What sadko appears before us. Encyclopedia of fairy-tale heroes: "Sadko". Screen adaptations and productions

Pregnancy

Events in the epic unfold in the city of Novgorod. It breaks up into two parts (Sadko receives wealth and Sadko from the Sea Tsar). Main character - gusler Sadko. At the beginning of the epic, he was neglected by the Novgorod boyars, they stopped inviting him to feasts. Offended, Sadko goes to Ilmen Lake, sits down on the "white-flammable stone" and begins to play "guselki yarovchaty". The Sea King liked his game:

Just then, in the lake, the water stirred, The king of the sea appeared, He left Ilmen from the lake, He himself spoke these words: “Ay you, Sadko Novgorodsky! gentle game. one

The Sea King decided to help Sadko, to give him untold wealth. He ordered him to bet with Novgorod merchants that he would catch fish in the lake - a golden feather. The tsar will send this fish to Sadko in nets.

Guslyar did just that and won three shops of red goods in a dispute with merchants, got rich, erected magnificent chambers, decorating them with marvelous paintings:

Sadka arranged everything in a heavenly way: The sun is in the sky and the sun is in the chambers, The month is in the sky - and the moon is in the chambers, The stars are in the sky - and the stars are in the chambers. 2

Sadko "invited noble guests to an honorable feast," who ate at the feast, got drunk and boasted of everything. Sadko boasted of buying up all the goods in Novgorod, bet richly with him. shops, in the morning more and more brought from all over Russia appeared in them. And Sadko realized that he was not a wealthy Novgorod merchant - his glorious Novgorod was richer. that he is richer and stronger than the whole trading city, deprived of the sympathy of the people. Bylina forces him to recognize the victory of Novgorod. It clearly expresses the idea of the trading power of the great city of northern Russia.

In the second part of the epic, Sadko, a rich merchant, equips ships and sets off with his comrades to trade overseas:

Strong weather converged on the blue sea, The blackened ships stagnated on the blue sea: And the wave beats, the sails tear, Breaks the blackened boats; And the ships do not move from their place on the blue sea. 3

So the landscape is introduced into the epic. The ships stood on the sea - the Sea King does not let Sadko in, demands a ransom from him. At first, shipbuilders try to pay off with a barrel of pure silver, red gold, and everything beats with a wave, the sails break, and "the ships do not move from their place on the blue sea." Sadko guesses that the Tsar of the Sea demands "a living head in the blue sea." Three times they cast lots, who should go to the Sea King. And no matter how bad Sadko was, the lot fell on him. Taking only the harp, Sadko rushes into the depths of the sea.

The image of the underwater kingdom in the epic is real, the landscape is realistic:

In the deep blue sea. Through the water I saw the red sun baking, The evening dawn, the morning dawn. I saw Sadko: in the blue sea There is a white-stone chamber ... 4

Before us is not fantasy, but a certain amount of conventionality. The king of the Sea himself is also depicted. In the epic, only one detail of his portrait is given: "the king's head is like a heap of hay." The singers use the technique of hyperbolization: the head of the king is compared with a pile of hay, which indicates its significant size and introduces an element of comedy.

How Sadko began to play in the guselki yarovchata, How the king of the sea began to dance in the blue sea, How the king of the sea began to dance. Sadke played for a day, others played, Yes, Sadke and third played, And the king dances in the blue sea. 5

Grateful for the fun, the Sea King began to persuade Sadko to marry one of his thirty daughters. Meanwhile, in the blue sea, the water sways, ships crash, righteous people drown.

An Orthodox person in reality, in search of deliverance from misfortunes, always turns to Christian saints, which is also reflected in the epic: "the people began to pray to Mikola Mozhaisk." It is no coincidence that the image of the Christian intercessor Mikola, the patron of all seafarers and sailors, is introduced into the epic. This shows the general Christian idea of Russian folklore:

The saint appeared before Sadko on the seabed: He turned around and looked at Sadko of Novgorod: A grey-haired old man was already standing. Novgorodsky said to Sadka: "I have a will not of my own in the blue sea, Ordered to play guselki yarovchaty." The old man says these words: “And you pull out the strings, And you break the pegs.

