version of the interactional dominant is constructive for the development of the personality itself and favorable interpersonal relationships.Asocial interactional dominance - This is selfishness, dependency, manipulation of another person or many people, power without responsibility for the fate of others and the desire to lead them to good. This version of the interactional dominant is destructive for the development of the personality itself and the interpersonal relationships that are formed in it with the social environment.

The three named dominants of activity are constructive as supports of mental stability, since they support the willingness to take responsibility for one’s own activity. It is worth recognizing as unconstructive magical orientation of consciousness. The combination of constructive types of orientation contributes to the harmonization of the personality and thus strengthens its stability. All the pillars of mental stability discussed above - faith, magical orientation of consciousness, three dominants of activity- cease to be supports if the emphasis on one of them becomes too strong. Self-confidence becomes self-confidence, isolates a person from others and inevitably gives rise to introverted conflict. Fanatical religious faith translates activity into the struggle for the purity of faith, pushes towards intolerance, hatred of people of other faiths (infidels), and aggressive behavior. The aggravation of the magical orientation of consciousness, which has reached the point of fixation, predetermines obsessive expectations of one or another manifestation of certain forces of the “other world”, fear of the other world, paralyzes the will, and blocks any manifestation of independence.

Mental stability as resistance. Achieving life goals usually involves overcoming difficulties. If a person sets big (socially significant) goals, he or she faces a lot of difficulties. There is a positive aspect to this: overcoming is accompanied by intense experiences of self-realization. On the path of overcoming there are always mistakes and failures, disappointments and grievances, resistance from other people whose interests are affected or limited by the subject in connection with his activity. The fewer resources a person has to preserve and restore mental balance, improve health, and maintain stability, the more limited the opportunity to achieve life goals.

In the event of a difficult life situation that necessitates adaptive restructuring and changes in the body and personality, they depend to the greatest extent on the level of personal mobilization. When faced with difficulties, there are usually two main responses: hypersthenia, associated with vigorous activity (time inappropriate, self-destructive), and hyposthenia, associated with passive activity. Basically, there is a tendency towards dynamics from hypersthenic states to hyposthenic ones. In case of insufficient mobilization, the onset of the exhaustion phase can be accelerated, because the previous phases are either very fleeting and insufficiently developed, or occur in an ideal plan without corresponding effective, behavioral expression. Regarding the situation and the dominant motive, the coherence and proportionality of the cognitive and emotional components of the relationship plays a central role. The similarity between the mechanisms of stress changes in the psyche and neurotic disorders is quite well known.

The emphasis on external activity (extraactivity) or adaptability is of great importance. Extraactivity and adaptation should not be considered as opposite poles of the same scale. This is not about denying one process to another. They are necessary for the individual to exist and develop. Directing all energy towards extraactivity makes a person vulnerable to environmental influences and inevitably weakens adaptive mechanisms.

Excessive emphasis on adaptation is also unfavorable because it makes a person too dependent on the environment. In both situations, mental stability is reduced. Maintaining resilience requires a balanced combination of extraactivity and adaptation.

An important role in the totality of overcoming phenomena is played by anxiety. The adaptive meaning of anxiety is that it signals an unknown danger, prompting us to search for it and specify it. Since distraction affects activity, the active-motivational function of anxiety may be the basis of “erratic behavior” or the disorganizing effect of anxiety on activity.

The likely result of overcoming a difficult situation that concerns an individual’s life goals, determined by the complex relationships between situational behavior and the entire process of personal self-realization. One process is influenced by another.

Psychological stability is the process of maintaining the most optimal mode of operation of the human psyche in conditions of constantly changing circumstances and their stressful impact on the individual.

Psychological stability as a personality trait is formed in a person throughout his entire development and is not genetically determined. Therefore, some people react instantly to stress and succumb to the influence of negative emotions: they worry, worry, get nervous, become depressed and upset.

And other people, finding themselves in similar stressful situations, seem to have been ready for a long time for the development of events: they take everything easily and do not tense up, maintain composure, and remain more or less calm. The whole secret lies in the individual level of neuropsychological stability of people.

The level of psychological stability of an individual depends on such factors as a person’s healthy nervous system, methods of his upbringing, life experience, level of personal development, etc.

Nervous and psychological stability is characterized by the flexibility and mobility of the human psyche in constantly changing conditions.

Psychological stability works something like this: first, a task appears that generates a motive that entails the performance of certain actions aimed at its implementation. Then all the difficulties that cause negative emotions are realized.

The psyche begins to look for ways to overcome these difficulties, as a result of which the level of negative emotions decreases and the mental state improves.

With psychological instability of the psyche, a chaotic search for a way to overcome perceived difficulties occurs, causing their aggravation, as a result of which there is an increase in the level of negative emotions and a deterioration in the mental state.

It is not difficult to understand that the main reason for exposure to stressful conditions is the lack of effective ways to overcome difficult situations and a feeling of personal threat, a feeling of complete helplessness in relation to difficult situations and one’s own behavior. Thus, psychological stability is, first of all, self-control and self-control in critical circumstances.

It is also important to remember that stressful situations can never be completely eliminated from life, because... they are its full component. And the goal of any person should not be to get rid of these situations, but to develop psychological resistance to them.

The most basic way to increase psychological stability is to systematically unload the nervous system. A person becomes irritable, nervous, tired if he does not alternate work with rest or does not know how to fully rest. Healthy sleep, active recreation in the fresh air, and engaging in your favorite hobbies will put your nervous system in order.

The increase in psychological stability is directly influenced by the conditions in which the individual lives.

A person with a reactive type of nervous system likes an intense lifestyle, frequent changes of environment, and activity. Such a person will not be comfortable sitting in one place without the opportunity to splash out his energy. In order for the psyche to be more stable, it is necessary that a person’s lifestyle corresponds to his natural predispositions.

Increasing psychological stability is greatly influenced by a person’s cultivation of a philosophical attitude towards life.

Accept the fact that we cannot change some circumstances, situations in life happen and that’s it. And if a person is not able to change circumstances, then he can only change his attitude towards them.

You need to learn to perceive difficult situations not as something that happens to your personal detriment, but as something that simply takes place.

As soon as a person allows events to take their course, without focusing their attention on them and without reacting emotionally, they pass easier and faster. Learn to perceive everything that happens neutrally, especially if it concerns difficult situations.

A person’s mental health is closely interconnected with such personality traits as humor, positive thinking, self-irony and self-criticism.

To develop psychological stability, it is very important to maintain a positive image of yourself and cultivate a positive attitude towards your personality, to accept yourself as you are. Develop the integrity of your personality, live in harmony with yourself, your principles, beliefs and worldview. Strive for self-development and spiritual self-improvement. This all has a direct constructive effect on increasing psychological resilience.

Factors that influence increasing psychological resilience:

Social environment and immediate surroundings
Self-esteem and attitude towards oneself
Self-realization and self-expression
Independence and self-sufficiency
The correspondence between how you see yourself and who you really are
Faith and spirituality
Having positive emotions
Awareness of your meaning in life, determination, self-acceptance, etc. and so on.

Psychological stability can give any person a state of satisfaction with life and a sense of harmony, normalize the psyche and increase performance, give new incentives, peace of mind and the ability to become a whole and strong person.

The feeling of stability of one’s own personality and the personality of another is an important condition for a person’s internal well-being and the establishment of normal relationships with other people. If the personality were not stable in some significant manifestations for communicating with people, then it would be difficult for people to interact with each other, to achieve mutual understanding: after all, every time they would be forced to adapt to the person anew, and would not be able to predict his behavior .

However, human behavior is quite variable. For example, even personality traits that should be an example of constancy are in fact not constant and stable. There are also so-called “situational” traits, the manifestation of which can vary from situation to situation in the same person, and quite significantly. In this regard, the question naturally arises: to what extent and in what ways is the personality and its behavior really stable? This theoretical question contains a whole series of particular questions, each of which can be considered separately, and, based on it, different answers can be given to the general question. For example, what are we talking about about the constancy - behavior, mental processes, properties or personality traits? What is an indicator and measure of the constancy or variability of the assessed properties in this case? What is the time range within which personality traits can be judged as constant or changeable? What factors influence the psychological stability of an individual?

L.V. Kulikov writes that the psychological stability of an individual can be considered as a complex personality quality, a synthesis of individual qualities and abilities. How pronounced it is depends on many factors. Psychological stability is supported by internal (personal) resources and external (interpersonal, social support). He notes that this is a fairly large list of factors related to personal characteristics and the social environment. The author lists the following:

Social environmental factors:

factors that support self-esteem;
· conditions conducive to self-realization;
· conditions conducive to adaptation;
· psychological support from the social environment (emotional support from loved ones, friends, employees, their specific assistance in business, etc.).

Personal factors:

1. Personal relationships (including to oneself):
- · optimistic, active attitude towards the life situation as a whole;
- · philosophical (sometimes ironic) attitude towards difficult situations;
- · confidence, independence in relationships with other people, lack of hostility, trust in others, open communication;
- · tolerance, acceptance of others as they are;
- · a sense of community (in Adler’s sense), a sense of social belonging;
- · satisfying status in the group and society, stable interpersonal roles that satisfy the subject;
- · fairly high self-esteem;
- · consistency of the perceived I and the desired I (the real I and the ideal I).
2. Personal consciousness:
- · faith (in its various forms - faith in the achievability of set goals, religious faith, faith in common goals);
- · Existential certainty - understanding, a sense of the meaning of life, meaningfulness of activity and behavior;
- · the attitude that you can control your life;
- · awareness of social belonging to a certain group.
3. Emotions and feelings:
- · dominance of stenish positive emotions;
- · experience of successful self-realization;
- · emotional saturation from interpersonal interaction, experiencing a sense of cohesion and unity.
4. Knowledge and experience:
- · understanding the life situation and the ability to predict it;
- · rational judgments in the interpretation of a life situation (absence of irrational judgments);
- · adequate assessment of the load and your resources;
- · structured experience in overcoming difficult situations.
5. Behavior and activities:
- · activity in behavior and activity;
- · using effective ways to overcome difficulties.

The author believes that this list contains the positive poles of the qualities and factors influencing psychological stability. In the presence of these factors, a dominant mental state and elevated mood, favorable for successful behavior, activity and personal development, remain. With an unfavorable influence, the dominant state becomes negative (apathy, despondency, depression, anxiety), and the mood becomes depressed and unstable.

If factors of the social environment support self-esteem, promote self-realization, and obtain psychological support, then all this generally contributes to the emergence of elevated mood and maintaining a state of adaptation. If factors in the social environment reduce self-esteem, complicate adaptation, limit self-realization, and deprive a person of emotional support, then all this contributes to a decrease in mood and the appearance of a state of maladjustment. Mood is the link through which psychological stability, reduced due to external or internal reasons, causes changes in the mental state in a negative direction.

A.N. Leontyev writes that psychological stability is influenced by difficulties and a sense of threat.

He writes that the behavior of a psychologically stable person is generally carried out according to the following scheme: a task - the motive it actualizes - the implementation of actions leading to its implementation - awareness of the difficulty - a negative emotional reaction - the search for a way to overcome the difficulty - a decrease in the strength of negative emotions - improved functioning ( and the accompanying optimization of the level of arousal).

The pattern of behavior in a psychologically unstable person: task-motive - implementation of actions leading to its implementation - awareness of difficulty - negative emotional reaction - chaotic search for a way out - aggravation of perceived difficulties - increase in negative emotions - deterioration in functioning - decreased motivation or defensive reaction.

L.D. Stolyarenko believes that the main reasons for the disorganization of the behavior of unstable people are the lack of effective ways to overcome difficulties and the experience of a threat to the individual. In unstable individuals, the phenomenon of self-induction of negative emotional tension is sometimes observed: disorganized behavior increases the stress state, which further disorganizes behavior, which ultimately leads to the fact that the unstable individual feels complete helplessness - both in relation to difficult tasks and in life. attitude towards your behavior in a difficult situation.