Saint Mykola teaches the hapless guslar how to return to Novgorod. As a bride, he must choose the last daughter of the Sea Tsar - the girl Chernavushka. Following wise advice, in the morning Sadko found himself on land, and the girl he chose turned out to be the Novgorod river. In gratitude, Sadko built the cathedral church of Mykola Mozhaisky.

In the Novgorod chronicle, under 1167, the name of a certain Sadko Sytinets, who founded the church, is mentioned. Bylinny Sadko coincides with a real historical person.

V.G. Belinsky wrote about the Novgorod epics that all the rest of Russian fairy-tale poetry is visible in front of them. A new and special world is visible, which served as a source of forms and the very spirit of Russian life, and consequently of Russian poetry. About "Sadko" he writes: "The whole poem is imbued with extraordinary animation and full of poetry. This is one of the pearls of Russian folk poetry."

The epic "Sadko" is one of the most famous Russian folk epics. It tells about the colorful world of merchants and trade in the ancient city of Novgorod. The most striking character of the epic can rightfully be called the Novgorodian Sadko, whose expressive image inspired many composers, directors, animators and playwrights to create famous works.

Sadko is a Novgorod gusler, who, thanks to his talent and natural courage, earned the respect not only of the merchants of Novgorod, but also of the Sea Tsar.

Character characteristic

(Drawing by V. Pertsov for children's edition, 1970)

Sadko is a talented gusler, who is distinguished not only by his ability to play a musical instrument. He is generous, has an easy benevolent character, is extremely honest, but at the same time he is passionate and likes to brag. The Novgorod guslar is very lucky, he often finds himself in the right place at the right time. This is how he met the Sea King and this is how he won his wealth through a simple dispute.

Sadko's virtuoso playing becomes both his salvation, and his joy, and the solution to all his problems. Thanks to his magnificent skill, an ordinary Novgorodian increases his wealth, marries a charming girl Chernavushka, and becomes a respected person both in the real world and in the fantasy one.

Guslyar Sadko is a man of his word. Despite his ingenuous nature, he is sincere and fair. For his salvation by Elder Mykola, in gratitude, he built the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (Mozhaisk). This characterizes Sadko as a responsible and respectable person.

The image in the work

(Sadko plays the Sea King)

The image of Sadko can be called atypical for the epic Russian folk genre. Unlike many heroes, he does not have great physical strength or any abilities. He is not a defender of the Russian land in the truest sense of the word. Sadko is just a harpman who, by a happy coincidence, became a merchant. However, this is what makes this hero special.

Sadko glorifies the entire merchant family with his qualities, which makes him a national hero. Before him, merchants were just background characters who moved the plot. Now the merchant class, led by Sadko, is becoming a full-fledged hero of the epic. It was these people who were respected in Russia: simple, kind, resourceful, savvy and inventive.

(Sadko's marriage and a feast for the whole world)

The brave hero of ancient epics is not only a hero who regularly performs feats. This is also a person who, thanks to his luck, luck, his talent, can glorify the Russian land. Sadko becomes just such a hero, who, in addition, without a second thought, can sacrifice himself for the sake of others. He lives, though not without cunning, but with dignity, honesty, fairness and openness.

Sadko from Novgorod can become a vivid example of the fact that every person is the blacksmith of his own happiness. Even if your only talent is playing the harp. You can not have colossal heroic strength and be an ordinary person, but still become a national hero and gain recognition.

Sadko is a young gusler from Veliky Novgorod, a hero of epics with mythological features, who became rich with the help of the sea king. There is an opinion that the prototype of this hero is the famous Novgorod merchant Sotko Sytinich, who built the church in gratitude for the salvation at sea. According to the plot of the epic, Sadko started a dispute with other merchants that he could buy all the goods of the city and still remain rich. This dispute was lost and the hussler undertook to pay thirty thousand to the merchants. After that, Sadko built thirty ships and, with the purchased goods, set off on a sea voyage. Having sold Novgorod goods in overseas cities and countries with great profit, he returned home. However, something strange happened on the way back. All the ships stood on the sea, they did not want to move on. The sea king himself did not give them the way.

Then Sadko sacrificed himself and descended into the magical underwater world. There he was joyfully greeted by the king and asked to play the harp, and he himself began to dance. From his dancing, the sea became restless and sank many ships. Sadko's ships still managed to safely reach Novgorod, but the tsar did not let up. Then St. Mykola of Mozhaisk whispered in the ear of the harpman that the strings could be broken and the music stopped. So Sadko did so that the sea calmed down. In gratitude, the king invited him to choose a bride for himself and stay in the sea kingdom. Mykola Mozhaisky advised me to choose the one called Chernavushka. So he did, and the next morning after the feast he woke up in Novgorod on the shore, where his ships stood safe and sound. With the proceeds from the sea voyage, Sadko built a church in honor of Mikola Mozhaisky. He no longer went to sea and lived for himself in the glorious Nove-Grad.

Sadko - the hero of the epics of the Novgorod cycle; of the nine known variants recorded exclusively in the Olonets province, only two are complete. According to the most complete version (Sorokin), Sadko was at first a poor guslier who amused the Novgorod merchants and boyars. Once he played the harp on the shores of Lake Ilmen from morning to evening and by his playing gained the favor of Tsar Vodyany, who taught Sadko to fight with wealthy Novgorod merchants about a bet that there was fish "golden feathers" in Ilmen Lake. With the help of Tsar Vodyanoy, Sadko won a mortgage, began to trade and became rich.

Sadko the merchant plays for the sea king,
artist Frank Chain Pape, 1916

Once, at a feast, Sadko boasted that he was buying up all the goods in Novgorod; Indeed, for two days Sadko bought up all the goods in the living room, but on the third day, when Moscow goods were brought up, Sadko confessed that he could not buy up goods from all over the white world. After that, Sadko loaded 30 ships with goods and went to trade; on the way, the ships suddenly stopped, despite the strong wind. Sadko, guessing that the sea king was demanding tribute, threw barrels of gold, silver and pearls into the sea, but in vain; then it was decided that the king of the sea requires a living head; the lot fell on Sadko, who, taking the harp with him, ordered himself to be lowered into the sea on an oak plank.

Sadko found himself in the chambers of the sea king, who told him that he demanded him to listen to his game. To the sounds of Sadko's game, the king of the sea began to dance, as a result of which the sea was agitated, the ships began to sink and many Orthodox people perished; then Mykola the saint, under the guise of a gray-haired old man, appeared to Sadko and ordered him to stop playing, breaking the strings of the harp. The king of the sea then demands that Sadko marry the sea maiden of his choice. On the advice of Mikola, Sadko chooses the girl Chernava; after the wedding feast, Sadko falls asleep and wakes up on the banks of the Chernava River. At the same time, his ships with the treasury drive up the Volkhov. In gratitude for the salvation, Sadko built the churches of St. Nicholas of Mozhaisky and the Most Holy Theotokos.

In some versions, Sadko resolves the dispute between the sea king and the queen about what is more expensive in Russia - gold or damask steel, and decides in favor of damask steel; in another version, the role of Mikola is taken over by the Underground Queen. In one epic about Sadko in the collection of Kirsha Danilov, Sadko is not a natural Novgorodian, but a young man who came from the Volga, whom Ilmen Lake helps to get rich in gratitude for the bow conveyed to him by Sadko from Ilmen's sister, the Volga: the fish caught in large quantities turned into gold and silver money.

Sadko himself does not perform heroic deeds: his trading activities are imputed to him as a feat; thus, Sadko is a representative of Novgorod trade, a merchant-bogatyr. The oldest basis of the epic about the merchant-bogatyr Sadko was probably a song about the historical person Sydka Sytinets (or Sotko Sytinich), mentioned in the annals under 1167 as the builder of the church of Saints Boris and Gleb in Novgorod. Various fairy-tale motifs are associated with the name of this person, partly ascending to local legends, partly to international wandering fairy-tale plots. So, in the Novgorod and Rostov legends, the salvation of a man who was dying and floating on the board is mentioned; according to Russian folk beliefs, St. Nicholas is reputed to be an ambulance on the waters and is even called "sea" and "wet".