The author writes that difficult situations cannot be excluded either from the processes of socialization and education, or from life in general. The goal of education should be to develop in schoolchildren psychological resistance to difficulties that arise in various types of activities. However, when setting tasks for a child, attention should be paid to ensuring that they correspond to his capabilities and are in his zone of proximal development.

G.S. Nikiforov notes that in maintaining psychological stability, one way or another, all personality structures are involved. So, for example, at the level of temperament, the properties that predispose to the emergence of instability are increased emotionality and anxiety. The level of development of volitional qualities has a significant influence.

According to the author, a person always needs to feel like a part of “we”, part of some group, realizing that he belongs to which, a person gains support in life. Such groups include ethnic groups, parties, church organizations, professional associations, informal associations of people of close age and similar interests. Many people become completely “immersed” in one of these groups, but membership in them does not always lead to satisfaction of the need for psychological stability. The support turns out to be not very stable, because the composition of groups is constantly updated, the duration of their existence is limited in time, and the person himself can be expelled from the group for some offense. The ethnic community is deprived of all these shortcomings. This is an intergenerational group, it is stable over time, it is characterized by stability of composition, and each person has a stable ethnic status; it is impossible to “exclude” him from the ethnic group. Thanks to these qualities, an ethnic group becomes a reliable support group for a person.

O.V. Ovchinnikova notes that family plays a special role in the life of every person. Family relationships are of great importance for the development of personality and the achievement of social maturity. Family upbringing largely determines the lifestyle of children for their entire future lives, the style of relationships in their own families. It establishes an attentive or dismissive attitude towards issues of mental self-regulation, healthy lifestyle skills, and the ability to establish constructive, favorable interpersonal relationships. A family can have a healing effect on each of its members and provide emotional support that is irreplaceable. But the family atmosphere can also have a negative impact on the mental balance of the individual, reduce emotional comfort, aggravate intrapersonal conflicts, generate personal disharmony, and weaken its psychological stability.

A.G. Asmolov writes that activity in behavior and activity is one of the main internal factors that determine the psychological stability of an individual. Dominants of activity in the aspect of psychological stability of an individual can be all types of activity: cognitive, active, communicative. Each dominant exists simultaneously and as a certain orientation of consciousness. A more familiar concept that explains the mechanism of a particular orientation of consciousness is an attitude as a readiness, predisposition to a certain attitude, response, interpretation, behavior, activity.

He identifies the following types of focus: focus on knowledge and self-knowledge. Absorption in self-knowledge, knowledge of human nature, self-development. It manifests itself in a readiness to increase one’s psychological competence, find means for self-improvement, learn self-regulation techniques, etc.

Focus on activities: work, social, sports, absorption in one’s hobby. Achievements in various types of activities are convincing evidence of successful self-realization; they increase self-esteem and self-esteem. In addition, being absorbed in an activity promotes frequent and prolonged states of inspiration, i.e. makes this state stable. The state of inspiration produces a sanogenic effect on many areas of the psyche.

Interactional focus is the focus on interpersonal interaction or strengthening social connections and social influence.

The interactional dominant has two subtypes:

a) prosocial;
b) antisocial.

Prosocial dominant is love, altruism, sacrifice, service to other people. This version of interactional dominance is constructive for the development of the personality itself and favorable interpersonal relationships.

An asocial interactional dominant is selfishness, dependency, manipulation of another person or many people, power without responsibility for the fate of others and the desire to lead them to good. This version of the interactional dominant is destructive for the development of the personality itself and the interpersonal relationships that it forms with the social environment.

The first subtype is characterized by the acceptance of the independent value of interpersonal interaction, the search for the joy of an event, empathy, and co-creativity regardless of the magnitude of the results achieved.

The second is manipulating people, using them to prove their worth to themselves and others. For a person who has chosen this method of maintaining his own stability, manipulation is valuable in itself. Along this path, psychological stability can be destroyed by an unbridled passion for power or wealth - convincing proof of one's influence. Such passion may not arise: the manipulator will be satisfied with controlling a few or just one person. And this may be enough to distract yourself from unnecessary or disturbing self-talk.

He writes that the types of orientation (attitude) considered differ in the degree of responsibility that a person takes upon himself - responsibility for his actions and his life in general, for his destiny, for his own individuality, originality, uniqueness.

Taking responsibility means seeing yourself as an active, conscious force in your own life, capable of making decisions and being responsible for their consequences. Responsibility is closely related to internal independence - following one’s convictions and one’s hierarchy of values without neglecting the opinions and beliefs of others and without simply accepting them.

The considered dominants of activity are not alternative, mutually exclusive. These are pillars of personality stability, which can easily be combined with each other. More often than not, one of them occupies a central place in the mind. An emphasis on one support can provide stability, but it is imperfect stability: it can be strong and long-lasting, but it can also be fraught with the possibility of personal disharmony.

The three listed dominants of activity are constructive as supports of psychological stability, since they support the willingness to take responsibility for one’s own activity. The magical orientation of consciousness should be considered unconstructive. The combination of constructive types of orientation contributes to the harmonization of the personality and thereby strengthens its stability.

G.M. Andreeva believes that if self-development becomes a super value, a person begins to ignore other aspects of self-realization, forgets that developed personal qualities should be used for something, should serve the achievement of significant goals, productive activities, benefit society, any groups or to individual people. Passion for an activity develops into workaholism as a variant of psychological dependence - an excessively strong dependence on success in activity, or even simply on the opportunity to engage in the chosen activity. Without it, life loses its meaning. A prosocial, altruistic interactional attitude leads to dissolution in another person and the loss of one’s self; a manipulative interactional attitude turns into a pathological attraction to power, causing disharmony or many destructive changes in the personality.

M.I. Bobneva writes that the emphasis on external activity (extraactivity) or adaptability is of great importance. Quite often one comes across a point of view (not always expressed explicitly) in which the environment is recognized as having greater activity than the subject. With this view, a person in difficult situations “responds to influences,” “adapts,” “withstands the collapsed load,” etc. Extraactivity and adaptation should not be considered as opposite poles of the same scale. This is not about denying one process to another. They are both necessary for the individual to exist and develop. Directing all energy to extraactivity makes a person vulnerable to environmental influences and inevitably weakens adaptive mechanisms.

She believes that overemphasis on adaptation is also unfavorable because it makes a person overly dependent on the environment. In both cases, psychological stability is reduced. Maintaining resilience involves a balanced combination of extraactivity and adaptation. When one refuses activity aimed at the objective or social environment, a person’s independence from it decreases. Adaptation is necessary for psychological stability, but successful adaptation itself is impossible without sufficient psychological stability.

V.N. Druzhinin identifies individual characteristics that are most predisposing to a decrease in resistance:

increased anxiety;
· anger, hostility (especially suppressed), aggression directed at oneself;
· emotional excitability, instability;
· pessimistic attitude towards life situation;
· isolation, closedness;
· decreased psychological stability increases the risk of addiction.

Psychological stability is also reduced by difficulties in self-realization and the perception of oneself as a loser; intrapersonal conflicts; bodily disorders.

A significant factor in reducing resilience is type “A” behavior. Doctor-researchers R. G. Rosenman and G. Friedman and their followers described two types of behavior. Personal characteristics and behavior styles that increase risk were called type “A”, or coronary type, while those that reduce risk were called type “B”.

Type “A” is characterized by:

· ambition;
· need for approval;
· impulsiveness;
· impatience;
· inability to reduce activity;
· desire to do everything;
· emotionality;
· irritability;
· hostility;
· anger.

The personal characteristics of individuals of this type also include: high achievement motivation, desire to compete, spirit of struggle, high activity even in situations with low demands. People of this type are not always able to accept the play aspect in outdoor games and activities. They easily find a new source of stress in them. The motive of competition allows them to find an assessment of achievements in motor exercises and strive to improve their performance.

Type “B” is characterized by more positive ideas about oneself, calmness, satisfaction with life, and leisurely behavior. They alternate work and rest, they are characterized by less emotional tension and other qualities opposite to those of type “A”.

Thus, psychological stability is supported by internal (personal) resources and external (interpersonal, social support).

Psychological stability depends on a large list of factors related to personal characteristics and the social environment. In the presence of these factors, a dominant mental state and elevated mood, favorable for successful behavior, activity and personal development, remain. With an unfavorable influence, the dominant state becomes negative, and the mood becomes depressed and unstable.

An important component of psychological stability is a positive self-image, in which, in turn, a positive group identity of the individual plays a significant role.

Activity in behavior and activity is one of the main internal factors that determine the psychological stability of an individual. Dominants of activity in the aspect of psychological stability of an individual can be all types of activity: cognitive, active, communicative.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

Stavropol State University

Faculty of Physics and Mathematics

Department Computer security

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“Analysis of existing approaches to assessing the psychological stability of an individual when working with confidential information”

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Introduction

1.2. Factors influencing the psychological stability of an individual

1.3. Analysis of existing methods for assessing personal stability when working with confidential information.

2. Development of a personality assessment methodology

2.1 Methodology based on Cattell’s 16 factor questionnaire, Eysenck’s questionnaire and Smekal and Kucher’s methodology

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

The existing foreign and domestic experience in protecting official, production and commercial secrets indicates that without the active involvement in this process of all employees who have access to confidential information, the result cannot be complete. Information security specialists provide data claiming that the determining figure in ensuring the safety of an enterprise’s valuable information is its employee. Already today, 75% of US employees and 80% in Japan are engaged in information processing. An analysis of threats to information conducted by a special information security team conducted in 1995 at the US Department of Defense made it possible to identify the following types of threats to information resources - in increasing order of their degree of danger:

– incompetent employees;

– hackers and crackers;

– employees dissatisfied with their status;

– dishonest employees;

– proactive espionage;

- organized crime;

– political dissidents;

– terrorist groups.

The threat posed by the incompetence of employees, according to experts, is based on the algorithmic vulnerability of information systems, which does not exclude the possibility of incompetent actions and can lead to system failures. This threat comes mainly from poorly trained administrators who have undeservedly achieved a privileged position and are capable of dishonest acts to achieve even greater privileges. Hackers and crackers (who specialize in hacking commercial programs) are much more technically literate individuals. Depending on their motives, goals and methods of action, all hackers can be divided into several groups, starting with amateurs and ending with professionals. Unsatisfied employees pose an internal threat. They are dangerous because they have legal access. The same can be said about dishonest employees. In this case, it is difficult to determine which of these categories of employees can cause more damage. Typically, the actions of such employees result in the planting of a “logical bomb.” Initiative espionage is directly related to the above two threats emanating from employees and can bring a lot of trouble to the company. The threat posed by organized crime groups is based on the fact that information is the basis of the global economy, and, therefore, criminal elements will try to gain access to the information resources of companies in order to obtain illegal income. The inclusion of companies' information systems in the international network attracts political dissidents. Their interests are in disseminating calls for various actions and civil disobedience. Participants in terrorist groups, by mastering information resources and systems, try to give their actions more significance, intimidate the population, and sow panic. In this regard, it is advisable, in order to ensure the information security of commercial structures, to pay more attention to the selection and study of personnel, verification of any information indicating their dubious behavior and compromising connections.

Typically, the personnel selection procedure is carried out according to traditional and formal criteria: education; discharge; work experience in the specialty. In modern enterprises, with a very limited number of employees, the increasingly frequent combination of ordinary employees of various areas and rapidly increasing flows of information and management teams, each employee increasingly becomes the bearer of confidential information that may be of interest to both competitors and criminals. communities.