Stories that an underground or underwater king, having lured a hero into his kingdom, wants to keep him by marrying his daughter, are also very frequent in our fairy tales and in the fairy tales of other peoples. So, in one Kyrgyz legend, it is told how one man, diving into the water, found himself in the kingdom of the ruler of the waters, Ubbe, served there for several years, married the daughter of the vizier, and then, with the help of a magic green stick, returned to earth and became rich. The closest sources of the epic about the merchant-bogatyr Sadko have not been clarified. Academician A. N. Veselovsky points to the similarity of the epic about Sadko with an episode of the old French novel about "Tristan le Léonois": his hero, who bears the name Sadok, killed his brother-in-law, who encroached on the honor of his wife, and escapes with her on a ship; a storm rises, which, in the opinion of the elder of the ship, was sent down for the sake of the sins of one of the passengers; by lot, Zadok is the culprit of the storm; he throws himself into the sea, after which the storm subsides.

The obvious similarity of the episodes of the French novel and the epic, as well as the coincidence of the names Sadko and Sadok, gives reason to assume that both the novel and the epic, independently of each other, go back to the same source - a story or legend in which this name was already found. The name Sadko, Sadok is of Jewish origin (Jewish Zadok - fair), which indicates the likely influence of Jewish folk literature. Sun. Miller finds an explanation for the types of Sadko-guslar and the sea king in Finnish and Estonian legends: he equates the sea king of the epic with the sea king Ahto, who is also a music hunter; he sees the prototype of the Sadko-gusliar in the musician and singer Väinämeinen.

Merchant-bogatyr Sadko and the king of the sea

Like the sea, the blue sea

Thirty ships - one Falcon-ship
Sadko himself, a rich guest.
And all the ships that falcons fly
Falcon-ship on the sea is worth.
Says Sadko the merchant to a rich guest:
“And you yaryzhki, hired people,
And hired people, subordinates!
And instead of all of you, gather
And cutting lots you are valzheny,
And everyone write in names
And throw them on the blue sea."
Sadko left the hop pen,
And on it, the signature is signed.
And Sadko himself says:
“And yaryzhki, you hired people!
And listen to the words of the righteous,
And we will throw them on the blue sea,
Which would float on top,
And those darlings would be right,
That some are drowning in the sea,
And we will shove them into the blue sea.”
And all the lots are floating on top,
If the yars gogol through the backwaters,
One foal drowns in the sea,
The hop feather drowns in the sea
Sadko himself is a rich guest.

Sadko the merchant said to the rich guest:
"You yaryzhki, hired people,
And hired people, subordinates!
And you are cutting lotions,
And write everyone in your names,
And speak to them yourself:
And which foals drown in the sea, -
And even then the darlings are right.
And Sadko left the foal of damask,
Blue damask steel is overseas,
The weight of a foal is ten pounds.
And all the foals drown in the sea, -
A single foal floats on top,
Sadko himself is a rich guest.
Says here Sadko the merchant rich guest:
"You yaryzhki, hired people,
And hired people, subordinates!
I myself, Sadko, I know, I know:
I've been running on the sea for twelve years,
To that king overseas
I did not pay tribute-duties,
And that blue Khvalynsk sea
I did not omit bread and salt, -
For me, Sadka, death has come,
And you, rich merchant guests,
And you, beloved kissers,
And all the clerks are good,
Bring me a sable coat!”
And soon Sadko dresses up,
He takes the harp ringing
With good strings of gold,
And he takes the road to chess
With gold tavels,
From the crown of the road volyaschets.
And they lowered down the gangway, after all, silver
Under red gold.

Sadko the merchant looked like a rich guest,
He descended into the blue sea,
He sat down on a chess table for gold.
And yaryzhki, hired people,
And hired people, subordinate
They dragged away the silver gangway
And silver under her red gold to the Falcon-ship,
And Sadko remained on the blue sea.
And the Falcon-ship went across the sea,
And all the ships, like falcons, fly,
And one ship runs across the sea, like a white gyrfalcon, -
Sadko himself is a rich guest.
Father-mother's prayers are great,
Sadko himself, a rich guest:
The weather was calm
Sadko suffered a rich guest.
Sadko the merchant did not see a rich guest
Neither mountain nor coast
Carried him, Sadka, to the shore,
He himself, Sadko, marvels at the mulberry.
Sadko went out on steep banks,
Sadko went near the blue of the sea,
He found a great hut,
And the great hut, into the whole tree,
He found the door, went to the hut.
And the king of the sea lies on the bench:
“And you are a goy, a merchant - a rich guest!
And what the soul did, that God gave me:
And Sadok waited for twelve years,
And now Sadko has come with his head,
Play, Sadko, the harp is ringing!