In such conditions, the requirements for the personal and business qualities of employees and, consequently, for job candidates are significantly increased and changed. This circumstance encourages managers to increasingly turn to the methods and procedures of scientific psychology, with the help of which they can quickly, reliably and comprehensively evaluate a possible candidate and draw up his psychological portrait. Psychological vocational selection pursues the following main goals:

– identification of previous convictions, criminal connections, criminal tendencies;

– identification of a candidate’s predisposition to commit illegal actions, daring and rash acts if formed in his environment in certain circumstances;

– establishing facts indicating the moral and psychological reliability and instability of a job candidate.

As numerous surveys and evidence show, at present, many managers of leading Moscow commercial structures are increasingly aware of the role and place of their employees in creating and maintaining a common security system. This understanding of this problem leads to the persistent implementation of procedures for careful selection and placement of personnel. Thus, letters of recommendation, scientific methods of testing for professional suitability and various types of testing are gradually becoming increasingly important.

1. Psychological stability of the individual

The word "stable" in many languages of the world means "stable, resistant, solid, durable, strong." The “Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language” gives two synonyms for this word: “stability, balance.”

The term stability is translated as: 1) stability, stability, state of balance; 2) constancy, firmness; and mental stability is mental stability (stability).

In A. Reber’s dictionary, “stable” is understood as a characteristic of an individual whose behavior is relatively reliable and consistent. Its antonym is the term “unstable,” which has several meanings in psychology. The two main ones are: 1) “unstable” is an individual who exhibits erratic and unpredictable patterns of behavior and mood; 2) “unstable” is an individual who is prone to demonstrate neurotic, psychotic, or simply dangerous behavior patterns for others. In the second meaning, the term is used as a kind of informal psychiatric diagnosis.

"Stable" in this dictionary is explained as a trait (in personality theories) characterized by the absence of excessive emotional changes. In this case, the qualifying word “emotional” (stability) is often used. In English, German, French and Spanish, the word “sustainability” is synonymous with the word “stability”.

Psychological stability is the dynamics of stable states of the individual as a system, in which it is able, with a certain probability, to identify and block external and internal negative influences.

1.1. General information about the psychological stability of the individual

Psychological stability is a complex and capacious personality quality. It combines a whole complex of abilities, a wide range of multi-level phenomena. The existence of a personality is diverse, which is reflected in different aspects of its psychological stability. Three aspects of resilience come to the fore:

– durability, stability; balance, proportionality;

– resistance (resistance).

Resilience refers to the ability to withstand difficulties, maintain faith in situations of frustration, and a constant (reasonably high) level of mood.

Equilibrium– proportionality of the strength of the reaction, the activity of behavior to the strength of the stimulus, the significance of the event (the magnitude of the positive or negative consequences to which it can lead). Resistance is the ability to resist what limits freedom of behavior and freedom of choice.

Persistence. Resilience is manifested in overcoming difficulties as the ability to maintain faith in oneself, to be confident in oneself, one’s capabilities, and as the ability for effective mental self-regulation. Stability is manifested in maintaining the individual’s ability to function, exercise self-government, develop, and adapt.

One of the sides of perseverance is commitment to chosen ideals and goals. Resilience is possible if there is existential certainty. Existential certainty is the experience of satisfying one's basic needs. Existential uncertainty - lack of experience of satisfying one’s basic needs, dissatisfaction with self-realization, lack of meaning in life, lack of attractive life goals. For most people, the basic needs are for self-realization, self-expression, and self-affirmation. These needs are classified as higher needs. Not for all people these are the main, leading ones. For some people, basic needs are limited to vital needs, security needs, and the need to be accepted by other people.

Persistence also manifests itself in a constant, fairly high level of mood. The ability to maintain a constant level of mood and activity, to be responsive, sensitive to different aspects of life, to have diverse interests, and to avoid simplification in values, goals and aspirations is also an important component of psychological stability. Commitment to one value, one goal, service to one ideal can give a sense of existential certainty, but do not support the fullness of psychological stability. The reason here is that a person with such an existential decision builds a personality space that is very different from how it is built for most others. His personality includes accents that complicate interpersonal interaction and, thus, usually narrows the circle of people with whom emotionally rich relationships can be established. But the need for an emotionally warm relationship can rarely be compensated for by anything.

Stability, as a component of psychological stability, should not be understood as rigidity. For the psychological stability of an individual, the ability for self-development and the formation of one’s own individuality is necessary.

Sustainability presupposes a set of adaptation processes, the integration of the individual in the sense of maintaining the consistency of the basic functions of the individual and the stability of their implementation. Execution stability does not necessarily imply stability of the function structure, but rather its sufficient flexibility.

Of course, stability includes stability of functioning and reliability in professional activities. We will not touch upon issues of reliability of activity. We will only note that the level of psychological stability of an individual, one way or another, is manifested in his work activity, in the reliability of an employee, a professional. On the other hand, successful professional activity for many is the basis for a full-fledged experience of self-realization, which affects satisfaction with life in general, mood and psychological stability.

Reduced resilience leads to the fact that, once in a situation of risk (a situation of testing, a situation of loss, a situation of social deprivation), a person overcomes it with negative consequences for mental and somatic health, for personal development, for existing interpersonal relationships. Risk situations, individual behavior in them, issues of preventing negative consequences will be discussed in the third section of the book.

Equilibrium. Psychological stability should be considered as proportionality, a balance of constancy and variability of personality. We are talking about the constancy of the main life principles and goals, dominant motives, ways of behavior, and reactions in typical situations. Variability is manifested in the dynamics of motives, the emergence of new ways of behavior, the search for new ways of activity, and the development of new forms of response to situations. With this consideration, the basis of the psychological stability of the individual is the harmonious (proportional) unity of personality constancy and dynamism, which complement each other. The life path of an individual is built on the foundation of constancy; without it, it is impossible to achieve the goals of life. It supports and strengthens self-esteem, promotes acceptance of oneself as a person and individuality. The dynamism and adaptability of the individual are closely related to the very development and existence of the individual. Development is impossible without changes that occur in individual spheres of the personality and in the personality as a whole; they are caused by both internal dynamics and environmental influences. In fact, personality development is the totality of its changes.

Balance is the ability to balance the level of stress with the resources of your psyche and body. The level of tension is always determined not only by stressors and external circumstances, but also by their subjective interpretation and assessment. Balance, as a component of psychological stability, is manifested in the ability to minimize the negative impact of the subjective component in the occurrence of tension, in the ability to keep tension within acceptable limits. Balance is also the ability to avoid extremes in the strength of the response to events. That is, to be responsive, sensitive to different aspects of life, caring, on the one hand, and not to react too strongly, with increased excitability, on the other.

Another aspect is important in psychological stability - the proportionality of pleasant and unpleasant feelings, merging in a sensual tone, the proportionality between feelings of satisfaction, well-being and experiences of joy, happiness, on the one hand, and feelings of dissatisfaction with what has been achieved, imperfection in business, in oneself, feelings of sadness and sadness, suffering - on the other. Without both, it is hardly possible to feel the fullness of life, its meaningful fulfillment.

Reduced stamina and balance lead to the emergence of risk states (states of stress, frustration, pre-neurasthenic, subdepressive states). Risk states, dynamics and manifestations of these states, issues of preventing risk states and preventing their negative consequences will be discussed in the third section of the book.

Resistance. Resistance – This is the ability to resist what limits freedom of behavior, freedom of choice, both in individual decisions and in choosing a lifestyle in general. The most important aspect of resilience is individual and personal self-sufficiency in the aspect of freedom from dependence (chemical, interactional, accentuated unidirectional behavioral activity).

Finally, one cannot fail to note constant interpersonal interaction, involvement in many social connections, openness to influence, on the one hand, and, on the other, resistance to excessively strong interaction. The latter can disrupt the necessary personal autonomy, independence in choosing a form of behavior, goals and style of activity, lifestyle, and will prevent you from hearing your Self, following your direction, building your life path. In other words, psychological resilience includes the ability to find a balance between conformity and autonomy and maintain this balance. Psychological resilience requires the ability to withstand external influences while following your intentions and goals.

Thus, psychological stability– this is a personality quality, individual aspects of which are stamina, balance, and resistance. It allows an individual to withstand life’s difficulties, unfavorable pressure from circumstances, and maintain health and performance in various trials.

1.2. Factors influencing the psychological stability of an individual

Psychological stability of an individual can be considered as a complex personality quality, a synthesis of individual qualities and abilities. How pronounced it is depends on many factors. Psychological stability is supported by internal (personal) resources and external (interpersonal, social support). Previously, we examined the individual’s resources that support her psychological stability and adaptability and thereby contribute to the emergence and maintenance of a harmonious mood. This is a fairly large list of factors related to personal characteristics and the social environment.

Social environmental factors:

– factors that support self-esteem;

– conditions conducive to self-realization;

– conditions conducive to adaptation;

– psychological support from the social environment (emotional support from loved ones, friends, employees, their specific assistance in business, etc.).

Personal factors:

Personal relationships (including to oneself):

– optimistic, active attitude towards the life situation as a whole;

– philosophical (sometimes ironic) attitude towards difficult situations;

– confidence, independence in relationships with other people, lack of hostility, trust in others, open communication;

– tolerance, acceptance of others as they are;

– a sense of community (in Adler’s sense), a sense of social belonging;

– satisfying status in the group and society, stable interpersonal roles that satisfy the subject;

– fairly high self-esteem;

– consistency of the perceived I and the desired I (the real I and the ideal I).

Personal consciousness:

- faith (in its various forms - faith in the achievability of set goals, religious faith, faith in common goals);

Existential certainty - understanding, a sense of the meaning of life, meaningfulness of activity and behavior;

– the attitude that you can control your life;

– awareness of social belonging to a certain group.

Emotions and feelings:

– dominance of sthenic positive emotions;

– experience of successful self-realization;

– emotional saturation from interpersonal interaction, experiencing a sense of cohesion, unity.

Knowledge and experience:

– understanding the life situation and the ability to predict it;

– rational judgments in the interpretation of a life situation (absence of irrational judgments);

– adequate assessment of the load and your resources;

– structured experience in overcoming difficult situations.

Behavior and activities:

– activity in behavior and activity;

– using effective ways to overcome difficulties.

This list identifies the positive poles of the qualities and factors that influence psychological resilience. In the presence of these factors, a dominant mental state and elevated mood, favorable for successful behavior, activity and personal development, remain. With an unfavorable influence, the dominant state becomes negative (apathy, despondency, depression, anxiety), and the mood becomes depressed and unstable.

We believe that it is counterproductive to consider mood as a type of state. Mood is a relatively stable component of mental states, the main link in the relationship of personality structures with various components of mental states (feelings and emotions, experiences of events occurring in the spiritual, social and physical life of the individual, the mental and physical tone of the individual). It is the mood that acts as the link through which psychological stability, reduced due to external or internal reasons, causes changes in the mental state in a negative direction.

The main components of a person’s psychological stability were listed above. Note that they do not cover the entire basis of psychological stability. All personality structures are involved in maintaining it, one way or another. So, for example, at the level of temperament, the properties that predispose to the emergence of instability are increased emotionality and anxiety. The level of development of strong-willed qualities has a significant influence.

An important component of psychological stability is a positive self-image, in which, in turn, a positive group identity of the individual plays a significant role.

A person always needs to feel like a part of “we”, a part of some group, realizing that he belongs to which, a person gains support in life. Such groups include ethnic groups, parties, church organizations, professional associations, informal associations of people of close age and similar interests. Many people become completely “immersed” in one of these groups, but membership in them does not always lead to satisfaction of the need for psychological stability. The support turns out to be not very stable, because the composition of groups is constantly updated, the duration of their existence is limited in time, and the person himself can be expelled from the group for some offense. The ethnic community is deprived of all these shortcomings. This is an intergenerational group, it is stable over time, it is characterized by stability of composition, and each person has a stable ethnic status; it is impossible to “exclude” him from the ethnic group. Thanks to these qualities, an ethnic group becomes a reliable support group for a person.

Family plays a special role in the life of every person. Family relationships are of great importance for the development of personality and the achievement of social maturity. Family upbringing largely determines the lifestyle of children for their entire future lives, the style of relationships in their own families. It establishes an attentive or dismissive attitude towards issues of mental self-regulation, healthy lifestyle skills, and the ability to establish constructive, favorable interpersonal relationships. A family can have a healing effect on each of its members and provide emotional support that is irreplaceable. But the family atmosphere can also have a negative impact on the mental balance of the individual, reduce emotional comfort, aggravate intrapersonal conflicts, generate personal disharmony, and weaken its psychological stability.

It is possible to identify individual characteristics that are most predisposing to a decrease in resistance:

– increased anxiety;

– anger, hostility (especially suppressed), aggression directed at oneself;

– emotional excitability, instability;

– pessimistic attitude towards the life situation;

- isolation, closedness.

It was noted above that activity in behavior and activity is one of the main internal factors that determine the psychological stability of an individual. Dominants of activity in the aspect of psychological stability of an individual can be all types of activity: cognitive, active, communicative. Each dominant exists simultaneously and as a certain orientation of consciousness. A more familiar concept that explains the mechanism of a particular orientation of consciousness is an attitude as readiness, predisposition to a certain attitude, response, interpretation, behavior, activity.

The following types of orientation can be distinguished.

Focus on knowledge and self-knowledge. Absorption in self-knowledge, knowledge of human nature, self-development. It manifests itself in a readiness to increase one’s psychological competence, find means for self-improvement, learn self-regulation techniques, etc.

Interactional focus is a focus on interpersonal interaction or strengthening social connections and social influence.

The interactional dominant has two subtypes:

a) prosocial;

b) antisocial.

The second is manipulating people, using them to prove their worth to themselves and others. For a person who has chosen this method of maintaining his own stability, manipulation is valuable in itself. Along this path, psychological stability can be destroyed by an unbridled passion for power or wealth - convincing proof of one’s influence. Such passion may not arise: the manipulator will be satisfied with controlling a few or just one person. And this may be enough to distract yourself from unnecessary or disturbing self-talk.

The considered types of orientation (attitude) differ in the degree of responsibility that a person takes upon himself - responsibility for his actions and his life in general, for his destiny, for his own individuality, originality, uniqueness.

The three listed dominants of activity are constructive as supports of psychological stability, since they support the willingness to take responsibility for one’s own activity. The magical orientation of consciousness should be recognized as non-constructive. The combination of constructive types of orientation contributes to the harmonization of the personality and thereby strengthens its stability.

All the supports of psychological stability discussed above - faith, the magical orientation of consciousness, the three dominants of activity - cease to be supports if the emphasis on one of them becomes too strong. Self-confidence becomes self-confidence, isolates a person from others and inevitably gives rise to intrapersonal conflict. Fanatical religious faith translates all activity into the mainstream of the struggle for the purity of faith, pushing towards intolerance, hatred of people of other faiths (infidels), and aggressive behavior. The sharpening of the magical orientation of consciousness, which has reached the point of fixation, causes an obsessive expectation of one or another manifestation of certain forces of the “other world”, cultivates fear of the other world, paralyzes the will, and blocks any manifestation of independence. If self-development becomes a super value, a person begins to ignore other aspects of self-realization, forgets that developed personal qualities should be used for something, should serve the achievement of significant goals, productive activities, and benefit society, some groups or individuals. Passion for an activity develops into workaholism as a variant of psychological dependence - an excessively strong dependence on success in activity, or even simply on the opportunity to engage in the chosen activity. Without it, life loses its meaning. A prosocial, altruistic interactional attitude leads to dissolution in another person and the loss of one’s self; a manipulative interactional attitude turns into a pathological attraction to power, causing disharmony or many destructive changes in the personality.

Achieving life goals usually involves overcoming difficulties. The larger (socially significant) goals a person sets, the more difficulties he encounters. There is a positive point here: overcoming is accompanied by intense experiences of self-realization. On the path of overcoming there are always mistakes and failures, disappointments and grievances, resistance from other people whose interests are affected or limited due to the activity of the subject. The fewer resources an individual has to preserve and restore mental balance, improve health, and maintain stability, the more limited are the opportunities to achieve life goals. When a difficult life situation arises, causing the need for adaptive restructuring, the complex of changes occurring in the body and personality depends to the greatest extent on the level of personal mobilization. In a systematic form, we present the picture of changes in the body and psyche when faced with difficulties in the form of a table (see Table 1).

Table 1. States in situations of overcoming difficulties

Characteristics	Mobilization (activity level)
Characteristics	Insufficient	Adequate	Excessive
Attitude to the situation, dominant motive	Emotional rejection of a goal without adequate cognitive evaluation	Consistency of emotional and cognitive assessment; the desire to find a path to a goal	The emotional component of the relationship dominates the cognitive one; often goal acceptance prior to adequate cognitive assessment; desire to achieve a goal immediately
Leading characteristic of the state	Lethargy; reduced activation	Active state; activation adequate to the current situation	Excitement; high activation and high voltage
Mood	Depressed mood, despondency	Even mood, cheerfulness	Uneven mood, anxiety
Energy characteristics of physiological processes	Reduced energy consumption or energy wasted on braking	Adequate, sustainable energy use	Excessive energy expenditure
Predominant phase of stress	Exhaustion phase	Resistance phase	Mobilization phase (alarm phase)
Behavior	Passive (surrender)	Active organized	Active disorganized
Likely consequences	Apathy or depression if life circumstances do not change for the better	Maintaining or increasing psychological stability, satisfaction with self-realization	Overwork or asthenic condition, if life circumstances do not change for the better

When faced with difficulties, two main response options are usually observed: hypersthenia associated with vigorous activity (sometimes inappropriate, self-destructive), and hyposthenia. In most cases, there is a tendency towards dynamics from hypersthenic states to hyposthenic ones. With insufficient mobilization, the onset of the exhaustion phase can be accelerated, because the previous phases are either very fleeting and insufficiently developed, or proceed in an ideal way without corresponding activity, behavioral expression.

In relation to the situation and in the dominant motive, the central role belongs to the consistency and proportionality of the cognitive and emotional components of the attitude. The similarity of the mechanisms of stress changes in the psyche and neurotic, pre-neurotic disorders is well known. Comparing the features of goal setting and its motivational determinants in healthy individuals and patients with neuroses. It turned out that a higher level of general motivation in patients with neuroses is formed due to the emotional component. Let us assume that the disproportion between the cognitive and emotional components becomes one of the reasons that the motivation to avoid failure—leading in neuroses—does not lead to real avoidance of conflict associated with failure, as usually happens in healthy individuals. In addition, the motivation to achieve success in neuroses does not contribute to choosing a goal that corresponds to the possibilities, since the emotional component maintains the previous inflated level of the goal (despite failures).

The emphasis on external activity (extraactivity) or adaptability is of great importance. Quite often one comes across a point of view (not always expressed explicitly) in which the environment is recognized as having greater activity than the subject. With this view, a person in difficult situations “responds to influences,” “adapts,” “withstands the collapsed load,” etc. Extraactivity and adaptation should not be considered as opposite poles of the same scale. This is not about denying one process to another. They are both necessary for the individual to exist and develop. Directing all energy to extraactivity makes a person vulnerable to environmental influences and inevitably weakens adaptive mechanisms.

Excessive emphasis on adaptation is also unfavorable, since it makes a person overly dependent on the environment. In both cases, psychological stability is reduced. Maintaining resilience involves a balanced combination of extraactivity and adaptation. When one refuses activity aimed at the objective or social environment, a person’s independence from it decreases. Let us add that adaptation is necessary for psychological stability, but successful adaptation itself is impossible without sufficient psychological stability.

Anxiety plays an important role in the totality of coping phenomena. The adaptive meaning of anxiety is that it signals an unidentified danger, prompting us to search for it and specify it. Since distraction affects the activity being performed, the active-motivating function of anxiety may underlie “erratic behavior” or the disorganizing effect of anxiety on activity.

The likely outcome of overcoming a difficult situation that affects an individual’s life goals is determined by the complex relationships between situational behavior and the entire course of personal self-realization. One process is influenced by another.

In the event that the subject does not find ways to resolve a difficult situation, and life circumstances do not change for the better for him, the condition becomes so unfavorable that certain mental disorders occur. Depressive and asthenic conditions are particularly common.

We have already touched on the issue of the negative consequences of a lack of psychological resilience. Note that a decrease in psychological stability increases the risk of addiction. We distinguish three main groups of psychological dependencies: chemical, unidirectional (accentuated) activity, interactional dependence. Let us briefly consider the reasons for establishing this or that type of dependence.

Chemical dependence occurs when emotiogenic events go beyond the boundaries of the optimum - their deficiency or satiety. It is clear that positive emotions are especially significant in terms of their desirability and necessity. The narrower the optimal boundaries for a given person (as an individual characteristic), the less psychological stability. A psychoactive drug (alcohol, toxicant, narcotic) stuns and, thereby, reduces the significance of events when they are satiated. By switching to euphoric experiences, distracted from current events, the individual subjectively distances them from himself, reducing the number of significant events. A psychoactive substance can also give rise to events, and not only in its extreme form, that is, in the form of hallucinations. For example, emancipation and relaxation while intoxicated intensifies communication, facilitates the commission of actions that were under the yoke of self-control, etc.

Unidirectional (accentuated) activity (preoccupation with games, sex, workaholism) is one of the reasons for personal disharmony, namely reduced personal development and functioning in the sphere of spiritual existence, in the direction of cognition and self-knowledge, interpersonal interaction. This dependence arises as a kind of compensation, exaggeration of the value of events generated in accentuated activity (work, play, sex), as an attempt to obscure the significance of other values not related to the accentuated activity.

Absorption in activity means enthusiasm, passion. If work consumes you, then there is no need for a hobby - another hobby. Hobbies and work merge. Let us note once again that a high workload (in terms of time and effort expended) can be associated with different motivations. For example, with the desire to earn more money, strengthen or raise social status. If the work is uncreative or there is little passion for it, there will be no absorption, there will be no passion and, accordingly, this activity will not become a pillar of sustainability. Moreover, it will generate emotional satiety, excessive tension and a desire to reduce discomfort.

A decrease in self-sufficiency, authenticity with a lack of self-identification, a weakening sense of social belonging to a certain, fairly clearly defined group - all these are conditions that predispose to interactional dependence (for example, from a destructive cult; “fatal” love). A frustrated need for acceptance by others, insufficient authority and respect in a significant circle, and low self-esteem push the individual to a deeper immersion in interaction.

1. 3. Analysis of existing methods for assessing personal stability when working with confidential information

In psychology, there are various techniques for assessing personality, such as observation, survey, testing and projective techniques. Next we will consider testing.

Methodology "Exit from difficult life situations"

People get out of difficult life situations in different ways. Some people put up with problems and troubles, adapt to them, and prefer to “go with the flow.” Others curse fate, become emotionally disengaged and, ultimately, also calm down, without actually solving any problems. Still others withdraw into themselves and prefer not to “see” problems. The fourth act somehow differently. This questionnaire allows you to identify a given person’s dominant way of solving life problems. The “Out of Difficult Life Situations” technique allows you to find out how psychologically adequate a person will react to emerging problems. It can be used to find out how much life problems will affect a person’s psychological balance.

Leary's method for diagnosing interpersonal relationships

The technique was created by T. Leary (T. Liar), G. Leforge, R. Sazek in 1954 and is intended to study the subject’s ideas about himself and the ideal “I”, as well as to study relationships in small groups. Using this technique, the predominant type of attitude towards people in self-esteem and mutual assessment is revealed.

When studying interpersonal relationships and social attitudes, two factors are most often identified: dominance-submission and friendliness-aggression. It is these factors that determine the overall impression of a person in the processes of interpersonal perception. They are named by M. Argyle as one of the main components in the analysis of the style of interpersonal behavior and, in content, can be correlated with two of the three main axes of the semantic differential of Charles Osgood: evaluation and strength. In a long-term study conducted by American psychologists under the leadership of B. Bales, the behavior of a group member is assessed according to two variables, the analysis of which is carried out in a three-dimensional space formed by three axes: dominance-submission, friendliness-aggressiveness, emotionality-analyticity.

To represent the main social orientations, T. Leary developed a symbolic diagram in the form of a circle divided into sectors. In this circle, four orientations are designated along the horizontal and vertical axes: dominance-submission, friendliness-hostility. In turn, these sectors are divided into eight - according to more private relations. For an even more subtle description, the circle is divided into 16 sectors, but more often octants are used, oriented in a certain way relative to the two main axes.

Timothy Leary's scheme is based on the assumption that the closer a subject's results are to the center of the circle, the stronger the relationship between these two variables. The sum of the scores for each orientation is translated into an index where the vertical (dominance-submission) and horizontal (friendliness-hostility) axes are dominant. The distance of the obtained indicators from the center of the circle indicates the adaptability or extremeness of interpersonal behavior.

The questionnaire contains 128 value judgments, from which 16 items are formed in each of the 8 types of relationships, ordered by ascending intensity. The methodology is structured in such a way that judgments aimed at clarifying any type of relationship are not arranged in a row, but in a special way: they are grouped in groups of 4 and repeated through an equal number of definitions. During processing, the number of relations of each type is counted.

T. Leary proposed using a technique to assess the observed behavior of people, i.e. behavior in the assessment of others ("from the outside"), for self-esteem, assessment of loved ones, for describing the ideal "I". In accordance with these diagnostic levels, the instructions for answering change.

Different areas of diagnostics make it possible to determine the personality type, as well as compare data on individual aspects. For example, “social “I”, “real “I””, “my partners”, etc.

The methodology can be presented to the respondent either in a list (alphabetically or in random order) or on separate cards. He is asked to indicate those statements that correspond to his idea of himself, relate to another person or his ideal.

Diagnosis of the state of aggression (Bass-Darkey questionnaire)

The word “aggression” is used extremely often today in the broadest context and therefore needs serious “cleansing” from a number of layers and individual meanings.

– as an innate human reaction to “protect the occupied territory” (Lorenz, Ardrey);

– as an attitude towards domination (Morrison); the reaction of an individual to the surrounding reality that is hostile to a person (Khorcy, Fromm). Theories linking aggression and frustration have become very widespread (Muller, Dub, Dollar, etc.).

Aggression is understood as a property, a quality of personality, characterized by the presence of destructive tendencies, mainly in the field of subject-subject relations. Probably, the destructive component of human activity is necessary in creative activity, since the needs of individual development inevitably form in people the ability to eliminate and destroy obstacles, to overcome what opposes this process.

Aggression has qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Like any property, it has varying degrees of expression: from almost complete absence to its extreme development. Each personality must have a certain degree of aggressiveness. Its absence leads to passivity, submissiveness, conformity, etc. Its excessive development begins to determine the entire appearance of the personality, which can become conflicting, incapable of conscious cooperation, etc. Aggression itself does not make the subject consciously dangerous, since, on the one hand, the existing connection between aggressiveness and aggression is not rigid, and, on the other, the act of aggression itself may not take consciously dangerous and disapproved forms.

In everyday consciousness, aggressiveness is synonymous with “malicious activity.” However, destructive behavior in itself does not have “malevolence”; what makes it so is the motive of activity, those values for the sake of achieving and possessing which activity unfolds. External practical actions may be similar, but their motivational components are directly opposite.

Based on this, we can divide manifestations of aggression into two main types: the first is motivational aggression, as an intrinsic value, the second is instrumental, as a means (implying that both can manifest themselves both under the control of consciousness and outside it, and are associated with emotional experiences (anger, hostility).Practical psychologists should be more interested in motivational aggression as a direct manifestation of the implementation of destructive tendencies inherent in a person, having determined the level of such destructive tendencies, it is possible to predict with a high degree of probability the possibility of the manifestation of open motivational aggression. diagnostic procedures is the Bass-Darkey questionnaire.

A. Basho, who adopted a number of provisions of his predecessors, separated the concepts of aggression and hostility and defined the latter as: “... a reaction that develops negative feelings and negative assessments of people and events.” When creating their questionnaire differentiating manifestations of aggression and hostility, A. Basho and A. Darki identified the following types of reactions:

1. Physical aggression - the use of physical force against another person.

2. Indirect - aggression directed in a roundabout way at another person or not directed at anyone.

3. Irritation - readiness to express negative feelings at the slightest excitement (hot temper, rudeness).

4. Negativism is an oppositional manner of behavior from passive resistance to active struggle against established customs and laws.

5. Resentment - envy and hatred of others for real and fictitious actions.

6. Suspicion - ranging from distrust and wariness of people to the belief that other people are planning and causing harm.

7. Verbal aggression - the expression of negative feelings through both the form and the content of verbal responses.

8. Feelings of guilt - expresses the subject’s possible belief that he is a bad person, that he is doing evil, as well as the remorse of conscience he feels.

When compiling the questionnaire, the following principles were used:

1. The question can only relate to one form of aggression.

2. Questions are formulated in such a way as to weaken to the greatest extent the influence of public approval of the answer to the question.

This questionnaire allows you to find out whether a person is passive, driven, conformist or conflictual, incapable of conscious cooperation.

Rean Questionnaire

Motivation for success refers to positive motivation. With such motivation, a person, when starting a business, has in mind the achievement of something constructive and positive. At the heart of human activity is the hope for success and the need to achieve success. Such people are usually confident in themselves, in their abilities, responsible, proactive and active. They are distinguished by persistence in achieving goals and determination.

Motivation to fail refers to negative motivation. With this type of motivation, a person’s activity is associated with the need to avoid breakdown, blame, punishment, and failure. In general, this motivation is based on the idea of avoidance and the idea of negative expectations. When starting a business, a person is already afraid of possible failure in advance; he thinks about ways to avoid this hypothetical failure, and not about ways to achieve success.

People motivated to fail are usually characterized by increased anxiety and low self-confidence. They try to avoid responsible tasks, and if necessary, solving overly responsible tasks can fall into a state close to panic. At the very least, their situational anxiety in these cases becomes extremely high. All this, at the same time, can be combined with a very responsible attitude to business.

This questionnaire allows you to determine: a person who is confident, confident, responsible, proactive and active. He is distinguished by perseverance in achieving goals and determination. Or not confident in their abilities, and if necessary, solving extremely important tasks, they can fall into a state close to panic.

Orientation (orientation) questionnaire

To determine personal orientation, the Orientation (orientation) questionnaire, first published by B. Bass in 1967, is currently used.

The questionnaire consists of 27 judgment points, for each of which there are three possible answers, corresponding to three types of personality orientation. The respondent must choose one answer that most expresses his opinion or corresponds to reality, and one more, which, on the contrary, is the farthest from his opinion or least corresponds to reality. The answer “most” receives 2 points, the answer “least” - O, and the answer left unselected - 1 point. The points scored on all 27 points are summed up for each type of focus separately.

Using the methodology, the following areas are identified:

1. Self-focus (I) - focus on direct reward and satisfaction regardless of work and employees, aggressiveness in achieving status, authority, competitiveness, irritability, anxiety, introversion.

2. Focus on communication (0) - the desire to maintain relationships with people under any conditions, focus on joint activities, but often to the detriment of performing specific tasks or providing sincere help to people, focus on social approval, dependence on the group, need for affection and emotional relationships with people.

3. Focus on business (D) - interest in solving business problems, doing the job as best as possible, orientation towards business cooperation, the ability to defend one’s own opinion in the interests of the business, which is useful for achieving a common goal.

Using the technique, the following is revealed:

1. Focus on direct reward and satisfaction regardless of work and employees, aggressiveness in achieving status, power, competitiveness, irritability, anxiety, introversion.

2. The desire to maintain relationships with people under any conditions, a focus on joint activities, but often to the detriment of performing specific tasks or providing sincere help to people, a focus on social approval, dependence on the group, the need for affection and emotional relationships with people.

3. Interest in solving business problems, doing the job as best as possible, orientation towards business cooperation, the ability to defend one’s own opinion in the interests of the business, which is useful for achieving a common goal.

Multivariate tests

Leonhard character questionnaire

This test is designed to identify the type of character accentuation, i.e. a certain direction of character. Accentuations are considered as an extreme variant of the norm, which is their main difference from psychopathy - pathological personality disorders. The questionnaire includes 88 questions, 1 About scales corresponding to certain character accentuations. The first scale characterizes a person with high vital activity, the second scale shows excitable accentuation. The third scale speaks about the depth of the subject’s emotional life. The fourth scale shows a tendency towards pedantry. The fifth scale reveals increased anxiety, the sixth - a tendency to mood swings, the seventh scale indicates the demonstrative behavior of the subject, the eighth - about unbalanced behavior. The ninth scale shows the degree of fatigue, the tenth - the strength and severity of the emotional response.

Instructions are given before conducting the survey. There is no time limit for responses.

Accented personalities are not pathological. They are characterized by highlighting bright character traits. This test characterizes a person with high vital activity and shows excitable accentuation. Talks about the depth of the subject's emotional life. Shows a tendency towards pedantry. Reveals increased anxiety and a tendency to mood swings. Talks about the demonstrative behavior of the subject, the imbalance of behavior. Shows the degree of fatigue, the strength and severity of the emotional response.

FPI Questionnaire

Introductory remarks. The personality questionnaire was created primarily for applied research, taking into account the experience of constructing and using such well-known questionnaires as 16PF, MMPI, EP! etc. The scales of the questionnaire are formed on the basis of the results of factor analysis and reflect a set of interrelated factors. The questionnaire is designed to diagnose mental states and personality traits that are of paramount importance for the process of social and professional adaptation and regulation of behavior. Equipment. A questionnaire with instructions and a response sheet in a quantity corresponding to the number of persons being studied simultaneously.

The FPI questionnaire contains 12 scales; Form B differs from the full form only in half the number of questions. The total number of questions in the questionnaire is 114. One (first) question is not included in any of the scales, since it is of a testing nature. Questionnaire scales I-IX are basic, or basic, and X-XN are derivative, integrating. Derived scales are made up of questions from the main scales and are sometimes designated not by numbers, but by the letters E, N and M, respectively.

Scale 1 (neuroticism) characterizes the level of neuroticism of the individual. High scores correspond to a pronounced neurotic syndrome of the asthenic type with significant psychosomatic disorders.

The H scale (spontaneous aggressiveness) allows you to identify and evaluate introtensive type psychopathization. High scores indicate an increased level of psychopathization, which creates the preconditions for impulsive behavior.

The HI scale (depression) makes it possible to diagnose signs characteristic of psychopathological depressive syndrome. High scores on the scale correspond to the presence of these signs in the emotional state, in behavior, in attitudes towards oneself and towards the social environment.

Scale IV (irritability) allows you to judge emotional stability.

This questionnaire characterizes the level of neuroticism of the individual, allows you to identify and evaluate psychopathization of the introtensive type, allows you to judge emotional stability, reflects resistance to stress, allows you to characterize your attitude towards the social environment and the level of self-criticism determines the personality type of extrovert - introvert.

Cattell's 16-factor questionnaire

The Cattell Questionnaire is one of the most common questionnaire methods for assessing individual psychological characteristics of a person both abroad and in our country. It was developed under the guidance of R.B. Cattell and is intended for writing a wide range of individual-personal relationships.

A distinctive feature of this questionnaire is its focus on identifying relatively independent 16 factors (scales, primary traits) of personality. This quality was identified using factor analysis from the largest number of superficial personality traits originally identified by Cattell. Each factor forms several surface features, united around one central feature.

There are 4 forms of the questionnaire: A and B (187 questions) and C and D (105 questions).

In Russia, forms A and C are most often used. The questionnaire is most widely used in medical psychology when diagnosing professionally important qualities, in sports and scientific research.

The Cattell questionnaire includes all types of tests - assessment, test decision, and attitude to any phenomenon.

The results of applying this technique make it possible to determine the psychological uniqueness of the main substructures of temperament and character. Moreover, each factor contains not only a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the internal nature of a person, but also includes its characteristics from the perspective of interpersonal relationships.

PEN questionnaire

EPI questionnaire, proposed by Hans and Sibylle Eysenck in 1963. Addition to the EP scales! psychoticism scale led to the appearance in 1968 of the PEN questionnaire, an adapted version of which is given here.

The questionnaire contains 100 questions to which subjects must answer “yes” or “no” (the “+” or “-” signs are indicated in the answer form, respectively). The questionnaire measures such mental properties as neuropsychic lability, extraversion and psychoticism.

Secondarily, one can deduce the presence of such personality traits as emotional-volitional stability and classify the subjects’ temperament as classical types: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic. The questionnaire shows the connection between these four types of temperaments and the results of a factor-analytical description of personality. There is no time limit for answers, although it is not recommended to delay the examination procedure.

Before the examination, the subject is given an answer form and the instructions are read out. The survey can be conducted individually or in a group. Instructions:“You will be offered statements regarding your character and health. If you agree with the statement, put “+” next to its number (<<Да»), если нет - знак «-» (<<нет»). Долго не задумывайтесь, здесь правильных и неправильных ответов нет».

The technique contains 4 scales: psychoticism, extraversion-introversion, neuroticism and a specific scale designed to assess the sincerity of the subject and his attitude towards the examination.

The listed scales measure the following features:

– scale psychoticism speaks of a tendency to antisocial behavior, pretentiousness, inappropriate emotional reactions, high conflict levels of individuals;

– having high scores on this scale. High scores on the psychoticism scale indicate high levels of conflict. Average values - 5 - 12;

– extroversion manifests itself in sociable, active, optimistic, self-confident and impulsive behavior; For introverts Characteristic behavior is uncommunicative, passive, calm, thoughtful, and judicious. High scores on the extroversion - introversion scale correspond to the extroverted type, low- introverted. Average scores - 7 - 15 points;

- a person with high neuroticism characterized by hypersensitive reactions, tension, anxiety, dissatisfaction with oneself and the surrounding world, rigidity An individual with low level of neuroticism is calm, carefree, easy to communicate, and reliable. High scores on the neuroticism scale indicate high mental instability. Average indicators - 8 - 16;

- if on a scale sincerity If the number of points exceeds 10, then the survey results are considered unreliable and the subject should answer the questions more frankly.

The results of using this methodology in a survey for the purpose of professional selection for various specialties in the service and trade sectors showed that those surveyed with scores on the psychoticism scale above 10 are not recommended to work in the listed areas of the national economy and in specialties of the “person-to-person” type.

Can be used individually or in a group.

The questionnaire measures such mental properties as neuropsychic lability, extraversion and psychoticism. Secondarily, it is possible to deduce the presence of such personality traits as emotional-volitional stability, and classify the subjects’ temperament as classical types: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic. The questionnaire shows the connection between these four types of temperaments and the results of a factor-analytical description of personality.

Objectivity test

The questionnaire contains 12 different life situations related to the perception and assessment of people, and each such situation can be responded to in several ways: Three possible options for such reactions, from which the subject must choose the most suitable one, are assigned to each situation. Each of the choices is assessed by a certain number of points, and based on the sum of the points received, it is judged how objective a given person is in his interpersonal assessments.

Using the presented questionnaire, a person’s ability to objectively characterize other people, their positive and negative aspects and achievements is assessed.

Projective tests

Basic parameters of mental state

The GGP1S (Basic Parameters of Mental State) technique was developed in 1998 by A.A. Karmanov. This technique is intended for express diagnostics of the so-called basic parameters of the mental state, the state in which the subject is at the time of the examination. The main parameters of the mental state are understood as gross and cross-sectional indicators of the most general features of the course of a person’s mental life at a given moment. As a result of applying factor analysis, the following three main parameters were identified:

– mood-frustration;

– spontaneity-field dependence;

– rigidity-trans.

The name of each parameter contains the opposite poles of the parameter (for example, rigidity is the opposite pole in relation to trance). The stimulus material of the technique is a standard (8 cards) set of the Luscher Color Test.

Descriptions of the parameters Mood-frustration

Mood - frustration is a measure of the coordination of mental processes. The “critical points” that make up this parameter are:

– sufficiency of hierarchical coordination of motives;

– tension of motivation;

– emotional stability;

– activity of perception;

- independence of thinking.

Thus, it is possible to draw up an approximate description of a person in a state of frustration: aimless pastime, unsteadiness and instability of goals, associated uncertainty in one’s actions, confusion; motivations for specific actions are weak and short-lived, a person quickly cools down and often switches to new types of activities; emotionally unstable (emotions quickly replace each other, or, on the contrary, drag on); perception is inactive, the person is highly susceptible to illusions (in every sense), distracted, highly impressionable; The productivity of thinking depends on many factors, both on other mental processes (excessive emotions greatly interfere with logic, for example), and on environmental factors (weather, air temperature, etc.).

Description of a person in a state of mind: the purposefulness of all actions and deeds, a person is always able to explain why he did this or that action, how it fits in with his other actions and intentions; the motivations are quite strong and long-lasting, within the limits of reason, he strives to complete the work he has started or has just planned; emotionally stable, emotions are, as a rule, a consequence of a situation, and not its cause, they think little about their emotions and their nature (especially without an external situation stimulating this); perception is active, i.e. it processes information primarily based on its pragmatic value; cold reason, logic.

Spontaneity-field dependence

The terms “activity” and “passivity” are close in the meaning of spontaneity and field dependence. Spontaneity means the generation of specific actions from within, i.e. their endogeneity. Field dependence means the generation of actions (as well as other components of mental life) from the outside, i.e. their exogeneity. The three most important components of this parameter are:

– energy level;

– balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic components of the autonomic nervous system;

– level of concentration of attention, and in general - mastery of mental processes;

– dependence-independence on the situation;

– conformity-non-conformity;

Portrait of a field-dependent person: low energy level (by itself or inappropriate to the situation); predominance of the parasympathetic component; a person is a “slave of situations” (for example, he walks past a hanger on which someone else’s hat hangs and puts it on, and not because he stole it, but because “the situation obliges”); inadequate controllability, dependence on other people (manifests itself both in submission and in the desire to imitate, adapt...).

Portrait of a spontaneous person: high energy; predominance of sympathy; a person behaves like a leader seeking to lead. An extreme version of the state of spontaneity is the state of affect (in the classical sense): extremely high energy tone, narrowing of attention, perseveration, etc.

Rigidity-trance

The rigidity-trance parameter primarily reflects the level of personal dynamics, growth, development, and progress of a person. One pole of this parameter, rigidity, is a state of ossification, the inability to analyze one’s actions, receive feedback on the results of one’s activities, perseveration at all levels, reluctance to differentiate in detail the objects and processes of the surrounding world; very stable self-esteem. The other pole of this parameter, trance, is characterized by the unpredictability of a person’s actions (and most importantly, opinions, assessments!); in a state of trance, a person greatly overestimates the significance of certain events as the result of his own activities or the activities of other people; a person in this state tends to get involved in mysticism, believe in astrology and other mumbo-jumbo; the slightest factor of the external and internal environment can provoke a person in a state of trance to a very strong leap in personal development; in general, the state of trance is already movement (progress and regression - equally), a constant transition to a new quality.

Basic parameters of the mental state and the general scientific basis of goal-means-result.

It is obvious that the three test parameters directly correlate with the categories of the general scientific basis goal-means-result. Thus, the first parameter, mood-frustration, reflects the “goal” category. Namely, it reflects a person’s ability to adequately set goals, internal freedom in choosing the goals of his activities. “Spontaneity-field dependence” is a reflection of the “means” category, indicating the level of internal freedom in choosing the means to achieve the goal. It is not for nothing that this parameter has such an important component as activity, because an active person, a person in a state of excitement, is much freer in choosing means than a tired, depressed, relaxed person. Aggression as a component of this parameter also increases freedom of action, which is obvious, since a person in a state of aggression does not think about the interests of the people around him in the first place. “Rigidity-trance” is the embodiment of the “result” category, reflects the level of experience of the result, the “level of the threshold of perception” of it. In a state of rigidity, an individual underestimates the significance of the results obtained. This is what makes a persevering person repeatedly perform some action, repeat one phrase dozens of times: a high bar, a powerful filter turned on at the moment of being in a state of rigidity, so inhibit the acceptor of the results of the action that the person does not even notice that the action is completed, the phrase has been said... On the contrary, a person in a state of trance tends to greatly overestimate the significance for himself of certain results, and indeed of events in general. A person in a state of trance constantly “flows” from one state to another. And the reason for the next overflow can be anything: a black cat crossing the road, a lucky ticket, a sidelong glance from a stranger, or a parade of planets.

Conducting a survey

The test subject is presented with a standard set of Luscher test color cards on a white background. Standard instructions are given. Number of layouts: one and only one. When there are four colors left, the psychologist now asks you to choose the colors you dislike the most. The order of the colors is recorded.

About using the technique

Since the methodology uses gross indicators of mental state, its results are more stable over time than similar ones (SAN, FPS-1L, Spielberger questionnaire). The CTL stimulus material is not able to facilitate the diagnosis of mental properties. Therefore, OPPS should be considered only as parameters of the human condition. It is impossible to carry out OPPS with persons under the influence of drugs. You should be critical of the results obtained from incapacitated and partially capable persons: disabled people, partially sane people, those suffering from mental disorders, etc. The technique was tested on the Russian contingent and its application to people of other cultures without prior testing and adaptation seems inappropriate.

This technique is intended for express diagnostics of the so-called basic parameters of the mental state, the state in which the subject is at the time of the examination.

Conclusion

From the analysis, it follows that it is most effective to use Cattell’s 16-factor questionnaire in combination with the study of temperamental personality traits according to Eysenck (57 questions) and the Smekal and Kucher methodology, adapted by Peysakhov, to identify the general orientation of the individual. This will make it possible to most fully and broadly determine the psychological stability of an individual allowed to work with confidential information.

2. Development of a personality assessment methodology

Let's take a closer look at Cattell's 16-factor questionnaire, the Eysenck questionnaire (57 questions) and the Smekal and Kucher methodology, adapted by Peysakhov, to identify the general orientation of a personality. The integrated use of these questionnaires is an effective method for assessing the psychological stability of an individual allowed to work with confidential information.

2.1 Methodology based Cattell's 16 factor questionnaire,

Eysenck questionnaire and Smekal and Kucher methodology

Cattell Questionnaire

Before the survey begins, the subject is given a special form on which he must make certain notes as he reads it. The corresponding instructions are given in advance, containing information about what the subject should do. Control test time is 25-30 minutes. In the process of answering questions, the experimenter controls the time the subject works and, if the subject answers slowly, warns him about this. The test is carried out individually in a calm, business-like environment.

The proposed questionnaire consists of 105 questions (form C), each of which offers three answer options (a, b, c). The subject selects and records it on the answer form. During the work, the subject must adhere to the following rules: do not waste time thinking, but give the answer that comes to mind; do not give vague answers; don't skip questions; be sincere.

Questions are grouped according to content around certain features that ultimately lead to certain factors.

The results are processed using a special key, which gives the question numbers and the number of points that answer a, b, c receive in each question. In those cells where the letter indicating the factor is written, the number of points is zero. Thus, for each answer the subject can receive 2, 1 or O points. The number of points for each factor is summed up and entered into the answer form (in the right column), the experimenter receives a personality profile for 16 factors in raw scores. These assessments are converted into standard (walls) according to Table 3. Then the experimenter determines what development each factor received: low, medium, high, writes down features characterizing the degree of their development and analyzes the results. If any of the traits is in doubt, it is better not to include it in the characteristics.

For results to be reliable, they must be confirmed using other techniques or using another form of the same test.

1.Intelligent block: factors: B - general level of intelligence; M level of imagination development; Q 1 - receptivity to new radicalism.

2.Emotional-volitional block: factors: C - emotional stability; About the degree of anxiety; Q 3 - presence of internal stresses; Q 4 - level of development of self-control; G - degree of social normalization and organization.

3.Communication block: factors: A - openness, closedness; Courage; L - attitude towards people; E - degree of dominance of subordination; Q 2 - dependence on the group; N - dynamism.

To some extent, these factors correspond to the factors of extraversion, introversion and neuroticism according to Eysenck, and can also be interpreted from the point of view of the general orientation of the personality: towards the task, towards oneself, towards others. In this regard, this technique can be used in combination with the study of temperamental personality traits according to Eysenck (57 questions) and the Smekal and Kucher technique, adapted by Peysakhov, to identify the general orientation of the personality.

Cattell questionnaire questions

Instructions to the subject: Here are questions that will help you find out the characteristics of your character, your personality. There are no “right” or “wrong” answers, since everyone is right in relation to their own views. You must want to answer accurately and truthfully. At the beginning, you should answer the four questions that are given as a sample and see if you need any further clarification. You must cross out the box corresponding to your answer on the special answer form. There are three possible answers to each question. Example:

1. I love watching team games:

a) yes b) sometimes c) no

2. I prefer people:

a) reserved b) difficult to answer c) quick to establish friendly contacts.

3. Money cannot bring happiness:

a) yes b) don’t know c) no

4. A woman is in the same relationship to a child as a cat is to:

a) kitten b) dog c) boy.

There is a correct answer to the last question: kitten. But there are very few such questions. If anything is not clear to you, contact the experimenter for clarification. Do not start without a signal from the experimenter. When answering, remember the following four rules:

1.You don’t have time to think. Give the first, natural answer that comes to your mind. Of course, the questions are formulated too briefly and not in detail for you to choose what you would like. For example, the first question in the examples asks you about "team games". You may be more into football than basketball. But you are asked about the “average game”, about the situation that, on average, corresponds to this case. Give the most accurate answer you can. You must finish answering no later than half an hour in advance.

2. Try not to get carried away with average, vague answers, except in those cases when. You really can't pick an edge case. Perhaps it will be in one of four or five questions.

3.Don't skip questions. Answer all the questions in a row at least somehow.

Some questions may not be very suitable for you, but still give the best that you can offer in this case. Some questions may seem too personal, but remember that the results are not disclosed and cannot be obtained without a special “key”. The answers to each individual question are not viewed.

4. Answer as honestly as possible what is true for you. But write what you think would be more correct to say in order to impress the experimenter.

1. I think my memory is better now than before:

2. I could live happily alone, far from people, like a hermit:

a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No.

3. If I said that the sky “is below” and that it is “hot” in winter, I would have to name the culprit.

a) Gangster b) Saint c) Cloud

4. When I go to bed, I:

a) I pour it instantly b) something in between c) I fall asleep slowly, with difficulty.

5. If I were driving a car on a road with many other cars, I would feel satisfied:

a) If I stayed behind other cars b) I don’t know

c) If I overtook all the cars ahead

6. In company, I let others joke and tell all sorts of stories: a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

7. It is important for me that there is no disorder in everything that surrounds me a) true b) difficult to say c) false

8. Most of the people I meet at the party are happy to see me. a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No.

9. I would rather do:

a) Fencing and dancing c) Difficult to say

c) Wrestling and hand ball.

10. I laugh to myself that there is such a big difference between what people do and what they say about it.

a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

11. When I read about an incident, I definitely want to find out how it all happened.

a) Always b) Sometimes c) Rarely

12. When friends make fun of me, I usually laugh along with everyone and don’t get upset at all.

13. When someone speaks rudely to me, I can quickly forget about it. a) True b) I don’t know c) False.

14. I like to “invent” new ways of doing something more than sticking to tried and tested methods.

a) True b) I don’t know c) False

15. When I think about something, I like to do it alone, alone.

a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

16. I think that I tell lies less often than most people. a) True b) Something in between c) No

17. I am annoyed by people who cannot make decisions quickly. a) True b) I don’t know c) False

End of first column

18. Sometimes, although very briefly, I felt hatred towards my parents. a) Yes b) I don’t know c) No

19. I would rather reveal my innermost thoughts:

a) to my friends b) I don’t know c) In my diary

20. I think that the opposite word in meaning to the opposite of the word “inaccurate” would be:

a) Careless b) Careful c) Approximate

21. I am always full of energy when I need it

a) Yes b) It’s hard to say c) No

22. I am more irritated by people who:

a) They make others blush with their obscene jokes

c) I don’t know

c) They are late for an appointment and make me worry

23. I really like inviting guests and entertaining;

a) True b) I don’t know c) False

24. I think that...

a) Some types of work cannot be done as carefully as others c) It’s hard to say

c) Any work should be done carefully, if you undertake it at all

25. I always have to fight my shyness.

a) Yes b) Possibly c) No

26. My friends more often: a) Ask my advice

b) They do both half-heartedly c) They give me advice

27. If a friend deceives me in small things, I would rather pretend that I didn’t notice it than expose him.

a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

28. I like a friend who...

a) Has action and practical interests c) I don’t know

c) Seriously considers his outlook on life

29. I get irritated when I hear others express ideas that are contrary to those in which I firmly believe.

a) True b) Difficult to answer c) False

30. I am concerned about my past actions and mistakes.

a) True b) I don’t know c) False

31. If I could do both equally well, I would prefer: a) Play chess c) It’s hard to say c) Play gorodki

32. I like sociable campaign people.

a) Yes b) I don’t know c) No

33. I am so careful and practical that fewer troubles and surprises happen to me than to other people.

a) Yes b) It’s hard to say c) No

34. I can forget about my worries and responsibilities when I need it. a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

End of second column in answer sheet

35. It is difficult for me to admit that I am wrong. a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

36. At the factory it would be interesting:

a) Work with machines and mechanisms and participate in the main production c) It’s hard to say

c) Talk to others and hire them

37. Which word is not related to the other two: a) Cat b) Close c) Sun

38. Something that distracts me to some extent, my attention: a) Annoys me b) Something in between c) Doesn’t bother me

39. If I had a lot of money, I:

a) I would take care not to make myself envious c) I don’t know

c) I would live without embarrassment 40. The worst punishment for me:

a) Hard work b) Don't know c) Being locked up alone

41. People should demand compliance with moral laws more than they do now

a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

42. I was told that as a child I was more likely: a) Calm and liked to be left alone c) I don’t know c) Cheerful and always active

43. I enjoy practical day-to-day work with a variety of

installations and machines a) Yes b) Difficult to say c) No

44.I think that most witnesses tell the truth, even if it makes it difficult for them.

a) Yes b) It’s hard to say c) No

45. If I were talking with a stranger, I would rather: a) Discuss political and social views with him

c) I don’t know

c) I would like to hear some new jokes from him

46. I try not to laugh at jokes as loudly as most people do.

a) True b) I don’t know c) No

47. I never feel so unhappy that I want to cry. a) True b) I don’t know c) No

48. In music I enjoy:

a) Marches performed by military bands c) I don’t know

c) Typical solo

49. I rather preferred to spend two summer months a) In the village with one or two friends

c) I don’t know

c) Leading a group in tourist camps

50. Efforts spent on making preliminary plans a) Never superfluous c) It’s difficult to say c) It’s not worth it

51. The rash actions and statements of my friends do not offend me or make me unhappy.

a) True b) Sometimes c) False

End of third column

52. When I succeed, I find these things easy:

a) True b) Sometimes c) False

53. I would rather work:

a) In an institution where I would have to manage people and be among them all the time c) Difficult to answer

c) An architect working on his projects in a quiet room

54. “House” is to “room” as “tree” is to:

a) Forest b) Plant c) Leaf

55. What I do, I succeed: a) Rarely b) Sometimes c) Often

56. In most cases I:

a) I prefer to take risks c) I don’t know

c) I prefer to act for sure

57. Some people think that I speak loudly: a) Most likely it is so b) I don’t know c) I think not

58. I admire more:

a) An intelligent person, but unreliable and fickle c) It’s hard to say

c) A person with average abilities, but able to resist all sorts of temptations

59. I make a decision:

a) Faster than many people b) I don’t know c) Slower than many people

60. I am greatly impressed by:

a) Skill and grace b) I don’t know c) Strength and power

61. I believe that I am a cooperative person:

a) Yes b) Something in between c) No

62. I prefer to talk with a refined, sophisticated person than with a frank and straightforward one:

a) Yes b) I don’t know c) No

63. I prefer:

a) Resolve issues that concern me personally c) Difficult to answer

c) Discuss with my friends

64. If a person does not answer immediately when I say something to him, then I feel that he must have said something stupid:

a) True b) I don’t know c) False

65. During my school years I learned the most:

a) In class b) It’s hard to say c) Reading books

66. I avoid working in public organizations and the associated responsibilities: a) True b) Sometimes c) False

67. When a question is very difficult to solve and requires a lot of effort, I try: a) Take up another question c) Find it difficult to answer

c) Try to solve this issue again

68. I have strong emotions: anxiety, anger, fits of laughter, etc. seemingly for no specific reason: a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

69. Sometimes my mind doesn’t work as clearly as at other times: a) True b) I don’t know c) False

70. I am happy to do a person a favor by agreeing to schedule a meeting with him at a time convenient for him, even if it is a little inconvenient for me.

a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

71. I think the correct number is to continue the series 1,2,3,4,5,6, ...

a) 10 c) 5 c) 7

72. Sometimes I have short-term attacks of nausea and dizziness for no specific reason:

a) Yes b) I don’t know c) No

73. I prefer to refuse my order rather than cause unnecessary worry to the waiter: a) Yes b) I don’t know c) No

74. I live for today more than other people:

a) True b) I don’t know c) False

45. At the party I will have to:

a) Take part in an interesting conversation c) Difficult to answer

c) watch people relax and relax and relax yourself

75. I express my opinion no matter how many people can hear it: a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

76. If I could travel back in time, I would like to meet:

a) with Columbus b) I don’t know c) with Shakespeare

77. I have to restrain myself from settling other people’s affairs: a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

78. Working in a store, I would prefer:

a) Design window displays

c) I don’t know

c) Be a cashier

79. If people think badly of me, it doesn’t bother me:

a) Yes b) It’s hard to say c) No

80. If I see that my old friend is cold towards me and avoids me, I usually: a) Immediately think: “He is in a bad mood.”

c) I don’t know

c) Worrying about what wrong I did

81. All misfortunes happen because of people:

a) Who try to make changes to everything, although there is already a satisfactory way to resolve these issues

c) I don’t know

c) Who reject new, promising offers

82. I get great satisfaction from reporting local news; a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

83. Neat, demanding people do not get along with me: a) True b) Sometimes c) False

84. I think that I am less irritable than most people:

a) True b) Sometimes c) False

End of fifth column on answer sheet

86. It happens that all morning I have a reluctance to talk to anyone: a) True b) Sometimes c) Never

87. If the hands of a clock meet every 65 minutes, measured by an accurate clock, then this clock: a) is lagging behind b) is going correctly c) is in a hurry

88. I get bored: a) Often b) Sometimes c) Rarely

89. People say that I like to do things my own way: a) True b) Sometimes c) False

90. I believe that unnecessary worries should be avoided because they tire me: a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

91. At home in my free time, I: a) Chat and relax

c) I find it difficult to answer c) I am engaged in matters that interest me

92. I am timid and cautious about making friends with other new people: a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

93. I believe that something that people say in poetry can also be accurately expressed in prose: a) Yes b) It’s difficult to say c) No

94. I suspect that people who treat me in a friendly manner may turn out to be traitors behind my back: a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

95. I think that even the most dramatic events a year later no longer leave any consequences in the soul: a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

96. I think it would be more interesting to be:

a) Naturalist and work with plants

c) I don’t know

c) Insurance agent

97. I am subject to causeless fear and aversion to certain things, for example, certain animals, places, etc.:

a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

98. I like to think about how the world could be improved: a) Yes

c) It's hard to say c) No

99. I prefer games:

a) Where you need to play in a team or have a partner c) I don’t know

c) Where everyone plays for themselves

100. At night I have fantastic dreams a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

101. If I am left alone in the house, then after a while I feel anxiety and fear: a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

End of the sixth column in the answer form

102. I can deceive people with my friendly disposition when in fact I don’t like them: a) Yes b) Sometimes c) No

103. Which word does not belong to the other two

a) Think b) See c) Hear

104. If Mary’s mother is the sister of Alexander’s father, then who is Alexander in relation to Mary’s father? a) Cousin

c) Nephew c) Uncle

Conversion table from raw scores to standard scores (walls).

factors	walls
	1	2	3	4		5	6	7		8	9	10
	low				average				high
1.A	0-4	5	6	7		8	-	9		10	11	12
2.B	0-2	-	3	-		4	-	5		6	-	7-8
3.C	0-3	4	5	6		7	8	9		10	11	12
4.E	0-1	2	3	4		5	6	7		8	9	10-12
5.F	0-1	-	3	4		5	6	7		8	9	10-12
6.G	0-3	4	5	6		7	8	9		10	11	12
7.H	0-3	4	5	6		7	8	9		10	11	12
8.I	0-3	4	5	6		7	8	9		10	11	12
9.L	0-1	2	-	3		4	-	5		6	7	8-12
10.M	0-3	-	4	5		6	7	8		9	10	11-12
11.N	0-1	2	3	4		5	6	7		8	9	10-12
12.O	0-1	2	3	4		5	6	7		8	9	10-12
13.Q1	0-4	5	6	-		7	8	9		10	11	12
14.Q2	0-2	3	-	4		5	6	7		8	9	10-12
15.Q3	0-2	3	4	5		6	7	8		9	10	11-12
16.Q4	0-1	2	3	4		5	6-7	8		9	10	11-12
17.R	0-2	3	4	5		6	7	8		9	10	11-12

Interpretation of results.

Factor a

Openness

Ready to cooperate, friendly, accommodating, attentive to people, natural in his manners.

Closedness

Cold, withdrawn, skeptical, inflexible in relationships with people, firm, uncompromising.

Factor B

Developed thinking

Smart, able to analyze situations, capable of meaningful conclusions, intellectual, cultural.

Limited thinking

Difficulties in learning, in the ability to analyze and generalize materials, easily gives up when faced with difficulties, “dork”.

Factor C

Factor E

Factor F

Factor G

Factor H

Factor I

Factor L

Factor M

Factor N

Factor O

Factor Q1

Factor Q2

Factor Q3

Factor Q4

PEN questionnaire

Questionnaire text

1. You have many different hobbies.

2. You think ahead about what you are going to do.

3. You often have ups and downs in your mood.

4. Have you ever claimed credit for something another person actually did?

5. You are a talkative person.

6. You would be worried about getting into debt.

7. You have had to feel unhappy for no particular reason.

8. Have you ever been greedy in order to get more than what you were entitled to.

9. You carefully lock the door at night.

10. You consider yourself a cheerful person.

11. Seeing how a child or an animal suffers, you would be very upset.

12. You often worry about doing or saying something that you shouldn't have done or said.

13. You always keep your promises, even if it is very inconvenient for you personally.

14. You would enjoy skydiving.

15. Are you able to give free rein to your feelings and have a lot of fun in a noisy company?

16. You are irritable.

17. Have you ever accused someone of something that you yourself were actually to blame for?

18. You enjoy meeting new people.

19. You believe in the benefits of insurance.

20. Are you easily offended?

21. Are all your habits good and desirable?

22. When in society, you try to be in the shadows.

23. Would you take drugs that could put you in an unusual or dangerous state (alcohol, drugs).

24. You often experience a state when you are tired of everything.

25. Have you ever taken something that belonged to another person, even something as small as a pin or button.

26. You like to visit someone often and be social.

27. It gives you pleasure to offend those you love.

28. You are often bothered by feelings of guilt.

29. You had to talk about something that you are not good at.

30. You usually prefer books to meeting people.

31. You have obvious enemies.

32. You would call yourself a nervous person.

33. You always apologize when you are rude to someone else.

34. You have many friends.

35. You like to pull pranks and jokes that can sometimes really hurt people.

36. You are a restless person.

37. As a child, you always meekly and immediately did what you were ordered.

38. You consider yourself a carefree person.

39. How much do good manners and cleanliness mean to you?

40. Do you worry about any terrible events that could have happened but didn't?

41. You happened to break or lose someone else’s thing.

42. You are usually the first to take the initiative when meeting people.

43. Can you easily understand a person’s condition if he shares his worries with you?

44. Your nerves are often strained to the limit.

45. Do you throw unnecessary paper on the floor if you don’t have a basket at hand?

46. You are more silent when around other people.

47. Do you think that marriage is old-fashioned and should be abolished?

48. You sometimes feel sorry for yourself.

49. You sometimes brag a lot.

50. You can easily bring some life to a rather boring company.

51. Do careful drivers annoy you?

52. You are worried about your health.

53. Have you ever spoken badly about another person?

54. Do you like to tell jokes and anecdotes to your friends?

55. Most foods taste the same to you.

56. Do you sometimes have a bad mood?

57. Have you ever been insolent to your parents as a child?

58. You enjoy communicating with people.

59. You worry if you find out that you have made mistakes in your work.

60. You suffer from insomnia.

61. You always wash your hands before eating.

62. You are one of those people who do not mince words.

63. You prefer to arrive at a meeting a little earlier than scheduled.

64. You feel lethargic and tired for no reason.

65. You like work that requires quick action.

66.Your mother is a good person (was a good person).

67.Do you often think that life is terribly boring?

68. Have you ever taken advantage of a person’s mistake for your own purposes?

69. You often take on more than time allows.

70. Are there people who try to avoid you?

71. You care a lot about your appearance.

72. You are always polite, even with unpleasant people.

73. Do you think that people spend too much time securing their future by saving, insuring themselves and their lives?

74. Have you ever had a desire to die?

75. Would you try to avoid paying taxes on additional earnings if you were sure that you would never be caught doing so?

76. You can bring life to a company.

77. You try not to be rude to people.

78. You worry for a long time after the embarrassment that happened.

79. Have you ever insisted on having things your way?

80. Do you often arrive at the station at the last minute before the train leaves?

81. Have you ever intentionally said something unpleasant or offensive to someone?

82. Your nerves were bothering you.

83. You don't like being around people who make fun of you.

comrade.

84. You easily lose friends through your own fault.

85. You often feel lonely.

86. Do your words always coincide with deeds?

87. Do you sometimes like to tease animals?

88. You are easily offended by comments concerning you personally and your work.

89. Life without any danger would seem too boring to you.

90. Have you ever been late for a date or for work?

91. You like the bustle and anticipation around you.

92. You want people to be afraid of you.

93. Is it true that sometimes you are full of energy and everything is burning in your hands, and sometimes you are completely lethargic?

94.You sometimes put off until tomorrow what you should do today.

95.Are you considered a lively and cheerful person?

96. Do people often tell you lies?

97.You are very sensitive to certain phenomena, events, things.

98.You are always ready to admit your mistakes.

99. Have you ever felt sorry for an animal that has fallen into a trap?

100. Is it difficult for you to fill out the questionnaire?

When processing the questionnaire, the number of responses of the subject that match the “key” is counted.

1. Scale psychotism.

answers “no” (“-”) - No. 2, 6, 9,11,19,39,43,59,63,67,78,100;

answers “yes” (“+”) - No. 14,23,27,31,35,47,51,55, 71, 85, 88, 93, 97.

2. Extraversion-introversion scale:

answers (no (“-”) - No. 22, 30, 46, 84;

answers “yes” (“+”) - No. 1, 5, 10, 15, 18,26,34,38,42, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74, 77, 81,90, 92 , 96.

3. Neuroticism scale:

answers “yes” (“+”) - No. 3, 7, 12, 16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44,48,52, 56,60,64,68, 72, 75,79 ,83,86,89,94,98.

4. Sincerity scale:

answers “no” (“-”) - N~ 4, 8, 17,25,29,41,45,49,53,57,65, 69, 76, 80, 82, 91, 95;

answers “yes” (“+”) - No. 13,21,33,37,61,73,87,99.

Conclusion

When selecting personnel for positions related to working with confidential information, it is necessary to test candidates for the required positions for the presence of personality traits.

List of sources used

1. Babenko L.K., Kukharenko A.P., Makarevich O.B., Makarov A.M., Peskova O.Yu., Strukov V.I. Methodological manual for the course “Information protection in business activities.” - Taganrog: TRTU Publishing House, 2000.– 356 p.

2. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language / Ed. L. A. Cheshko. – Moscow: MEPhI Publishing House, 1986. – 547 p.

3. Nikoshkova E. V. English-Russian dictionary of psychology. Moscow: Bustard Publishing House, 1998. – 325 p.

4. Reber A. Large explanatory psychological dictionary. Moscow: Iskra Publishing House, 2000. – 245 p.

5. Nikiforov G.S. Psychology of health. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house BHV-Petersburg, 2002. – 378 p.

6. Nikiforov G. S. Reliability of professional activity // Psychology. Textbook. /Ed. A. A. Krylov. – M., 1998. P. 484–494.

7. Nikiforov G. S. Reliability of professional activity. St. Petersburg: Publishing House Peter 1996. – 234 p.

8. Nikiforov G. S. Human self-control. Moscow: Mir Publishing House, 1989. – 132 p.

9. Kulikov L. V. Psychology of mood. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Publishing House, 1997. – 179 p.

10. Stefanenko T. G. Ethnopsychology. – Moscow: Bustard Publishing House, 1999. – 367 p.

11. Kulikov L. V. Problem) // Mental states / Comp. and general editing by L. V. Kulikov. – St. Petersburg, Peter. 2000. pp. 11–42.

12. Horney K. Neurotic personality of our time. Introspection. Moscow: Publishing house AST 1993. – 139 p.

13. Kurgansky N.A. Goal setting and its motivational determinants in neuroses // Psychological Journal. 1989. T.10, No. 6.

14. Kulikov L.V. Psychological mechanisms of manipulation of consciousness in destructive cults // Anti-Scientology. Criticism of the doctrinal foundations and technologies of Hubbardism. /Ed.-comp. A. A. Skorodumov, A. N. Shvechikov. Publishing house of St. Petersburg State Medical University - St. Petersburg, 1999, pp. 8–21.

15. Materials from the site http://azps.ru.