And Sadko became the king of comfort,
Sadko played in the psaltery ringing,
And the king of the sea began to jump, began to dance
And that rich guest Sadok
Drink different drinks.
Sadko got drunk with different drinks,
And Sadko fell apart, and he became drunk,
And Sadko the rich guest fell asleep.
And in a dream Saint Nicholas came to him,
Says to him these words:
“Goy, thou art a rich guest, Sadko the merchant!
And tear your strings of gold
And you throw the harp ringing:
The king of the sea has danced with you,
And the blue sea swayed,
And fast rivers overflowed,
They drown a lot of beads-ships,
Drown souls in vain
That people of the Orthodox.

He tore the strings of gold
And throws the psaltery ringing.
The king of the sea stopped jumping and dancing,
The blue sea calmed down
The fast rivers subsided.
And in the morning the king of the sea became here,
He began to persuade Sadko:
And Tsar Sadka wants to marry
And he brought him thirty maidens.
Nikola punished him in a dream:
“Goy thou thou, richest guest merchant,
And the king of the sea will marry you,
He will bring thirty girls, -
Do not take from them good, white, ruddy,
Take the cook girl.
Cooking, which is the worst of all.
And here Sadko the merchant is a rich guest,
He thought, he didn't think
And he takes the cook girl,
And which girl is the worst.
And here is the king of the sea
Put Sadka on the basement to sleep,
And he went to bed with the bride.
Nikolai punished Sadka in a dream
Do not hug your wife, do not kiss her!

And here Sadko the merchant is a rich guest
He sleeps with his young wife in the basement,
He pressed his hands to his heart,
From midnight in sleep
He threw his left leg over his young wife.
Sadko woke up from sleep,
He found himself under the New City,
And the left foot in the Volkh River, -
And Sadko jumped, he was frightened,
Sadko looked at Nov-Gorod,
He recognized the church's arrival,
Togo Nikola Mozhaisky,
He crossed himself with his cross.
And Sadko looks along the Volkh, along the Volkh River:
From that blue of the Khvalynsky sea
Along the glorious mother Volkh River
Run-run thirty ships,
There is only one ship of Sadok himself, a rich guest.
And Sadko the merchant meets a rich guest
Kissing loved ones.
All ships to the pier have become,
Gangways threw on a steep coast:
And the kissers went out to the steep bank,
And here Sadko worships:
"Hello, my beloved kissers
And the clerks are good!”
And then Sadko the merchant is a rich guest
From all the ships I put in customs
Treasury with its forty thousand,
For three days they did not examine.

SADKO

Sadko is a rich guest - the hero of the epics of the Novgorod cycle; of the nine known variants recorded exclusively in the Olonets province, only two are complete. According to the most complete version (Sorokin), S. was at first a poor guslier who amused the Novgorod merchants and boyars. Once he played the harp on the shores of Ilmen Lake from morning to evening and with his game gained the favor of Tsar Vodyany, who taught S. to fight with wealthy Novgorod merchants about a bet that there is fish "golden feathers" in Ilmen Lake; with the help of Tsar Vodiany, S. won a mortgage, began to trade and became rich. Once S. at a feast boasted that he was buying up all the goods in Novgorod; Indeed, for two days S. bought up all the goods in the living room, but on the third day, when Moscow goods were brought up, S. confessed that he could not buy up goods from all over the white world. After that, S. loaded 30 ships with goods and went to trade; on the way, the ships suddenly stopped, despite the strong wind; S., guessing that the sea king demands tribute, threw barrels of gold, silver and pearls into the sea, but in vain; then it was decided that the king of the sea requires a living head; the lot fell on S., who, taking the harp with him, ordered himself to be lowered into the sea on an oak board. S. found himself in the chambers of the sea king, who announced to him that he demanded him to listen to his game. To the sounds of the game of S., the king of the sea began to dance, as a result of which the sea was agitated, the ships began to sink and many Orthodox people perished; then Mykola the saint, under the guise of a gray-haired old man, appeared to S. and ordered him to stop playing, breaking the strings of the harp. Then the king of the sea demands that S. marry the sea maiden of his choice. On the advice of Mikola, S. chooses the girl Chernava; after the wedding feast, S. falls asleep and wakes up on the banks of the Chernava River. At the same time, his ships with the treasury drive up the Volkhov. In gratitude for the salvation, S. built the churches of St. Nicholas of Mozhaisk and the Most Holy Theotokos. In some versions, S. resolves the dispute between the sea king and the queen about what is more expensive in Russia - gold or damask steel, and decides in favor of damask steel; in another version, the role of Mikola is taken over by the Underground Queen. In one epic about S., in the collection of Kirsha Danilov, S. is not a natural Novgorodian, but a young man who came from the Volga, whom Ilmen Lake helps to get rich, in gratitude for the bow sent to him by Sadko from Ilmen's sister, the Volga: fish caught in large quantities turned into gold and silver money. S. himself does not perform heroic deeds: his trading activity is imputed to him as a feat; thus S. is a representative of Novgorod trade, a merchant-bogatyr. The oldest basis of the epic about S. was probably a song about the historical person Sadko Sytynets (or Sotko Sytinich), mentioned in the annals under 1167, as the builder of the church of St. Boris and Gleb in Novgorod. Various fairy-tale motifs are associated with the name of this person, partly ascending to local legends, partly to international wandering fairy-tale plots. So, in the Novgorod and Rostov legends, the salvation of a man who was dying and floating on the board is mentioned; According to Russian folk beliefs, St. Nikola is reputed to be an ambulance on the waters and is even called "marine" and "wet". Stories that an underground or underwater king, having lured a hero into his kingdom, wants to keep him by marrying his daughter, are also very frequent in our fairy tales and in the fairy tales of other peoples. So, in one Kyrgyz legend, it is told how one man, diving into the water, found himself in the kingdom of the ruler of the waters, Ubbe, served there for several years, married the vizier's daughter, and then, with the help of a magic green stick, returned to earth and became rich. The closest sources of the epic about S. have not been clarified. Academician A.N. Veselovsky points to the similarity of the epic about S. with an episode of the old French novel about "Tristan le Leonois": his hero, who bears the name Sadok, killed his brother-in-law, who attempted on the honor of his wife, and escapes with her on a ship; a storm rises, which, in the opinion of the elder of the ship, was sent down for the sake of the sins of one of the passengers; by lot, Zadok is the culprit of the storm; he throws himself into the sea, after which the storm subsides. The obvious similarity between the episodes of the French novel and the epic, as well as the coincidence of the names S. and Sadok, gives reason to assume that both the novel and the epic, independently of each other, go back to the same source - a story or legend in which this name was already found. The name S., Zadok, is of Jewish origin (Heb. Zadok-fair), which indicates the likely influence of Jewish folk literature. Sun. Miller finds an explanation of the types of S.-guslar and the sea king in Finnish and Estonian legends: he equates the sea king of the epic to the sea king Ahto, who is also a music hunter; he sees the prototype of the S.-guslar in the musician and singer Weinemeinen. Wed Sun. Miller "Essays on Russian Folk Literature" (Moscow, 1897); A. Veselovsky "Epic about S." ("Journal of the Ministry of Public Education", 1886, ¦ 12); Art. I. Mandelstam (ib., 1898, ¦ 2; refuting the theory of Vs. Miller, the author proves that those places of the Finnish epic that served as Vs. Miller, the basis for the rapprochement of the Water King with Ahto and S. with Weinemeinen, are not borrowed from folk tales, but are Lennrot's inserts).

Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012

What sadko appears before us. Encyclopedia of fairy-tale heroes: "Sadko". Screen adaptations and productions

Character characteristic

The image in the work

Merchant-bogatyr Sadko and the king of the sea

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is SADKO in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books: